Physical Science Final
If a solid is going into gas, what is happening and what kind of phase is it?
"Sublimation" and Endo
What does the line when graphing speed represent? How do you calculate the speed on a speed graph?
1. Speed 2. the Distance/ the Time
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in dm?
3
What is the value of gravity on earth?
9.8 m/s squared
Every chemical and physical change in matter includes what?
A change in energy
Define endothermic.
A change in which energy is taken in (ex: heat being absorbed.)
What is the line for speed like on a graph?
A changing curvy line
What is a chemical bond?
A force of attraction between two atoms holding them together.
What is gravity?
A force that pulls objects toward each other.
Define pulley.
A grooved wheel with a rope or chain running along the groove.
Chemical changes are always accompanied by what?
A physical change
What is a force?
A push or pull
What is force?
A push or pull
What is m/s squared measuring/
Acceleration and gravity (if there is a number in front for gravity)
How is friction and air resistance related?
Air resistance is a type of friction (fluid) which acts on falling objects
Who is Sr. Isaac Newton (1643-1727)?
An English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, theologian, natural philosopher, and alchemist (person who studied chemistry in medieval times) and is often referred to the "Father of Science"
What is velocity?
An objects speed together with its direction of motion.
Give three examples of a real-life use for a 2nd class lever.
Bottle opener, Nut cracker, Raising up on toes, Cart, Door, Diving board, Can opener, Dolley, Doing a push-up
Make up a compound, and write its chemical formula. Then write how many atoms and elements are in it.
Carbon dioxide = CO2 Elements = 2 (carbon, oxygen) Atoms = 3 (1 carbon, 2 oxygen)
What are properties?
Characteristics, traits, describing features.
If a gas is changing into a liquid, what is happening and what kind of phase is it?
Condensation and Exo
Manipulate the work equation to solve for distance. What crosses out in the units, so you can end up with Newtons as your unit for your final answer?
Distance=work/force (d=w/f) Cross out kg x m/s squared
What does constant speed mean?
Equal distances covered in an equal amount of time. (When moving, your speed does not change or stays the same.)
Define inclined plane.
Flat, sloping surface such as a ramp.
Why does friction make motion safe for humans?
Friction helps your feet be ground into or "stick" to the ground so you don't fall when standing or sliding/fall when walking.
What is mass?
How many atoms make up an object.
What is the mechanical advantage equation for a screw?
IMA = length around threads/length of screw
Define wedge.
Inclined plane with two or more sloping surfaces.
When water is in a cylinder it dips. What is the name of the middle of the dip where you should read the water level?
Meniscus
What are two or more atoms, which are chemically combined or held together by a chemical bond, called?
Molecules
Manipulate the mechanical advantage equation to solve for output force.
Output force=mechanical advantage x input force (Fo or Fr = MA x Fe or Fi)
What is the power equation?
Power=work/time (P=w/t)
What are some keywords (or trigger words) used in a story to help you identify the hypothesis?
Reasons that, thinks that
Examples of time units
Sec (basic SI unit), hr, min
What is the time unit?
Seconds (s)
What is the unit for time that must be used in the power equation? Why?
Seconds (s) because when you cross out the units for work and power when solving for time, you end up with just seconds.
What are the 4 types of friction?
Sliding, static, fluid, rolling
What is cm cubed measuring?
Solid Volume
What is a real life application of centripetal acceleration?
Someone swinging a yoyo around in a circle, riding a ride that goes in a circle, swinging a bucket over your head
What did Newton Realize?
That gravity acts everywhere not just on Earth
What is the correct way to write a chemical symbol for an element with two letters?
The first letter is capitalized and the second letter is lowercase.
The greater the mass...
The greater the gravitational force
On a lever, what is the effort force?
The input force; person's input (represented with and "E" in the drawings).
What is the definition of temperature?
The measure of the amount of thermal energy in an object
What is circular motion?
The movement/rotation of an object along a circular path. (An object moving in a circle on the circumference)
What is the definition of technology?
The practical use of scientific information
What does the law of conservation of mass and energy have to do with energy transfer?
When energy changes from one form to another, such as potential to kinetic, the mass and energy will not change even though the energy is transferring to a different kind of energy.
When is graphing speed on a line graph easy?
When you have varying distances and time.
When converting up the prefixes (ex: centi to Deka), are tens on the bottom or top of the conversion equation?
bottom
An organized procedure for testing your hypothesis
experiment
What is the Force Equation?
force = mass x acceleration
What is the correct way to write a problem statement
in question form
What is the mass unit?
kg (kilograms)
List the metric LENGTH units, abbreviations, and number value
kilometer (km) 1000 hektameter (hm) 100 dekameter (Dm) 10 meter (m) 1 decimeter (dm) 1/10 or 0.1 centimeter (cm) 1/100 0.01 millimeter (mm) 1/1000 or 0.001 ----- ----- micrometer (um) 1/1000000 or 0.000001
Three examples of distance units
m (basic SI unit), km, miles (or mi)
What makes a good experiment
many controlled variables, not a lot of uncontrolled variables, large sample size, only one independent variable
What is the equation for gravitational potential energy or PEg?
mass x gravity x height (m x g x h) h=answer for Dfo
What is the basic SI unit of length and its abbreviation?
meter (m)
What should your answer for Dfo be in?
meters (m)
What is the average speed equation?
total distance traveled/the total time
What are some examples of Frame of References?
1. Buildings 3. Roads 5.Ground 2. Tree trunks 4. Wall
All pure substances can also be written as what?
A chemical formula
In the metric system, what can you add to a unit to make it smaller or larger?
A prefix (Ex: Deka = 10 Deci = 1/10)
What is a compound?
A pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio.
A greater speed=
A steeper line
What is air resistance?
A type of fluid friction that acts on falling objects.
What does a curved line on an accelerating graph show?
Accelerating (curved upwards)/decelerating (curved downwards)
What is the simple machine "screw"? Define it.
An inclined plane wrapped in a spiral.
Define physical change
Any change that alters the form or appearance of matter but does NOT make any substance in the matter into a different substance. They can be observed with the five senses and do NOT change the chemical makeup of the objects. A substance is still the same substance after the change.
What is a blind test? double blind test?
Blind test: Subject does not know what pill they are being given Double blind test: subject nor doctor/experimenter knows what pill they are getting/giving; usually only pharmacist knows
Before standard measuring tools, what were used to measure items? Ex?
Body parts - Cubit was length of a mans forearm, horses are measured in hands
How can you tell if something is moving or not?
By looking at clues in your surroundings
What are the body temps of Fahrenheit, celsius, and Kelvin?
Celsius: 37°C Fahrenheit: 98.6°F Kelvin: 310K
What are properties, which can be only observed after a chemical reaction, called?
Chemical properties: A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances.
Give some examples of heterogenous mixtures.
Damp soil, salad
What is continuous data? What type(s) of graphs shows continuous data?
Data which can be any number within a certain range Line Graphs/Scatter Plots
What order does the effort, resistance, and fulcrum appear in a 1st class lever?
EFR or RFE (F in the middle)
What is alternative (or renewable) energy?
Energy that is able to be reused, recycled or comes from naturally replenished sources such as the sun, wind, moving water and heat from the Earth's core.
What is the english customary unit of temperature?
Fahrenheit (°F)
Manipulate the mechanical advantage equation to solve for input force.
Fi or Fe = Resistance or Output force/mechanical advantage (Fe=Fr/MA)
What is the force equation if you are given the mass (in kg) and the acceleration (in m/s2)?
Force = mass x acceleration (F=m x a )
Manipulate the work equation to find force
Force=work/distance (f=w/d)
What are forces drawn as and why?
Forces are drawn as vectors because they have a magnitude or amount and a direction/arrow
Why do we graph?
Gives a visual display of information
Examples of physical properties?
Hard, cold, clear, warm, sweet smell
What is the definition of density?
How much mass is in a given volume; how tightly packed the atoms are in an object.
What is the mechanical advantage equation for a lever?
IMA = Distance from fulcrum to input force/Distance from fulcrum to output force
what does a good problem statement look like? Format!
In question form! ex: Will the turtle move more if I put his light on more often?
What are the 6 types of simple machines?
Inclined plane, Wedge, Screw, Levers, Wheel and Axle, Pulleys
The factor adjusted by the experimenter (thing that is being changed)
Independent variable you should only have one of these
How likely is it to have a machine with 100% ME? What do we call that type of machine?
It is very unlikely to have amachine with 100% ME because that would mean the machine has no friction and since we live in a world with friction, it is not possible to have a machine with no fricton. However, these machines with 100% ME are called ideal machines.
How does centripetal force act on you when a roller coaster car is going around a bend?
It pulls you towards the side of the car closer to the middle as you go around the bend. The horizontal force makes you keep going forward/backward but gravity pushes the cart so it stays on the track.
What are the two main types of energy involved when object are moving?
Kinetic and Potential energy
Give two examples of direct measurements
Length with a ruler or meter stick temperature with a thermometer
What is an example title of a Speed graph?
Line graph of Distance (km) vs. Time (hrs) of (my trip to get christmas presents)
What are the units of mechanical advantage?
MA is unitless
What is the mechanical efficiency equation?
Mechanical Efficency = output work/input work x 100 (ME=wo/wi x 100)
What is the force unit?
N = kg x m/s squared
What is the unit for force?
Newton (N) or kg x m/s squared
What is the weight unit and what does it stand for?
Newton(N) or kg x m/s squared
What does a horizontal straight line (______) show on an acceleration graph?
