physics 1-12
mm
10^-3
um
10^-6
nm
10^-9
what does 1 nm equal to in m
10^-9
radio
10^9-1m
cross sectional area
A in resistance equation inversely related to R bc incr in A means incr # pathways thru resistor called conduction pathways
forced frequency
A incr, in early identical to swings natural freq
whats L in a string
L= λ/2, 2λ/2, 3λ/2
if an object turns without changing its speed what kind of F is acting on it
a net force perp to objects motion must have been acting on it
if two waves perfectly not out of phase??
A of resulting wave is difference of A of interfering waves
if two waves are perfectly in phase,???
A of resulting wave is equal to sum of A of interfering waves
PE stored in capacitor?
U= 1/2 CV^2
total internal energy equation
U= Q-W
how are change in U and W related?
U=W=Fdcos0= F x r x1= (k Q q)r/ r ^2= kQq/r d=distance that sep 2 charges and assumes F and displacement vectors are parallel
for constant acceleration, what is average velocity equation?
V AVG= (VF+VI)/2
voltage provided by cell is equal to? including int resistance
V= E cell - I rint Ecell= emf of cell I=current thru cell
electrical potential (V) equation
V= U/q= (kQq/r)/q= kQ/r
electrical pot equation containing cos 0 and dipole
V= kqd/ r^2 cos0= kp/ r^2cos0
parameter
a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation.
electromotive force
aka emf/E voltage described when no charge moving btwn 2 term at diff pot values not actually a force 1V= 1J/ C
observation bias
aka hawthorne effect behavior of participants altered bc theyre being studied
absolute pressure
aka hydrostatic pressure total P exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid
dielectric materials
aka insulation ex- air, glass, plastic, ceramic put in between plates of capacitor incr C by factor of k (dielectric constant) vacuum= k of 1 air=k of slightly more than 1 glass= k of 4.7 rubber= k of 7
coulomb's law definition
aka inverse of square of distance between them if d x 2--> square is d x 4 magnitude of Fe between two charges
isovolumetric
aka isochoric volume held constant and work done by or on system is 0
whats a harmonic
aka n # 1/2 λs supported by a string
accuracy
aka validity ability of instrument to measure true value
resistor in series
all I pass thru each R when 1 path for I to take, I will be some at every point in line
circular polarized light
all light rays have electric fields with equal intensity but constantly rotating direction expose unpolarized light to special pigment/ filters
electrical PE (U)
dep on relative position of 1 charge w/ respect to another charge amt of work necessary to bring charge from infinetely far away to that pt in electric field surr Q
xray diffraction
band of light rays to create model of molecules protein crystallography
why is the speed of the blood in the aorta much higher than speed of blood thru cap bed?
bc cross sec area of all capillaries added together is much greater than cross sec area of aorta
at constant velocity, what is force of air resistance equal to?
bc no net force, it is equal to force of gravity
E released in both fusion and fission why?
bc nuclei formed are moe stable than starting nuclei
when is the electric field 0?
bc two charges are same fields exerted by each charge at midpoint will cancel out and there will be no E
refraction
bending of light as it passes from 1 medium to another and changes speed
when n1>n2
bends away from normal
electrolytic conductance
dep on strength of solution measured via placing soluition as resister in circuit measure changes in voltage
electric field (E) equation
E= Fe/q= kQ.r^2 Fe= magn force felt by test charge q= test charge k= electrostatic constant r^2= distance between charges
gravitational PE
depends on objects position with respect to some level identified as datum
process functions
describe pathway from 1 equil o another
ultrasound
high f sound waves outside range of human hearing transmitter generates wave, which reflects off object and returns to transmitter (also the receiver)
when is voltage negative?
high potential to low potential bc q=+ Wab also neg which means U decr
do fluids have higher or lower speeds thru narrow tubes
higher
photons of UV light have ____ E and _____ wavelength than visible light
higher E lower wavelength
shock wave
highly condensed wave front
capacitores
hold charge at particular voltage ex- defib
definition of horizontal velocity
horizontal displacement divided by time
when horizontal pipe has variable cross sec area, water will flow the fastest and hydrostatic pressure will have its lowest value where ???
horizontal valye is narrowest
displacement in waves
how far a particular pt on wave is from equil position vector quantity
thermal expansion
how substance changes in length or volume as a function of change in temp
blackbody
ideal absorbed of all of λ of light, appear completely black if at lower temp than surroundings
internal validity
identification of causality in a study between the IV and DV variables
case control
identify # subjects with/without particular outcome and then look backwards to assess how many subjects in each group had exposure to particular risk factor ex- 100 patients with lung cancer and 100 patients without are assessed for smoking history
how does a capacitor behave after voltage source has been removed from a circuit
if C discharges, then provides current in opp direction of initial current
how does dielectric affect charge
if capacitor isolated, stored charge remains constant bc no addition source of charge if in a circuit, stored charge incr
how does dielectric affect voltage
if capactor isolated then V will decr when k added if its in a circuit its V will remain constant bc dictated by voltage source
invalid data leads to???
bias
spherical abberation
blurring of periphery of image as result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at edge of mirror or inadequate reflection of parallel beams at edge of lens
statistic level
number of microstates increases, PE of molecule distributed over the larger number of microstates inc entropy
gamma decay affect on change in z and a
o for z 0 for a
red
object aborbs all colors of light except red. red object under green illumination appears black bc all green
if o is - mirror
object behind mirror rare
if o is + mirror
object in front of mirror
o is - lens
object on opp side of lens from light source(rare)
what is linear motion
object's velocity and accl are along line of motion so pathway of moving objects continues along straight line
0th law of thermo
objects are in thermal equilibrium when they are the same temp dont experience net exchange of heat energy
beneficence
obligation to act in patients best interest
nonmaleficence
obligation to avoid treatment/ intervention in which harmful outweighs benefits
Hill's criteria
components of observed relationship that incr likelihood of causality in relationship aka correlation
r and f are - lens
concave (diverging lens)
what type of lens is convex mirror
concave lens
if velocity is slope, how determine if its zero acceleration?
if constant slope, then constant velocity and 0 accleration
resisotrs in parallel
if every R in parallel, then V drop across pathway alone must be equivalent toV of source
when light beam's frequency is above threshold freq...?
