Physics Unit 3 Vocab

Name a lyric poem

"A Lament for Adonis"

Figurative explanation

A colorful, image-filled, metaphor-rich use of language to describe art or life

Beowulf addresses:

-lineage and individual identity -importance a hero's humility and good reputation -mixing of Christian stories w/ Germanic heroic values

became the first major composer to utilize voices in a symphony

Beethoven

Which of the following pieces was NOT composed during the Baroque Period?

Beethoven's Symphony No.9

Key Romantic Composers

Beethoven, Brahms, Berlioz, Schubert, Chopin, Liszt, Strauss, Rachmaninoff, Wagner, Verdi, Puccini

Which of the following medieval sagas includes a warrior hero who fights the monster Grendel?

Beowulf The saga is Beowulf.

Which of the following statements about Beowulf is NOT true?

Beowulf was motivated by Christian ideals and was himself a Christian. While Christian elements were later incorporated into the allegory by Christian monks, Beowulf himself was not a Christian. In addition, he was motivated by vengeance and a desire for glory, not by Christian ideals.

exemplary works of the middle ages

Beowulf, The Divine Comedy, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and The Canterbury Tales

In Italy, the Baroque artistic style was based on movement, space, and theatricality. Artists like

Bernini Caravaggio Sirani and Gentileschi

The first Roman emperor who converted to Christianity was _______

Constantine the Great was the first emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity and promote religious tolerance throughout the empire.

Why was John Singleton Copley's portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin unlike typical portraits of the day?

Copley portrayed Mrs. Mifflin, Sarah (Morris), as a key figure in the relationship. She is placed in front of her husband and posed to meet the viewer.

Significance of Le Cid:

Corneille includes these allegories often to comment that people prefer fiction to reality, and the discrepancy between the two have consequences.

Book 2 of The Republic discusses what the citizens of an ideal city-state should be like. True or False?

FALSE, Book 2 discusses the theme of justice and the theory that people choose to be just because it is its own reward. Socrates discusses the citizens of an ideal city-state in Book 5.

What is empiricism?

Empiricism, or the theory that all knowledge comes from the direct experience of the senses, is the foundation of the modern scientific method, in which observation and experimentation lead to ideas and theories.

Imagery

Employment of evocative images in works of art, especially poetry and literature, where words can summon up "mental pictures" for the reader

Advertising, such as Apple's "1984" Macintosh commercial and the image from the Japanese Edo Period below, is an example of what function of art?

Enabling commerce

Which of the following is an ancient painting technique that uses pigments mixed with melted beeswax?

Encaustic is a painting technique of ancient origins that uses pigments mixed with melted beeswax as a binder.

Dadaism first emerged in ______ as a reaction to the horrors of ________.

Europe, World War I

The printing press popularized literature and made it available to people of all social classes.

For this reason, tone was geared toward the newly literate, whose intellectual appetites were fed in public meeting places like the cafe.

He became the most visible African American abolitionist of the era through his eloquent speeches and the publication of his autobiography 'The Narrative of the Life of _____________, an American Slave'

Frederick Douglass

Modernist Techniques

Free verse: Poetry without any fixed pattern, meter, rhythm, or rhyme. Unconventional line and page spacing and capitalization allows the poet to play with the "flow" of the poem."

On Christmas Day 1989, American composer Leonard Bernstein conducted a performance at the Brandenburg Gate. He played "Ode to Joy;" however, he changed "joy" to ___________________.

Freedom

A revolutionary movement that gained momentum with the storming of the Bastille in Paris in 1789; was a heated, bloody call for political change and an end to high taxes, food shortages, and the rising cost of bread.

French Revolution

_________ was a type of painting that became more common during the Late Renaissance and depicted scenes from everyday life.

Genre painting

Which Modernist style of art stressed the two-dimensionality of painting and converted subjects into geometric shapes?

Geometric Abstraction stressed the two-dimensionality of painting and converted subjects into geometric shapes.

Key Romantic Philosophers

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Ralph Waldo Emerson who were influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant.

a German philosopher; saw the ultimate goal of human existence to be self-understanding, and he felt that each era of human history serves to move us a bit closer to that goal.

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Bauhaus

German art and architectural style of early 20th century known for its simplicity, functionalism, and craftsmanship. Walter Gropius

Richard Wagner's compositions increased acceptance for opera in the ______ language, as opposed to the traditional ______.

German, Italian

Renaissance

A period in Western history, from the 14th through the 16th centuries, marked by a revival of interest in the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity and a flourishing of artistic and intellectual achievement

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Neoclassical play Tartuffe?

It celebrates those who falsely convey a sense of religious piety. Tartuffe is a critique of false religious piety.

Which of the following statements regarding Postmodern art is true?

It does not have a canon of works that are recognized as more important than others.

Which of the following is true about Transcendentalism?

It emphasizes the power of nature to intensify the experience of one's emotions and senses., Transcendentalism was a largely American movement, founded primarily by Ralph Waldo Emerson, that placed emphasis on reconnecting with nature in order for humans to become emotionally free and self-reliant.

Which of the following compositions is NOT representative of the Romantic Period?

M,ozart's Le Nozze de Figato, Mozart's compositions are representative of classical music.

Which of the following Renaissance thinkers explored the nature of political power and self-interest for rulers?

Machiavelli

Which of the following used a technique known as "word painting"?

Madrigals

She was an English writer who began her career editing for her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley; she wrote Frankenstein (or The Modern Prometheus)

Mary Shelley

Which of the following literary works was inspired by the myth of Prometheus?

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

One of the major themes in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is...

Achebe demonstrates that there are positive and negative consequences of cultural diversity; however, the changes are irrevocable.

Which of the following branches of philosophy has to do with the nature of beauty and art?

Aesthetics

Who painted Yosemite Valley, Yosemite and Storm in the Mountains

Albert Bierstadt

found object

Any item found by an artist and presented as a work of art. Also called "readymade," "found art" and "objet trouvé."

