Physics 5 Reading and HW #2

c. full moon

Lunar eclipses can occur only during a a. first quarter moon b. third quarter moon c. full moon d. new moon

c. an annular eclipse

If the Moon is relatively far from Earth, so that the umbra does not reach Earth, someone directly behind the umbra will see a. a penumbral lunar eclipse. b. a partial solar eclipse. c. an annular eclipse. d. no eclipse. e. a partial lunar eclipse.

a. full

If the Moon is setting at 6 A.M., the phase of the Moon must be a. full. b. first quarter. c. waning crescent. d. third quarter. e. new.

d. Third Quarter

If the Moon is setting at noon, the phase of the Moon must be a. full. b. waning crescent. c. first quarter. d. third quarter. e. waxing crescent.

b. it must be the day of either the spring or fall equinox

If the Sun rises precisely due east, a. you must be located at Earth's equator. b. it must be the day of either the spring or fall equinox. c. it must be the day of the summer solstice.

a. the Moon's phase is full

If there is going to be a total lunar eclipse tonight, then you know that: a. the Moon's phase is full. b. the Moon's phase is new. c. the Moon is unusually close to Earth.

b. in about two weeks

If we have a new moon today, when will we have the next full moon? a. in about 1 week b. in about 2 weeks c. in about a month d. in about 6 months

True

If you lived on the Moon, you'd see full Earth when we see new Moon. True False

True

In South Africa, it's usually quite warm around the time of the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice and quite cool around the time of the summer solstice. True False

e. the location of Earth in its orbit

Orion is visible on winter evenings in the northern hemisphere but not summer evenings because of a. the tilt of Earth's axis. b. baseball on television. c. interference from the full Moon. d. the precession of Earth's axis. e. the location of Earth in its orbit.

Longitude is to Latitude

Right ascension is to declination as: a. Latitude is to Longitude b. Azimuthal angle is to Radial coordinate c. Longitude is to Latitude d. Radial coordinate is to Azimuthal angle

b. Altitude is the angle measured up from the horizon (Altitude = 0 deg) to the zenith (90 degrees). Azimuth is measured around the horizon, from 0 degrees in the North, to 90 in the East, 180 in the South and 270 in the West

Select the most appropriate choice a. Altitude is the angle measured up from the horizon (Altitude = 0 deg) to the zenith (180 degrees). Azimuth is measured around the horizon, from 0 degrees in the North, to 90 in the West, 180 in the South and 90 in the West b. Altitude is the angle measured up from the horizon (Altitude = 0 deg) to the zenith (90 degrees). Azimuth is measured around the horizon, from 0 degrees in the North, to 90 in the East, 180 in the South and 270 in the West c. Altitude is the angle measured up from the horizon (Altitude = 0 deg) to the zenith (90 degrees). Azimuth is measured around the horizon, from 0 degrees in the North, to 90 in the West, 180 in the South and 90 in the West d. Altitude is the angle measured up from the horizon (Altitude = 0 deg) to the zenith (180 degrees). Azimuth is measured around the horizon, from 0 degrees in the North, to 90 in the East, 180 in the South and 270 in the West

Sun rises due east and sets due west on March equinox

True everywhere on Earth

-sun reaches highest point in local sky on June solstice -at high latitudes, Sun never rises on December solstice

True for Northern Hemisphere

-Sun traces shortest path across local sky on June solstice -Sun is above horizon for the longest time on December solstice -At high latitudes, Sun never sets on December solstice

True for Southern Hemisphere

c. increasing the size of the Earth's orbit

We can't detect stellar parallax with naked-eye observations. Which of the following would make parallax easier to observe? a. slowing down Earth's rotational motion b. speeding up the precession of Earth's axis c. increasing the size of Earth's orbit d. getting away from streetlights e. speeding up Earth's rotational motion

d. it is obscured by Earth's shadow

We cannot see a new moon in our sky because a. it is above the horizon during the daytime b. a new moon is quite near the Sun in the sky c. no sunlight is illuminating the Moon d. it is obscured by Earth's shadow

Sun reaches zenith (altitude 90 degrees) every day at noon

Not true anywhere on Earth

false

A lunar eclipse occurs only when the Moon is new. True False

b. third quarter

A week after full moon, the Moon's phase is: a. first quarter. b. third quarter. c. new.

d. The orbital plane of the Moon is tilted by about 5° to the ecliptic plane.

