Phys of Ex Lab Exam 2

Brozek formula

% body fat = [(4.570/Db) - 4.142] x 100

Siri formula

% body fat = [(4.950/Db) - 4.500] x 100

Lean body mass

% of body fat x body mass Subtract from body mass

Fatigue index

(Bottom 5 sec/ top 5s) x 100

Lbs to newtons

(lbs/2.2) x 9.8

Pyruvate <-> lactate

*lactate dehydrogenase

Methods used to assess body composition

- body densitometry - skin fold thickness - callipers - body diameters - dual X-ray absorbiometry - bio electrical impedance

Physiological factors affecting muscular force production

- size of muscle - number of MU's - size of MU's - # of muscle fibers/MU's - size of fibers - recruitment - # of active MU's - frequency of activation of MU's - type of action (ecc/iso/con) - joint angle (leverage, length-tension relationship) - stretch-shortening cycle - stretch reflexes - use of elastic energy - velocity of movement - fatigue

Body fat (%) in males and females.

-Males 14%, Females 22%

Predicted VO2

1. (2nd VO2 - 1st VO2)/(2nd watts - 1st watts) x supramaximal power 2. Add y-intercept (5.1 x kg)/1000

Accumulated O2 deficit

1. (2nd VO2 - 1st VO2)/(2nd watts - 1st watts) x supramaximal power 2. Add y-intercept (5.1 x kg)/1000 3. Subtract each VO2 from VO2 calculated and add together 4. X by 1000 5. Divide by kg

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. How would a muscle with more FT fibers compare to this subject at point M? 1. the subject with more fast twitch fibers would have higher values 2. the subject with more fast twitch fibers would have lower values 3. there is not enough information to answer this question 4. they would be about the same

1. the subject with more fast twitch fibers would have higher values

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. How would a muscle with more FT fibers compare to this subject at point Q? 1. they would be about the same 2. none of these answers is true 3. the subject with more fast twitch fibers would have lower values 4. the subject with more fast twitch fibers would have higher values

1. they would be about the same

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. Why does point Q have a high value on this figure? 1. the power is high because velocity is high 2. none of these answers is true 3. power is high; intermediate velocity and force provides the best combination for producing power 4 This is a force-velocity curve, and at that point velocity is low, so force is high 5. the power is high because force is high

3. power is high; intermediate velocity and force provides the best combination for producing power

O2 consumption at rest

3.5 ml/kg/min or 0.25 L/min

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. Why does point O have a high value on this figure? 1. during eccentric actions low velocity is associated with higher forces 2. the power is high because intermediate velocities and forces are best for producing power duing eccentric actions 3. none of these answers is true 4. power is high here because force increases as velocity increases with eccentric actions 5. power is high; with concentric actions force increases as velocity decreases

4. power is high here because force increases as velocity increases with eccentric actions

How many mins of exercise per day should they exercise to lose "number"

500kcal/day divided by energy expended in kcal/min = mins of exercise per day

Body fat % values for 20-29 year old men and women

90th % = men: 7.1 women: 14.5 70th % = men: 11.8 women: 19.0 50th % = men: 15.9 women: 22.1 <—- college aged 30th % = men: 19.5 women: 25.4 10th % = men: 25.9 women: 32.1

BMI values

>18.5 -- underweight 18.5-24.9 -- normal 25-29.9 -- overweight 30-34.9 -- obesity class 1 35-39.9 -- obesity class 2 >40 -- obesity class 3

Relative Anaerobic Capacity (RAC)

AAC/kg

Relative maximal aerobic power (RMAP)

AMAP/kg

Jump higher, less EMG

Activation of muscle spindles, increase MU recruitment

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation Males: RV = 0.019 H - 0.0115 A - 2.24 Females: RV = 0.032 H - 0.009 A - 3.9 Males RV = FVC x 0.24 Females = FVC x 0.28

Absolute Anaerobic Capacity (AAC)

Average of all numbers (usually given)

Force velocity curve

Backwards S shaped

Jump higher, same EMG

Better use of elastic components of muscle

Inhibiting hamstring contraction - using GTO and inverse stretch reflex

Contract hamstrings Creates inhibition of muscle and can stretch slightly further after relkaxation

