Physics 3
When a mass M experiences a velocity change of v in a time of t, it experiences a force of F. Assuming the same velocity change of v, the force experienced by a mass of (1/2)M in a time of 4t is ____. A. 2F B. 8F C. (1/2)*F D. (1/8)*F E. none of these
1/8*F: The equation shows that force is directly related to the mass, directly related to the change in velocity, and inversely related to the time. So any change in mass will result in the same change in force; and any change in time will result in the inverse effect upon the force. In this case, halving the mass (from M to 1/2-M) will halve the force and quadrupling the time (from t to 4t) will quarter the force. The combined effect of these two changes will make the new force eight times smaller (i.e., one-eighth the size) than the old force. This is a case of where equations can be a guide to thinking about how a change in one variable (or two variables) impacts other dependent variables.
If mass and collision time are equal, then impulses are greater on objects which rebound (or bounce). A. True B. False
A: The impulse is equal to the momentum change. And when there is a rebound, the momentum change is larger since there is a larger velocity change. For instance, a ball thrown at a wall at 5 m/s may rebound at -3 m/s yielding a velocity change of -8 m/s. An egg thrown at the same wall at the same speed of 5 m/s hits and stops, thus yielding a velocity change of -5 m/s. More velocity change means more momentum change and thus more impulse.
Consider the head-on collision between a lady bug and the windshield of a high speed bus. True or False. The magnitude of the force encountered by the bug is greater than that of the bus.
F
Consider the head-on collision between a lady bug and the windshield of a high speed bus. True or False. The magnitude of the impulse encountered by the bug is greater than that of the bus.
F
Consider the head-on collision between a lady bug and the windshield of a high speed bus. True or False. The magnitude of the momentum change encountered by the bug is greater than that of the bus.
F
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? Momentum is conserved in an elastic collision but not in an inelastic collision.
F
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? Most collisions tend to be partially to completely elastic.
F: Few collisions are completely elastic. A completely elastic collision occurs only when the collision force is a non-contact force. Most collisions are either perfectly inelastic or partially inelastic.
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? The kinetic energy of an object remains constant during an elastic collision.
F: In a perfectly elastic collision, in an individual object may gain or lose kinetic energy. It is the system of colliding objects which conserves kinetic energy.
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? A moving air track glider collides with a second stationary glider of identical mass. The first glider loses all of its kinetic energy during the collision as the second glider is set in motion with the same original speed as the first glider. Since the first glider lost all of its kinetic energy, this is a perfectly inelastic collision.
F: This is a perfectly elastic collision. Before the collision, all the kinetic energy is in the first glider. After the collision, the first glider has no kinetic energy; yet the second glider has the same mass and velocity as the first glider. As such, the second glider has the kinetic energy which the first glider once had.
A wad of chewed bubble gum is moving with 1 unit of momentum when it collides with a heavy box that is initially at rest. The gum sticks to the box and both are set in motion with a combined momentum that is ___. A. less than 1 unit B. 1 unit C. more than 1 unit D. not enough information
B: Before the collision, the total system momentum is 1 unit - all due to the motion of the wad of gum. Since momentum must be conserved, the total momentum of the box and gum after the collision must also be 1 unit.
A ball is dropped from the same height upon various flat surfaces. For the same collision time, impulses are smaller when the most bouncing take place. A. True B. False
B: Since being dropped from the same height, the balls will be moving with the same pre-collision velocity (assuming negligible air resistance). Upon collision with the ground, the velocity will have to be reduced to zero - that is, the ball will cease moving downwards. This decrease in velocity constitutes the first portion of the velocity change. If the ball bounces, then there is an additional velocity change sending the ball back upwards opposite the original direction. Thus, for the same collision time, bouncing involves a greater velocity change, a greater momentum change, and therefore a greater impulse.
The firing of a bullet by a rifle causes the rifle to recoil backwards. The speed of the rifle's recoil is smaller than the bullet's forward speed because the ___. A. force against the rifle is relatively small B. speed is mainly concentrated in the bullet C. rifle has lots of mass D. momentum of the rifle is unchanged E. none of these
C
In order to catch a ball, a baseball player naturally moves his or her hand backward in the direction of the ball's motion once the ball contacts the hand. This habit causes the force of impact on the players hand to be reduced in size principally because ___. A. the resulting impact velocity is lessened B. the momentum change is decreased C. the time of impact is increased D. the time of impact is decreased E. none of these
C: Increasing the time over which the ball's momentum is brought to 0 will decrease the force required to stop it. Suppose a ball is coming at you with 100-units of momentum. An impulse of 100-units would be required to stop the ball. Regardless of how the impulse is accomplished (big F, little t or little F, big t), there must be 100-units of it. Imparting such an impulse over a long time results in a small force.