Cultural exchange only occurs when there is sufficient mutual respect between cultures. True or False?

FALSE, Cultural exchange is not always peaceful and does not always involve mutual respect. Sometimes cultural exchange is a product of violent cultural contact.

Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species explains Social Darwinism. True of False?

False, Social Darwinism was based on Darwin's evolutionary theories but distorted to explain human social order within society.

Empiricism

First developed in the Renaissance by scientists such as Francis Bacon, empiricism may be defined as basing ideas and theories on the direct experience of the senses, including experimentation, as opposed to knowledge gained from books.

Modernist Techniques

Flashback Minimalism

Katherine Anne Porter

Flowering Judas

Surrealism

Art movement of the early 20th century influenced by Freud's focus on dreams; art assembled realistic forms in fantastical contexts. Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, and Joan Miró. Dalí's The Persistence of Memory

Fauvism

Art movement of the early 20th century that emphasized spontaneous, bold reactions to nature and employed vibrant, wild colors, unfinished looks.

Cubism

Art movement of the early 20th century that represented a subject from multiple angles, using simplified geometric forms.

Geometric Abstraction

Art movement of the early 20th century that stressed the two-dimensionality of painting as observed subjects were converted into geometric shapes.

Art of the Protestant Reformation stressed which of the following aspects or qualities?

Art of the Protestant Reformation stressed simplicity and piety, and reformers attacked what they called the idolatry of Catholic religious art.

Romantic Influences on Contemporary Life

Art, music, and literature of the Romantic Period have created a lasting impression on the contemporary creative mind. The 1975 song "All By Myself", written and recorded by Eric Carmen, is an example of the Romantic Period's influence on contemporary music. Like much Romantic music, the melody and inner voices of "All By Myself" feature chromaticism, the movement or displacement of notes by a half-step. Chromaticism can often result in a tune that sounds moody or emotional. This is typical of music of the Romantic Period. Many who have performed "All By Myself" have capitalized on this feature in their performances.

Constantin Brâncuși's Bird in Space, 1923

Bird in Space, 1923

Berlioz's ________ tells a story of an artist's imagination and hopeless passion that ultimately leads to tragedy.

Symphony Fantastique

Anglicanism:

The Anglican Church was formed by King Henry VIII of England when the Pope refused to annul his marriage. It became the largest Protestant movement in England. close

The Baroque Period saw the rise of what cultural mood in France?

The Baroque Period was an age of grand opulence, as both the fine and architectural arts in all of their grandeur and marvelous intricacy spread throughout the ever-growing European continent.

The Baroque Period occurred during the ________.

The Baroque movement occurred during the 17th and early 18th centuries.

Which of the following is considered a Communist propaganda film?

The Battleship Potemkin is considered a Communist propaganda film because it bolstered the Communist movement in the Soviet Union after the Bolsheviks' 1917 overthrow of the czar.

Romanesque

The Bayeux Tapestry

Hart Crane

The Bridge

They were prolific English poets and novelists

The Bronte sisters

The Eightfold Path

The Buddhist guide to a life of peace and harmony including eight directives for living a "right" life

Anton Chekhov's (theater)

The Seagull explores themes of unrequited love, human psychology, blind idealism, existentialism, and narcissism through techniques such as indirect action and authentic dialogue.

The art of the Middle Ages was produced largely by _________.

The art of the Middle Ages was produced largely by artisans who, for the most part, remained anonymous.

Art and Architecture in the Romantic Period

The artists of the Romantic Period mirrored the Romantic movement as a whole by celebrating the wild and irrational aspects of humanity. Romantic artists stressed passion, emotion, and exotic settings with dramatic action. There was a focus on heroic subject matters employing intense colors and loose brush strokes.

fragmentation

The process or act of breaking down a whole into parts or pieces.

Renaissance humanists believed in education for

The whole person

Zora Neale Hurston

Their Eyes Were Watching God

William Faulkner, "The Sound and the Fury"

Themes-Individualism and Fragmentation Modernist Techniques-Faulkner uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view Explores the difficulties of representing an individual's reality by following four different perspectives of relatives in a family struggling with resentment, neglect, mental illness, and fractured family traditions.

He was a poet, painter, and printmaker who placed the power of imagination at the core of human existence.

William Blake

Who wrote Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience

William Blake

The Way of the World is written by

William Congreve

Which of the following authors wrote about a millionaire who flourished amidst the expanding industrialization of the post-Civil War years?

William Dean Howells wrote The Rise of Silas Lapham, a study of the American businessman, which expounds on the moral and social conflicts in a man who is ambitious for fortune and status but also has a conscience.

William Hogarth's 18th century cartoon Gin Lane is an example of which function of art?

William Hogarth's 18th century cartoon Gin Lane, which warns viewers of the consequences of alcoholism, is an example of how art can offer political and social commentary.

His autobiographical poem "The Prelude", describes his own creative journey, demonstrating the introspection that characterizes Romanticism.

William Wordsworth

One of the foundational English Romantic poets; his work articulates the beauty of nature and explores the craft of writing; believed in "common speech" to reach all members of society

William Wordsworth

The Bayeux Tapestry (created in the 1070s) illustrates the Romanesque mixture between Roman and Eastern artistic techniques. The tapestry tells the story of

William the Conqueror's invasion of England and eventual rise to the throne

Which of the following Postmodern artists uses art as a form of protest, especially as it pertained (and still pertains) to apartheid South Africa?

Willie Bester is a South African painter and sculptor who often uses recyclable materials in his artwork. His artwork has a decidedly political relevance, as he uses his art as a form of protest, especially as it pertained (and still pertains) to apartheid South Africa.

Which of the following composers was a classical composer?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a classical composer.

During the Renaissance, the roles of female characters in Shakespeare's plays were played by ________.

Young Boys, All of the actors at the Globe Theatre in Shakespeare's time were men, and the roles of female characters were all played by young boys.

deconstruction

a term first introduced by Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), describing the limitations of interpreting literary texts.