No acceleration;constant speed
What does it mean when when line is crossing the x-axis on a speed graph?
Object is back home (pt.0)
What is physical science?
One of the major fields of science and the study of physics (study of matter and energy) and chemistry (study of matters and how it interacts)
What is the moment equation?
P (momentum: kg x m/s or N x s) = m (mass: kg) x v (velocity: m/s + a direction) P=m x v
Why does frame of reference change from person to person?
People have different perspectives on things and may look at the frame of reference differently or look at a different one entirely.
What subatomic particles are inside an atom's nucleus?
Protons and Neutrons
What order does the effort, resistance, and fulcrum appear in a 3rd class lever?
REF or FER (E in the middle)
What are the three ways heat is transferred and give example of a scenario showing each.
Radiation: direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves: sunlight on an object Conduction: direct transfer of heat from one substance to another: persons hand touches a hot pan Convection: transfer of heat by movement of a fluid: hot water spilling on a person/something
What is the definition of power?
Rate at which work is done.
Give three examples of a real-life use for a screw.
Screw, Bottle Cap, Light bulb, Vending Machine, Spiral staircase, Drillbit, Turbine
Describe when you would use line/x-y scatter graph
Shows change over time Best graph to show continuous data
List the six types of alternative energy
Solar Nuclear Biomass Geothermal Wind Hydroelectric Tidal Wave
What are some clues you should look for in the story that would indicate it is an example of Newtons 1st law?
Something moving that runs into something so it stops. Something at rest that gets kicked and starts to move.
How does geothermal energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
The Earth's core and magma are naturally hot. Geothermal energy taps into the heat source to heat water, which turns a turbine to generate electricity. Pros: renewable, no pollution or greenhouse gases, 80% cheaper than burning fossil fuels. Cons: High installation cost, hard to find equipment, cannot be easily transported
How do you determine the MA of a compound machine?
The IMA of a compound machine is the product of the individual ideal mechanical advantages of the simple machines that make it up. (Meaning you add up all the MAs of the simple machines found within the compound machine.
What is energy?
The ability to do work or cause change.
What is the definition of length?
The distance from one point to another (1 dimensional measurement)
Why does KE + PE = Mechanical?
The mechanical energy of a moving object is called it's kinetic energy. When the object is not moving its mechanical energy is called potential energy.
On a lever, what is the resistance force?
The output force; weight of an object (represented with an "R" in the drawings).
On a lever, what is the fulcrum?
The pivot point; it stays stationary. (Represented with an "F" in the drawings).
How are falling objects different from motion in a straight line?
The rate at which they are dropped. Falling objects have the same velocity rate at which they fall (9.8 m/s squared) regardless of their masses. but every second they fall, their velocity increases by 9.8 m/s squared. Falling objects also fall in free fall where the only force acting on them is gravity. Gravity is an unbalanced force, which is what causes the object to accelerate.
What is min measuring?
Time
What is mechanical energy?
Total amount of PE and KE in a system; Energy of the movement or position of an object. KE + PE =Mechanical
What is distance? How do you determine it in a story?
Total length traveled. Speed is the entire length/ how far was traveled in the story.
What instrument do you need to measure mass?
Triple beam balance, which is measured in grams (g) (Indirect measurement)
When forces are drawn, what must they have?
Unit, scale, compass
How does solar energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
Uses photovoltaic cells (solar panels using silicon or crystals) to capture and store the sun's energy into electricity. Pros: Produces less harmful pollutants than fossil fuels do, every country can use it (everyone has the sun), excess energy can be stored or sold. Cons: Hazardous wires and materials used in solar panel, energy only generated when sun is out, materials are hard to find.
How does wave energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
Waves start from wind which forms of the suns heating of energy. They make different devices, in or on shores, used to harness energy from waves. Devices in the shore are anchored to the sea ground. Two of these in shore devices are the Terminator and Oscillating Water Column (OWC). Pros: No damage to land, renewable, environmentally friendly. Cons: Only suitable for certain location (with body of water that creates waves (ocean) nearby), Noise and visual pollution (generators are unpleasant to people nearby, Weak performance in rough weather.
Give an example of scenario showing electrostatic energy.
Weather (such as lighting, which is the released stream of electrons that are caused from the buildup of static electric charges created by turbulence in storm clouds), static electricity on clothes or electric shock you get when touching something. Electrostatic energy can also be harnessed using clouds/thunderstorms.
What is kg m/ s squared measuring?
Weight, force and friction
What are some examples of compound machines?
Wheel barrow (wheel and axle, lever, inclined plan), truck (pulley, wedge, inclined plane, wheel and axle, lever), screw driver (wheel and axle, screw, inclined plane)
What are some examples of nuclear energy?
When a nuclear bomb is detonated, energy within the sun/stars, and nuclear power plants.
What is nuclear energy?
When energy stored in an atoms nucleus is released by breaking the atom's nucleus part.
Describe when you would use a bar/column graph
When gathering data that compares qualitative (words) data with quantitative (numbers/data)
What are some clues you should look for in the story that would indicate it is an example of Newtons 3rd law?
When something does something and the reaction is opposite but equal (two things running into each other will both bounce back)
How do you know when an object has reached terminal velocity?
When the force of air resistance equals the weight of the object
What is freefall? Explain it
When the only force acting on an object is gravity. All objects in free fall accelerate at the same rate regardless of their masses (in the absence of air resistance)
What is an unbalanced force?
When two forces acting on each other are NOT equal.
When you move the decimal point to the left of a number to put into scientific notation is the exponent of 10 positive or negative?
When you move the decimal point to the left, your answer should be__________x 10 # positive exponent. ex: 4234g=4.234X10 3g
When you move the decimal point to the right of a number to put into scientific notation is the exponent of 10 positive or negative?
When you move the decimal point to the right, your answer should be__________x 10 -# negative exponent. ex: 0.00563g = 5.63 x 10 -3 g
How does wind energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth;s surface by the suns rays due to the tilt of earths axis. Wind turns windmill turbines which then creates energy in the generator inside. Pros: Renewable and produces no green house gases or pollution, creates short + long term jobs, turbines produce no emissions. Cons: Electricity is created only when the wind is blowing, very loud and disturbing to people nearby, impact plants and animals negatively
Manipulate the power equation to solve for work.
Work = Power x Time (w=p x t)
What is the work Equation?
Work=Force x distance (w=f x d)
Manipulate the power equation to find work
Work=power x time (w=p x t)
Where does time go on a speed graph?
X-axis and is the IV.
Weight is...
a force
What is a frame of reference?
a place or object that you assume isn't moving (is fixed) and by which you judge movement.
What are 3 objects you could buy in area units (square units)?
carpet, glass, fabric
What is ft measuring?
distance and displacement
What is the speed units equation? Examples?
distance units/time units ex: km/hr, miles/min, miles/hr
What is m measuring?
distance, Dfo, displacement
What are some options for density units?
g/mL, kg/L, kg/cm3, g/cm3
What is the correct format to write out a hypothesis?
if (happens), then I predict,(will occur) because (reason why)
List 4 different units of length in the English Customary system
inches, feet, yards, miles
What is the basic SI unit for liquid volume and its abbreviation?
liter (L)
How/where do you find the equations for solid volume?
on the equations sheet
Why do scientists use scientific notation?
science measurements can be very,very small (ex: diameter of an atom or molecule) or very, very big (ex: distance between planets)
Which axis on a graph would show the IV?
the x axis
What is the weight equation?
weight=mass x gravity
What is a balanced force?
when two forces acting on each other are equal.
Manipulate the mechanical efficiency equation to solve for work input.
wi = ME x wo/100
If a gas is changing into a solid, what is happening and what kind of phase is it?
"Deposition" and Exo
If a liquid is changing into a solid, what is happening and what kind of phase is it?
"Freezing" and Exo
If a gas is changing into a plasma, what is happening and what kind of phase is it?
"Ionization" and Endo
If a solid is changing to a liquid, what is happening and what kind of phase is it?
"Melting" and Endo
How do you determine the number of electrons for a neutral atom?
# of electrons = # of protons = atomic number
How do you determine the number of neutrons for a neutral atom?
# of neutrons = atomic mass (rounded) minus the atomic number
How do you determine the number of protons for a neutral atom?
# of protons = atomic number
What are the energy transfers of wind energy?
(electromagnetic-heat)-kinetic-mechnaical-eletrical
Examples of physical changes?
-Breaking, cutting, bending, crushing (changes in shape or form) -Dissolving, filtration, distillation (three methods of separating mixtures that involve physical changes)
What is the equation for percent error
/(experimental value-actual value)/ x 100 divided by actual value
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in mL?
1
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in mm2?
1
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in mm3?
1
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in mm?
1
What are the five sig fig rules and give examples of each
1. All nonzero numbers (which are numbers 1-9) are significant. ex: 123 cL has 3 sig figs 2. all zeros between nonzero numbers are significant. This is sometimes called "the hugging rule". ex: 2101 m has 4 sig figs 3. All zeros between a non zero number and to the left of a decimal point are significant. Ex: 33000. m has 5 sig figs and 50.21 cm has 4 sig figs 4. Trailing zeros after a decimal point that are to the right of a nonzero number are significant. ex: 45.000 cm has 5 sig figs 5. zeros used as place holders are NOT significant ex: 120000 has only 2 sig figs and 0.00037 has only 2 sig figs
Describe the steps needed to solve for the process in displacement?
