PHS 3534 Chp 4

Which of the following is true of genetic factors of drug use?

Adopted children have rates of alcoholism closer to those of their natural parents.

_____ theories are those "kinds of people" explanations that postulate specific physical mechanisms in individuals that impel or influence them either to experiment with drugs or to abuse them once they are exposed to them.

Biological

Identify an accurate statement about the similarity between self-control theory and routine activities theory.

Both consider opportunity a major piece of the puzzle.

Identify a major aspect of the drug scene that has a great deal of relevance to the anomie theory.

Drug dealing

True or false: According to Howard S. Becker's model, the three processes required to achieve pleasure from marijuana are independent of an individual's participation with other users.

False

True or false: According to Howard S. Becker, the content of the user subculture is primary.

False

True or false: In reality, most of the people living in deteriorated communities abuse drugs.

False

True or false: Social learning theory explains how a given individual falls into a social circle that defines an activity in positive terms.

False

According to the self-derogation perspective of the inadequate-personality approach to drug use, which of the following lead to low self-esteem in drug users and abusers? (Check all that apply.)

High expectations for achievement Peer rejection Physical stigmata

In contrast with recreational drug use, identify the factors that drive heavy and chronic drug abuse. (Check all that apply.)

Hopelessness Community disorganization and disintegration Poverty

In 1973, Bruce Johnson conducted a study on drug use in a college setting. Identify the conclusions of this study. (Check all that apply.)

If one has marijuana-using friends, one tends to use marijuana. The more that adolescents are isolated and alienated from the parental subculture, the greater the likelihood that they will experiment with and use a variety of drugs.

In contrast to compulsive drug abuse, identify a factor that causes the recreational drug use.

Involvement with a subcultural group

Identify a drawback of Howard S. Becker's model of drug use.

It does not include any discussion of specific individual characteristics that cause someone to use drugs.

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, which of the following is true of the world of a drug addict?

It is an undemanding world.

Identify an accurate statement about the selective interaction/socialization model.

It is both a subcultural and a socialization perspective of drug use.

Identify a characteristic of recreational drug use as suggested by conflict theory.

It is engaged in by a broad spectrum of the class structure.

Identify a characteristic of negative reinforcement for drug use.

It occurs when an individual does something to seek relief or to avoid pain.

Identify a characteristic associated with the positive reinforcement for drug use.

It occurs when an individual receives a pleasurable experience.

According to Denise Kandel, which of the following are the four main agents of adolescents' socialization. (Check all that apply.)

Media Peers Parents School

Identify a true statement in relation to the theory of metabolic imbalance of drug use.

Methadone maintenance based on metabolic imbalance has helped a certain proportion of addicts.

Match the types of young drug users based on their degree of unconventionality (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Mildly unconventional youngsters: They are likely to drink and experiment with marijuana, but do little else. Moderately unconventional youngsters: They are likely to drink alcohol more heavily than others, use marijuana regularly, and experiment with other drugs. Highly unconventional youngsters: They are likely to become seriously involved not only with alcohol and marijuana, but also with more dangerous drugs as well.

According to Howard S. Becker, which of the following must happen for someone to become a marijuana user? (Check all that apply.)

One must learn to enjoy the effects of the drug. One must learn the proper technique of smoking marijuana. One must learn to perceive the effects of the drug.

According to Denise Kandel, which of the following socialization agents are tightly related to drug use? (Check all that apply.)

Parents Peers

Identify a characteristic of drug abuse among poor, minority communities.

Poor neighborhoods are especially vulnerable to intrusions by drug dealers.

_____ argues that deviance and crime will take place if a motivated offender, something worth offending against, and someone who can defend or protect that which is offended against are present.

Routine activities theory

According to _____ _____ theory, what causes drug use, like most or all deviant behavior, is the absence of the social controls encouraging conformity.

Social Control

Which of the following theories of drug abuse examines the broader, larger, structural factors, such as the forces that influence not merely individuals but members of entire societies, cities, neighborhoods, and communities?

The conflict theory

Identify the conditions that have made drug abuse especially attractive and appealing. (Check all that apply.)

The decay of much of the economic structure on which the lower sector of the working class rested A feeling of hopelessness, alienation, depression, and anomie among many inner-city residents

In the context of the types of narcotic addicts, identify a true statement about a maintainer.

The maintainer takes just enough narcotics to avert withdrawal distress.

Bruce Johnson conducted a study on drug use in a college setting in 1973. Identify a conclusion of this study.

The more marijuana-using friends one has, the greater the likelihood of using marijuana regularly, buying and selling marijuana, and subsequently using hard drugs.

Identify the crucial factor in drug use that is examined by most sociologists.

The situations in which an individual is located

Identify the models that Bruce Johnson used to study drug use in a college setting. (Check all that apply.)

The subcultural models The socialization models

Which of the following theories of drug use argues that involvement in a particular social group with attitudes favorable to drug use is the key factor in fostering one's own drug use, and that involvement in a group with negative attitudes toward drug use tends to discourage such use?

The subcultural theory

Identify a sociological theory that states that the key mechanism in becoming criminal or deviant is the fact that one relates and interacts dissimilarly with social circles whose members define crime and deviance in favorable terms.

The theory of differential association

Identify a biological theory that explains drug use.