light becomes of greater I so produces a larger current
rectinlinear propagation
lights travels thru homogenous medium and travels in straight line
categorical variable
limited, fixed, # variables ex- state of residence, SES
equipotential lines
line on which potential at every pt is same potential diff between any 2 points on this line=0 concentric circles around Q
surface tension
liquid forms thin but strong layerlike a skin at liquids surface results from cohesion
minima in slit lens system
location of dark fringe
radio waves present on electromagnetic spectrum
long λ, low E, low f
when air resistance is a factor, ball with greater mass will have______ flight time and ______ maximum height
longer flight time and greater maximum height compared to smaller object with less mass air resistance acts against motion based on size and shape but heavier ball will resist change in inertia most
sound
longitudinal wave s, l and gas but not in vacuum
convex mirror
look from outside spehere c and r are behind mirror aka diverging mirror bc parallel light incident rays diverge after they reflect f always negative (focal length)
F g perpendicular equation
mgcos()
what is normal force on object due to inclined plane
mgcos0
resisitivty
p better conductors of electricity # that characterizes iuntrinsic resistance to current flow si unit= ohm x meter
density
p (rho) p=m/v kg/m^3 /g/mL /g/cm^3
torque on a dipole in an electric field eqn
p= magnitude of dipole moment E= magnitude of uniform ext electric field 0= angle dipole moment makes w/ electric field
resistance equation
p=resistivity' L=length A= cross sec area
conservative forces
path indep. and dont dissipate E, only have PE associated w./ them ex- gravitational and electrostatic
state functions
pathway indep and are not themselves defined by process
forced oscillation
periodically varying F applied to system, system driven at freq= freq of F
during uniform circular motion, how are velocity and accleration vectors compared in position to each other?
perpendicular
work
process by which energy is transferred from 1 system to another measure of energy transfer
heat
process of energy transfer between 2 objects at diff temps that occurs until 2 objects come into thermal equil and reach same temp
reflection
rebounding of incident light waves at boundary of medium waves that aren't absorbed in 2nd medium vs they bounce off boundary and travel back thru 1st medium
conductance
reciprocal of resistance si units= siemens (S) S/m for conductivity
correlation
refers to a connectin, direct relationship, inverse relationship or otherwise between the data
clinical significance
refers to the usefullness or importance of experimental findings to patient care or patient outcomes
virtual
reflected light in front of mirror but image appears behind it light only appears to be coming from position of image bu doesn't actually converge there
when object at F of convering mirror, reflected rays are ??and image is at ??
reflected rays are parallel and image is at infinity
lenses
refract light
when n2 >n1 ??
refracted light bends to normal bends to normal bc sin 02> sin 01 so 02> 01
what does bernoullis equation described
relationship between height, pressure and flow sum of static and dynamic pressure will be constant between any two points in closed system
precision
reliability ability to read consistently/ narrow range
Ohm's law
represents voltage drop twn 2 points in circuit v=ir for a given R, V is directly prop to I
voltmeters
req active circuit use magn props of current carrying wire measure voltage drop across 2 points wired in parallel minimize impact on rest of circuit infinite resistance
insulator
resist movement of charge not easily distrubuted chrage over surface and wont transfer charge to neutral object weel electrons in these linked w/ their nuclei ex- nonmentals dielectric materials in capacitors isolating electrost exp from environ to prevent grounding
fluorescence
species absorb high freq light and then returns to its ground state each step has less E than absorbed light and within visible range of electromag spectrum small changes such as prot/depot, oxidation state changes or changes to bond order cause dramatic changes
when light is refracted, what changes
speed changes and wavelength but not frequency
diffraction
spreading out of light as it passes thru narrow opening
electromagnetic spectrum
transverse waves perp to dir of propagation electric field oscillates up and down page magnetic field oscillates into and out of page
real lenses and equation
trhichkness cannot be neglected n= index of refraction of lens material
constant speed cannot tell you the direction of an object, true or false?
true
true or false (coefficient of static friction is never less than coefficient of kinetic friction
true
true or false, if an increase in speed occurs, an object experiences acceleration
true
outliers
true population variablilitymeasurement error or non-normal distribution
if person a weigs twice as much as person b, the force of air resistance on person a is??
twice as much as person b
units of power
watts= J/s
traveling wave
wave moving toward fixed end
what does length of medium dictate?
wavelength
as light travels from one medium to another, what changes
wavelength freq and period
rate of nuclear decay
wavelength symbol= decay constant n= # radioactive nuclei that have not decayed yet in a sample
constructive interference
waves in phase x added A= sum of A of 2 waves
destructive interference
waves out of phase x counteract A= diff between A ex- noise cancelling headphones ( prod out of phase to cancel out)
if a frequency produced that is not equzl to natural freq,
then no increase in wagve A associated with resonating objects
paramagnetic material
weakly magnetisized in presence of external magnetic field align magn dipoles of material w/ ext magn field when removed, thermal E of indiv atoms will cause indiv magn dipoles to reorient randomly ex- gold, Al, Cu
on v vs. t graph, when is 0 acceleration occur?
when + to - or when minima or maxima occurs
ultrasonic
sound waves above 20 Hz
infrasonic
sound waves below 20 Hz
what is net force on block while it is sliding?
Fnet= mgsin0-ukmgcos0
concave mirror
inside sphere to its surface c and r in freont of mirror converging mirror- parallel incident light rays converge after they reflect f= always + (focal length)
uniform circular motion
instant velocity vector always tangent to circ path, tendecny to break out of its circ path and move in line along tangent,
thin film interference
interference pattern bc liught waves reflecting off external surface of film interfere with light wave, reflect off internal surface of film ex- soap bubbles in parking lot
multiple slit
interference= displacements of waves added together constructive--> bright fringes (maxima)
for horizontal flow theres an _______ relationship between P and speed
inverse
relationship between r and pressure gradiet is? poiseuille's law
inverse exponential to 4th power
relationship between resistance and total cross sec area
inverse relatinship
how is electric field related to distance
inversely square relationship
if -m mirror
inverted
m is - lens
inverted i
real image
light actually converges at position of image ability to project onto screen
how to determine area under a curve of a graph?
multiply x and y axes together
example of process functions
work and heat
IV what axis on graph
x axis
what is displacement when avg velocity directly in middle of initial vel and final vel
x=1/2(a)(t)^2
DV what axis on graph
y axis
exponential decay graph
y axis= ln ( n/n0) x axis= time
can an object accelerate and have constant speed at the same time
yes because change in direction will result in change in velocity and may or may not result in change of speed, aka centripetal accleration
should a voltmeter and ammeter be placed in same circuit?
yes, they are designed to have minimium impact on circuit, thus can be used together
what does p stand for in pKa
- log Ka
what does p stand for in pH
- log [H+]
harmonic in closed pipe
# 1/4 λ supported by pipe
frequency
# of wavelengths passing a fixed pt/second units= Hz= cycles/second
when I increases... affect number of protons?