1. Fill a graduated cylinder about 1/2 way with water to a known/marked amount 2. read water level at meniscus (the lowest point of the little dip in the water) 3. Add object you want to measure to water. The water will then "displace" a certain amount. This measurement is called displacement. 4. Subtract water level before adding the object from water level after adding object. You shouldn't get a negative #. 5. Change mL to cm3 using 1 mL=1cm3
List and describe the steps of the scientific method
1. Identify and state the problem-state as questions 2. Gather info/research-scientists read and communicate with each other so they can learn about work that has already been done. 3. State a hypothesis-scientists state clearly what they expect to find out. They state a hypothesis/suggested answer to a question. (Format: if (happens), then I predict (will occur) because (reason why) 4. Design an experiment-to test hypothesis, scientists design an experiment with clear steps and procedures 5. Make observations and record data-during experiments scientists make careful observations. The info they get is their data (either in quantitative or qualitative) 6. Organize and analyze data-scientists organize their data into graphs, tables, charts and diagrams. The data can be analyzed or studied to look for trends/patterns 7. State a conclusion-Conclusion is a summary that explains the data you gathered from your experiment. It states whether or not the data supports the hypothesis. Answers the question stated in the problem.
How do you measure "mass by difference"? Describe the steps.
1. Measure the starting amount or (weight) of entire object 2. measure the mass after a portion is consumed (sometimes in a chemical reaction) 3. subtract the two amounts 4. the answer is the amount consumed
List and describe each of the science skills and why they are important to be a successful scientist
1. Observing- using five senses to gather information. You have to pay attention to everything that happens to gather details or clues 2. Inferring-A judgement or conclusion based on observations/prior experience. Can be incorrect due to not having correct information or due to stereotypes or prior experiences/opinions. Helps you analyze and test data 3. Measure-compare an unknown value to a known value. Makes observations more exact. (Scientists only use metric measurements ex: cm, liters, kg) 4. Classifying-Grouping things based on how they are alike. Helps analyze and organize data 5. Predicting-State ahead of what will happen based on what you already know 6. Organizing-Work in a orderly way. Puts information in order 7. Hypothesizing-a possible solution/explanation to an observation/scientific problem based upon what is already know/observed (usually research) 8. Modeling-Use a copy of what you are studying to help explain it. (ex: Physical, conceptual,mathematical) 9. Analyzing-Examine carefully and in detail (ex: make charts or graphs )
List and describe the 3 types of graphs
1. Pie or circle graphs/charts-shows how various types of data relate to each other and the whole, shows percentages (total must be 100%), label each piece of pie descriptor and % 2. Bar or column graphs-compares qualitative data with quantitative data, best graph to show discontinuous data 3.Line or x-y scatter graphs-shows change over time, best fit line or points connected (depending on situation instructor), best graph to show continuous data
What are the 5 criteria of a good experiment?
1. be safe (think and do research before starting your experiment, do not intend to kill,injure,harm test subjects,) 2. only one independent variable 3. a clear, measurable dependent variable 4. Many controlled variables/eliminate uncontrolled ones 5. A control group (whenever possible)
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. identify and state the problem 2. gather information/ research 3. state a hypothesis 4. design and experiment 5. make observations and record data 6. analyze data 7. state a conclusion
What is the time equation having to do with acceleration/?
1. t=Vf-Vi/a 2. t=v/a 3. t=s/a
What are the steps to calculating percent error?
1. write the equation or formula 2. Plug or fill in the variables with their numbers and the units! 3. Squared or cubed (show the math of that # and the unit!) 4. put it in your calculator 5. answer with units
What are 2 ways to achieve acceleration? ex:
1.Changing your speed (20 mi/hr to 50 mi/hr) 2. changing your direction (20mi/hr E to 20mi/hr S)
The prefix centi mean how many of the base unit?
1/100 or 0.01
On which number is the metric system based?
10
The metric system is based on units of (or multiples of)
10 (if you move from one unit to another to another) you will multiply or divide by 10 depending on which direction you are moving)
The prefix kilo means how many of the base unit?
1000
What is the conversion equation (including units) for changing liquid volume to solid volume during the displacement process
1mL = 1 cm3
What is the purpose (machine-wise) of using a lever?
1st class: changes the direction of the input force. 2nd class: multiplies the force; does NOT change the direction 3rd class: increases the distance but multiplies force
How does inertia come into play in Newtons first law of motion?
1st law is known as law of inertia. An object will resist to motion change (inertia) unless it is acted up something (first law) to make the object stop or move.
How do you convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin ? (2 equations)
1st use this equation: °C=5/9 X (°F-32) Then plug your answer into this one: K=°C+273
How do you convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit? (2 equations)
1st use this equation: °C=K-273 The use this one: °F=9/5 °C+32
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in cm2?
2
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in cm3?
2
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in cm?
2
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in grams when using a triple beam balance?
2
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in grams/cm3?
2 (Least amount of sig figs)
how many decimal places do you go out to when measuring with a meter stick, ruler or triple beam balance?
2 (hundreths)
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in dm2?
3
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in dm3?
3
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in m2
4
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in m3?
4
How many decimal places should you round to when measuring in m?
4
What are two examples of numbers that are NOT measurements
50 and 17
What are two examples of measurements?
50cm (centimeters) and 17mm (millimeters)
Define chemical change.
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances. Also called chemical reactions. Produce new substances with properties different from original substance.
Define exothermic.
A change in which energy is given off or released (ex: heat is given off)
What can you do/write/determine for pure substances that you cannot do for mixtures?
A chemical formula for writing a compound and shows how many atoms of each element are in the compound and a chemical formula and a chemical symbol for writing an element's name. a compound and element are types of pure substances.
What is the difference between a chemical symbol and a chemical formula?
A chemical symbol is a shorthand way of writing an element's name while a chemical formula is a shorthand way for writing a compound and shows how many atoms of each elect are in the compound.
What is the control/control group? What is its purpose and how do you identify it in a scenario?
A control group is a standard for comparison or the thing you do nothing to when testing the IV so you can compare it to the tests you do do things to.Shows that your result is relayed to the condition and not some other condition. (ex: not watering a plant compared with plants that were watered with different amounts, placebo, making a model, normal amount) Purpose is to compare the control with the other subjects to see how they changed. In a story, it is the subject that the experimenter does not test on/leaves alone.
How does hydroelectric energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
A dam is used to create high water level and build up pressure. As the water flows over the dam, it turns a turbine, which connects to the transformer that generates electricity. Pros: Creates a large amount of energy, energy is always being produced as long as rivers flow, does not take up a large amount of space. Cons: Expense building cost, expensive to maintain, requires a large amount of building material
What is friction?
A force which acts in the opposite direction to an objects motion; the force that two objects exert on each other when they rub against each other.
What two forces are present during projectile motion causing the curved path towards the ground?
A horizontal force that is caused by an outer force such as a person, gun, cannon, etc......... and gravity (the downward force)
What is a compound machine?
A machine that utilizes (uses) two or more simple machines. The IMA of a compound machine is the product of the individual ideal mechanical advantages of the simple machines that make it up.
Why is velocity a more precise term for describing motion? ex?
A moving object always travels in some direction which is both what velocity measures. ex: wind
What is average speed? ex?
A moving object that doesn't always move with the same speed over the course of his/her movement. ex: marathon runner
What is constant speed?
A moving object that doesn't change its speed
what kind of answer should you never have for percent error and why?
A negative answer because the / / in the equation mean absolute value so even if your ev-av is negative, the / / will make it positive
Give three examples of Newtons second law
A pitched baseball goes faster than one that is gently thrown A bowling ball will fall faster than a feather because the bowling ball has a greater mass An ice skater pushes harder with leg muscles will begin to go faster
Whats the difference between an experiment, an exercise, and a problem?
A problem which may not have a correct answer, is a situation in which something appears to be missing. (ex: how to study for my next test to get a good grade) An exercise is were the steps are already spelled out for you and their is usually a correct answer at the end (ex: lab directions) An experiment is an organized procedure for testing your hypothesis when seeking for new info. (ex: check to make sure the battery is in the computer, plug it in the charger, try to turn it on after it has been charged
What is an element?
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means. Simplest substances. Each element can be identified by its specific physical and chemical properties.Ex: iron, nickel, oxygen
Define lever.
A rigged beam that pivots (moves) around a fixed point (called the fulcrum).
Give three examples of newtons first law of motion.
A soccer ball will stay rolling unless it is stopped by a wall or foot. A ball stopped will stay stopped unless it is kicked Something flying across the room like a pencil will remain flying unless it runs into something like a wall or the floor.
What is the number 4 in the chemical formula 6H3PO4 called?
A subscript: represents # of atoms of that element present in the substance.
What is a variable?
A variable is any changing factor (or can be changed) that could affect an experiment
What does a straight increasing sloped line show on an acceleration graph ex / ?
Accelerating (speeding up)
What does a curved line mean on a speed graph?
Accelerating or decelerating (Depending on slope)
Which MOTION concept is related to gravity?
Acceleration because gravitational acceleration is known as gravity. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity, which is the speed along with the direction an object is going, changes occur. Gravity is a force that puts objects together. Gravity is also an acceleration measurement (m/s squared) and is a type of acceleration. When in freefall, when the only force acting on an object is gravity, the object is accelerating towards the ground.The force of gravity is unbalanced, which causes it to accelerate.
What is the definition of accuracy?
Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the actual or correct answer
How do you find the total length traveled or distance?
Add up all the distances.
What process needs to occur for a phase change to happen?
Addition or subtraction of heat
What type of friction is acting on falling objects?