Originally Performance art was an "art event,"

a theatrical exhibition of several thematically-related art works, conceived in a variety of media and presented to an audience either simultaneously or sequentially.

Flashback:

a theatrical storytelling method in which scenes that took place in the past are acted out instead of simply being alluded to in present-day dialogue

What is a clear example of the creation of aesthetic beauty in a humanities discipline?

a welder fabricates components for construction of a new high-rise building

Classical Greek lyric poetry, in contrast, encompasses

a wide range of everyday life subjects through the perspective of personal experience in language that is more intimate.

categorical imperative

according to Kant, is an absolute and universal moral demand or obligation founded on reasoning. In a sense, it is a rule for making other rules (or what Kant calls maxims).

Oedipus Rex addresses:

a person's relationship to the truth; suicide as retribution;

Define false prophecy

a prediction is made that drives the story but is ultimately untrue

Define subplot

a secondary story, often connected to the main plot, occurs simultaneously

The Roman Republic featured the separation of powers, with two elected consuls who headed the government were

a senate comprised of landowners of large plots (patricians), and assemblies made up of poorer farmers (plebeians). Members of the senate and the assemblies represented the people.

French feminism seeks to define women from ______________.

a solely female perspective, French feminism in the latter part of the 20th century and into the 21st seeks to define women from a solely female perspective.

Which of the following figures was an early feminist who argued that women should be educated?

Mary Wollstonecraft Her daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, later Mary Shelley, became the famous author of Frankenstein.

This Postmodern artist designed the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Maya Lin

The literature of the Middle Ages

Medieval writings, both religious and secular, addressed the central ideals of the Middle Ages. Religious writers celebrated holiness, while secular writers explored romantic themes, such as courage, heroism, honor, courtly love, and loyalty. Other literature kept the classical flame alive, as it considered matters both secular and religious in a style that was sophisticated and complex.

scholasticism

Medievil school of philosophy that sought to combine the teachings of Aristotle and the Church Fathers

Digital media allows for the networking of data, data processing, and the artwork itself

Networks can facilitate the involvement of multiple individuals joining together to create a piece of art.

Digitalization:

New digitalized media and devices allow for revolutionary artistic experimentation, and the availability of technology to the masses allows any individual to make art. Some Postmodernists have been able to blend traditional art forms with digital art, bringing them new ways to explore narrative, from video games to robotics. This theme allowed for more equality when it comes to creating art because the availability of technology to individuals allows non-artists to make art at their leisure.

Which of the following art genres is primarily concerned with modern mediums such as computer graphics, robotics, and video games?

New media art is primarily concerned with nontraditional, modern mediums, including computer graphics, Internet art, robotics, video games, and other virtual forms.

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the sense of fragmentation that influenced Modernist thought?

New religious factions were not contributors to the sense of fragmented identity that is characteristic of Modernism.

__________ proposed a formula for the laws of motion and universal gravitation and claimed that the motion of objects in space could be described in the same terms as the motion of objects on earth.

Newton

a profession of Christian faith that is still said in Christian liturgies today

Nicene Creed

The Importance of the Renaissance

No appreciation of the humanities is complete without understanding this era and its significance in the history of Western civilization. The Renaissance: •witnessed the revival of classical art, literature, philosophy, architecture, and learning, •spawned renewed study of the great works of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations, and •produced among the finest artistic and intellectual achievements in the history of the Western Humanities. The potential and talents of the individual became a significant focus in the Renaissance, including the idea of the well-rounded Renaissance Man. One of the most significant ideas to emerge from the Renaissance is the value of education, particularly in the Humanities. The catalyst for the classical revival was the belief that one could realize his or her full humanity only through classical education. This rebirth reasserted the superiority of ancient Greco-Roman creative and intellectual contributions

The Chateau Versailles is a Baroque masterpiece because:

No detail is left unembellished, from the massive Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors, ballroom) to the smallest corner moulding

This art movement emphasized Protestant teaching through simple woodcut illustrations and paintings with Biblical themes.

Reformation Art

Reformation:

Reformation took place in the form of Protestantism, sparked by Martin Luther's outspoken disagreement with many Church practices he believed were corrupt. Overall, reformation of the Roman Catholic Church was a very significant movement in the Renaissance that separated it from the Middle Ages.

Theatrical plays of the Middle Ages focused on which of the following themes

Religion, Like other creative forms produced during the Middle Ages, theatrical plays focused their attention on Christian themes.

Which one of the following themes was NOT typically addressed by Modernist poets?

Religious orthodoxy was not one of the themes typically addressed by Modernist poets.

Renaissance Context

Renaissance Man, Age of exploration

Renaissance Literature

Renaissance literature experimented with a wide range of styles that reflected an emphasis on the individual's psychological complexity in addition to the social and moral structures of society that were more often the focus of medieval literature. Many Renaissance authors found themselves combining Christian and classical learning into Christian humanism in order to reconcile the many conflicts between the two.

Someone who has multiple talents in various disciplines is known as a(n) _________.

Renaissance man is an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines.

Today we refer to a person who has broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines as a

Renaissance man or woman.

Renaissance music

Renaissance music was more secular than the music of the Middle Ages, and it was characterized by the classical principles of simplicity, balance, order, and clarity, as well as by the use of imitation.

Renaissance Art and Architecture

Renaissance painting, sculpture, and architecture departed from medieval traditions and reflected the merging of art and science. Several social and cultural factors impacted the arts in the Renaissance: •The overall atmosphere of the period celebrated change, experimentation, and innovation. •The accumulation of wealth in cities helped fund patronage of the arts. •Audiences became more diverse, demanding greater variety in artistic form and content.

Cubism:

Represented a subject from multiple angles, using simplified geometric forms.

Realism:

Represented the pendulum swing away from the emotionalism of Romanticism. Focused on producing accurate and objective portrayals of the ordinary, observable world, with a focus on the lower classes and with a critique of the established social and political order. Became popular just as photography was introduced as a new source of visual images. Important French Realist artists include Gustave Courbet, Honoré Daumier, Edouard Manet, and Rosa Bonheur. Important American Realist artists include Thomas Eakins and Henry Ossawa Tanner.