Inhibit hamstring contraction - using muscle spindles and reciprocal inhibition

Contract quads Hamstrings are inhibited and can stretch further

Find how many times they are exercising at their metabolic rate

Convert VO2 Intro relative VO2 (multiply by 1000 & divide by weight in kg) Divide by 3.5

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Convert VO2 to relative VO2 (x 1000, then divide by kg) Then divide by 3.5

Passive length tension curve

Curve goes up

Torque curve (flexors)

Curve goes up diagonally, then plateaus, then back down

Length-total tension curve

Curve goes up then down slightly then up again

Body densitometry

Db = Wa/[(Wa-Ww)/Dw] - (RV + 0.1 L)

Power

Force x (dist/time) Or Force x velocity

Length active tension curve

Graph that goes up, plateaus, then down

Net VO2

Gross (exercise) VO2 - resting VO2

Activate muscle

Highest EMG in that muscle

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the largest twitch time (highest number if we gave it a numeric value)? lIAX lIC lIX IIA I

I

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest amount of glycolytic enzymes? Selected Answer: I lIA lIX lIAX lIC

I

Lower jump, lower EMG

Initiation of inverse stretch reflex

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. Which point on this curve would probably be associated with the highest concentric forces?

L First point on concentric side

Which of the following torque curves best depicts the expected turque curve we would expect for a muscle group with short muscle fibers in a pennate arrangement?

L N shaped (no straight lines just a curve up and down)

Desired Body Weight (DBW)

Lean body weight / (1-Desired body Fat decimal)

Isolate muscle

Least electrical activity in other muscles

Power-velocity curve

Left side of graph goes down, right side is n shaped

Which of the following enzymes would tend to increase storage of fatty acids as triglycerides in adipose tissue?

Lipoprotein lipase

The torque ve on the far left was recorded from a muscle group during a single concentric isokinetic action. You then recorded the EMG of this same muscle. group using free weights during a single concentric action. Which of the figures best depicts the EMG tracing we would observe for this muscle during this lift?

M V shaped

Characteristics of muscle fibers: diameter

Men: I - small IIA - large IIX - intermediate Women: I - large IIA - intermediate IIX -small

muscle hypertrophy

Muscle growth (fibers increase in size)

Which of the following MG tracings best depicts the electrical activity of a muscle group that has its poorest leverage at 90° when using free weights?

N Decreasing EMG graph

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. Considering all Concentric data points on this curve, which likely has the greatest potential for producing power?

N second point on concentric side (right)

Energy expended

Net VO2 x caloric equiv

The far left panel depicts the torque curve for a muscle group performing an eccentric action. Which of the other curves best represents the torque curve you would expect to see for this same muscle group during a concentric action?

O Shorter version of torque graph

ATP equation

PCr + ADP <—————> ATP + Cr

Skin fold measurements - make sure its right side of body

Pectoral - males Axilla Triceps - female Subscapular Abdominal/umbilicus - males Suprailium - females Thigh (anterior) - males and females

Appropriate power for supramaximal test

Power used x 1.2-1.4 (in between)

Pyruvate -> AcCoA

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

In lab we collected data related to force-velocity and power-velocity relationships. One such set of data is presented graphically below. High speed resistance training would increase which concentric data point the most?

Q lowest point on concentric side (right side)

LAB 7

STARTS

LAB 10

STARTS HERE

LAB 8

STARTS HERE

LAB 9

STARTS HERE

Accumulated O2 deficit values

Sprinters: 75-85 Middle distance runners: 70-80 Distance runners: 45-55 Untrained subjects: 40-50 Most healthy adults: 30-60

Absolute maximal aerobic power (AMAP)

Top 5 values/ 5

Recruitment order

Type I: 1 Type IIA: 2 Type IIX: 3

Twitch time

Type I: 120ms Type IIA: 64ms Type IIX: 64ms

Myoglobin

Type I: high Type IIA: high Type IIX: low

Resistance to fatigue

Type I: high Type IIA: high Type IIX: low

Capillary density

Type I: high Type IIA: intermediate Type IIX: low

Mitochondria

Type I: high Type IIA: intermediate Type IIX: low

SDH, oxidative enzymes

Type I: high Type IIA: med-high Type IIX: low

Lipid content

Type I: high Type IIA: medium Type IIX: low

Glycogen content

Type I: low Type IIA: intermediate Type IIX: high

LDH, glycolytic enzymes

Type I: low Type IIA: med-high Type IIX: high

ATPase activity

Type I: low Type IIA: high Type IIX: high

Z-line diameter

Type I: wide Type IIA: intermediate Type IIX: narrow

RER

VCO2/VO2

Absolute VO2

VO2 = VE STPD (NF x 0.2093 - FEO2)

Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

WHR = Waist Circumference / Hip Circumference

Force velocity curve (flexors and extensors) labelled - backwards s shaped graph

X axis: velocity Y axis: force N: (far left point on x axis) eccentric velocity of 90 deg/s M: (middle point on x axis) velocity of 0 deg/s L: (far right point on x axis) concentric velocity of 300 deg/s P: (top line on graph) extensors O: (bottom line on graph) flexors

If you were performing a hold relax PNF procedure to try to improve gastrocnemius flexibility, which of the following muscles/muscle groups would we contract as a part of this procedure? a. gastrocnemius b. none of these c. dorsiflexors (e.g. tibialis anterior andextensor diegitorum longsus d. two of these e. quadriceps femoris f. hamstrings

a. gastrocnemius

PFK catalyzes the rate limiting step of which of the following processes? a. Glycolysis b. Glycogenolysis c. Glycogenesis d. None of the above e. Gluconeogenesis

a. Glycolysis

Which of the following hormones would tend to increase blood glucose? select all that apply a. cortisol b. glucagon c. glycogen d. growth hormone e. horepinephrine f insulin g. epinephrine

a. cortisol b. glucagon d. growth hormone e. horepinephrine g. epinephrine

Which of the following hormones would be unlikely to increase blood glucose? select all that apply a. insulin b. glucagon c. norepinephrine d. epinephrine e. glycogen f. growth hormone g. Cortisol

a. insulin

Which of the following hormones would tend to inhibit hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis? select all that apply a. insulin b. glycogen c. glucagon d. cortisol e. growth hormone f. epinephrine g. norepinephrine

a. insulin

_______ is when more motor units are recruited in order to produce more force a. multiple motor unit summation b. size principle c. tetanus d. asyncrhonous motor unit recruitment e. twitch summation

a. multiple motor unit summation

Which of the following hormones would tend to increase blood glucose? select all that apply a. norepinephrine b. glycogen c. growth hormone d. glucagon e. cortisol f. insulin g. epinephrine

a. norepinephrine c. growth hormone d. glucagon e. cortisol g. epinephrine

Which of the following is an enzyme that promotes glylcogenolysis? a. phosphorylase b. glucagon c. glycogen d. phosphofructokinase e. insulin f glycogen synthase g. glycogenesis

a. phosphorylase

The following figure depicts MG and iMG activity during dynamic bicep curls until the subject could not lift the weight anymore. They lifted the weight 17 times before they fatigued. Which of the following mechanism(s) are LEAST likely to be contributing this fatigue, given this set of data? a. reduced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. insufficient acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction c. high serotonin levels in parts of the brain d. reduced excitability in motor areas of the cerebral cortex e. inhibited recruitment of motor units

a. reduced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

When we perform a drop jump to try to jump higher, one issue that might reduce jump height is that motor unit recruitment might be inhibited by which of the following reflexes? a. crossed extensor reflex b. Inverse stretch reflex c. stretch reflex d. none of the above e. withdrawal reflex f. reciprocal inhibition

b. Inverse stretch reflex

Which of the following hormones would increase gluconeogenesis in the liver? select all that apply a. this process doesn't occur in this tissue b. epinephrine c. glucagon d. norepinephrine e. insulin f. cortisol

b. epinephrine c. glucagon d. norepinephrine f. cortisol

which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase muscle glycogen breakdown? a. phosphofructokinase b. glucagon c. insulin d. epinephrine e. phosphorylase f. Pyruvate dehydrogenase g. hormone sensative lipase h. glycogen synthase