Air resistance which is a type of fluid friction
Why can you memorize the decimal places for length( area and solid volume) but not for other measurements ?
All rulers and meter sticks have the same increment markings. Millimeter is their smallest unit.
What is projectile motion? What two forces during projectile motion cause the curve path towards the ground?
An object that is moving in an arc type pattern due to two forces (gravity, horizontal force)
Give three examples of a real-life use for a wheel and axle.
Any kind of wheel (dolly, car, roller skate, baby carriage), Egg beater, Steering wheel, Combination lock, Rotary phone, Pencil sharpener, Doorknob, Merry go round, Ferris wheel, Record player, Pizza cutter, Rolling pin
What is a projectile? Ex?
Any object that is thrown or launched. Ex: Bullet, sports balls, cannon ball
Give an example of a scenario showing mechanical energy
Any system that includes moving and nonmoving parts; moving water and wind, windmills and water pumps.
Give an example of a scenario showing kinetic energy
Anything moving (someone running, bird flying, cart going around a roller coaster track)
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space such as solids, liquids and gases.
What is work?
Applying a force over a certain distance
What is the definition of work?
Applying a force over a certain distance .
How is constant speed different than average speed and speed in general?
Average speed changes while constant speed does not. Speed is just the distance traveled per unit of time and doesn't specify if it changes or not. It is just specific to the exact time while constant and average are over long periods of time with multiple speeds.
What is the difference between average speed and speed?
Average speed is, when moving, your speed changes. It is vague and usually used for long journeys where you are going many different speeds. Speed is just the distance traveled per unit of time overall and doesn't specify if it changes or stays constant. Speed is specific to the certain moment; one speed.
Give an example of a scenario showing chemical energy.
Baking food, digesting food, fuel burning or combusting, striking a match, any sort of chemical reactions.
Why is motion in a circle considered to be an acceleration measurement?
Because things moving in a circle at a constant speed are also accelerating because it is consulate changing direction which is one way to achieve acceleration.
How does biomass energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons? What is biomass?
Biomass (Biological material made from living or recently living plants, such as trees and crops, that can be processed into fuel and heat) uses waste products and biological materials to burn for heat/electricity. Pros: Trash is out of landfills, old trees taking up space are used so more trees can grow in its place, large supply (made from several different products), renewable. Cons: If new trees aren't planted, deforestation can happen, compete with food production (corn & soybeans make biomass), sources are seasonal so there is more energy in spring/summer and less energy in winter/fall.
What is the point in using alternative energy sources? What do they help us generate?
By using alternative energy sources, we are saving energy sources that cannot be reused and there is only a certain amount on earth or nonrenewable energy sources. By using renewable, which is infinite, we have a better chance of keeping nonrenewable on earth longer and only using nonrenewable when necessary. Therefore, it helps us generate energy without using ll of out resources. Does not pollute earth so keeps earth cleaner. Generates energy to power homes and town with electricity.
Why is measuring "mass by difference" useful?
Can help you figure out how much of something you've done such as how much you've eaten or how much you sharpened your pencil.
What unit of temperature is used in metric countries (and its abbreviation)?
Celsius (°C)
What are the freezing points of Fahrenheit, celsius, and Kelvin?
Celsius: 0° C Fahrenheit: 32°F Kelvin: 273K
What are the boiling points of water of Fahrenheit, celsius, and Kelvin?
Celsius: 100°C Fahrenheit: 212°F Kelvin: 373K
What are the room temps of Fahrenheit, celsius, and Kelvin?
Celsius: 20-25°C Fahrenheit: 70°F Kelvin: 293-297K
What are the energy transfers of biomass energy?
Chemical-Heat/Thermal-Electrical
What is the difference between physical and chemical properties?
Chemical: describes a pure substance's ability to change into different substances. It has the ability to change. Physical: Can be observed with 5 senses without changing into another substance. Doesn't change.
Atoms of most elements have the ability to do what?
Combine with other atoms
Describe the problem solving methods and when would be a logical time to use them
Concept map-Include all possible ideas/solutions even if they seem odd, can help when you have a lot of ideas or possible outcomes to your topic and need to find the best one to test Using prior Knowledge-Using what you know about the problem to predict a solution and try it. Helps when you have a lot of experience in the topic such as taking tests and studying Making a model-An idea, system or structure that represents whatever your trying to explain. helps when what your are explaining has to be seen to understand/learn more about ex: human body, architecture Mill's Method of Agreement-scientist searches for one factor that is always present along with effects.Helps when something happens to everyone involved in the problem. ex:everyone gets food poisoning after they eat dinner Mill's Method of difference: Finding a difference between something that happened. ex: only one person ate chicken and got food poisoning Critical Thinking-A process that uses certain skills to solve a problem. Helps when you when a lot about the problem/have a lot of logic/already have a lot of observation/experience
What does / mean on a speed graph?
Constant speed away from home (pt.0)
what does \ mean on a speed graph?
Constant speed towards home (pt.0)
What are controlled variables? What are their purpose? How do you identify them in a story?
Controlled variables or constants are factors that are not being changed/altered in an experiment. (The more the better) Purpose is to keep experiment controlled and being able to identify/record data on what you are intending to change. In a story, they are the variables that are mentioned but not being changed. ex: Same food, Same location, same type of animal, same age
How do you find the mechanical advantage equation of a pulley?
Count number of sections of rope that support the object being lifted/moved. Fixed=1 (changes the direction; does NOT increase the input force) Moveable=2 (increases force) Block & Tackle=3 (increases force and changes direction)
What is discontinuous data? What type(s) of graphs show discontinuous data?
Data, which occurs in jumps or intervals (or isn't necessarily related to each other) Bar or Column Graph
How is deceleration different from acceleration?
Deceleration is slowing down and written in a negative number while acceleration is speeding up and written in a positive number
In the metric system, which prefix means 10 of the base unit?
Deka
What is the equation for density?
Density=Mass/Volume
A factor whose value depends upon the value of the independent variable (what happens when the independent variable is changed)
Dependent variable
What is the distance of a falling body equation? (Dfo) What do you have to show in this equation?
Dfo= 1/2 x gravity (9.8 m/s squared) x (time) squared Dfo=1/2 x g x (t) squared (cross out and 3rd step)
Mass and weight are...
Different
Define heterogenous
Different parts can be seen
Is liquid volume a direct or indirect measurement?
Direct
Is length a direct or indirect measurement?
Direct when measuring length with a ruler, meterstick or tape measure
What is also important to to use to indicate an objects motion?
Direction of motion (up/down, east/west, etc.)
What is the name of the process used to solve for the solid volume of an irregular shape?
Displacement
What is mi measuring?
Distance and displacement
Distance equation having to do with speed?
Distance=speedxtime or Distance=velocityxtime (must convert if time units don't match and cross out units)
Manipulate the work equation to find distance
Distance=work/force (d=w/f)
How can you calculate speed using a line graph of distance and time?
Divide the distance by the time of each point on the graph to get speed. The find average speed, you divide the total distance (all the distance points) by total time (all the time points). The line for speed is a changing, curvy line; not a straight line on a graph for speed.
What makes an experiment bad? give examples
Don't have a large enough sample size (small sample size) (ex: only 3 people in experiment when there should be 30), more than one independent variable, many uncontrolled variables, unmeasurable dependent variable (ex: what an animal thinks after eating a certain food), have an experimenter bias (ex: you are the test subject; also if needed create a blind or double blind test), or you do not repeat experiment many times (want to repeat many times because it helps you to confirm or discount your results and the you will have more results to compare for your conclusion)
What happens in a mixture?
Each substance keeps its individual properties. Ex: sugar and water is still sugar and water and can be returned to its original state.
What are the energy transfers of solar energy?
Electromagnetic (suns radiation) (sometimes to heat)- Chemical (batteries) - Electrical
What is electromagnetic energy?
Electromagnetic energy, also known as a electromagnetic radiation, is, when an electron flows through conducting material, a moving charge is formed. Electromagnetic energy includes light and magnetism.
What are the ways we get energy from the sun? Explain each way
Electromagnetic waves- how energy travels from sun to earth Radiation-direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves Visible light-light that can be seen. Much of energy from the sun travels as visible light. Non visible Radiation: Infrared radiation-longer wavelengths, felt as heat. Snakes use this. Ultraviolet radiation-shorter wavelengths, can cause sunburn and skin cancer.
What subatomic particles are outside an atom's nucleus?
Electrons
What is matter, which is made of only one type of atom, called?
Elements
If a phase is going into a gas, the hottest -------, what change will it always be?
Endothermic
What does the "law of conservation of mass and energy" state? What is the energy equation?
Energy changes from form to form but the same amount of mass and energy in the universe is always the same. E (energy) = m (mass) x c (speed of light (constant)) squared E=mc squared
What is energy? How do you know if/when something has energy?
Energy is the ability to cause change; the ability to do work. If something can cause a change in the object, such as nonmoving to moving, (potential - kinetic), it has energy.
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion or moving objects (increases as potential energy decreases)
What is potential energy?
Energy of stationary objects (decreases as kinetic energy increases)
What is potential energy? What are the two types?
