Physics applied to respiratory care
What is stated in the atomic theory?
-All matter is composed of 100 various types of atoms (elements) -elements can combine to form molecules -molecules can combine to form compounds and mixtures -matter exist in one of 3 states -solid -liquid -gas -The kinetic theory explains the physical properties if each of the states of matter
what are the scales for temperature?
-Centigrade -Kelvin -Fahrenheit -Rankin
describe the molecules in liquids
-moderate intermolecular attraction -some freedom of movement -limited degree of order
describe the molecules in solids
-strong intermolecular attraction -little random molecular motion -high degree of order
describe the aneroid barometer/manometer
-uses evacuated metal container and pointer (indicator) -equilibrates the atmospheric pressure with a mechanical force (expansion force of an evacuated metal container) -as atmospheric pressure increases, the pressure on the evacuated metal container compresses it
describe the molecules in gases
-weak intermolecular structure -freedom of motion -no order
what is the the temperature for absolute zero?
0 K= -273 C
what is the normal range for Work of Breathing?
0.3-0.6 J/L
what is the point of fatigue during work of breathing?
0.75 J/L (harder breathing)
what is the Kinetic Theory of Gases
1.) gases are composed of small molecules 2.) molecules of a gas are in constant and random motion 3.) molecular collisions are completely elastic in nature 4.) kinetic activity increases in direct proportion to temperature 5.) molecules of an ideal gas don't attract or repel each other
what is the molecular weight of H2O?
18 g/mol
what is the molecular weight of O2?
32 g/mol
what is the atomic weight for Oxygen?
Atomic Weight= 16 amu
what is the atomic number for oxygen?
Atomic number = 8
Define the atomic weight
Average weight of an atom compared to the atomic weight of carbon. Essentially, the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
what is the conversion for Centigrade?
C= K-373, C= 5/9 (F-32)
what is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred.
what is the conversion for fahrenheit?
F= (9/5 x C) + 32
pressure doesn't oppose changes in states of matter. T or F?
False
what is the conversion for Kelvin?
K= C + 273
what is an example of pressure?
PEEP
What are the 2 typed of energy?
Potential energy and kinetic energy
what are the states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas
What parts are included in an atom?
The Nucleus containing protons and neutrons and the electrons that move around the nucleus
Define atomic number
The number of protons found in the nucleus
what is kinetic energy proportional to?
The square of velocity. (2 fold increase in mass, double KE), (2 fold increase in velocity quadruples KE)
Adding or removing heat changes a substance's physical characteristics. T or F
True!
changes in current reflect changes in temperature. T or F?
True!
what is the equation for work?
Work= force x distance
define temperature
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of an object; measure of relative warmth and coolness of a substance
pressure decreases with......
altitude
define matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
how do electric thermometers work?
as temperature increases, electrical resistance of a metal increases linearly
what does pressure have a direct relationship with?
boiling point and melting point
what does pressure effect?
boiling, evaporation, melting points
how can you change the state of matter?
by altering the relationship between kinetic and potential energy
what is the mercury barometer used for?
correct reading for altitude, latitude, temperature, and tube dimensions. practical for static pressures and bench standards for other devices
define modern physics
description of energy and matter under extraordinary conditions and on a very small scale (interaction of energy and physics under extreme temperatures, energy and matter moving at the speed of light, nuclear and elementary particles)
define classic physics
description of energy and matter under ordinary conditions. (mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity, magnetism, thermodynamics)
what are the types of intermolecular attractive forces?
dipole forces hydrogen bonding dispersion forces
what is the relationship between kinetic energy and temperature and why
directly related. as kinetic energy increases, so does the distance between the molecules and vice versa for a decrease in KE.
What is potential energy (PE) ?
energy an object has as a result of position. (energy at rest/stored energy) in regards to Mass, gravity, and height.
define kinetic energy
energy an object has when in motion
what does the wheatstone bridge do and how do they do it?
flow measurement (hot wire anemometers/thermistors convert electric current into flow measurement)
define pressure
force per unit area
what is a Manometer and what are the types?
gauge used to measure gas pressure in cylinders, delivery devices and monitors. bourdon, aneroid, diaphragm (electrical transducer, strain gauge)
how is kinetic activity opposed?
intermolecular attractive forces between molecules
what is gas pressure directly related to?
kinetic energy (temperature) and gravitational attraction
define the molecular weight
mass of a molecule
how is temperature measures and in what forms?
measured through thermometers that are electric or non electric
How is a scale created for non electrical thermometers?
mercury and alcohol has expansions and contraction that are predictable and reproducible which an expansion scale with numbers for temperature added on.
what are the common nonelectrical thermometers and how do they work?
mercury and alcohol. They expand and contract as temperature changes
how is pressure measured?
mercury barometer, aneroid barometer/manometer, bourdon gauge, diaphragm gauges, wheatstone bridge
what are thermistors?
metal oxide bead resistance changes in response to changes in temperature
what are the parts inside of an electric thermometer?
platinum wire resistor, battery, an ammeter for measuring current flow
define gas pressure
pressure exerted by a gas on a confining structure
Who is William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)?
suggested that there should be a temperature where all molecular activity stops
define energy
the ability to do work
What are physical states of matter determined by?
the kinetic energy content /and the potential energy stored in the intermolecular bonds
define absolute zero
the point where all molecular activity stops
define atmospheric pressure
the pressure exerted by the gaseous constituents of the atmosphere
define an atom
the smallest subdivision of a substance while maintaining the properties of that substance
what is a barometer and what are the types?
used to measure atmospheric pressure. Mercury and Aneroid
what equipment uses thermistors?
ventilators, spirometers, capnographs, metabolic monitors