photography

Sharpest Aperture

- 1 to 1 -1/2 stops down from wide open.

Fixing keystoning

- point lens further down - back up - use a longer lens - get higher - use a tilt-shift perspective lens

Disadvantage of Viewfinder

-*Parallax* - The lens sees something a little different than the viewfinder does.

Viewfinder

-Basic point-and-shoot cameras (pre-digital) -The viewfinder is above the lens

ISO 50 is ____ stop(s) slower than ISO 100

1

2 things to think about in each photograph

1) How well the image *tells the story* 2) How much is *left out just in composition* and *lens choice*

2 Characteristics of Lenses

1) Lens *Focal Length* 2) Lens *Speed*

Rules of Composition

1) Pathways 2) Rule of thirds 3) framing

Exposure 4 components

1) Shutter Speed 2) Aperture 2) ISO 3) Metering

types of lenses

1) Telephoto Lenses 2) Wide-angle Lenses

SLR 3 main functions

1) View the scene 2) Focus the scene 3) Expose (correctly) the camera is just a tool that we use to achieve some sort of visual.

5 Basic Components of SLR Camera

1) Viewfinder 2) Lens 3) Aperture (inside the lens) 4) Shutter 5) Sensor (in place of film)

Exposure Equivalencies

1/1000 - 2 1/500 - 2.8 1/250 - 4 1/125 - 5.6 1/60 - 8 1/30 - 11 1/15 - 16 1/8 - 22 1/4 - 32 1/2 - 45 1 - 64

ISO 200 1/ ___ f/5.6

1/125

________ of a second is a good *starting* point for *moving* objects

1/60

Middle Gray or _____% gray

18%

Composition is based on rules set by painters in the ____ century

18th

Color digital photographs have ______ different histograms

3

SLR

Displays the scene directly through the lends

Necessary shutter speeds for achieving either *stop action* or *pan* images is relative too ______

Distance

Wide Angle Lenses -Objects *up close* look *larger* than those in the background -Could be a good thing or a bad thing

Distortion

the span of tones that a digital camera can capture

Dynamic Range

achieved with wide angle lenses -View more of the scene -Objects in foreground seem magnified and further away from objects in the background

Expanded Perspective

A combination of the intensity of light and the time that light is allowed to expose the medium

Exposure

Intensity (aperture) X Time (Shutter Speed) =

Exposure

Set of shutter speed and aperture combinations that render the same exposure

Exposure equivalencies

Lenses main function

To project sharp images

_____ Lenses provide nearly 180 degrees angle of view

Fisheye lenses

- Mostly included with modern incident meters - Measure light emitted from artificial light sources used for photography

Flash Meter

______ length of the lens guides how fast (shutter speed) you should shoot.

Focal

Curtains that form an open slit that moves across film or sensor as exposure occurs

Focal Plane

________ _______ is measured from an *optical* point in the lens to the film or sensor in the camera body

Focal length

-The eye is attracted to what is *sharp* in a photograph. -Objects *not in focus* can be a *distraction* if not used or composed appropriately. -*Manual SLR *operation *helps* you control this issue.

Focus

Helps direct a viewer's eyes to the point of *primary interest* in a photgraph

Framing

Measures the actual light falling on a subject Pointed toward the camera to allow light to fall on the meter Handheld Angle of view: 180 degrees Never fooled by shadows or highlights on subject

Incident Light Meter

Exposure =

Intensity x Time

SLR Advantage

Interchangeable lenses

Single Area AF or AF-S

Nikon

That which is closest to what we view with our own eyes: 50mm lens

Normal Focal Length

is closest to the eye's view

Normal focal length

focuses once and maintains that plane of focus.

One Shot AF (Canon) or Single Area AF or AF-S (Nikon) -

- Following the motion of object. - Shutter speed is based on judgment of speed - usually sower than stop-action. - Move along with the subject. - Don't stop once the shutter snaps - follow through. - Imply extreme movement.

Pan Shot

Primary interest points, secondary, tertiary, etc.

Pathways

Walking the viewer through the frame with story-telling subject matter

Pathways

the apparent size and shape of objects and the impression of depth of field.

Perspective

the distance at which the lens is focused.