All of the following statements are true. Which one explains the reason why there is not a solar eclipse at every new Moon? a. The nodes of the Moon's orbit precess with an 18-year period. b. The Moon rotates synchronously with its revolution about Earth. c. The Moon is the primary cause of tides on Earth. d. The orbital plane of the Moon is tilted by about 5° to the ecliptic plane. e. The sidereal month is shorter than the lunar month.

a. South Pole

All planets move clockwise if viewed from the: a. South pole b. North pole c. Outside the solar system e. Equator

b. sunlight reflected by Earth that illuminates the "dark" portions of the Moon

Ashen light (or earthshine) is a.the sunlight that shines on the face of the Moon that we never see. b. sunlight reflected by Earth that illuminates the "dark" portion of the Moon. c. the light from the Moon that illuminates Earth's surface at night. d. the light we see at dawn just before the Sun rises. e. the light we see at dusk just after the Sun sets.

a. Stars with Declinations > 58° are circumpolar

Assuming San Diego is at Latitude 32°N, which of the following is/are true? a. Stars with Declinations > 58° are circumpolar b. Stars with Declinations < 58° are circumpolar c. No Stars are circumpolar since SCP is not visible from San Diego d. No Stars are circumpolar because Polaris (Declination ≈ +89°) is never visible e. Stars with Declinations > 90° are circumpolar

c. midnight

At approximately what time would a full Moon be on your meridian? a. 6 A.M. b. noon c. midnight d. 9 A.M. e. 6 P.M.

e. We have more hours of daylight in summer and the sun is higher in the sky in the summer

Based on what you have learned from your rankings in Parts A and B, why is it generally hotter in summer than in winter? a. We are closer to the Sun in the summer. b. We have more hours of daylight in summer. c. The Sun is higher in the sky in summer. d. Earth rotates more rapidly in summer. e. b and c

c. 6 degrees, 39 arcminutes, 36 arcseconds

Convert 6.66 degrees into degrees, arcminutes, and arcseconds. Clue: How many arcminutes are in 0.66 degrees? a. 6.66 degrees, 39.6 arcminutes, 36 arcseconds b. 6 degrees, 3960 arcminutes, 36 arcseconds c. 6 degrees, 39 arcminutes, 36 arcseconds d. 6.66 degrees, 39 arcminutes, 36 arcseconds

False

Due to the rotation of the earth about an axis and the fact that this axis is tilted about 23° to the ecliptic plane, the Northern Celestial Pole (NCP) moves in a path 23° around this axis. Select True or False False True

a. The sun's atmosphere

During a total solar eclipse, the moon still has a glow around it, what is this glow? a. The sun's atmosphere b. The moon's atmosphere c. Light reflecting off the other side of the moon d. An optical illusion

c. over many days or weeks, the planet moves westward relative to the stars, rather than the usual eastward relative to the stars

During the time that a planet is in its period of apparent retrograde motion, a. the planet is getting closer to the Sun in its orbit b. the planet moves backwards (clockwise as viewed from above Earth's north pole) in its orbit of the Sun c. over many days or weeks, the planet moves westward relative to the stars, rather than the usual eastward relative to the stars d. the planet appears to rise in the west and set in the east, rather than the usual rising in the east and setting in the west

c. The parallax shift decreases as the star's distance from Earth increases

How would a star's parallax change as its distance from Earth increases? a. The parallax shift increases as the star's distance from Earth increases. b. The parallax shift does not change; it is independent of the star's distance from Earth. c. The parallax shift decreases as the star's distance from Earth increases.

e. partial lunar eclipse

If part of the full Moon passes through Earth's umbra, we will see a(n) a. penumbral lunar eclipse. b. total lunar eclipse. c. partial solar eclipse. d. annular eclipse. e. partial lunar eclipse.

d. The Moon's umbra must touch the area where you are located

In addition to the conditions required for any solar eclipse, what must also be true in order for you to observe a total solar eclipse? a. The Moon's penumbra must touch the area where you are located. b. Earth must lie completely within the Moon's penumbra. c. Earth must be near aphelion in its orbit of the Sun. d. The Moon's umbra must touch the area where you are located. e. Earth must lie completely within the Moon's umbra.

a. Polaris

In winter, Earth's axis points toward the star Polaris.In spring, the axis points toward a. Polaris. b. Vega. c. Sun.

d. a lunar month

Suppose you live on the Moon. How long is a day (i.e., from sunrise to sunrise)? a. about 18 years b. 24 hours c. 23 hours 56 minutes d. a lunar month e. a year

False

The Right Ascension (RA) of Polaris when googled showed up as 2h 31m. Two hours later, as time progresses, this should change to 4h 31m. Select True or False False True