What theme means "matters; a public affair" in latin?

Republicanism

Which of the following is NOT an art style of the Middle Ages?

Rococo is not an art style of the Middle Ages. Art movements and styles that occurred during the Middle Ages include Romanesque, Gothic, and Byzantine.

When did the Rococo movement occur?

Rococo occurred during 1720-1780, the later years of the Baroque Period. First popular in France, the Rococo style spread throughout Europe.

Rodin's sculpture The Gates of Hell depicts which of the following works of literature?

Rodin's The Gates of Hell depicts a scene from the first section of Dante Alighieri's epic poem The Divine Comedy. The sculpture is comprised of a collection of powerful figures meant to represent the tormented souls of Dante's Inferno.

The Middle Ages, which included the _______ and _____ styles

Romanesque; Gothic

_______ developed a system of divided government in which various assemblies controlled different aspects of government. That form of divided government served as a model for the governments of many nations, including that of the United States.

Romans

Which of the following is a unique trait of the Romantic hero?

Romantic heroes are sometimes misunderstood as they follow their personal passion., The Romantic (or Byronic) hero is an exceptional and gifted loner who was driven to follow personal passion rather than traditional societal expectations.

________ represented a break from classical perspectives in music and art and a shift to an emphasis on the senses.

Romanticism

_____________ was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in Europe from the late 18th century to the middle of the 19th century.

Romanticism

The Romantic Period

Romanticism was a break from the intellectual framework of the Enlightenment and was a shift to a more expressive mode that emphasized the boldly heroic, the individual, the imagination, and the irrational.

Literature in the Romantic Period

Romantics sought new modes of representation and crafted innovative ways to signal their departure from previously held beliefs, traditions, and literary forms. As such, Romantic literature is iconoclastic in nature; it sought to break down conventions and societal norms. Romantic literary themes included: a movement away from rationalism to embrace the imagination a focus on the superiority of nature a return to medieval aesthetics a contemplation of the divine or higher moral purpose a focus on the self and introspection

Georgia O'Keeffe

Series 1, No. 8

Context

Set of facts or circumstances that surround a work of art and help us determine and clarify its meaning

Lysistrata themes were

Sex, Gender Relations, and Women's Roles

name some works of the Middle age religion

St augustine, the bible and the book of kells

Which of the following structures is NOT an example of Neoclassical architecture?

St. Paul's Cathedral in London is an example of architecture from the Baroque Period.

How did Stravinsky achieve the sense of Paganism in his work Rite of Spring?

Stravinsky employed many radical devices to underscore a Paganistic theme in Rite of Spring, including a heavily syncopated rhythm, and music and dance that was not formal but instead inspired by folkloric traditions.

Stream-of-consciousness Narration:

Stream-of-consciousness narration represents the erratic "flow" of internal thoughts, which was important in representing Modernist themes.

Which of the following techniques was developed by Modernist fiction writers?

Stream-of-consciousness narration was a Modernist technique developed by Modernist fiction writers like James Joyce, William Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf. It strove to represent a character's thoughts and feelings as they experience them, often neglecting grammatical correctness and coherent flow.

Geometric Abstraction:

Stressed the two-dimensionality of painting, as observed subjects were converted into geometric shapes.

Which concept did the philosophy of Deism contribute to the Enlightenment period?

god created the universe according to scientific laws & principles & lets it function on its own

"Indian Boarding School: The Runaways," by Louise Erdrich

grapples with a particularly dark history in America. The poem alludes to boarding schools that were created in the 19th century (and many still exist today) to which Native American children were often forcibly removed to be recultured in more American "way"

Exemplary works

gregorian chants, requims, Liturgical Drama, and secular music, Troubledours.

During the Romantic Period, symphony orchestras _____ in size and a new ______ audience enjoyed the more emotional and large-scale music of the period.

grew, middle-class

In his altar piece, Giotto demonstrates that he __________.

has developed a greater understanding of depth than Cimabue

Similar to Odysseus in Greece, Aeneas

idealized what the Roman culture believed to be an ideal man to which all Romans should strive.

The Middle Ages were a time of ____ and ____.

ideals; archetypes, T The Middle Ages are best known for creating the Christian ideals and promoting the ideas of archetypes such as the chivalrous knight.

Sappho's poem uses

intimate language to represent deeply personal emotions.

How might a musical analyst describe Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C?

intricate voices and themes that mimic each other The voices in Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C are detailed and intertwine with one another to create complexity.

pointilism*

involves using an arrangement of dots to create color and shading in an illustration.

Romantic architects experimented with different building materials, such as _____, _____, and ______; as seen in London's Crystal Palace.

iron, steel, glass

Oedipus Rex used

irony, foreshadowing

The Flesh and the Spirit by Anne Bradstreet

is a metaphysical poem representing Flesh and Spirit as two sisters. Bradstreet uses these figures to express Puritan beliefs and the theme of mortality.

metanarrative

is a narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience or knowledge, which offers a society legitimation through the anticipated completion of a (as yet unrealized) master idea.

Louise Erdrich

is a prolific American poet and writer. Best known as a novelist, she has also written numerous collections of poetry and short stories, a memoir about motherhood, and children's books

Marxism

is a social, political, economic, and philosophical theory developed by Karl Marx that highlights the role class conflict plays in the development of different social systems over time. Marxists believe that social unrest will inevitably overthrow capitalist systems. Karl Marx

Cindy Sherman

is an American artist who blends performance art with set design and photography to create new identities for herself in her art.

Audrey Flack

is an American artist whose work covers painting, printmaking, and sculpture. One of her most notable paintings, Marilyn (1977) She achieves this using the traditions of trompe l'oeil* and with the use of an airbrush, a tool used by commercial artists that sprays an even mist of subtle value gradations.