Plane of Critical Focus (Focal Plane)

_____ Lenses situated at one focal length.

Prime lenses

-Measure *luminance*- the light reflected from (or emitted by) a subject -Angle of view is about 30 degrees -Most often found inside an SLR camera - Can also be found in a hand-held version

Reflected-light Meters

The field of vision is divided into three parts, horizontally and vertically, and the image is placed at the intersection of any two lines. Balance can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radical.

Rule of thirds

Larger the Aperture the _____ the depth of field

Shallower

Incremental speeds in which light is allowed inside.

Shutter

Mechanism that determines the time medium (sensor/film) is exposed to incoming light.

Shutter

Slower than stop action

Shutter Speed

Speed at which the shutter speed is set is relative to what the subject is

Shutter Speed

Time

Shutter Speed

Work together to create a proper exposure - like a "see-saw"

Shutter Speed and Aperture

Motion / Shake Blur 1/1000 ____ Light 1/60 ____ light

Shutter Speed; less; more

Controls how long the shutter is open and how much light reaches the sensor

Shutter speed, light and motion

SLR

Single Lens Reflex

-More elements are in focus -Good for buildings, landscapes, seascapes -The main subject may be lost in the background if not framed properly.

Smaller Aperture; deeper depth of field

- Operate much like a reflected light meter - Take a reading from a very small angle of view (as low as 0.5 degrees) - Provide precise readings of certain areas - Can operate from long distances (a person's face at 20 feet)

Spot Meter

Large Aperture; fast shutter speeed

Stop Action

Less movement than panning

Stop Action

the relationship one aperture (or shutter speed) value has to another in accordance to how much light (or time) is allowed to expose the film or sensor.

Stops

Using something else to meter on when you can't get close enough to the actual subject you are shooting ex. Gray Card, palm of hand

Substitute Metering

*Long Focal* Lengths (105mm to 600mm) -Narrow angle of view -Magnification is increased -Very *little* depth of field -Minimizes *unimportant material* from a photograph -Useful for portraits

Telephoto Focal Lengths

- Less depth of field - More *compression* of image - Longer focal length, *less light*

Telephoto Lens

-*Long Focal Lengths* (105mm to 600mm) -*Narrow* angle of view -Magnification is increased+ -Very *little* depth of field -Minimizes *unimportant material* from a photograph -Useful for *portraits*

Telephoto Lenses

Require faster shutter speeds to sustain sharp images - 200mm lens @ 1/250+ of a second - 400mm lens @ 1/500+ of a second

Telephoto Lenses

colors that exhibit less visual intensity when paired

affinity

When *shutter speed* is adjusted, ______ must be adjusted to *compensate* for *metering equivalencies*.

aperture

Meters are manufactured to give *exposure* settings for those scenes with ________ ________

average tones

internal, physical response to an image

balance

intellectual (color) - most finicky

blue

positive: stability, trust, loyalty negative: conventional, boring, cold

blue

Interpretive feature of the visual

color

______ Can help the general separation of more than 1 subject

colors

instrumental - purpose to distinguish content in a frame through *tonal separation*

contrast

colors that reflect greater visual intensity when paired

contrasting

*Colors* can help separate *subjects from backgrounds* just as *plain backgrounds* can place focus *on the subject* by being *less distractive*

contrasting colors

*keystoning* the structure curves in due to _______ of the glass in a wider lens

curvature

An _______ from a *light meter* provides you/guides you to a combination of *shutter speed* and *aperture*.

exposure

- tones of relatively *equal parts*; low, bright, middle - moderate contrast

full contrast

balance (color)) - conjures dualistic perceptions (both positive and negative)

green

positive: natural, energetic, wealth negative: envy, sickness, inexpereince

green

The camera's meter is not always fool-proof; acts as a ______ _____

guide line

physical (color) - advancing color - spatially limiting - visually aggressive

red

positive: action, strength, passion negative: aggression,danger, financial loss

red

emotional (color) - aggressive color - hard on eyes - visually confusing

yellow

positive: optimistic, warm, eye-catching negative: cowardice, warning, toxicity

yellow

Inensity

Aperture

16 mm

wide angle

35mm-25mm

wide angle

gives wider angle view

wide angle

keystoning usually occurs with ______ lenses

wide angle

Mechanism that determines how much light is let in to expose film or sensor.

Aperture

The mechanism that controls the depth of field a photograph has is called the:

Aperture

- *starts out* in *One Shot* mode, then if *movement* is detected, the mode switches to *AF Servo*. -Introduced by *Nikon*, used mainly in *video* applications, but can be used in still photography

AF Focus

What makes an exposure?