# protons/ unit time increases
Determination of direction from component vectors
()=tan^-1(y/x)
1 newton equals
(1kg x m)/ s^2
what are the units of k in coulombs law
(N x m^2)/ C^2
if q are like charges then U is ?
+
when work is done BY system (ex- gas expansion), work is said to be + or -??
+
when gas compressed, + or - work on gas?
+ work done ON gas
B neg affect on change in z and a
+1 for z 0 for a
if q are unlike charges then U is ?
-
when work is done ON system (ex- gas compression), work is said to be + or -??
-
B pos affect on change in z and a`
-1 for z 0 for a
electron capture affect on change in z and a
-1 for z 0 for a
alpha decay affect on change in z and a
-2 for z -4 for A
What is the sin30
0
gravitational force everywhere inside a uniformly dense sphere or ring due to that sphere or ring is _____
0
what is ideal resistance of ammeter?
0
what is ideal resistance of ohmmeter
0
direction of B if q moving antiparallel or parallel
0 bc sin 180 and sin 0
law of reflection pic
01=02
total internal reflection
02=90 all light incident on boundary is reflected back into original material when any 0i > 0c
What is sin90
1
X^0
1
sin90?
1
whats n in a vaccuum
1
what does 1 Pa equal?
1 Pa=1 N/m^2
what does 1 tesla (T) equal to?
1 T= 1 N xs/ m x c 1 T= 10^4 gauss
what does 1 volt (V)=?
1 Volt= 1 J x C
what is the specific heat of water
1 cal/ (g x K)
what is the smallest sound humans can hear
1 x 10^-12 W/ m^2
1 uF=??? F
1 x 10^-6 F
ray diagram for lensto determine where image is
1, ray parallel to axis--> refracts thru focal pt of front face of lens 2. ray thru/forward focal pt before reaching lens 3. ray to center of lens--> continue straight thru with no refraction
power
1-B
ray diagram for mirror rules
1. ray parallel to axis--> reflect back thru focal pt 2. ray thru focal pt--> reflect back parallel to axis 3. ray to center of mirror--> reflect back at some angle relative to normal
what does 1.013 x10^5 Pa equal?
1.013 x10^5 Pa= 760 torr= 760mmHg=1atm
whats n in water
1.33
1ev equal to what in J
1.602 x10^-19 J
what is the sin 30
1/2
red is what wavelength on spectrium
700nm
1 lb equal to what in newtons
1lb= 4.45N
micro
1m-1mm
infrared
1mm-700nm
n=2 in a string
1st overtone of 2nd harmonic 1/2 λ and twice for 1st harmonic
Ipf=??/F
1x 10^-12F
parallel plate capacitor
2 electrically neutral metal plates connected to voltage sources + builds up on 1 plate conn to - on lower pot plate
electric dipoles
2 equal and opp charges sep d (distance) from each other can be transient or permanent looks like barbell
thin spherical lens
2 focal points, 1 on each side, each in this case so just 1 f
conductivitity
2 types: metallic and electrolytic reciprocal of resistance
1 inch equal to what in cm?
2.54cm
what is the audible sound range
20 Hz--> 20,000 Hz
whats λ in a string
2L/n n= harmonic
what does 1 debeye equal?
3.34 x 10^-30 C x m
which two angles result in same range R
30 and 60
1 liter equal to what in ounces
33.8 oz
what is the speed of air at 20 degree C
343 m/s
what does 98.6F equal to in Celsius
37C
what does 100.4F equal to in Celsius
38C
what is the speed of light
3x 10^8 m/s
whats the area of a circle
4 pi r^2
1st harmonic in closed pipe, n=1
4 λl
3rd harmonic in closed pipe, n=3
4/3 λl λ= 4L/n
uv
400-50nm
visible light is what range
400-700nm
what angle results in greatest horizontal displacement?
45 because horiz displacement relies on both measurements
xray
50-10^-12nm
permitivvity of free space
8.85 x 10^-12 C^2/ N xm^2
in order to maximize height h, angle 0 should be?
90
What angle gives the greatest torque and what lever length gives greatest torque
90 Whatever is longest length
amount of charge in 1 mole electrons
96,485 C/mole e-
What is centripetal accl equation equal to?
A= v^2/r
If two springs are placed parallel to each other, what is spring constant of two spring
Add the spring constants together or multiply By 2!
Torque
Application of force at some distance from the fulcrum. This actually generates rotational motion not the mere application of force itself
If centripetal force rehired is greater than gravity where does orbiting object move? Less than gravity?
Away from planet of greater If less object falls toward planet
beta positive decay
B+ decary, aka positron emission decay of pronto into neutron emission of positron and neutrino
what is the net force on a block when it is sliding down a plane? focus of frictional forces
Fnet= mgsin0-ukmgcos0
intensity equation with sound level
B= sound level units in decibels Io= intensity of hearing
center of curvature
C pt on optical axis located at distance=radius of curvature from vertex of mirror
units of dipole moment
C x m
when Po= P atm then P gauge equals?
Pgauge= P-Po=pgz
What direction does a negative torque go
Clockwise
Which direction does a positive torque go
Counter clockwise
capacitors in series
Cs decr as more capacitors added incr d means C decr total votlage is sum of indiv voltages
what is the energy formula
Ffr x d = 1/2mv^2
What happens to the frictional force if angle of incline increases?
Decreases
Effort distsnce
Determined work input of simple machine
Lever arm
Distance between applied force and fulcrum
WhT is lever arm in torque defined as
Distance from point of rotation to where force acts at 90
Load distance
Distance over which load acts determined work output of simple machine
uniform electric field equation w/ V and d
E=V/d
weight
Fg, measure of grav force on an object's mass, newtons
Fg= ? buoyancy equation
Fg=pVg p=density
in an inclined plane, whats the normal force equal too?
Fgcos()
When does translational equilibrium occur
Exists only when vector sum of all the forces acting on an object is 0. This object experiences constant velocity(constant speed and constant direction)
Newton's third law
F ab = -F ab, law of action and reaction; to every action, there's always an opposed but equal reaction
how to organize forces to know if a block is moving?
F down plane will overcome static frictional force so fdown=mgsin0 is larger than usmgcos0
u_k (coefficient of static friction)
F friction/ F normal
Newton's first law
F net= m x a=0, body either at rest or in motion with constant velocity will remain that way unless net force acted upon it aka law of inertia
Newton's second law
F net=m x a, object of mass m will accl when vector sum of forces results in same nonzero resultant force vector, note the net force and accl vector necessarily pt in same direction
What's force equation in centripetal accl problem?