Energy of stationary objects; stored energy. There are two types: Gravitational and Chemical
How does nuclear energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
Energy stored in an atom's (usually uranium) nucleus is released by breaking the atom's nucleus apart ("fission"). Pros: Does not produce carbon dioxide or air pollutants, Gives high paying jobs to many people, Uranium is a highly concentrated source of energy (can be stored easily) and can be easily and cheaply transported, Convenient (get more for what you pay for): One kilogram of natural uranium will yield about 20,000 times as much energy as the same amount of coal. Cons: Produces toxic waste, which is challenging to dispose of. Because of this, they need to shut down every 18 to 24 months to get rid of waste, Nuclear power plants are vulnerable to devastating accidents and terrorism,Non renewable, New nuclear plants are more expensive and take longer to build than renewable energy sources such as wind or solar energy
What is thermal or heat energy?
Energy that flows from a warm substance to a cooler one. It is the kinetic energy (movement) of particles in a substance (solid, liquid, or gas). Heat energy will transfer from substances if they are different temperatures.
If a liquid is changing into a gas, what is happening and what kind of phase is it? What happens to the surface and bottom?
Evaporation/Vaporization and Endo. If the surface is changing, it is evaporating. If the bottom is changing, it is boiling.
Define homogenous.
Evenly mixed; cannot see the different parts
What must every number have with it to be considered a measurement?
Every number must have a unit, usually abbreviated, to be considered measurement (ex: 15cm, 20mL)
What are exact numbers? Ex?
Exact numbers are numbers that can be counted or a memorized conversion rate.
If a phase is going toward solid, the coldest -----, what change will it always be?
Exothermic
What order does the effort, resistance, and fulcrum appear in a 2nd class lever?
FRE or ERF (R in the middle)
Give three examples of a real-life use for a pulley.
Fishing reel, Roller coaster, Elevator shaft, Gonadal, Mountain climbing materials, Ziplining, Using a bicycle, Conveyor belt, Garage door
Manipulate the work equation to solve for force. What crosses out in the units, so you can end up with Newtons as your unit for your final answer?
Force=work/distance (w=f/d). Cross out needed: m squared on top and m on bottom
What are some examples of nonrenewable energy resources?
Fossil fuels like petroleum (oil), natural gas, coal
Which country started the metric system?
France
What is rolling friction?
Friction acting on moving objects resting on wheels, bearings, or similar circular materials.
What is sliding friction?
Friction that occurs at the surface of objects as they move past each other.
What is static friction?
Friction that occurs at the surfaces of objects not in motion. (Must overcome static friction to get an object to move)
What is fluid friction?
Friction that occurs when a solid object moves through a fluid (liquids and gases).
What does a good data table look like?
Good title Labeled correctly Correct number of rows and columns Show how various types of data relate to each other
What instruments/ items are needed to do displacement?
Graduated cylinder, water, conversion 1 mL=1 cm3, item you want to find volume of
How are gravity and force related?
Gravity is a type of force, which is a push or pull, that pulls objects toward each other
How would a centripetal force help you to stay dry while you swing a bucket of water on a rope around your head in a circle?
Gravity will keep the water in the bucket by pushing it towards back and horizontal force will make the bucket keep moving over your head and not just drop.
Write out a chemical formula, and explain each part.
H20 = Water H = hydrogen O = oxygen 2 = 2 hydrogen atoms No number/subscript after O = 1 oxygen atom H and O = two elements (hydrogen and oxygen)
Give three examples of a real-life use for a 1st class lever.
Hammer, Scissors, Arrow, Crowbar, Pliers, Seesaw, Paddle, Wrench, Paint can opener (paint key)
What did french chemist, Antoine Lavoisier discover?
He carried out experiments in which he made accurate measurements of mass before and after chemical change. This data showed that no mass was lost or gained during the change, thus creating the "law of conservation of mass."
What are the energy transfers of geothermal energy?
Heat-Kinetic-Mechanical-Electrical
What are the two types of mixtures?
Heterogenous and Homogenous
What is the definition of mechanical efficiency?
How efficent a machine actually is. Since we do not live in a frictionless world, in every machine, some work is wasted overcoming the force of friction. Therefore, the ffeciency of a machine compares the output work to the input work. What percent of the machines work is used to overcome friction.
What is displacement? How do you determine it in a story.
How far you are from your starting point. (Straight line form starting point). In a story, it will be where/how far the person is from the starting point. If they are at the starting point, the displacement is 0.
What 3 things does a chemical formula represent/show?
How many elements, name of element shown, number of atoms of each element
What devices use chemical energy and why?
Humans-digest food Jet skis-Fuel combustion Cars-fuel combustion
What is the mechanical advantage equation for an inclined plane?
IMA = length of incline/height of incline
What is the mechanical advantage equation for a wedge?
IMA = length of wedge/width of wedge
What is the mechanical advantage equation for a wheel and axle?
IMA = radius of wheel/radius of axle
What is the difference between ideal mechanical advantage and actual or real mechanical advantage?
Ideal mechanical advantage means the MA when friction is absent or the machine has 100% efficency. Therefore, since there is friction in the world, IMA has error. Actual or real mechanical advantage is the MA with friction on the object and what the MA actually is with friction.
What does a good hypothesis look like? Format!
If (happens), then I predict (will occur) because (reason why). Ex: If Zeke does not make any noise while getting furball's food, then I predict the cat will not come because he didn't hear Zeke setting out the food.
Describe a scenario when mass would NOT change but weight would change.
If you go to a different planet weight will change but mass will not because the gravitational pull is different which will affect your weight but you are still made up of the same amount.
Describe a scenario where mass and weight would BOTH change
If you lose a body part or pounds because if you loss mass you will automatically loss weight because weight=mass x gravity.
Why is it considered by most to convert between metric units rather than English units?
In the metric system, you only have to add or subtract 10 to convert to a different units instead of memorizing random or unpatterned numbers like in the English Customary System.
What are the two main categories of simple machines?
Inclined Plane (wedges, screws and levers (1st 2nd and 3rd class) are apart of the inclined plane category) and Wheel and Axle (pulleys (3 different kinds) are apart of the wheel and axle category)
What are the criteria of a good data table?
Include a clear data table with all of the data shown on the graph has a good, clear, title must be in chart form
Is weight a direct or indirect measurement?
Indirect
is density a direct or indirect measurement?
Indirect
Is mass a direct or indirect measurement? Why?
Indirect comparison to the weights on the other side of the balance
Are surface area and area a direct or indirect measurement and why?
Indirect due to calculation
Is solid volume a direct or indirect measurement and why?
Indirect due to calculation
Relate Inertia to centripetal acceleration
Inertia is the resistance to change in motion while centripetal acceleration are things moving in a circle at a constant speed are also accelerating and object is constantly changing direction which is one of the ways to achieve acceleration. Therefore, things in inertia are moving and will keep moving unless acted on by another force and in centripetal acceleration the object in the circle will also keep moving at constant speed.
What are inexact numbers? Ex?
Inexact numbers are numbers that have some sort of error due to the measuring tool or person doing the measuring. Therefore, an inexact number is a measurement with some kind of error done by someone or a measuring tool
Examples of chemical changes?
Iron + oxygen = Iron oxide (rust) 2 Fe + 3O = Fe2O3
Write Watts in another way
J/s
What are the units for energy?
Joules (J) = kg x m squared/ s squared or N x m
What is the work unit?
Joules (J) or N x m or kg x m squared/ s squared
What is the unit for work?
Joules (J) or or N x m or kg x m squared/ s squared
How do you convert from Celsius to Kelvin
K=°C+273 (Kelvin has bigger numbers than celsius so when going to kelvin its + and when leaving kelvin its -)
What is the kinetic energy equation?
KE = 1/2 x m x (V) squared (m=mass v=answer for Vfo)
What is the kinetic energy equation? (KE) What do you have to show in this equation?
KE=1/2 x mass x (v) squared (v=answer you got for Vfo) (3rd step)
What is the SI basic unit of temperature and its abbreviation?
Kelvin (K)
List the metric prefixes in decreasing order followed by their abbreviation and number value of the base unit
Kilo - (K) - 1000 Hekta - (h) - 100 Deka - (D or da) - 10 Base unit (no prefix or abbreviation) - 1 deci - (d) - 1/10 or 0.1 centi - (c) - 1/100 or 0.01 milli - (m) - 1/1000 or 0.001 (two in between here that don't need to know) micro - (u) - 1/1000000 or 0.000001
What is J measuring?
Kinetic energy and potential energy
What is kg m squared/ s squared measuring?
Kinetic energy, potential energy
Give three examples of a real-life use for a wedge.
Knife, Doorstop, Ax, Shoehorn, Teeth (incisors), Fork, Spear, Golf Club, Nail
What is mL measuring?
Liquid Volume and (displacement)
Which phase changes are endothermic?
Liquid to gas, solid to liquid, solid to gas, gas to plasma.
Which phase changes are exothermic?
Liquid to solid, gas to solid, gas to liquid.
How can you tell how many and what elements are in a compound?
Look at letters in a formula. Letters represent elements.
How can you tell how many atoms are in a compound?
Look at the subscript (number) written to the lower right hand side of the chemical symbol. The number represents # of atoms of element. If no subscript is present, it means there is 1 atom of that element in the compound.
What are some ways to solve problems?
Look for patterns that will help you make predictions about the problem, find a similarity (mills method of agreement) or a difference (mills method of difference)
What is the general machine mechanical advantage equation?
MA = Output force/Input force (MA=Fo/Fi) or MA = resistance force/effort force (MA=Fr/Fe)
What is the mechanical advantage unit?
MA is unitless
What does it mean when the mechanical advantage of a machine is equal to 1?
MA will be equal to 1 when the machine is changing the direction of the input force (ex: 1st class levers and fixed pulleys).
What does it mean when the mechanical advantage of a machine is less than 1?