An exposure from a light meter provides you/guides you to a combination of shutter speed and aperture.

Determines the *depth of field* in a photograph

Aperture

Depth of Field f/22 ___ light f/ 2.8 ___ light

Aperture; less; more

How _____ _____ works: Contrast in light and movement

Auto Focus

A good mix of highlights, medium tones, and dark tones

Average tones

Ability to piece together elements of a strong composition in one photograph

Balance

-Metering a scene, and taking several shots at varying levels of exposure. - Used when you are unsure about the proper exposure

Bracketing

Must Compensate for 1) Back lighting 2) Faster shutter speed 3) Depth of field

Camera Meter

One Shot AF

Canon

Visceral and intellectual

Color

- Measure the color of ambient light - Identified in degrees Kelvin - Expensive meters, not for exposure

Color Temperature Meter

Decide on what you want *emphasized* in the photograph

Composition

achieved with telephoto lenses -Brings objects in the *foreground* and *background* seemingly together

Compression Perspective

constantly refocusing due to movement; it tracks movement: -Used to track moving subjects - Predicts where subject will be and places a predicted focus point

Continuous/AF-C (Nikon) or AL Servo (Canon)

To achieve the *greatest compression perspective*, what lens would you use? A. 17-35mm f/2.8 B. 24-70mm f/2.8 C. 50mm f/1.2 D. 300mm f/4

D) 300 mm f/4

-This mode will "lock" onto a subject - Camera may not fire the shutter if focus is not properly obtained

DSLR Auto-focus Modes

Smaller the Aperture the ______ the depth of field

Deeper

The amount of the scene that appears acceptably sharp in a photograph.

Depth of Field

The *more light* that is collected, the *higher* the *numerical level* recorded at each point on the array

Digital Sensor

1) Aperture size (small v. large) 2)Lens Focal Length 3) Distance of Lens to Subject 4) - On any given lens, the closer you are to the subject, the less depth of field you will inherently have -The further you are away from a subject, the more depth of field you will have

Factors affecting Depth of Field

can be used to *substitute* meter scenes

Gray Card

Shows the brightness values of all the pixels in an image

Histogram

can divide a picture into two areas of equal and competing interest

Horizon Line

-Divide Viewfinder into 1/3 (thirds) _______ & ________ - Place subject where the lines *intersect*

Horizontally & Vertically

- A reflected light meter expects the scene to be of average tone (average out to middle gray) - Reflected light meters may not work properly in high contrast areas

How to Meter

-Using the lens in order to obtain the most depth of field possible -Wider lenses are more useful for _____ ______ application

Hyper Focal Lenses

Films and sensors can collect light at different rates -Range from lower than 50 and sometimes higher than 3200 - Digital can go higher (as high as 204,800)

ISO Speeds

Grain 6400 ___ light 100 ___ light

ISO; more; less

Underexposure (metering)

If you meter in a bright part of the scene, you will *underexpose* the image.

Overexposure (metering)

If you meter in a dark part of the scene, you will *overexpose* the image.

Photographic effect that is a derivative of lens *use* and *perspective*

Keystoning

-Only the main subject is in sharp focus -Pulls the viewer's eye to one area in the photo - More emphasis on one area

Larger Aperture; Shallower depth of field

Refers to how much of an image (scene) is projected in the frame. Angle of View Magnification

Lens Focal Length

Refers to maximum aperture

Lens speed

____ are one of the most *powerful* tools a photographer uses in *story telling*.

Lenses

A device that is used to measure the *amount of light*, and then, for a given ISO, *calculate* the *f-stop* and *shutter speed combinations* that will produce a correct exposure for a scene that has an *average distribution* of *light* and *dark tones*

Light Meter

the light reflected from (or emitted by) a subject

Luminance

_____ Lenses offer closer focusing capabilities

Macro lenses

Color neutral and reflects 18% of the light that falls on it.