-on the equator only on the March and September equinoxes -everywhere within the tropics (between latitudes 23.5°N and 23.5°S) on two dates each year

The Sun reaches the zenith (directly overhead) at midday

b. As earth passes another planet, the other planet appears to move backward with respect to the background stars, but the planet's motion does not actually change

What causes the apparent retrograde motion of the planets? a. The other planets never really appear to move backward; the background stars shift due to Earth's revolution around the Sun. b. As Earth passes another planet, the other planet appears to move backward with respect to the background stars, but the planet's motion does not actually change. c. As Earth passes another planet, its gravitational pull slows down the other planet so that it appears to be traveling backward. d. Apparent retrograde motion is an illusion created by turbulence in Earth's atmosphere. e. When planets are farther from the Sun, they move slower than when they are nearer the Sun; it is during this slower period that they appear to move backwards.

b. The moon rotates with the same period that it orbits Earth

What does the fact that we always see the same face of the Moon tells us about? a. The Moon does not rotate. b. The Moon rotates with the same period that it orbits Earth. c. The Moon looks the same on both sides.

e. the eclipse seasons occur less than 6 months apart

What effect does the precession of the Moon's nodes have on eclipses? a. the vernal equinox will be in Aquarius in a few hundred years b. there are never two solar eclipses in the same year c. there is a lunar eclipse every 6 months d. there is a solar eclipse every 6 months e. the eclipse seasons occur less than 6 months apart

b. Solar eclipses would be much more frequent

What effect or effects would be most significant if the Moon's orbital plane were exactly the same as the ecliptic plane? a. Solar eclipses would last much longer. b. Solar eclipses would be much more frequent. c. Solar eclipses would be much rarer. d. both A and C e. both B and C

a. The planet appears to move westward with respect to the stars over a period of many nights

What happens during the apparent retrograde motion of a planet? a. The planet appears to move westward with respect to the stars over a period of many nights. b. The planet rises in the west and sets in the east. c. The planet moves backward through the sky over the course of a night. d. The planet moves through constellations that are not part of the zodiac. e. The planet moves backward in its orbit around the Sun.

d. the average distance from Earth to the Sun

What is an astronomical unit? a. the length of time it takes Earth to revolve around the Sun b. any basic unit used in astronomy c. the average speed of Earth around the Sun d. the average distance from Earth to the Sun e. the diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun

d. the 18-year cycle over which the pattern of eclipses repeats

What is the Saros cycle? a. the period between eclipses b. the period between a total solar eclipse and a total lunar eclipse c. the period between total solar eclipses d. the 18-year cycle over which the pattern of eclipses repeats e. the roughly 6-month period between eclipse seasons

c. Ecliptic

What name do we give to the path of the Sun seen from the Earth? a. Celestial Horizon b. Apollon Locust c. Ecliptic d. Local Meridian e. Solar Locust

d. when the nodes of the Moon's orbit are nearly aligned with the Sun

When are eclipse seasons? a. in the summer and winter b. when Earth and the Sun are aligned with one another c. in the spring and fall d. when the nodes of the Moon's orbit are nearly aligned with the Sun e. during an eclipse

c. The moon is too far from the Earth to cover the sun completely

When do we see an annular solar eclipse? a. The Earth is completely in the shadow of the moon b. The Earth is about to emerge completely from the shadow of the moon c. The moon is too far from the Earth to cover the sun completely d. The moon is close enough to the Earth to cover the sun completely

a. winter

When it is summer in Australia, the season in the United States is a. winter b. summer c. spring

d. third-quarter Earth phase

When someone on Earth observes the Moon in the first-quarter phase, someone on the Moon facing Earth observes Earth in the a. crescent Earth phase. b. new Earth phase. c. full Earth phase. d. third-quarter Earth phase. e. first-quarter Earth phase.

b. Earth is passing Saturn in its orbit, with both planets on the same side of the sun

When we see Saturn going through a period of apparent retrograde motion, it means: a. Saturn is temporarily moving backward in its orbit of the Sun. b. Earth is passing Saturn in its orbit, with both planets on c. the same side of the Sun. Saturn and Earth must be on opposite sides of the Sun.