MA will be less than 1 when the machine is increasing or measuring the distance over which the input force must be exerted (ex: 3rd class levers and inclined planes).
What does it mean when the mechanical advantage of a machine is greater than 1?
MA will be more than 1 when the machine is increasing or multiplying the force (ex: 2nd class levers, wedge, moveable pulleys, block & tackle/compound pulleys).
What is an ideal machine? How do you know if you have one?
Machines with an efficiency of 100% (meaning NO friction). Ideal machines don't exist because all machines lose some work to friction.Therefore, you will never have an ideal machine because all real machines have an efficiency of less than 100%.
What are some examples of exothermic reactions?
Making ice cubes, formation of snow in clouds, condensation of rain from water vapor
What is g measuring?
Mass
Give two examples of indirect measurements
Mass (comparing the weights on a scale to the item ex: weigh plastic bat, then weight other item using mass of bat) Any measurement that involves a calculation or equation, like speed, area, or volume
What are two factors that affect gravity?
Mass and distance
whats the difference between mass and weight?
Mass is how many atoms make up an object and weight, a force, is the mass X gravity of an object. When you leave earth's atmosphere, your weight will change because the gravity changes and since a variable in your equate is changing, your answer will change. However, mass will stay the same (unless a body part is cut off- just in general)
What characteristics affect how much/little friction there is between two objects?
Mass of the object, composition (what it is made up of;ingredients) of the surfaces in contact, texture of the surfaces in contact, if there is a lubricant present.
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass refers to the amount of matter in something while weight refers to the force with which gravity attracts an object.
How do solve for mass when you know the density and volume
Mass=Density x Volume
What instruments are needed to measure the density of a perfect shape?
Mass=triple beam balance (grams) solid volume=ruler or meterstick (Ex. m3 cm3)
What instruments are needed to measure the density of a irregular shape?
Mass=triple beam balance (grams) solid volume=use a graduated cylinder and do displacement /liquid volume=graduated cylinder or beaker
What instruments can be used to measure solid volume of irregular shapes?
Measured using displacement which uses a graduated cylinder, water and the conversion 1mL=1cm3
why are measurements that require an equation considered indirect measurements?
Measurements that require an equation are considered indirect measurements because the people who calculate the equation might get a different answer that the actual answer and therefore, the answer may not be correct.
What is the distance unit?
Meter (m)
What is the unit for distance that must be used in the work equation? Why?
Meters (m) because when you cross out work units and force units when solving for distance, it ends up as just meters.
What is the basic SI unit for speed?
Meters/second (m/s)
What instruments can be used to measure area and surface area?
Meterstick, ruler, tape measure, trundle wheel
What are the two categories of matter?
Mixture-Made of two or more substances that are together in the same place but NOT chemically combined. Pure substances-A single kind of matter that has a specific composition and a specific set of properties.
What does the "law of conservation of momentum" state?
Momentum does not change unless an external force acts upon it; "went to bodies collide with one another, the total energy remains constant."
How does air resistance affect the speed of a falling object?
More air resistance will occur on objects with a bigger surface area. The more air resistance, the slower the object will fall.
What results from unbalanced forces?
Motion
what is the rule for how to write a number in scientific notation?
Move the decimal point in the original number, so that you only have 1 number (between 1 and 9) to the left of the decimal point
Write Joules in another format.
N x m
What are most materials we use everyday?
NOT pure substances but rather mixtures
What are the criteria of a good graph?
Neat, clean, free of stray marks Good scientific title Labels on each axis Metric units on each axis or (piece) Good scale for your data Includes a clear, neat data table
What is the SI basic unit of weight?
Newton (N) (N= kg x m/ s 2)
Describe a scenario where momentum is conserved and you can see that it is.
Newtons cradle and third law of motion (energy transfers with an action reaction) and transfer of energy from one object to another: When momentum of far ball hits the line of balls, the ball on the other side of the ball that hits will lift which is a reaction that happens from the ball on other side hitting the line of balls.
Can your dependent variable also be a controlled variable?
No because a DV is the factor that reacts to the IV or you look for a change in so therefore, it changes in some way and controlled variables do not change
Can your independent variable also so be a controlled variable?
No because your an independent variable is what you are changing while controlled variables you do not change so if your independent variable was controlled it would not be the IV.
Can your independent variable also be your control/control group?
No because your independent variable is what is being changed in the subjects except the control which you do nothing to.
What results from balanced forces?
No motion
What is the definition of indirect measurement?
Not a direct comparison to a standard device; also called comparison or mechanical measurement. Estimating a measurement.
What does ____ mean on a speed graph?
Not moving
What are some keywords (or trigger words) used in a story to help you identify the observation?
Noticed, observed, (saw something different happened that usual)
What are the energy transfers of nuclear energy?
Nuclear to Electrical
What is the central core of the atom called?
Nucleus
What are two examples of inexact numbers
Number of centimeters you get when you measure your book Millimeters of water in a beaker
What are two examples of exact numbers?
Number of inches in 1 foot = 12 Number of days in a week = 7
What does the number 4 in the chemical formula 6H3PO4 represent?
Number of oxygen atoms in the chemical formula (4).
What are falling objects? exs?
Objects in freefall. Air resistance affects falling objects and falling objects with a greater surface area experience more air resistance. They also have energy. Ex: leaf vs. acorn, Paper vs. book
Whats the difference between observing and inferring? Define and give an example of each
Observing is using your five senses (Touch,hear,taste,smell,see) to gather information about something. ex: Seeing the reaction of an experiment. Inferring is a judgment or conclusion based on observations and prior experience. ex: the water bubbled over because the green chemical was put in it.
How do machines use mechanical energy?
PE + KE = ME. Their PE and KE combined creates ME.
What is the gravitational potential energy equation? (Peg)
PEg = m (mass) x g (gravity 9.8) x h (answer for Dfo)
Give three examples of Newtons third law
People running and jumping into each other with exercise balls will bounce back When you paddle canoe (backwards motion), the canoe goes forward A swimmer pushes water back with her arms, but her body moves forward
Which of Sir Isaacs Newton's works first complied his laws of motion?
Phlisophiae, Naturalis Principia Mathematicia (1687)
List and describe the three types of models
Physical: 3D copy (small,large,to scale) Conceptual: Teaches a concept; could be a drawing, diagram or chart Mathematical: Equation or graph
How does tidal energy generate electricity and what are its pros and cons?
Placing tidal generators underwater which are connected to structures called tidal turbines which collect energy from the tides. Pros: Requires no fuel, environmental impact is global not local, plant can last up to 100 years (very reliable). Cons: Expensive to build, affects animals and the tide cycles, reduces kinetic energy in the ocean.
What are the charge of protons, electrons, and neutrons?
Protons: Positive (+) Electrons: Negative (-) Neutrons: Neutral
Whats the difference between pure science and applied science? Define and give example
Pure science (TEXTBOOK SCIENCE) is the gathering of new info, the discovery of a new relationship or fact. It adds to the body of scientific knowledge but does not have to have practical uses. (ex: Finding new mushrooms). Applied science (REAL WORLD) is technology, machines or inventions derived from the info learned in pure science and related to society's needs and wants. (ex: creating a new version of the iPhone)
How can you tell the difference between pure substances and mixtures?
Pure substances are a single kind of matter that has a specific composition and a specific set of properties and cannot be separated such as salt, sugar, water and baking soda. Mixtures are made of two or more substances that are together in the same place but not chemically combined and can be separated because of this. Mixtures include soil from one place is not the same as soil from another place.
What is the purpose (machine-wise) of using a pulley?
Purpose: Changes direction of object being lifted and increases input force. Why: Lifting and moving heavy things
What is the purpose (machine-wise) of using a screw?
Purpose: Increases distance and force Why: Holds together/secures
What is the purpose (machine-wise) of using a wheel and axle?
Purpose: Increases the force Why: To move, turn and transport items
What is the purpose (machine-wise) of using an inclined plane?
Purpose: More distance, less effort Why: Moves things up and down easier
What is the purpose (machine-wise) of using a wedge?
Purpose: Multiplies or increases force Why: To cut, stab, separate.
Define and give 3 examples of qualitative and quantitave data
Qualitative-using words or descriptions in your observations ex: big, bumpy, bubbles Quantitative: Using numbers or measurements in your observations ex: 4 m tall, 35 degrees C, 673 hairs
Give three examples of a real-life use for an inclined plane.
Ramp, Escalator, Stairs, Slide, Ladder
What is power?
Rate at which work is done.
What is the difference between a renewable resources and a nonrenewable resource?
Renewable energy or resources is energy that is able to be reused, recycled or comes from naturally replenished sources (the sun,wWind, moving water, heat from Earth's core), while nonrenewable energy or resources is not able to be reused and is only a certain amount on earth. When it's gone, it's gone.
What is Inertia?
Resistance to change in motion
How do you add or subtract numbers in scientific notation? What steps do you need to follow?
Rule: The exponents must match before you + or - !!! Step 1: Adjust the scientific x 10? (? = power) so that all all exponents must match. (Hint: always go to the highest power of 10. Always move to the left (add power of 10) when adjusting) Step 2: "rearrange" the whole numbers and units into a set of ( ) and the 10? into a set of ( ) Step 3: Add or subtract the whole numbers and units; keep the 10? the same Step 4: Adjust if needed. Don't forget units!
How do you divide numbers in scientific notation? What steps do you need to follow?