F=mv^2/r
Mechanical advantage
Factor by which simple machine multiples input force to accomplish work Makes it easier to accomplish given amt of work bc input force necessary to accomplish work is reduced Distance thru which reduced input force must be applied is increased
Fe=? using q and E
Fe= q x E
What is rotational motion
Force applied against object in such a way as to cause the object to rotate around a fixed pivot point aka fulcrum
Linear motion
Free fall and motion in which the velocity and acceleration vectors are parallel or anti parallel
how are intensity and distance from source related
I = 1/ d^2
how are intensity and amplitude related
I = A^2
junction rule= kirchoff
I into junction= I leaving junction
current equation
I= Q/ change in t Q= amt charge
mnemonic for real/upright images
IR and UV inverted images are real upright images are virtual
If dec mass of planet M then what happens to time required to make 1 orbit
Increases time
Effort
Input force of simple machine
maximum KE of ejected electrons equation
K max= hf- W W= work functuin
If mass accl downward, mg is greater than t by amount ma so equation to find tension in rope is
Mg= t +ma
Circular motion
Motion having radial and tangential dimensions, when uniform only centripetal force acting on it
Projectile motion
Motion that contains both x and y components, neglible air resistance, only force is gravity
If spring cut in half to make 2 new springs what is new spring constant
Multiple origin k by 2
Does changing length of spring affect hookes law
No
Does radius of planet affect gravitational force or orbit of satellite
No
Does radius of planet affect its gravitational force or orbit of satellite ?
No no affect
units for bernoullis equation
Nxm/m^3= J/m^3
Isochoric process
One in which has system undergoes no change in volume so no work performed If change in v is 0 years hold n area under curve is 0
Load
Output force of simple machine, acts over load distance
gauge pressure
P in car/tire diff between absolute P inside tire and atmospheric P outside tire amt P in closed space above and beyond atmosp P
absolute pressure equation
P= absolute pressure Po= incident/ambient pressure @surface p(rho)= density g=accl z= depth of object
pressure (P)=
P=F/A
power equation using v i r
P=IV=I^2R=V^2/R
elastic PE
PE in a compressed spring
si unit of viscosity is?
Pa x s= Nxs/m^2
What is the orientation of the displacement and force vectors in uniform circles motion?
Perpendicular so no work done
what charge determines the electric field
Q but the q!
poiseuille's law
Q= flow rate( volume flowing per time) r=radius of tube change in p= pressure gradient n (eta)= viscosity of lfuid L= length of pipe aka rate of laminar flow
Efficiency
Ratio of machines work output to work input when no conservative forces are taken into account
voltage in parallel
Rp always decr as more R added
SG=?
SG= p/(1g/cm^3)
what changes air resistance?
SURFACE area not mass hence why an elephant is greater affect by feather
If speed of object did not change but still turning in a circle, what is net forces direction compared to its motion
Since speed didn't change there's no work done on object which means there's no net force in direction of displacement A turn represents accl do requires s net force which is perpendicular st all times
period equation
T= 1/f
Torque equation
T= r x f= rFsin()
In uniform circular motion what direction does the instantaneous velocity vector point
Tangentially
Torque equilibrium definition
Torque about any point on object o any point in space must be 0
Kinematics equation (no displacement)
V=vi+ at
Kinematics equation (no time)
V^2= vi^2+ 2ax
What does mechanical advantage compare
Value of forces
what equation can we use for range in the horizontal velocity
Vcox0
What is different between static and dynamic equilibrium properies
Velocity
work involving P and V changes
W= P x (change in)V
work function equation
W= h x ft
When does rotational equilibrium occur
When vector sum of all torques acting on an object is 0
X component vector equation
X=Vcos()
Kinematics equation (no final velocity )
X=vi t x (at^2/2)
Kinematics equation (no accl.)
X=vt
Y component vector equation
Y=Vsin()
Are the sum of forces proportional to acceleration of a system
Yes when system not in equilibrium
single slit equation
a= width of slit 0= angle between line from center of lens to dark fringe and axis of lens n= # of fringe wavelength= wavelength of incident wave
whats formula for accl of circle
a=v^2/r
external validity
ability of a study to be generalized to population it describes
electron capture
absorb e- from inner shell that combines with proton in nucleus to form neutron
type 1 error
accept incorrect rejection of null hypothesis aka report diff when 2 population when 1 actually doesnt exist alpha
how does acceleration due to gravity affect freq?
accl sets the frequency of a simple pendulum, and so it determines the response time to equilibrate an inverted pendulum
on a d vs t graph, what does constant slope or no change in velocity mean?
accl is 0
what sets the frequency of a simple pendulum
accleration due to gravity
what is slope of v vs t graph
accleration, multiply units together
absorption spectra
affected by small changes in molecular structure
damping
aka attenuation decr A bc of applied/nonconservative F nonconserv forces affect this no effect on f so pitch wont change
arithmetic mean
aka average, most affected by outliers
dielectrics in isolated capacitors
aka charged capacitor disconnected from any circuit V decr bc dielectric material shields opp charge from each other therefore incr C by factor of dielectric constant
alpha decay
alpha particle, 4/2 alpha, 4/2 He
what angle results in greatest vertical displacement?
always be 0 as object returns to the starting point, exp greatest vertical distance
how does dielectric affect capacitance
always incr
nuclear binding E
amt E that's released when nucleons (protons and neutrons) bind together
specific heat
amt energy necessary to raise 1g of substance by 1 degree Celsius/K
half life event
amt time required for hjalf same of radioactive nuclei to decary
echolocation
animal emitting sound is both source and detector
given an electric dipole, the electric potential is 0 at?
anywhere on perpendicular bisector of dipole axis and at infinity
mode
appears most often may be multiple or 0 in a set
loop rule
around closed circuit loop sum of voltage sources= sum of voltage/potential drops aka conserve of E J/C V source= V drop
how are time t and angle 0 related?
as 0 increases, t increases
dose response curve
as IV incr, proportional incr in response
single slit
as slit narrows, light spreads out more lens placed between narrow slit and screen alternate bright and dark fringes
kirchoff's law
at any pt/ junction in circuit, sum of currents directed into that pt= sum of currents directed away conserve of electrical charge
diamagnetic material
atoms w/ no unpaired electrons no net magnetic field slightly repelled w/ magnet weakly antimagnetic ex- wood, plastic, glass, H20 and skin
adhesion
attractice force that molecule of liquid feels toward molecules of some other substance ex- water droplets on windshield
cohesion
attractive force that molecule of liquid feels toward other molecules of same liquid occurs within molecules with same properties
instant acceleration
average accl as change in time approaches 0
intensity
average rate of E transfer/ area across surface that is perp to wave units=watts/ m^2
standing waves
both ends of strings are fixed traveling waves excited in string interference between travel and reflected wave so wave form opposes stationary only apparent movement of string is fluctuation or amplitude at fixed points along length of string pipe opens at one end and closed at another support stand waves but closed end counters node and open end contains antinode
how are gravitational force and intertia related to mass?