Artistic media of the middle ages

mosaic, stained glass, fresco, tempera, and encaustic

As Middle Ages theater gained popularity in the 14th and 15th century and a broader audience, the themes and subjects began to broaden, turning them from liturgical plays to ________, The most notable cycle of these plays went from the Creation through the Last judgement, usually 48 plays.

mystery plays

Enlightenment thinking valued all of the following EXCEPT __________.

mysticism, Enlightenment thinking valued logic, order, and clarity. For Enlightenment philosophers, reason, rational thinking, and observation were key to uncovering philosophical truths.

They embraced the _______and _____ of classical myths and medieval tales, inspired by the symbolism of supernatural characters and creatures found in such stories. Romantic artists borrowed figures and settings from the Classical Period and the Middle Ages, inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman polytheistic pantheon and the movement of mysticism during the Middle Ages. The Gothic movement in art, architecture, and literature embodied this fascination with spirituality, intrigue, and horror.

mysticism, occult

What character flaw would drive the plot of a Greek tragedy?

n Greek tragedies, the main character's central human trait or character flaw, such as hubris, was the driving force behind the plot.

the political legitimacy of a state is derived from some inherent unity or cohesion among the people that live in the area governed by that state.

nationalism

Another significant Romantic movement was ______, which saw a renewed interest in nature and in representing nature in the arts. Many Romantics found wisdom and solace in the natural world and sought to represent the strange emotions that occur when encountering the sublime.

naturalism

Cimabue's paintings and mosaics reflected a move toward __________.

naturalism

English Romantic poets expressed a love of ______, an interest in ______, a reveling in the _____, and an investigation into the _____ side of human emotion and humanity in their works.

nature, exoticism, senses, darker

During the romantic period, __________ expanded to include percussion and keyboard instruments in addition to woodwinds, brass, and strings.

orchestras

During the Romantic Period,

orchestras expanded to include percussion and keyboard instruments in addition to woodwinds, brass, and strings.

Most Realist art focused on which of the following subjects?

ordinary people and places, During the Realist Period, artists, writers, and thinkers grew increasingly preoccupied with recording physical forms and realistic details of ordinary people and places.

style of vocal music that adds one harmonic voice to a melody

organum

Romantic art had an emphasis on _______, _______, and _____ settings with dramatic action. stressed passion, emotion, and exotic settings with dramatic action.

passion, emotion, exotic

Romantic artists stressed ______, ______, and ______ with dramatic action.

passion, emotion, exotic settings

Which is NOT an outcome of the Council of Trent?

reiteration of the need for "absolute faith" in order to achieve salvation, he Council of Trent reiterated the concept that faith alone was not sufficient to achieve salvation. Believers also needed to do "good works," including acts of mercy; veneration of saints, relics, sacred images; and participation in the Sacraments.

Donne's poem "The Flea" addresses:

sexual desire referenced through metaphor the relationship between morality and love the possibilities of immortality through sex and progeny

John Donne The Flea Theme

sexual desire referenced through metaphor the relationship between morality and love the possibilities of immortality through sex and progeny

Betye Saar's The Liberation of Aunt Jemima,1972

she began collecting images of negative black racial stereotyping in media. She also references negative race and class-based stereotyping as servants in the food and service industries through the reproduction of old Aunt Jemima advertising images that form the background. Mixed media and assemblage are used by Saar, who boldly includes a brightly painted sculpture of Aunt Jemima in high relief bursting forth from the negative racial stereotyping symbolized by the worn and faded advertising images duplicated in the background.

How did Gutenberg's introduction of the printing press too Germany in the 1400s impact culture & religion in Renaissance Europe?

t allowed religious reformers to spread their ideas to a larger audience & allowed people greater access to written materials such as poems & novels.

From a fiscal perspective,

technological advances have lowered the cost of attaining consumer devices, such as cameras and audiovisual software.

How does technology impact the visual arts?

technology allows us to archive, reproduce and share artwork in many ways

Renaissance architecture featured

the revival of the dome and the fashioning of secular structures, including palaces, residences, theaters, and libraries.

EPISTEMOLOGY

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.

Aaron Douglas

was a leading member of the Harlem Renaissance and an influential Modernist artist.

The use of female actors in Neoclassical plays

was a new convention in England that allowed playwrights to focus on the tragic interplay between men and women.

Lorraine Hansberry

was a playwright, author, activist, and influential figure in the Harlem Renaissance. She was the first African American woman to write a play that was produced on Broadway.

Voltaire

was a writer and French philosopher who satirized self-proclaimed high-mindedness and rationality. He was skeptical of those who are too self-assured and those who are thoughtlessly cruel because of that assurance. His satire Candide attacks the Optimism of -Gottfried Leibniz, a philosophical stance predicated on the theological belief that all things, good or bad, happen for a reason.

Thomas Hobbes

was an English philosopher whose work created a foundation for modern political science and philosophy. He is best known for his book Leviathan, which addressed the origin of states and governments and led to the development of the highly influential Social Contract Theory. also argued that the absence of absolute authority figure would lead to a "War of all against all"

Mary Wollstonecraft

was an English writer, philosopher, and feminist who argued for the advancement of women, affirming that women were capable of rationality and that they should be educated.

Louis Armstrong

was an inspirational, innovative jazz musician who influenced the art of jazz and changed the course of music. His unique style of trumpet playing and singing broke traditional playing styles and opened up new opportunities for improvisation and soloing in music.

John Locke

was one of the most influential philosophers and political theorists in British history. Many current ideas about selfhood, identity, and the way the mind works come from Locke. Locke also wrote highly influential books on government, providing a basis for the American political experiment. Published Two Tretises of Government. -

The Jazz Singer (1927)

was the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized sound. The offensive use of blackface in the film reveals a racist attitude prevalent at this time and illustrates the racial tension that occurred as a result of rapid urbanization.

One of the innovations of the period

was the introduction of the viola da gamba, a bowed, fretted, and stringed instrument that evolved from the instruments of Spain.