Rule: When dividing numbers in scientific notation, you divide numbers and subtract exponents. Cross out units so they go away. (m/m = 1 or no units) Step 1: write ( ) around the sets of numbers in scientific notation Step 2: Rearrange the numbers into one set of ( ) and the 10s or exponents into another set of ( ) Step 3: Do the math. Divide = subtract exponents Step 4: Adjust to get correct form of scientific notation
How do you multiply numbers in scientific notation? What steps do you need to follow?
Rule: When multiplying numbers in scientific notation, you multiply the numbers and add the exponents. Multiply the units as well ( m x m = m2) Step 1: Write ( ) around sets of numbers in scientific notation Step 2: "Rearrange" the numbers into one set of ( ) and the 10s or exponents into another set of ( ) Step 3: Do the math. Multiply = add exponents Step 4: Adjust to get correct form of scientific notation
What instruments can be used to measure solid volume of regular shapes?
Ruler or meterstick using the different equations for each shape
What is another or modern name for the metric system?
SI which is an abbreviation for the International System of Units or system internationale . In 1960, the General Conference adopted an extensive revision and implication of the metric system and further improvements in and additions to SI were made by the General Conference. Changed needed to be made because there needed to be better metric standards after the technological development caused by the metric system.
Give an example of a scenario that shows energy transfer and identify the types of energy at each stage.
Scenario 1: going down a roller coaster: 1) At the top of the hill=potential energy because the cart is stopped at the top of the hill before it goes down. 2) Cart going down the hill: kinetic because the cart is moving down the hill. 3) This entire action is also mechanical because it has both potential and kinetic energy and PE + KE =M. Scenario 2: Turning on a car: 1) Turning the key (kinetic/mechanical), 2) gasoline combusting (chemical), 3) car heats up (heat/thermal), 4) move car into drive/it moves (kinetic/mechanical)
What is the basic SI unit of time?
Seconds (sec or S)
what are you really saying when you say that a number is "significant"? Why are sig figs important to your measurement?
Since significant means important or having meaning, significant figures are numbers that are important to your measurement. They are important because they show what decimal place to round to and how accurate your measurement is.
What are some examples of renewable energy resources?
Solar, wind, geothermal, wave/tidal, hydroelectric, biomass
What are the properties of each phase of matter?
Solid - Definite shape, Definite volume Liquid - Definite volume, no shape of it's own; takes shape of its container Gas - No definite volume, no definite shape Plasma - Same as gas except is a very hot gas and made of ion or charged particles
What are the 4 phases of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma
What is used to describe how things move?
Something's speed
What variable is on the y axis on an acceleration graph?
Speed and is DV
How is velocity different than speed? How are their equations different? How can you tell when you are solving for velocity and when you are solving for speed?
Speed is just the distance an object travels per unit of time while velocity measures the objects speed as well as the direction its traveling. Speeds equation is just d/t while velocity is d/t + a direction. When solving for velocity, it will have a distance with a direction and the time, while solving for speed will only have a distance and time.
What is the speed equation?
Speed=distance/time
What is the instrument used to measure weight?
Spring scale
What is Newton's 2nd Law of Motion?
States that "the net force on a body is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration.
What is the law of universal gravitation?
States that the force of gravity acts between all objects in the universe
What is Newton's first law of motion? (Law of Inertia)
States that: "Every object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by another force. Every object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by another force."
What is Newton's 3rd Law of Motion?
States that: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction"
How does friction relate to motion and the first law of motion?
Static Friction will occur with nonmoving objects and other types of friction (sliding,rolling,fluid) will occur when there is motion. Friction will act in the opposite direction to the objects motion.
Give examples for each type of friction
Static-moving a heavy bed, pushing to ski down a mountain, pushing your chair back which may stick, car getting stuck Sliding-sliding a mouse against a mouse pad, brushing hair, rubbing hands, walking Rolling-train roller skates, roller coaster on wheels, rolling ball on computer mouse, joystick, car driving, sharpening pencil Fluid-Tsumani, swimmer, taking a shower, slip and slide, drinking, washing hands
What instrument is needed to measure time?
Stopwatch, clock, or watch
What is the line for constant speed on a speed graph like?
Straight upwards or downwards (depending on which direction from home the object is going).
What are particles, which are smaller than atoms themselves, called?
Subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Give some examples of homogenous mixtures.
Sugar water, air, bronze
Give an example of a scenario showing electromagnetic energy.
Sunlight, magnetic items, X-rays, cell phones
What is the definition of area?
Surface covered by a flat object or outer surface of a 3D object (2 dimensional measurement)
What is the definition of surface area?
Surface covered by a flat object or outer surface of a 3D object (2 dimensional measurement) except for 3D shapes
What does it mean when the mechanical efficiency of a machine is equal to 100%?
That machine has no friction. Therefore, it is an ideal machine, which do not exist because we live in a world with friction.
What is the definition of mass?
The amount of matter in an object.
What is the definition of liquid volume?
The amount of space a liquid takes up
What is the definition of solid volume?
The amount of space something takes up (a 3 dimensional measurement)
What does the atomic mass of an atom indicate?
The atomic mass is the number of protons + the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
What info can be found in each box for each element of the Periodic Table?
The atomic number and the atomic mass
What is an atom?
The basic article from which all elements are made.
What is a net force?
The combination of all forces acting on an object
What is net force?
The combination of all forces acting on an object.
What happens to the properties of elements when they combine in a chemical reaction to form a compound?
The compounds have properties that are different from those of the original elements. ex: Na (sodium) = shiny, soft metal + Cl (chlorine) = green poisonous gas = NaCl (table salt) = a white, edible solid
What is speed?
The distance an object travels per unit of time.
What is the definition of time?
The duration of an event or between events
What is chemical energy?
The energy stored between bonds in atoms.
When converting from metric units to English units (ex: cm to inch or pound to kg), what do you need to complete the conversion?
The english to SI or SI to english conversions (on the conversion sheet/pink sheet)
How do you know which number is the experimental value and which is the actual value when solving for precent error?
The experiment value is the calculated value (your attempt) and the actual value is when the value really was (correct answer).
What is the correct way to write a chemical symbol for an element with one letter?
The first letter is always capitalized.
What is terminal velocity?
The greatest velocity a falling object reaches. (an object continues to fall, but its velocity remains constant)
What is centripetal force?
The inward force provided by something (ex: a string) to an object that is moving in a circle. (Pulling it towards the center of the circle, while maintaining circular path).
The greater the distance between objects...
The less gravitational force
What are the two parts of a measurement?
The number and the unit (unit is usually abbreviated)
What does the atomic number of an atom indicate?
The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
What is the definition of mechanical advantage?
The number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it.
Define acceleration
The rate at which velocity changes occur
What indicates how fast something is moving?
The steepness of the line.
What is chemistry?
The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes.
Why do different elements have different properties?
Their atoms are different
What makes the acceleration unit quite odd and hard for someone to understand?
There can be three units over each other, there are many variations of the equation, you have to figure out what is the Vi and Vf and/or Ti and Tf
What instrument is needed to measure temperature?
Thermometer (types: mercury(which is poisonous so not used much anymore), colored alcohol, digital)
Why might frame of references be confusing?
They may also move in relation to each other such as a bus parked to another bus and one is moving.
What do his 3 laws of motion provide?
They provide relationships between forces acting on a body (object) and the motion of the body.
what are the four reasons why we learn/use sig figs?
They tell you how accurate your measuring tool is they help you to measure accurately they tell you which numbers are important to your measurement they tell you how many decimal places to round to
What is centripetal acceleration?
Things moving in a circle at a constant speed are also accelerating and object is constantly changing direction which is one of the ways to achieve acceleration
Manipulate the power equation to solve for time.
Time = work/power (T=w/p)
What variable is on the x axis on an acceleration graph?
Time and is IV
Time equation having to do with speed?
Time=Distance/speed and Time=Distance/velocity (much convert if distance units don't match and cross them out)
Manipulate the power equation to find time
Time=work/power (T=w/p)
What is a phase change?
Transitions between solid, liquid, gas and plasma phases that typically involve large amount of energy compared to the specific heat.
Give three examples of a real-life use for a 3rd class lever.
Tweezers, Staple remover, Shovel, Fishing rod, Broom, Tongs, Arm when lifting with biceps, Catapult, Sling, Mouse trap, Sports equipment, Chopsticks, Fork and knife
What are some clues you should look for in the story that would indicate it is an example of Newtons 2nd law?
Two things falling and one is going faster because it is heavier How something is thrown or acting on with greater force and the result of its speed (something gently thrown or given less gas will go slower and something throw hard or even more gas will go faster)
Define wheel and axle.
Two wheels of different sizes that rotate together.
What is something important to remember about the lines of forced?
Unbalanced forces will have different line lengths and arrows will face away from each other, balanced forces will have the same line lengths and arrows can face to or away from each other.
What are uncontrolled variables? Why are they bad?
Uncontrolled variables are variables that are not able to be controlled or are just not controlled. (ex: weather, mood) They are bad because they can affect the results of your experiment when you don't want them to.
What is the mechanical efficiency unit?
Unitless but with a Percent (%) added on
What does a good graph title look like?
Uses this format: "Line graph of y vs. x of ______" "Bar graph of DV vs. IV of_____" Pie graph of IV of ______" Ex: "Line graph of speed (km/hr) vs. Time (seconds) of test driving a new Porsche convertible"
Describe some strategies to separate a mixture.