both proportional
how is the pitch of sound controlled
by varying tension of cords perception of f of sound
secondary batteries
can be recharged via external voltage applied to drive current to + end of 2 battery aka acts as galvanic (voltaic) cell when discharges and electrolytic when recharges
Linear speed
changes relative to cross sec area linear displacement of fluid particles in given amt of time incr w/ decr cross sec area
cross sectional
categorize patients into diff groups at single pt in time
resonance frequencies
caused by vibrations
when does voltage of cell = to its emf?
cell mot driving any current, switch in open position and int resistance is 0
equilibrium position
central pt where waves oscillate from position
pascal's principle definition
change in P transmitted undiminished to every portion of fluid and to walls containing vessel
For an acceleration to occur, what must happen?
change in direction or change in magnitude
whats formula for slope on a graph?
change in y axis/ change in x axis
dependent events
changes depending on outcomes of other events
direct current
charge flows in 1 direction
law of conservation of charge
charge neither created nor destroyed
conductor
charges distributed evenly on surface transfer/transport electric charges nuclei w/ seq of electrons move rapidly thru material and loosen associated w. positive charges ex- metals ionic, electrolyte soultions
magnetic forces
charges dont sense their own fields, they sense field established by some ext charge/collect of charges
closed loop
circ system nonconstant flow rate resulting from values, gravity, phys props of vessels and mech of heaty measures as pulse
closed pipe
closed at 1 end and ope at other (antinodes) ex- clarinet, brass harmonic = # 1/4 λ supported by pipe odd number of harmonics f= nv/ 4L λ= 4L/n
resistors
conductive materials that offer R between 2 extremes
1st law of thermo
conservation of mech energy energy never created nor destroyed but rather transferred from one form to another
as I moves thru set of resistors, voltage drops some amt in each R, I is ????
constant
if acceleration is constant, what's happening to velocity?
constantly changing
constructive interference in multiple slit
constructive--> bright fringes (maxima)
white light
contains all colors in equal intensity color seen is dep on color reflected
randomization
control for diff between subject groups in biomed research
what type of lens does a far-sighted person need?
convergent lenses move the image nearer to the lens of the eye
additional E from photon can be converted to excess??
converted to excess KE during photoelectric effect
what type of lens is concave mirro
convex lens
which produce virtual images
convex lens and plane mirrors
u_s (coefficient of static friction)
cos0/sin0
magnetic field
created by any moving charge si unit= tesla ex- electron thru space or current thru conductive material
out of phase
crest of wave and trough of another coincide phase diff=1/2 wave (wavelength/2) or 180 ( 1 cycle=1 wavelength = 360)
what is a vector times vector quantity?
cross product
when light beams freq is above threshold f, magnitude of resulting current is proporational to?
current and amplitude
current in nuclear phenonmena
current= charge flow/unit time
meniscus
curved surface in which liquid crawls up the side of the container a small amount forms when adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces
focal length
d between F (focal pt) and mirror
equation to find d when know a and t
d=1/2at^2
what equation is used to solve for d when constant accleration
d=1/2at^2+ v0t d=1/2at^2 and if no initial accl then v0t--> 0
multiple slit equation
d=distance between 2 slits 0= angle between line drawn from midpt between 2 slits of dark fringe and normal n= # fringe wavelength= wavelength of incident wave
destructive interference in multiple slit
dark fringes are minima
beta negative decay
decay of neutron into proton with emission of electron and antineutrino
when 2 like charges move apart/ 2 opp move toward each other, U ?
decreases
what happens to Fn when incline plane angle increases?
decreases because gravity component into plane decreases so force friction decreases
how does air resistance affect a projectile
decreases max height and shortens range decreases trip upward but increases trip downwards
electric field lines
defn- imaginery lines represent how + q move thru Q charge drawn in direction of actual electric field vectors and indicate relative strength of E
voltage equation
delta V= Vb-Va= Wab/q Wab= work needed to move q thru electric field from pt a to pt b
how does friction oppose motion?
frictional force opposes motion of object to which it is applied relative to motion of object that applies the force
right hand rule 2nd
determine direction of magn F on moving charge rt thumb= dir of velocity/dir of movement fingers= dir of force vector for + charge back of hand= dir of force vector for - charge aka backhand neg person palm- force on + charge, high five positve person
Doppler ultrasound
determine flow of blood within body by detecting and shift associated with movement to or away from receiver
pitot tube
device that measures static pressure during flow to calculate speed
Doppler effect
diff between actual f and perceived F if source and deterctor move to each other f'> f
maximum KE in nuclear pheno
diff between hf and hft aka work function
mass defecet
diff between mass of unbounded nucleon and mass of bonded nucleons within nucleus unbounded constituents have more E and so more mass than bonded constituents amt of mass converted to E during nuclear fusion
interquartile range
diff between value of 3rd quartile and 1st quartile used to det outliers
if one object is heavier than another, will there be a difference in force or acceleration?
diff in force= increases because more inertia but acceleration remains the same
longitudinal waves
dir of particle oscillation is parallel tp propagation/movement of waves sound person move piston back and dorth to cause air mol to osciallate thru compression and rarefraction(decompression) slinky
transverse waves
dir of particle oscillation is perp tp propagation/movement of waves, wave in a stadium= move perp to dir by sitting up and down electromagn waves visible light, microwaves, xray attach to fix pt then shake arm up and down particles oscillate to dir of E transfer E delivered in dir of wave travel
relationship between cross sec area and force in pascal's principle
direct if work (force) doubles, so does cross sec area
right hand rule vector
direction of resultant when vectors multiplied
what seperates white light into its component colors
dispersion- light thru prism diffraction-thru diffraction grating that sep colors by their wavelength refraction-light dispersion as diff colors refracted at slightly diff angles in film
chromatic abberation
dispersive effect within spherical lens light dispersed within glass lens leads to form a rainbow halo at edge of lens
electrostat force is inversely related to?
distance
what is the area under the v vs t graph?
distance
what is needed to stop a vehicle
distance and time
I= mirror
distance between image and mirror
o= mirror
distance between object and mirror
wavelength
distance from maximum of wave to next maximum
radius of curvature
distance from vertex of mirror r
sonic boom
high P then very low P heard when object traveling at or faster than speed of sound
what type of lens does a near-sighted person need?