One popular form of music during the Renaissance

was the madrigal, a polyphonic vocal work that set a pastoral poem to music. It used a technique called "word painting," in which notes would ascend or descend depending on the literal textual meaning.

Two of the innovations in Renaissance art

were the widespread use of oil painting as a medium and the development of mathematical or linear perspective in painting.

John Donne wrote such poems as The Flea

which conjures images of deep love, lust, and mortality. His poem is lyrical, but it uses metaphor and other literary conceits to express his themes.

Jacques Derrida coined the term "Deconstruction",

which posited that literature had no implicit meaning that could be studied and understood because everyone houses biases within their use of language. Deconstruction is the process of analyzing a text's ambiguity.

Electronic music,

which uses electronic instruments to produce sounds, become especially popular in the 1950s and 60s and continues to have an influence on today's music. Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), which allows musicians to create specific sounds based on predetermined settings on a computer or studio device, was developed in the 1980s.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

who composed sonatas, symphonies, masses, concertos, and operas. Some of his most well-known works are Einekleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G minor, and the opera Le Nozze De Figaro ("The Marriage of Figaro").

John Singleton Copley

who created portraits and history paintings; Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Mifflin(1773) , Watson and the Shark

Jacques-Louis David,

who painted scenes that emphasized civic virtue and civic morality; Oath of Horatii

Shakespeare

who was a master wordsmith and who used confusion and misunderstanding to create the major events of the plot. He wrote the tragedy Hamlet.

Angelica Kauffmann

who was one of the most popular portraitists of her time

William Hunter and Jan van Rymsdyk

whose drawings contributed to the study of the female reproduction process. Child in Womb

Henry Fuseli

whose paintings often explored elements of the supernatural, The nightmare

Joseph Nechvatal,

whose surreal robotic-assisted acrylic paintings are inspired by computer viruses and the "post-human" aesthetic.

Marlowe

whose treatment of religion directly references the Protestant Reformation and the eternal struggle between good and evil. He wrote the historical tragedy Doctor Faustus.

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

whose writings prompted the neoclassical movement;

Disciplines such

as natural history, modern science, and natural law were all born out of the Enlightenment.

Ideas such

as the separation of church and state, religious tolerance, and free speech were also fruits of the Enlightenment.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

believed that the native peoples encountered through trade and colonization were, in some ways, morally superior, arguing that a person is at his or her best in wholly natural environments and is corrupted by the environments of society.

Empiricists

believed that all knowledge is derived through our senses and based on ideas and theories on testing, observation, and experience.

Rationalists

believed that human reason is the key to knowledge.

Utilitarianism

believes in the rights of the individual as long as it does not interfere with the happiness and welfare of the society as a whole. John Stuart Mill

Kant believed that the cornerstone of a coherent system of morality was __________.

consistency

Skepticism

departed from both rationalism and empiricism in that it criticized our ability to perceive and understand the world around us, acknowledging the limitations of human reasoning.

Which of the following technological advances enhanced theatrical performances?

electrical lighting, Gas lighting in theaters in the late 19th century allowed for better lit performances on stage.

The philosophes

embraced deism largely because it was a concept that appealed to the rational mind. Deism rejected the details of Christianity and believed in a deity who ordained the order in the universe and let that order operate.

Moral philosophy is the study of ________.

ethics

They viewed nonwestern cultures as "exotic" places with alluring practices and people, and Europeans began to have a fascination with what they viewed as new and unusual—a trend that became known as ______

exoticism

avant-garde

experimental theater that is on the vanguard of unconventional forms.

Castiglione's The Courtier

explores the process of fashioning one's individual sense of self according to a set of socially acceptable standards.

Baroque architecture was often meant to ________.

express human longing for spirituality

Post-Impressionist artists had greater concern for ________________ than the Impressionists did.

expression, structure and form

The Romantic Period represented a break from classical perspectives in music and art and a shift to a more ______ mode.

expressive

The music of the Romantic period was more ______ and ________.

expressive, emotional

Calderón de la Barca, Life is a dream uses

false prophecy

Realism was a counter-reaction to feudalism. True or False?

false, Realism was a late-19th century counter-reaction to Romanticism.

According to Aquinas, humans should exercise their free will to achieve their own desires. True or False?

false, According to Aquinas, we should use our free will to abide by Natural Law.

Artwork produced during the Harlem Renaissance only appealed to African Americans. True or False?

false, Artwork produced during the Harlem Renaissance appealed to diverse audiences.

In the year 1066 Harold Godwinson defeated William the Conqueror only to ultimately lose his next battle to Harald Hardrada. True or False?

false, Harold Godwinson defeated Harald Hardrada at the battle of Stamford Bridge, but lost the Battle of Hastings to William the Conqueror.

3. Eastern Orthodox Christians differ from Roman Catholics in that they ignore the writings of the saints of the Church and focus only on the Bible. True or False?

false, Orthodox Christians actually revere the writings of saints in addition to the Bible. One of their sacred texts is the Philokalia, which contains the writers of masters between the fourth and fifteenth centuries.

Great Schism occurred when Christian and Muslim nations were divided over who would have control of holy cities like Jerusalem. True or False?

false, The Great Schism refers to the split between the Western and Eastern parts of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, respectively. The two halves disagreed over issues of theology and authority until each side excommunicated the other.

Acoording to Professor Kelly, the development of the printing press is believed to have NOT contributed to the Reformation. True or False?

false, This is a false statement. Dr. Kelly argues that there is a direct relationship between the development of the printing press and the Reformation.

Aquinas accepted Divine Command Theory as the sole basis for Natural Law. True or False?

false, Thomas Aquinas' approach combined Divine Command Theory with applied human reason. He posited that God exists, humans are made in the image of God, and reason can enable us to know certain things.

The cultivation of the Romantic hero and the focus on human passion indicated that Romantic artists valued ________, or what it means to be an individual. Romantics celebrated and promoted the righteousness of human individuality and developed a newfound respect for the figure of the imaginative genius.

individualism

Thomas More published Utopia in which an ideal society thrives thanks to the lack of private property. This went against the Renaissance idea of _______.

individualism, In Utopia, More presented the idea that the government should limit the amount of property a person can own. This concept suggested imposing limitations on the expression of individualism in economic activities.