Everywhere between the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.5°S) and the South Pole

Where does the Sun remain above the horizon all day (never setting) on the December solstice? Only on the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.5°S) Only at the North Pole Only at the South Pole. Only at the equator Everywhere between the Arctic Circle (latitude 66.5°N) and the North Pole Everywhere between the Antarctic Circle (latitude 66.5°S) and the South Pole

d. The tilt of Earth's axis causes different portions of Earth to receive more or less direct sunlight at different times of the year

Which of the following best describes why we have seasons on earth? a. The tilt of Earth's axis causes the Northern Hemisphere to be closer to the Sun than the Southern Hemisphere in summer, and visa versa in winter. b. Earth's elliptical orbit means we are closer to the Sun and therefore receive more intense sunlight at some times of year than at others. c. The varying speed of Earth in its orbit around the Sun gives us summer when we are moving fastest and winter when we are moving slowest. d. The tilt of Earth's axis causes different portions of Earth to receive more or less direct sunlight at different times of year.

d. Mars is further away from the Sun than the Earth and Earth is moving faster in its orbit

Which of the following explains the retrograde motion of Mars? a. Precession of the Earth b. Mars' orbit is not a circle c. All of the answers d. Mars is further away from the Sun than the Earth and Earth is moving faster in its orbit

c. half moon

Which of the following is not a phase of the Moon? a. first-quarter Moon b. full Moon c. half Moon d. third-quarter Moon e. new Moon

d. the Sun

Which of the following never appears to exhibit retrograde motion? a. Jupiter b. Mars c. Saturn d. the Sun e. Venus

d. Most constellations will be unrecognizable hundreds of years from now.

Which of the following statements about constellations is false? a. Some constellations can be seen from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. b. It is possible to see all the constellations from Earth's equator. c. There are only 88 official constellations. d. Most constellations will be unrecognizable hundreds of years from now. e. Some constellations can be seen in both the winter and summer.

b. It is possible to have two full Moons during January, but not usually during February

Which of the following statements about lunar phases is true? a. The full Moon sometimes rises around midnight. b. It is possible to have two full Moons during January, but not usually during February. c. The time between new Moons is two weeks. d. The time from one new Moon to the next new Moon is the same as the time from first-quarter Moon to third-quarter Moon. e. It is possible to have two full Moons during November, but not during December.

c. The Moon's distance from Earth varies during its orbit

Which of the following statements about the Moon is true? a. The Moon goes through a cycle of phases because it always has the same side facing Earth. b. If you see a full Moon from North America, someone in South America would see a new Moon. c. The Moon's distance from Earth varies during its orbit. d. The Moon is visible only at night. e. The side of the Moon facing away from Earth is in perpetual darkness.

e. both a and c are true

Which of the following statements is true? a. Both the Northern and Southern hemispheres receive the same amount of sunlight on the equinoxes. b. Both the Northern and Southern hemispheres receive the same amount of sunlight on the solstices. c. The Northern Hemisphere receives the most direct sunlight on the summer solstice. d. The Southern Hemisphere receives the most direct sunlight on the summer solstice. e. Both A and C are true.

d. no stars

Which stars are circum-polar from the Equator? a. The north star b. Those with declination > (90 -23.5) deg c. All stars d. No stars

b. North celestial pole, South Celestial pole, Zenith

Which three points does the local meridian go through? a. First point of Aries, Nadir, Zenith b. North celestial pole, South celestial pole, Zenith c. East celestial pole, West celestial pole, Zenith d. North celestial pole, South celestial pole, first point of Aries

a. The Earth casts a bigger shadow than the moon

Why are lunar eclipses more commonly seen than solar eclipses? a. The Earth casts a bigger shadow than the Moon. b. The Moon goes around the Earth faster than the Earth goes around the Sun. c. The tilt of the Moon's axis is smaller than the Earth's. d. Lunar eclipses occur at night and are easier to see. e. The Moon is much closer to the Earth than the Sun.

a. because the moon's rotational and orbital periods are equal

Why do we see essentially the same face of the Moon at all times? a. because the Moon's rotational and orbital periods are equal b. because the Sun illuminates only one half at a time c. because the other face points toward us only at new Moon, when we can't see the Moon d. because the Moon does not rotate e. because the Moon has a nearly circular orbit around Earth

b. The northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun and receives more direct sunlight

Why is it summer in the Northern Hemisphere when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere? a. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun and receives more indirect sunlight. b. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and receives more direct sunlight. c. The Northern Hemisphere is "on top" of Earth and therefore receives more sunlight. d. The Northern Hemisphere is closer to the Sun than the Southern Hemisphere. e. It isn't: both hemispheres have the same seasons at the same time.

c. They did not have the ability to measure very small angles

Why were ancient peoples unable to detect stellar parallax? a. They did not observe for long enough periods of time. b. They could not see distant stars. c. They did not have the ability to measure very small angles. d. They did not look for it. e. They did detect it, but they rejected the observations.

False

You can find the tilt of Earth's axis by measuring the angle between your horizon and the North Star. True False