divergent lenses move the image farther to the lens of the eye
what is the area under a curve if y-axis i velocity and x-axis is time
divide them so velocity/ time= displacement
independent events
doesnot change based on outcomes of other events
Ohmmeters
doesnt req active circuit, can give false reading or damaged if active own battery of known voltage function as ammeteres thru another pt in circuit
what is a vector times scalar quantity?
dot product
terminal velocity
drag force will eventuallybe equal in magnitude to the weight of the object and the object will fall with constant velocity according to newtons first law
energy of photon equation
e= energy of photon h= plank's constant (6.626x 10^-34) f= freq of light
whats the fundamental unit of charge
e=1.60 x 10^-19 C coulombs
electrostat force is directed related to?
each other
detection bias
educated pros using knowledge in consistent way
metallic conductance
electrical conductors free flow of electric charge metal atoms lose 1 or more outer electrons low IEs free to move around good electrical/thermal conductors metallic bonds equal distribution of charge density of free electrons across all of neutral atoms w/ metallic mass
Bohr model
electron energy levels stable and discrete, correspond to orbital absorb photon of light--> electrons jump from lower electrons to higher E orbit freq absorbed is same as energy, diff between orbits
if f > ft
eletrons ejected, max KE
plane polarized light
emit electric field in 2d electric fields of all waves oriented in some direction electric field vectors parallel B magnetic field vectors parallel
polarized light
emit electric fields only in 2D
gamma decay
emits gamma ray which converts high energy nucleus --> more stable nucleus
PE
energy associated w/ given object's position in space or other intrinsic properties of the system
KE
energy of motion related to speed not velocity
positive controls
ensure change in dep variable
Reversible process
equil processes that can go back and forth
perpendicular bisector of dipole
equipotential line to be aware of is plane that lies halfway between +q and -q -angle between this plane and dipole axis is 90 cos90=0 so electric potential at any point along plane is 0
confounding bias
error during analysis
open systems
exchange both energy and matter with their surr
closed system
exchange energy but not matter with surr
dipole place in electric field and allowed to equilibrate how would dipole react if direction of electric field is reversed?
experiences no rotational or linear movement
temporality
exposure (IV) must occur before outcome (DV)
frequency in closed pipe
f= nv/ 4L
open pipe frequency
f= nv/2L
what does f equal in a string
f= nv/2L
plane mirror
flat reflective surface neither converge nor diverge light rays remain parallel after reflection always prod virtual image bc no convergence image appears at same distance behind mirror as object is in front of it aka spherical mirrors with infinite radius of curvature infinitely large focal distance 1/o +1/i=0 or i=-o
alternating current AC
flow changes direction
current
flow of + charge btwn 2 points at diff electrical potential connections by conductor even though only neg charges moving aka I SI unit=ampere (1A=1C/1s) runs lower electrical potential to higher dir of I oriented in which + flows high to low
does electron lose or gain energy to be moved farther away from + Q
gain energy
why does an object resonate
force frequency equals natural (resonant) frequency A of osciallation increases
what is static friction
force that opposes movement of objects, between stationary object and surface upon which it rests
what is kinetic friction
force thats present between sliding object and surface over which the object slides ex- tires on ice
backwards convex meniscus
forms when cohesive forces> greater than adhesive forces
resonating
freq of periodic F=natural resonant freq of system, A @ maximum
what is the center of mass for a uniform object?
geometric center of the object
temperature and its relationship to resistance
greater R as temp incr incr thermal oscillation of atoms in conducive materials incr R to electron flow some materials don't follow this= glass, Si pure, most semi-conductors
datum
ground or 0PE
what is acceleration of object down inclined plane
gsin0
bright fringes are located??
halfway in between dark fringes
definition of dot product
have a magnitude proportional to cosine of angle between Q and R
what happens during a phase change?
heat energy causes chanhes in particles' potential energy and energy distribution/entropy NOT KE NO CHANGE IN TEMP
I is + lens
image opposite side of lens from light source (real)
I is - lens
image same side of lens as light (virtual)
venturi effect
in a closed system, theres a direct relationsgip between cross-sec A and P exerted on walls of tube
L (length)
in resistnace equation resistance dire3cted prop to L longer resistance= e travel greater distance linear ration
systematic error
inaccurate tool intro bias imprecise tool will still introduce error
surroundings
include everything that is not part of system
type 2 error
incorrectly fail to reject null hypothesis report no diff between two populations when 1 actually exists B
when L increases does the period incr or decr
incr
what would increase the velocity of object at bottom of ramp
incr height but not the angle 0
what would increase the net acceleration of mass m down the frictionless inclined plane
increase angle
how does f appear on electromagnetic spectrum
increase toward gamma rays but decreases to radio waves
if freq of applied F= natural freq of system then A of oscillation ______?
increases
what happens to horizontal velocity as object slides down inclined plane
increases
when 2 like charges move toward each other/or when 2 opp charges move apart, U ?
increases
as f increases what happens to E
increases as well
aas angle 0 increases from 0 to 90, the range R....?
increases to a maximum of 45 then decreases
how does λ affect electromagnetic spectrum
increases toward radio waves but decreases to gamma rays
what does work depend on in voltage equation
indep of pathway taken, W only dep on potential @ 2 points
accl of a projectile is ____ of its mass
independent
is the period of a simple pendulum is dependent or independent of the mass?
independent
what explains why 2 objects of diff masses fall at same rate
inertia
what is ideal resistance of voltmeter?
infinite
continuous variable
infinite # possible value ex- amt weight lost, % improvement
when electrons falls from high E to low e... to higher E orbit?
it emits photon of same freq as energy between diff orbits
dead sea phenomenon of buoyancy
it has a lot of salt, about 35% more than ocean thus very dense and humans can float on top
how does bulk modulus change as go from g to liquid to solid
it increases
how does intensity of a sound change as distance from source doubles
it is 1/4 as intense
if the slope of a d vs t graph is not changing, just a straight line, what can we expect about our acceleration ?
its 0 because v is constant
what is not dependent on how much time it takes to stop a heavytruck
its stopping time is independent of mass and surface area of contact with road
when does maximum static frictional force occur at
just before block begins to move
coulomb's constant
k aka 1/ 4Pi E0
dielectrics in circuit capacitors
k placed in charged capacitor w/ circuit V constant bc equal to voltage source incr C, dielectric incr Q by cacpitor by factor of k (dielectric) incr C from incr in stored charge
coulomb's law (Fe)
k= coulomb's constant q1 and q2= magn of 2 charges r= distance between charges
if block slides down inclined plane at constant velocity, what does this mean?