Using a magnet - Magnetic elements are attracted to magnet Filtering a mixture-Water (or another liquid) is filtered to remove solid particles Distilling a liquid solution (homogenous)- Vapor is collected by condensation or boiling point differences Evaporation-Heating the solution until solvent (usually liquid, but also can be solid or gas) evaporates (turns to gas) leaving behind solid residue Density: (Sinking/floating) Some substances will sink, others will float
why do scientists use significant figures?
Usually measurements include some sort of estimation or uncertainty. Rulers, meter sticks, triple beam balances, graduated cylinders, thermometers, etc are not perfect. Sig figs are important in science because they allow you to decide how specific to make your measurement (or when to round or not round number). They tell you how accurate your measuring instrument is. Answers the eternal student question: "how many decimal places do we round to?"
What is m/s + a direction measuring?
Velocity
Velocity Equation having to do with speed?
Velocity=Distance/Time + a direction
What is the Initial velocity equation? Final velocity? Velocity and speed having to do with acceleration?
Vf=(t x a) + Vi Vi= - (t x a)+Vf V=t x a S= t x a
What is m/s down measuring?
Vfo and Velocity
What is the velocity of a falling body equation? (Vfo) What do you have to show in this equation?
Vfo=gravity x time Vfo= g x t (cross out units)
How do solve for volume when you know the density and mass
Volume=mass/density
Examples of chemical properties?
Warm = steam, cold = ice
What is the unit for power?
Watt (W) or J/s or kg x m squared/s cubed
What is the power unit?
Watt (W) or kg x m squared/ s cubed or J/s
What is N measuring?
Weight, force and friction
What is electrostatic/electrical energy?
When an electron flows through a conducting material, a moving charge is formed. Electrostatic includes electricity and static electricity.
When does weight change?
When the gravitational force changes
Give an example of a scenario showing potential energy. Give examples of gravitational and chemical as well
When the roller coaster cart is stopped at the top of the hill before goes down. Gravitational PE: anything is held at a certain height (roller coaster car at top of hill, ball held over a ledge, egg carton held over window before drop) Chemical PE: food, chemicals, gasoline, batteries etc.
Where does distance go on a speed graph?
Y-axis and is the DV.
Is air considered a fluid?
Yes because air resistance, which includes air, is a type of fluid friction. Also, gases are fluids and since air is made of gases, air is also a fluid.
Is something moving at a constant speed in a circle still accelerating?
Yes because it is consulate changing direction by going in the circle and changing direction is one of the ways to accelerate.
How do you use frame of reference to tell if something is moving?
You observe how objects move in relation to the frame of reference
Why is frame of reference important when discussing or viewing motion?
You observe how things how in relation to a frame of reference/ they help tell you what is moving or not
How will you know if your answer is accurate?
Your answer is accurate if it is close to the actual answer. Ex: your answer 20.00g is accurate to the actual answer 21.15g
what is the rounding rule for getting the correct answer with correct number of decimal places when adding and subtracting measurements?
Your answer is only as good as your LEAST number of decimal places. So round your real answer to fewest number of DECIMAL PLACES.
What is the rounding rule for getting the correct answer with correct number of sig figs when multiplying and dividing measurements?
Your answer is only as good as your LEAST significant number. So round your real answer to the fewest number of SIG FIGS the problem!
What is weightless and what are some examples?
Zero gravity or when an object is in constant free all (Like in orbit) ex: space shuttle, astronaut(s), and satellites
What is the definition of direct measurement?
a direct measurement is a direct comparison to a standard device
What is the acceleration equation?
a=Vf - Vi/ Tf-Ti, a=Vf-Vi/ T a=V/T a=S/T
A standard for comparison (the thing in the experiment you do nothing to so you can compare the things you change to it
control or control group is not always present
A factor that does not vary or change in an experiment (something you don't change)
controlled variables or constants want to control as much as possible
List the metric solid volume units, abbreviations, and number value
cubic kilometer (km3) 1000 cubic hektameter (hm3) 100 cubic dekameter (Dm3) 10 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) 1/10 or 0.1 cubic centimeter (cm3) 1/100 0.01 cubic millimeter (mm3) 1/1000 or 0.001 ----- ----- cubic micrometer (um3) 1/1000000 or 0.000001
What is the basic SI unit for solid volume and its abbreviation?
cubic meter (m3)
What does a straight decreasing sloped line show on an acceleration graph ex \ ?
decelerating (slowing down)
What instruments can be used to measure liquid volume?
graduated cylinder, beaker, (or any measuring cup type with metric measurements)
What is the SI basic unit for density?
grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
What is the difference between the IV and the DV? How do you identify them in a senario/story/experiment?
independent variable is the factor that is being changed in the experiment while the dependent variable is a factor whose value depends on the value of the independent variable or the reaction of something/what happens after the IV is changed. IV in a scenario is usually mentioned in the hypothesis or what the experimenter is testing and the DV would be the reaction of something where the IV is changed
What units should your answer for PEg be in?
kg x m (mass) squared/ s (seconds) squared or Joules (J)
Write Watt in the most specific format.
kg x m squared/ s cubed
Write Joules in the most specific format.
kg x m squared/ s squared
What units should your answer for KE be in?
kg x m squared/ s squared or Joules (J)
What are the units of momentum?
kg x m/s or N x s (kg=kilogram, m=meters, s=seconds, N=newtons)
Write Newton in the most specific format.
kg x m/s squared
List the metric mass units, abbreviations, and number value
kilogram (kg) 1000 hektagram (hg) 100 dekagram (Dg) 10 gram (g) 1 decigram (dg) 1/10 or 0.1 centigram (cg) 1/100 0.01 milligram (mg) 1/1000 or 0.001 ----- ----- microgram (ug) 1/1000000 or 0.000001
What is the basic SI unit for mass and its abbreviation? Why?
kilogram (kg) because the base unit, grams (g), is much to small.
List the metric liquid volume units, abbreviations, and number value
kiloliter (kL) 1000 hektaliter (hL) 100 dekaliter (DL) 10 liter (L) 1 deciliter (dL) 1/10 or 0.1 centiliter (cL) 1/100 0.01 milliliter (mL) 1/1000 or 0.001 ----- ----- microliter (uL) 1/1000000 or 0.000001
What are the energy transfers of hydroelectric energy?
kinetic-mechanical-electrical
What are the energy transfers of tidal energy?
kinetic-mechanical-electrical
What are the energy transfers of wave energy?
kinetic-mechanical-electrical
Examples of average speed units
m/min, km/sec, mi/hr
Velocity unit examples?
m/s + a direction (basic SI unit) , km/hr North, mi/hr away from home
What units should the answer for Vfo be in?
m/s down
What is the acceleration unit?
m/s squared
3 examples of acceleration units
m/s squared (m/s/s), km/hr/min, mi/hr/sec
What is kg measuring?
mass
What is pounds measuring?
mass (weight)
What is the Mass Equation?
mass = force/acceleration
What two measurements are involved in density?
mass and volume
What does weight equal?
mass x gravity
What are some examples of endothermic reactions?
melting ice cubes, conversion of frost to water vapor, evaporation of water
List four different units of length/distance in the Metric or S.I. System
meters, centimeters, millimeters, kilometers
In the metric system, which prefix means 1/1000 or the base unit?
milli
What does a good conclusion look like? Format!
my hypothesis was (or was not) proven correct because_(use your data as evidence)______" Ex: it can be concluded that the cat liked food type 1 the best because he ate that food in 27/30 trials"
what makes a bad experiment?
not a lot of controlled variables, small sample size, more than one independent variable, many uncontrolled variables
Percent Error
percent away from the actual/correct answer/measurement
When you measure anything, it is very important to be
precise and accurate
What is the definition of precision?
precision is how close a measurement is to other measurements taken
What instruments can be used to measure length?
ruler, meterstick, tape measure, trundle wheel
Describe when you would use a pie graph
show how various types of data relate to each other and the whole. shows percentage (total must be 100%) label pieces with descriptor and %
How is graphing speed different than graphing acceleration?
speed: line on graph represents speed, when crossing x axis, object is back home, ______ = not moving, /=constant speed away from home, \=constant speed towards home, the slope of the line determine if it accelerating or decelerating acceleration: line on graph reprints acceleration, when crossing x axis object is stopped, _______ = no acceleration; constant speed, / pr curved upward=accelerating, \ or curved downward=decelerating, the curve of the line determines if it is accelerating or decelerating
List the metric area units, abbreviations, and number value
square kilometer (km2) 1000 square hektameter (hm2) 100 square dekameter (Dm2) 10 square meter (m2) 1 square decimeter (dm2) 1/10 or 0.1 square centimeter (cm2) 1/100 0.01 square millimeter (mm2) 1/1000 or 0.001 ----- ----- square micrometer (um2) 1/1000000 or 0.000001
What is the basic SI unit of area and its abbreviation?
square meter (m2)
Which axis on a graph would show the DV?
the y axis
When converting down the prefixes (ex: hekta to deka) are the tens on the bottom or top of the conversion equation?
top
A factor that you can't control or can't do anything about
uncontrolled variables want to eliminate as many as possible
Manipulate the mechanical efficiency equation to solve for work output.
wo = (ME/100) x wi
What is the work equation?
work = force x distance (w=f x d)
How will you know if your answer is precise?
your answer is precise when your measurement is similar to the measurements of others. Ex: your answer 20.00g is precise to answers 25g and 21.05g
How do you convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius?
°C=5/9 (°F-32)
How do you convert from Kelvin to celsius?
°C=K-273 (Kelvin has bigger numbers than celsius so when going to kelvin its + and when leaving kelvin its -)
How do you convert from celsius to fahrenheit?
°F=9/5 x °C + 32