Beowulf significance

gives us a glimpse into the heroic code most valued throughout the poem: leaders must rule with prudence and generosity in order to command respect and loyalty.

Seeing a need to address moral issues and themes more concretely and less elaborately than the mystery plays, _________ were written to teach Christian principles in a more direct fashion, black and white subjects, and showed direct and opposing grouping of vices and virtues. Also used everyday men instead of biblical characters as the main characters.

morality plays

William Shakespeare

sonnets

This Modernist style of art emphasized spontaneous personal expression in large abstract paintings.

Abstract Expressionism emphasized spontaneous personal expression in large abstract paintings.

Major Themes of Realism

Dawinism, Scientific materialism, Industrialization, Individualism and the Age of Doubt

Contemporary Influences

"Modern dance," as we know it today, was first conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern dance developed as a rejection of classical ballet's proscribed body positioning, storylines, and economic class connotations. Modern dance embraced "radical" new body positioning and costumes, conceptual themes, and a multicultural approach to companies, choreographers, and dancers. Modern dance eventually evolved into contemporary dance, which blends Modern and balletic aesthetics and techniques.

T.S. Eliot's "The Hollow Men" uses which poetic form?

"The Hollow Men" uses free verse, meaning it does not follow poetic form and rhyme conventions. Using free verse in "The Hollow Men" signals that technological "advances" of war cannot be represented through traditional means.

The phrase "a spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down" means that medicine (which typically tastes bad) is easier to swallow when paired with something delicious. Similarly, things that are unpleasant are easier to accept if they are paired with something pleasant. Which Enlightenment work uses this strategy to convey its message?

"The Rape of the Lock" uses humor to soften the critique of the upper class' focus on the conceits of appearance rather than "real" virtues, such as truth or reason.

Which of the following statements best illustrates Renaissance humanism's stress on engagement with the world?

"The whole glory of man lies in activity.",. This statement captures Renaissance humanism's stress on engagement with the world.

Neoclassical theater featured either

"the heroic tragedy" or "the comedy of manners," as tragedy and comedy were not mixed.

Roy Lichtenstein

(1923-1997) was a New York City artist who created a very iconic and unique brand of Pop Art*. As you learned in the previous module, Andy Warhol and Richard Hamilton were two of the earliest, groundbreaking Pop artists, and it is important to note that Pop Art straddles the line between Modernism and Postmodernism, as it encompasses themes and innovations that are hallmarks of both periods.

In which 2 ways has digital art changed the relationship between artists & their audiences?

-Artist-audience interaction can occur on a deeper level b/c of online social media tools -Artworks can exist in multiple forms - print, digital, fashion - and reach a greater audience

Modernist Techniques

-Dissonance: Occurs when two or more sounds collide rather than provide a traditional, harmonized melody. -Improvisation: Occurs when variations on a musical theme are spontaneously created.

Examples of Cultural exchange and diversity in the romantic period.

-Due to improvements in transportation technology Romantic writers, artists, and musicians traveled through the East in search of new inspiration -In France, artists such as Antoine Jean Gros and Théodore Géricault made strong political statements and used exotic figures and locations in their paintings. - French artists Eugène Delacroix and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres conjured exotic images drawn from the Middle East and Africa. - In England, John Nash designed the Royal Pavilion, which reflected a new exoticism in the use of Mughal and Islamic architectural elements. - In America, artists such as George Caleb Bingham and George Catlin depicted cultural aspects of the Native Americans. - American composers of hymns and church music looked abroad for inspiration, drawing from the works of the great classical composers of Europe.

According to Aquinas, there are three distinct aspects of Natural Law:

-Everything in Nature Exists for a Reason -How Things Are and How They Ought to Be -Acceptance of Reason as God-Given and Part of the Natural Law

Rise of the Commonwealth:

-In 1648, Oliver Cromwell stepped up to lead the English revolution. -The revolution resulted in the overthrow and murder of King Charles I. -The rising commonwealth inspired the creation of the Restrained Baroque style. -The Restrained Baroque style portrayed simple, middle-class, modern life and Protestant ideals.

Baroque's Reluctant Welcome

-In England, there was some resistance to the emerging Baroque style because it was viewed as emphasizing sinful luxury and was associated with a bygone era of unbridled greed, now historically unjustifiable.

Features of Christianity?

-It arose from a small band of Jews who followed a leader named Jesus of Nazareth. -It is rooted in the teachings of the New Testament of the Bible. -One of its primary followers was the Apostle Paul.

Artists Christo & Jeanne-Claude installed 7500 vinyl "gates" along 33 miles of pathways in Central Park in NYC. Saffron-colored nylon fabric hung from each steel gate. The gates were exhibited for 2 wks after several yrs of planning & preparation.

-It invites viewers to re-evaluate & reconsider the environment -The use of colored fabric, steel & the park combines mediums in innovative ways

Popular authors and works of the Enlightenment included:

-Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose novel Emile uses logic and rational thought to address a new approach to education. This new model challenges social boundaries; ◦Samuel Richardson, whose novel Pamela challenges the boundaries of social status by evoking sympathy for a servant girl that tries to maintain her virtue; ◦and Alexander Pope, whose mock-epic poem "The Rape of the Lock" pokes fun at the upper class' preoccupation with appearance rather than such virtues as humor and grace.

Which of the following was an event that caused social and economic turmoil in the 20th century?

-The 19th amendment in the United States, which gave women the right to vote -Anti-miscegenation and anti-immigration laws that caused violent racial tensions -The crash of the U.S. stock market and the Great Depression

The rhetoric triad consists of:

-Thos (points to the character of the speaker/writer and the question of credibility.) -Pathos (is the technique of appealing to the emotion of the audience.) -Logos i(s the use of reason, and it could be in the form of deduction or induction, or both)

Classical drama consisted of which of --------?