b. glucagon d. epinephrine

In one of our lab VII experiments we looked at the effects of intensity on fuel substrate use. Which of the following statements regarding exercise intensity and fuel substrate use is/are NOT true? a. higher intensities are associated with greater use of muscle glycogen than low intensities b. high intensity exercise decreases insulin secretion, which tends to decrease muscle glycogen breakdown c. moderate intensity exercise is associated with greater use of muscle triglyceride use than at very low intensities d. higher intensities are associated with greater use of carbohvdrates than low intensities e.high intensity exercise is associated with greater recruitment of fast twitch fibers, which tends to increase carbohydrate use F. high intensity exercise increases epinephrine secretion, which tends to increase glycogen breakdown g. high intensity exercise increases cytoplasmic calicum concentrations, which increaseses glycogenolysis and increases carbohydrate use

b. high intensity exercise decreases insulin secretion, which tends to decrease muscle glycogen breakdown

The following figure depicts MG and iMG activity during dynamic bicep curls until the subject could not lift the weight anymore. They lifted the weight 17 times before they fatigued. Which of the following mechanism(s) are most Ilikely to be contributing this fatigue, given this set of data? a. a decrease in pH in the muscle fibers b. inhibition of motor unit recruitment due to information from Group Ill and IV afferents C. an increase in Pi inside the muscle fibers d. PCr depletion e. failure to release enough calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

b. inhibition of motor unit recruitment due to information from Group Ill and IV afferents

Lipolysis

breakdown of fat *hormone sensitive lipase

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen * phosphorylase

Which of the following would have the greatest MG activity? a. isometric bicep curl 0 deg/ec b. eccentric bicep curl 30deq/sec c. concentric bicep curl 30deg/sec d. they would all be about the same

c. concentric bicep curl 30deg/sec

If you were performing a hold relax with agonist contraction PNF procedure to try to improve gastrocnemius flexibility, which of the following muscles/muscle groups would we contract as during the second phase of this procedure? a. gastrochemius b two of these c. dorsiflexors (e.g. tibialis anterior andextensor diegitorum longsus) g quadriceps femoris e. none of these f. hamstrings

c. dorsiflexors (e.g. tibialis anterior andextensor diegitorum longsus)

Which of the following hormones would tend to increase hepatic glucose output? a. growth hormone b. glycogen c. epinephrine d. insulin e. norepinephrine f. cortisol g. glucagon

c. epinephrine e. norepinephrine f. cortisol g. glucagon

which of the following is/are enzymes that would tend to increase glycogenesis? a. phosphofructokinase b. pyruvate dehydrogenase c. glycogen synthase d. insulin e. glucagon f. epinephrine g. phosphorylase h. hormone sensative lipase

c. glycogen synthase

During the hold relax PNF procedure, which of the following types of receptors is theoretically being used to help us improve range of motion? a. muscle spindles b. group Ill and IV afferents c. golgi tendon organs d. cutaneous Ruffini endings e. Joint kinesthetic receptors f muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs g. Ruffini endings and muscle spindles

c. golgi tendon organs

Which of the following would have the lowest MG integral when using a 15 lb weight? a. concentric action with low force arm:resistance arm ratio b. isometric action with low force arm:resistance arm ratio c. isometric action with high force arm:resistance arm ratio d. they would all be about the same

c. isometric action with high force arm:resistance arm ratio

In one of our lab VIl experiments we looked at the effects of intensity on fuel substrate use. Which of the following statements regarding exercise intensity and fuel substrate use is/are NOT true? a. high intensity exercise is associated with greater recruitment of fast twitch fibers, which tends to increase carbohydrate use b. high intensity exercise increases cytoplasmic calicum concentrations, which increaseses glycogenolysis C. during moderate intensity exercise a smaller percentage of calories comes from circulating fuels than during low intensity exercise d. an increase in AD concentrations when we go from low to moderate intensity exercise would decrease PFK activity and increase carbohydrate use е. the amount of calories coming from intramuscular triglycerides increases when we change from low to moderate intensity exercise f. high intensity exercise decreases insulin secretion, which tends to decrease phosphorylase activity, which tends to increase carbohydrate use g. high intensity exercise increases epinephrine secretion, which tends to increase muscle glycogen breakdown

d. an increase in ADP concentrations when we go from low to moderate intensity exercise would decrease PFK activity and increase carbohydrate use f. high intensity exercise decreases insulin secretion, which tends to decrease phosphorylase activity, which tends to increase carbohydrate use