The theory of metabolic imbalance

Which of the following is true about pleasure-seeking narcotic addicts?

Their lifestyle is sufficiently disruptive that a legal job is not usually feasible.

Identify an accurate statement about socially disorganized neighborhoods.

These neighborhoods lack economic and social resources.

According to self-control theory, which of the following is true of crime and drug use?

They are basically the same sort of behavior.

In the context of the types of narcotic addicts, which of the following is true of maintainers?

They prefer to maintain a habit rather than risking what they have to achieve euphoria.

Identify a true statement about pleasure-seeking narcotic addicts.

They take narcotics in sufficient quantities and at sufficiently frequent intervals to achieve euphoria.

Identify the key elements of the problem-behavior proneness dimension of drug use.

Unconventionality and the willingness to take risks

Which of the following statements is true according to Howard S. Becker's model of drug use?

Use, especially regular use, of marijuana takes place only through contact with other users.

According to Bruce Johnson, drug use occurs because _____.

adolescents are socialized into progressively more unconventional groups

Most of the research attempting to demonstrate a genetic factor in drug abuse has focused on the addiction to _____.

alcohol

The _____ theory of drug use argues that in a competitive, materialistic, achievement-oriented society, success is encouraged as attainable for all members but actually is attainable for only a small proportion of society.

anomie

According to the inadequate-personality approach, drug abuse is a _____.

defense mechanism

Behavior that is not in accord with the norms of, and that tends to be condemned by, the majority is known as _____.

deviant

The social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances can be explained by _____.

differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, _____ is an innovative adaptation to blocked or frustrated material success for many members of society who have learned to expect that success but who live in a setting in which high levels of achievement are all but impossible.

drug dealing

The problem-behavior proneness perspective of drug use argues that _____.

drug users are more unconventional and risk taking than nonusers

Conflict theorists have focused their perspective more or less exclusively on the heavy, chronic, compulsive abuse of _____.

heroin and crack

According to the inadequate-personality approach of drug abuse, the more inadequate the personality of an individual, the higher _____.

his or her involvement with drug abuse

According to self-control theory to drug use, a lack of self-control is caused by _____.

inadequate parental socialization

The social learning theory of drug use holds that _____.

it is in the group setting where reward and punishment take place.

The theory emphasizing the mechanism of negative reinforcement as a major factor in drug abuse is _____.

largely confined to drugs that produce a physical dependence

The central tenets of the sociological theory of differential association are that crime and deviance are _____.

learned in intimate, face-to-face interaction with significant others

According to the self-derogation perspective of the inadequate-personality approach to drug use, drug use and abuse are responses to _____.

low self-esteem and self-rejecting attitudes

The first systematic application of subcultural theory to drug use was made by Howard S. Becker, who focused on the process of becoming a _____ user.

marijuana

In contrast with members of more affluent communities, poor and minority communities are _____.

more likely targets for petty and organized criminals

Metabolic imbalance is known to be a possible causal factor in _____ addiction.

narcotic

Howard S. Becker's model of drug use holds that _____.

one first uses drugs and, during the course of drug use, learns the necessary justifications that provide the motivations for further use

According to the researchers who emphasize the unconventional personality as a key factor in drug use, the adolescent more likely to experiment with and use drugs is _____.

one who is concerned with personal autonomy

With respect to personality, the adolescent less likely to experiment with and use drugs is _____.

one who values and expects to attain academic achievement

According to self-control theory to drug use, _____ is a factor that operated in the past but exerts a lifetime influence.

parental socialization

The proponents of the theory of positive reinforcement argue that _____.

physical dependence is not a necessary mechanism for drug abuse

According to sociology or social psychology, _____ denotes behavior that has a certain likelihood of getting the individual who enacts it in trouble.

problem behavior

In the first systematic application of subcultural theory to drug use, Howard S. Becker was concerned with the _____.

question of how someone comes to use and experience marijuana in a way that it will continue to be used to achieve pleasure

The term _____ _____ refers to the fact that potential drug users do not randomly fall into social circles of users but are attracted to certain individuals and circles because their own values and activities are compatible with those of current users.

selective interaction

The proponents of _____ theory conceive of crime as including not only crime itself but also a variety of other illegal, illegitimate, deviant, and self-interested actions.

self-control

In order to explain drug use, _____ theorists situate their theory at the community level.

social disorganization

The _____ holds that behavior is molded by rewards and punishment, or reinforcement.

social learning theory

In contrast to the theory of differential association, the subcultural theory of drug use identifies _____.

socialization as the assimilation of individuals into specific groups, with a resultant transformation in identity and behavior

The theory that tends to deal with the broader, structural factors related to an individual to explain drug use is called the _____.

sociological theory

According to the anomie theory of deviant behavior, a person who is most likely to become a drug addict is _____.

someone who has attempted and failed at both legal and illegal means to achieve success

According to the social control theory, most individuals do not engage in deviant or criminal acts because of _____.

strong bonds with or ties to mainstream aspects of society

According to experts, the movement from the first type of drug use to the second is far more likely to take place among _____.

the impoverished than among the affluent

According to the anomie theory of drug use, deviant behavior that includes illicit drug use takes place _____.

when avenues to material success are blocked off

The problem-behavior proneness dimension of drug use argues that _____.

without unconventionality, risk taking, and a certain tolerance for both, society is likely to be repressive