Middle Gray

The meter will reproduce the average tone as ______ _____

Middle Gray

- The *slowest* shutter speed one can shoot without employing a tripod - *Complimentary* to the *focal length* of the lens

Minimum Sustaining Shutter Speed

More Closed, Smaller Apertures= _____ depth of field

More

Slow shutter speeds can be effective at showing ______ in otherwise static objects or subject matter

Motion

Morning and Evening

Warmest Natural light

-More *depth of field* - Less compression - Must be careful about *distortion* and *keystoning* - Shorter focal length allows *more light*

Wide Angle

Opposite of Telephoto - Wider angle of view -More depth of field -Captures more of what is happening -Can exaggerate perspective and feelings portrayed in photographs

Wide Angle Focal Lengths

-Opposite of Telephoto -*Wider* angle of view -*More* depth of field + -*Slower shutter speeds* can be used to sustain *sharp images*

Wide Angle Lens

The smaller and farther away the light source is in relation to the subject, it: A. Will create hard-edged shadows B. Will create soft-edged shadows C. Will light only one part of the subject D. Will create very diffused light, eliminating shadows completely in an unobstructed environment

a) create hard-edged shadows

view more of the scene; objects in foreground seem magnified, backgrounds seems more distant

expanded perspective

A combination of 1) Shutter Speed 2) Aperture 3) ISO 4)Metering makes an...

exposure

What is dynamic range? A. The range of brightness a sensor can capture before losing detail in light extremes B. The distance at which the lens can be focused, closest focusing point to infinity C. A technical term regarding to how many photographs you are able to take on a CF card D. None of the above

d. none of the above - the span of tones that a digital camera can capture - Software can be used to increase the dynamic range by combining bracketed exposures -A different term is used to refer to this in film.

*HISTOGRAM*: Values to the *left* represent _____tones Values to the *right* represent ____ tones

darker; lighter

A great deal of _____ consideration goes in to working at each and every focal length.

ethics

Apertures that are *"more closed,"* or *smaller*, provide *more* depth of field

f/16, f/22, f/32

Which is faster? f/2.8 or f/4 lens?

f/2.8

Apertures that are *"more open,"* or *larger* provide* less* depth of field

f/2.8, f/4.5, f/8

1/250 f/___

f/4

1/125 f/___

f/5.6

ISO 100 1/ 60 f/ ___

f/5.6

When would f/4 be sharpest?

f/5.6

A person *running* requires a _____ shutter speed than a person *walking* down the street

faster

The closer you are to the moving subject the _____ you should shoot

faster

Majority of tones are both *bright and low*, with very few tones in between

high contrast

Majority of *brighter values*

high key contrast

Vertical lines converge when a lens is tilted upward

keystoningcolors that exhibit less visual intensity when paired

Depth of Field: The *closer* you are to the subject the _____ depth of field you will inherently have

less

More Open, Larger Apertures = _____ depth of field

less

f 11= ____ light

less

Faster Shutter speed =

less light, stop motion

Exposure equivalencies: --These numbers are *not* always set, they *differ* depending on the amount of _____ in a scene/environment -they will A:WAYS *differ* in the ____ intervals

light ; same

_____ and ______ environment determine how shutter speed and aperture are used together.

light and shooting

________ focal lengths often necessitate the use of a tripod for stabilization.

longer

most tones are of a *medium* value; *middle gray*

low contrast

Majority of lower *light/ tone values*

low key contrast

The slowest shutter speed one can shoot without using a tripod

minimum sustaining shutter speed

Depth of Field: The *further* you are away from a subject, the ____ depth of field you will have

more

f 2.8 = ____ light

more

Slower shutter speed =

more light, blurred motion

Multiple shots =

multiple perspectives

50 mm

normal focal length

positive: vibrant, creative, healthy negative: frivolous, cautionary, overbearing

orange

stimulating (color) - most postive

orange

Following the motion of an object with the camera -moves along with the subject - don't stop once the shutter snaps- follow through - imply extreme movement

panning

positive: luxurious, mysterious, unique negative: unnatural, egotistical, impractical

purple

Defines how we ¨feel"light and hence, color

resonance

Allows light to expose on the medium for a determined duration of time

shutter speed

The further away you are from a moving subject the ______ you should shoot

slower

Shutter speed is determined by the _____ of the subject

speed

Shooting an object fast enough to ¨stop the motion¨ of the subject

stop action

ISOs are *differentiated* using ____

stops

200 mm

telephoto

105mm-600mm

telephoto lens

pulls image closet

telephoto lens

ISO 50 requires _____ as much _____ to expose than ISO 100

twice; time

spiritual (color) - most associated with non-physical matters

violet