kinetic frictional force on block is equal to force down inclined plane
hypothesis tests
known distributoin to det whether a hypothesis of no diff aka null can be rejected
equipoise
lack of knowledge about which arm of the research study is better for the subject
fission
large nucleus splits into smaller nucleu, incr nuclear mass
r and f are + lens
lens convex (converging)
gamma rays
less than 1-^-2nm
statistical significance
low likelihood of experimental findings being due to chance
low f means ____ for pitch?
low pitch
nonionic solution conductivity always lower or higher than ionic
lower!!
fundamental frequency
lowest f, longest λ of standing wave that can be supported in given L aka 1st harmonic n=1 string
-log (n x 10^-3)
m-0.n slide decimal pt 1 position to left, aka divide by 10
multiple lens equation
m= m1xm2xm3...
capacitance
magn of charge stored on 1 plate to pot diff (voltage) across capacitor si units= farads=1C/V
superconductors
major exceptions to rules of internal resistance when cooled--> p (resistivity) drops to 0
amplitude
max displacement of a wave from equilibrium position
amplitude (A)
max magnitude of displacement in wave aka max displacement from equil position to top of crest or bottom of trough NOT total displacement between rest and trough
open boundaries
max oscillation and correspond to antinodes ex- open end of pipe and free end of flag
central bright fringe
max twice wide as bright friends on side and as slit decr central max becomes wider
crest
maximum of wave
negatively skewed
mean < median
positively skewed
mean > median
ground
means of returning charge to earth
Ammeters
measure I @ same pt within circuit circuit must be on or at I=0A inserted in series where I measured and use magnetic props of I carrying wire if I high, special low resistance shunt should be used in parallel w/ it have 0R and no voltage drop across themselves
mass
measure of body's inertia, amount of matter in an object, scalar, kg
entropy
measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become
standard deviation
measure of variability about mean, det outliers
what does an ammeter measure and where is it placed
measures current placed in series w/ pt of interest
what does an voltmeter measure and where is it placed
measures potential difference (voltage) placed in parallel w/ circuit element of interest
what does an ohmmeter measure and where is it placed
measures resistance placed in two points in series w/ circuit element of interest
When can v = root 2gh be used
mgh = 1/2 mv^2. What this velocity represents is the velocity that an object with stored gravitational potential energy will be traveling when all of the potential energy is gone. In other words, if you drop an object of mass m, from a building of height h, and there is no air resistance, this equation will give you the speed it is going when it hits the ground.
F g parallel equation
mgsin()
what is net force on object down plane
mgsin0
work function
minimum E req to effect electrons related to ft
r is + and f is + mirror
mirror concave, converging
r is - and f is - mirror
mirror convex, diverging
as energy of incident photon incr above work function, what happens to KE
more KE ejected electron can possess
more binding E (nucleon released) -->
more stable nucleus`
diffraction gratings
multiple slits arranged in patterns ex- grooves, colorful on CD/DVD
how to determine the slope of a graph?
multiply axes together
what is equation/formula used to determine the accleration of a block sliding
net force on sliding block is force down plane minus kinetic frictional force up plane so accl is a=gsin0-ukgcos0
if no constant acceleration, can you use the linear motion equations?
no
does amplitude change when light travels from one medium to another
no bc wave fully transmitted there is no absorption or reflection so A unchanged
negative controls
no change in dep variable when no change is expected
Heat of transformation
no change in temp just changes in particles PE/entropy
if f < ft then?
no electrons ejected bc not enough E
isolated system
no exchange of matter or energy with surr
adiabatic process
no heat exchanged
does the mass of an object affect range and or max height?
no if there's no air resistance
closed boundaries
no oscillation and correspond to nodes ex- closed end of pipe, ends of strings
exhaustive
no other possible outcome
inviscid
no viscosity
can an object change direction without changing acceleration?
no, a change in direction is a change in velocity and thus a change in acceleration
travel wave
nodes and antinodes that move with wave propagation
viscosity drag
nonconservative force that incr when incr viscosity of a fluid
how much work is done when q moved from 1 point on equipotential line to another
none work dep on potential diff of 2 lines, not path taken between them
standard distribution
normal distribution with mean of 0 and SD of 1 68% data points occur within 1SD, 95% with 2SD and 99% within 3SD
why doesnt a large cruise ship sink?
onject floats because avg density is less than that of water steel hull and all othe rlevels of ship have air in between them which lowers the ship's avg density to be less than water
binary variable
only 2 values ex- 0 or 1
what frictional forces affect a ball rolling down a hill
only static because rolling, not sliding
air resistance
opposes the motion of an object, its value incr as speed incr, causes drag fprce when object in free fall
attractives forces
opposite charges
resistance
opposition w/in material to movement and flow of charge conductor= 0 R instaltor= highest R
frequency of a wave is related to
pitch
when a flute covered one end for brief second, how does sound chage
pitch will go down
length of air column determines ??
pitch/frequency
polarizer
plane polarized liught created by passing unpolarixed light thru this
definition of cross product
point in direction perpendicular to both vectors and have magnitude proportional to sine angle between Q and R
where does a positive electrostatic force point?
points from one charge away from other (repulsive)
where does a negative electrostatic force point?
points from one charge to the other (attractive)
nodes
points in waves remaining at rest no fluctuation in displacement A= 0 constantly
system
portion of universe that we are interested in observing
voltage (deltaV)
potential difference between points surrounding source charge
dynamic pressure
pressure associated with flow 1/2pv^2
static pressure
pressure associated with position
energy density
pressure is a ratio of energy per cubic meter
isobaric process
pressure is held constant
examples of state functions?
pressure, density, temp, volume. enthalpy, internal energy, Gibbs free energhy and entropy
centripetal force
prevents objects from breaking out of circ path, points radially inward
cornea
primary source of refractive power bc change in refractive index from air is significant aka converging lens
measures of central tendency
provide a single value representation for the middle of a group of data
antinodes
pts midway between nodes fluctuate with max A max fluctuation
magnetic force on a moving point charge eqn
q= charge v= magn of velocity B= magn of magn field 0= smallest angle between velocity vector and magn field vector B
temperature
qualitative measure of how hot or cold an object is quantatatively related to avg KE of particles that make up a substance
timbre
quality of sound determined by natural freq of object
internal resistance
r int magnitude of R that causes drop in electrical potential (voltage)
focal length equation
r= radius of curvature between C and mirrror
confidence levels
range of values about a sample mean that are used to estimate the population mean
power defn
rate at which energy is transferred from 1 system to another Ratio of energy expenditure over time
power
rate at which energy transferred/transformed
exponential decay
rate at which radioactive nuceli decary is proportional to all number of nuclei that remain
wave speed
rate at which wave transmits the energy or matter it is carrying product of freq and wavelength
electrical potential (V)
ratio of magn of charge's electrical PE to magn of charge itself scalar sign determined by sign of Q inverse prop to d from Q
converging lenses
reading glasses far sighted people
if object placed at center of curvature of concave mirror, what is image
real and inverted
if I >0 mirror
real, in front of mirror is image
viscosity
resistance of fluid to flow aka n these types of fluids lose energy when flowing
?? is an intrinsic property of a medium, and so it remains the same when the area of the plates is changed.