The following immage depicts the changes in power during a Wingate test. Based on its appearance there is no evidence for which of the following types of fatigue? a. Central fatigue b. There is no evidence for two of these c. Reduced excitabiltiy of motor areas of the brain d. There is no evidence for any of these e. Glycogen depletion

d. There is no evidence for any of these

Which of the following would require the greatest recruitment of motor units with a 20 pound weight? a they would all be about the same b. isometric action with good leverage c isometric action with poor leverage d. concentric action with poor leverage

d. concentric action with poor leverage

Which of the following would require the greatest recruitment of motor units with a 20 pound weight at mid flexion (~90degrees)? a. isometric action with good overlap of actin and myosin b. they would all be about the same c. eccentric action with poor overlap of actin and mvosin d. concentric action with poor overlap of actin and myosin

d. concentric action with poor overlap of actin and myosin

Which of the following wouid have the lowest iEMG integral when using a 15 lb weight? a. concentric bicep curl with forearm pronated moving at 30 degrees per second b. they would all be about the same c. eccentric bicep curl with forearm supinated moving at 10 degrees per second d. eccentic bicep cur wilh forearm pronated moving at 60 desrees per second

d. eccentic bicep cur wilh forearm pronated moving at 60 desrees per second

which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase glycogenolysis? a. insulin b. phosphofructokinase c. pyruvate dehydrogenase d. glucagon e. hormone sensative lipase f. glycogen synthase g. epinephrine h. phosphorylase

d. glucagon g. epinephrine

Which of the following would have the least MG activity when using a 15 lb weight? a. they would all be about the same b. isometric action with low force arm:resistance arm ratio c. concentric action with low force arm:resistance arm ratio d. isometric action with high force arm:resistance arm ratio

d. isometric action with high force arm:resistance arm ratio

very humid

different between the wet bulb and dry bulb is less than 5

very dry

different between the wet bulb and dry bulb is over 15

The following immage depicts the changes in power during a Wingate test. Based on its appearance there is no evidence for which of the following types of fatique? a. There is no evidence for two of these b. Glycogen depletion c. Reduced excitabiltiy of motor areas of the brain d. Central fatigue e. There is no evidence for any of these

e. There is no evidence for any of these

Which of the following hormones would increase glycogenolysis in adipose tissue? select all that apply a. cortisol b. growth hormone c. insulin d. norepinephrine e. this process doesn't occur in this tissue f. epinephrine g. glucagon

e. this process doesn't occur in this tissue

What is the goal of hold relax and hold relax with agonist contraction PNF procedures if you were trying to improve hamstring flexibility? select the single best answer a. three of these b. to stimulate the hamstrings more c. to cause mild pain in order to help the subject perceive the limits of their range of motion d. to strengthen the hamstrings e. to inhibit hamstring muscle contraction so that the muscle can be stretched further

e. to inhibit hamstring muscle contraction so that the muscle can be stretched further

Which of the following hormones would increase muscle glycogen breakdown?

epinephrine glucagon

Which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase blood lactate?

epinephrine glucagon

In one of our lab VII experiments we looked at the effects of intensity on fuel substrate use. Which of the following statements regarding exercise intensity and fuel substrate use is/are NOT true? a. high intensity exercise increases epinephrine secretion, which tends to increase glycogenolysis b. the amount of calories coming from intramuscular triglycerides increases when we change from low to moderate intensity exercise c. high intensity exercise increases cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, which increases muscle glycogen breakdown d. high intensity exercise decreases insulin secretion, which tends to increase phosphorylase activity, which tends to increase carbohydrate use e. during moderate intensity exercise a smaller percentage of calories comes from circulating fuels than during low intensity exercise f. high intensity exercise is associated with greater recruitment of fast twitch fibers, which tends to decreases carbohydrate use g. the absolute number of fat calories burned at low intensities is usually higher than the amount burned during moderate intensity exercise

f. high intensity exercise is associated with greater recruitment of fast twitch fibers, which tends to decreases carbohydrate use g. the absolute number of fat calories burned at low intensities is usually higher than the amount burned during moderate intensity exercise