A truck driving along a highway road has a large quantity of momentum. If it moves at the same speed but has twice as much mass, its momentum is ________________. (Only 1 answer) A. zero B. quadrupled C. doubled D. unchanged
C: Momentum is directly related to the mass of the object. So for the same speed, a doubling of mass leads to a doubling of momentum.
Suppose that Paul D. Trigger fires a bullet from a gun. The speed of the bullet leaving the muzzle will be the same as the speed of the recoiling gun ____. A. because momentum is conserved B. because velocity is conserved C. because both velocity and momentum are conserved D. only if the mass of the bullet equals the mass of the gun E. none of these
D: In any collision or explosion involving two objects, the momentum change for each object is the same. So both the bullet and the gun encounter the same momentum change. The momentum change is simply the mass multiplied by the velocity change. Thus, the velocity change would only be the same if their masses were the same. Otherwise, the smaller-mass object receives a greater velocity change.
Consider a karate expert. During a talent show, she executes a swift blow to a cement block and breaks it with her bare hand. During the collision between her hand and the block, the ___. A. time of impact on both the block and the expert's hand is the same B. force on both the block and the expert's hand have the same magnitude C. impulse on both the block and the expert's hand have the same magnitude D. all of the above. E. none of the above.
D: In any collision, there are always four quantities which are the same for both objects involved in the collision. Each object experiences the same force (Newton's third law) for the same amount of time, leading to the same impulse, and subsequently the same momentum change. Only the acceleration and the velocity change can differ for the two colliding objects. The lower mass object always receives the greater velocity change and acceleration.
Consider the head-on collision between a lady bug and the windshield of a high speed bus. True or False. The magnitude of the velocity change encountered by the bug is greater than that of the bus.
T
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? Perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions are the two opposite extremes along a continuum; where a particular collision lies along the continuum is dependent upon the amount kinetic energy which is conserved by the two objects.
T: A perfectly elastic collision is a collision in which the total kinetic energy of the system of colliding objects is conserved. Such collisions are typically characterized by bouncing or repelling from a distance. In a perfectly inelastic collision (as it is sometimes called), the two colliding objects stick together and move as a single unit after the collision. Such collisions are characterized by large losses in the kinetic energy of the system.
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? A ball is dropped from rest and collides with the ground. The higher that the ball rises upon collision with the ground, the more elastic that the collision is.
T: If large amounts of kinetic energy are conserved when a ball collides with the ground, then the post-collision velocity is high compared to the pre-collision velocity. The ball will thus rise to a height which is nearer to its initial height.
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? Elastic collisions occur when the collision force is a non-contact force.
T: Kinetic energy is lost from a system of colliding objects because the collision transforms kinetic energy into other forms of energy - sound, heat and light energy. When the colliding objects don't really collide in the usual sense (that is when the collision force is a non-contact force), the system of colliding objects does not lose its kinetic energy. Sound is only produced when atoms of one object make contact with atoms of another object. And objects only warm up (converting mechanical energy into thermal energy) when their surfaces meet and atoms at those surfaces are set into vibrational motion or some kind of motion.
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? Most collisions are not inelastic because the collision forces cause energy of motion to be transformed into sound, light and thermal energy (to name a few).
T: Kinetic energy is lost from a system of colliding objects because the collision transforms kinetic energy into other forms of energy - sound, heat and light energy. When the colliding objects don't really collide in the usual sense (that is when the collision force is a non-contact force), the system of colliding objects does not lose its kinetic energy. Sound is only produced when atoms of one object make contact with atoms of another object. And objects only warm up (converting mechanical energy into thermal energy) when their surfaces meet and atoms at those surfaces are set into vibrational motion or some kind of motion.
True or False about elastic and inelastic collisions? The collision between a tennis ball and a tennis racket tends to be more elastic in nature than a collision between a halfback and linebacker in football.
T: There is significant bounce in the collision between a tennis racket and tennis ball. There is typically little bounce in the collision between a halfback and a linebacker (though there are certainly exceptions to this one). Thus, the ball-racket collision tends to be more elastic.
Consider the head-on collision between a lady bug and the windshield of a high speed bus. True or False. The magnitude of the acceleration encountered by the bug is greater than that of the bus.
True: In any collision between two objects, the force, impulse, and momentum change are the same for each object. (This makes statements A, B, and C false.) However, the smaller mass object encounters a greater acceleration and velocity change. (This makes statements D and E true).