resistivity
autonomy
responsibility to respect pts decision about own healthcare
justice
responsiblity to treat simliar pt with similar care and distribute healthcare resources fairly dictates which study ?s are worth pursuing and which subjects to use
turbulent flow
rough disordered form of eddies which are swirls of fluid of varying sizes
o is + lens
same side of lens as light source
repulsive forces
same sign charges
in vacuum all electrowaves travelwhat speed
same speed
open pipes are the same of different from strings?
same!!
statistics
sample data
metallic bond
sea of electrons flowing over or past a ridigid lattice of metal cations
n=3 in a string
second overtone or 2rd harmonic
period units
seconds/cycle
strings
secure at both ends= nodes on sine wave, d from 1 node to next node is 1/2 wavelength if 2 anitnodes between ends, must be 3rd node
gamma waves present on electromagnetic spectrum
short λ, high E, high f
open pipes
similar to string if end is open= antinode at both ends open on both ends ex- flute
angular frequency (w)
simple harmonic motion radians/sec
object only has accl when v vs t graph is _____?
sloped
fusion
small nuclei combine into large nuceli, decr nuclear mass
laminar flow
smooth, orderly flow parallel to each other smooth flow lines around an object
in phase difference
some f, wavelength, A pass thru some space at same time crests and troughs line up phase diff=0
cohort studies
sorted into 2 groups based on diff in risk factors/exposures and then assessed at various intervals to det how many subject in each group had certain outcome ex- 100 smoker and nonsmoker followed 20 yr to det which got lung cancer
amplitude of wave is related to?
sound level/volume
what is the cos30?
sqrt 3/2
diverging lenses
standard glasses near sighted people
first law thermo
statement of conserv of energy, total energy in the universe can never decrease or increase
second law thermo
states that in a closed system ( up to and including the entire universe), energy will spotaneously and irreversibly go form being localized to being spread out/dispersed
4 fundamental forces of nature are
strong and weak nuclear forces electrostat gravitation
magnetism
study of stationary charges and forces created by and which act upon these charges
selection bias
subjects used for study not representative of target populations ex- gender more prevalent age profile
what two things is the coefficient of kinetic friction dependent on?
substances of contact surfaces independent of the SA
total energy of a system
sum of all its potential and motional energies
lorentz forces
sum of electrostat and magnetic forces
electric field (E)
surr every electric charge exerts force on other charges that move into space of field attract/repulse dep on q (stationary test charge), charge placed and Q(source charge) actually created E
energy defn
system's ability to do work
isothermal processes
temp constant, change in internal energy and therefore 0
+q moves in direction of?
that U decr aka - voltage but U decr in both cases so Wab neg
-q moves in direction that?
that U incr, aka + voltage but U decr in both cases so Wab neg
boundary layer
thin layer of fluid adjacent to wall in laminar flow
Ft
threshold frequency minimum f of light that causes ejection of electrons all or nothing dep on chemical composition
right hand rule
thumb= direction of I wrap fingers around I carrying wire fingers mimic circ field lines curling around wire
equation for time when average velocity asked to be calculated
time=distance traveled/speed
Doppler effect mnemonic
top sign for toward, bottom sign for away
torque on a dipole in an electric field defn
torque causes dipole to reorient itself so dipole moment aligns with electric field (E)
in order for object to move in circle at constant speed, object must experience a net force where?
toward center of circle
when detector going toward source what is sign convention
toward= +
sinusoidal waves
transverse or longitudinal indiv particles oscillate back and forth with a displacemt that follows sin pattern
what is the friction coefficient equal to if force up equals the force down
u=sin0/cos0
if block on inclined plane is in motion, what coefficient of friction is used?
uk
natural process
ultimately irreversible
how is the direction of electrostatic force obtained
unlike charges attract and like charges repel force points along line connected centers of 2 charges
ferromagnetic material
unpaired electrons and permanent atom magn dipoles that normally orient randomly so no net dipole strongly magnetisized when exposed to magn field ex- iron, nickel, cobalt bar magnet w. N & S pole
how is electric field related to test charge
unrelated
if +m mirror
upright
m is + lens
upright i
when I does not equal 0 and int resistance mst be taken into account what does voltage less than?
v <emf
propagation speed equation
v=f x wavelength
speed of sound eqatuion
v=speed of sound B= bulk modulus (measure of mediums resistance to compression) p= density
median
value that lies in middle of a data set 50% data points are above and below it
dispersion
various wavelengths of light seperate from each other in prism white light--> all colors red =least amt refraction so on top violet= small wavelength, bent at greater extent greater amt of refraction
displacement
vector quantity, pathway taken does not matter, change from initial to final position
air resistance increases with which three things?
velocity, SA and air density
which initial velocity determines time of flight?
vertical initial velocity
If I < 0 mirror
virtual, bhind mirror
loudness
volume of sound wave we perceive its intensity
flow rate
volume/time constant for closed system indep of changes in cross-sec area aka Q
free fall
when an object falls with constant accl due to gravity and not reach terminal velocity
when is friction static?
when block is not sliding. contacting surfaces are not sliding relatie to each other
when is friction kinetic?
when block is sliding. contacting surfaces are sliding relative to each other velocity could be constant so net force is 0 if the plane was frictionless then the block would acclerate
centripetal acceleration
when centripetal F no longer acting on an object and the object exits the circular pathway and assumes a path tangential to circle at that point
when does attenuation increase
when increased frequency bc more motion over which nonconserv forces cam dampen sound
photoelectric effect
when light of sufficiently high f (blue--< UV light) is incidient on metal in vacuum metal atoms emit electrons
principle of superposition
when waves interact with each other, x resulting of resultant waves= sum displacement of 2 interacting waves
for strings attached at both ends, the number of antinodes determines?
which harmonic it is
length of open pipe?
λ/2
wavelength in open pipe?
λ= 2L/n
wavelength in closed pipe
λ= 4L/n