In one of our lab VII experiments we looked at the effects of intensity on fuel substrate use. Which of the following statements regarding exercise intensity and fuel substrate use is/are NOT true? a. high intensity exercise decreases insulin secretion, which tends to increase muscle glycogenolysis b. high intensity exercise increases cytoplasmic calicum concentrations, which increaseses the activity of phosphorylase, which increases carbohydrate use c. high intensity exercise increases epinephrine secretion, which tends to increase glycogen breakdown d. the absolute number of fat calories burned at moderate intensities may be equal or greater than the fat calories burned during low intensity exercise è. during moderate intensity exercise a smaller percentage of calories come from fats than during low intensity exercise f. high intensity exercise is associated with greater recruitment of slow twitch fibers, which tends to increase carbohydrate use g. at higher intensities the percentage of calories coming from circulating fatty acids increases

f. high intensity exercise is associated with greater recruitment of slow twitch fibers, which tends to increase carbohydrate use g. at higher intensities the percentage of calories coming from circulating fatty acids increases

which of the following is/are hormones that would tend to increase muscle glycogen storage? a. hormone sensative lipase b. phosphorylase c. epinephrine d. pyruvate dehydrogenase e. Phosphofructokinase f. insulin g. glycogen synthase h. glucagon

f. insulin

Which of the following is an enzyme that promotes glycogenolysis? a. phosphofructokinase b. glycogen synthase c. glycogen d. glucagon e. insulin f. phosphorylase g. glycogenesis

f. phosphorylase

If you were performing a hold relax with agonist contraction PNF procedure to try to improve hamstring flexibility, which of the following muscles/muscle groups would we contract as a part of this procedure? a. gastrocnemius b. quadriceps femoris c. hamstrings d. dorsiflexors (e.g. tibialis anterior andextensor diegitorum longsus e. none of these f. two of these

f. two of these

The following figure depicts EMG and iEMG activity during dynamic bicep curls until the subject could not lift the weight anymore. They lifted the weight 17 times before they fatigued. Which of the following mechanism(s) are most likely to be contributing this fatigue, given this set of data?

failure to release enough calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Work

force x distance

Glycogenesis

formation of glycogen from glucose *glycogen synthase

Which of the following hormones would tend to inhibit hepatic glucose output? select all that apply a. norepinephrine b. glycogen c. epinephrine d glucagon e. cortisol f. growth hormone g. Insulin

g. Insulin

During the hold relax PNF procedure, which of the following types of receptors is theoretically being used to help us improve range of motion? a. Joint kinesthetic receptors b. cutaneous. Ruffini endings c. Ruffini endings and muscle spindles d group Ill and IV afferents e. muscle spindles f muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs g. golgi tendon organs

g. golgi tendon organs

Which of the following hormones would be unlikely to increase blood glucose? select all that apply a. glucagon b. epinephrine c. norepinephrine d. growth hormone e. glycogen cortisol g. insulin

g. insulin

Which of the following hormones would tend to inhibit hepatic glucose output? select all that apply a. glycogen b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. glucagon e. norepinephrine f. growth hormone g. insulin

g. insulin

Which of the following is/are enzymes that would tend to increase glycogenesis?

glycogen synthase

Which of the following enzymes would tend to increase triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue?

hormone sensitive lipase

Hyperplasia

increase in number of muscle fibers

Which of the following hormones would inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue?

insulin

Which of the following hormones would inhibit muscle protein breakdown?

insulin

Which of the following hormones would tend to increase glycogenesis?

insulin

Which of the following would increase muscle glucose uptake?

insulin muscular activity/exercise

Atrophy

loss of muscle mass

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Dif types of athletes - female

small 100m sprinter - VO2 max 33.6 large 100m sprinter - VO2 max 31.6 average middle dist - VO2 max 67.2 small marathoner - VO2 max 69.1

Dif types of athletes - male

small 100m sprinter - VO2 max 40.7 large 100m sprinter - VO2 max 42.6 average middle dist - VO2 max 74.5 small marathoner - VO2 max 81

normalized iEMG activity

smaller iEMG divided by larger iEMG x 100

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. *phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2)