-Tragedies - Comedies - Satyr plays

Critical Theory was

-created by philosophers from the "Frankfurt School" such as Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkeimer, Walter Benjamin, and Erick Fromm. Philosophers felt that, following the Enlightenment, there was an overemphasis on scientific thinking, leading to a machine-like state. Works critiqued capitalism and social pathology. Post-colonialism focused on economic, political, and cultural oppression following colonization. Frantz Fanon and Edward Said were two of the most famous post-colonialists. Philosophy focused on the Western assumptions, which led to imperialism and the cultural bias against conquered peoples. Characterized by a fear that the inheritance of the Enlightenment had spawned totalitarianism. This theory was critical of capitalism.

Abstract Expressionism:

Emphasized spontaneous and dramatic personal expression in large abstract paintings.

Renaissance

1200 - 1700

When was the Romantic Period?

18th-19th century

Henrik Ibsen's (theater)

A Doll's House explores themes of feminism, societal obligations, inner psychological motivation and shame, and the unreliability of appearances through the use of techniques such as letters, authentic dialogue, and intricate stage directions.

Ernest Hemmingway

A Farewell to Arms

Bauhaus:

A German art and architectural style founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius known for its simplicity, functionalism, and craftsmanship.

name a Greek lyric poem

A Lament for Adonis" is a Greek lyric poem.

Which play is considered part of the Harlem Renaissance?

A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman, Lorraine Hansberry, to be produced on Broadway. It is considered part of the Harlem Renaissance because it features an African American family struggling to attain the so-called "American dream", but hindered by their race. Works of art that reflected the African American community at this time were part of the Harlem Renaissance's exploration of the arts as a way to express the unique issues that the community faced.

Which of the following was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway?

A Raisin in the Sun was written by Lorraine Hansberry and was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway. As such, the play is an important part of the Harlem Renaissance.

Heresy

A challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrines of a religion or church

Movement

A change of position, location, or timeframe; sense of motion, action, or time created in a work of art; distinct compositional units of a symphony; broad thematic social and artistic concerns of a given time period as expressed in its works of art

psychoanalysis

A collection of theories and practices, developed originally by Sigmund Freud, that emphasized the role of the unconscious, experience, and the bridging of the internal and external mind.

Aesthetics

A conception of what is artistically valid or beautiful in art, culture, or nature

The battles that took place before the Battle of Hastings were caused, in large part, by which of the following?

A dispute regarding who would claim the throne after Edward the Confessor died in January of 1066, The ascendency to the throne after Edward the Confessor died in January of 1066 was disputed; this led to several battles that changed the history of England and the English language.

Metaphor

A figure of speech in which something is explained in terms of something else

Fauvism:

Emphasized spontaneous, bold reactions to nature and employed vibrant, wild colors.

Sympathetic magic

A mythic ceremony or ritual found in early societies designed to influence the behavior of deities or supernatural forces

Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation?

A non-Lakota member wearing a ceremonial Lakota headdress as a Halloween costume. Cultural appropriation is the use of specific elements of one culture by an outside culture, which can be problematic when this is done by the outside culture without consent.

Epicureanism

A philosophy which asserts that the greatest happiness in life is found in avoiding pain

fascism

A political system based on the belief that the nation's goals and values are more important than individual rights; fascist states may also be ruled by totalitarian leaders that maintain absolute authority.

Which of the following choices was NOT a Romantic literary theme?

A rejection of the divine, Romantic literature contemplated the divine and higher moral purposes.

Deism:

A shift in religious thinking also took place with the growth of deism, a belief system that credits God as the original architect of the universe's natural laws but who does not currently oversee the events of the world.

Dionysian response

A spontaneous, unstructured, creative, passionate reaction

Trompe l'oeil

A style of painting that creates the optical illusion of three dimensionality

Renaissance man

A term describing an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines

The Industrial Revolution

A time of tremendous industrial growth in Europe signaling a dramatic shift from an agriculture-based economy to one centered around industrialization, mechanized labor, and urbanization. and scientists, merchants, and engineers of the Romantic Period found practical applications for science, developing steam power, efficient machinery for factories, and new modes of transportation.

Who is considered the foremost visual artist of the Harlem Renaissance?

Aaron Douglas is considered the foremost visual artist of the Harlem Renaissance.

Define Divine Right of Kings/Absolutism:

Absolute monarchs were also dedicated patrons during the Baroque Period. With the divine right of kings to support their total state authority, these monarchs commissioned ostentatious artistic creations to show off their power and wealth.

Divine Right of Kings/Absolutism:

Absolute monarchs were also dedicated patrons during the Baroque Period. With the divine right of kings to support their total state authority, these monarchs commissioned ostentatious artistic creations to show off their power and wealth.

The song ____________ by Eric Carmen is an example of the Romantic periods influence on contemporary music.

All by Myself

Marlowe technique

Allegory

Richard Strauss

Also Sprach Zarathustra Strauss primarily wrote "tone poems" — compositions that drew inspiration from artistic or literary works. The nine sections of Also Sprach Zarathustra, composed in 1896, are modeled after Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. The bold central theme, with perfect intervals and strong trumpets, suggests vastness and infinite possibility. "Eternal recurrence," Nietzsche's concept that all events will occur and reoccur infinitely, is represented with three repetitions of the central motif. The piece returns continually to C major, a key without sharps or flats, which we consider to be the most basic and also the most perfect of keys. So clearly does Also Sprach Zarathustra convey a sense of otherworldliness that it was used during the Apollo moon landing missions and in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.

______ Romantic writers share their English counterparts' investment in nature, introspection, and the sublime

American

1861-1865; split the United States into two, the Union in the North and the confederacy in the South, over the opposition to slavery.

American Civil War

American Realists:

American Realist authors provided an expression of moral and psychic exhaustion caused by urbanization, industrialization, and the Civil War. Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) challenged societal norms and prevalent racism; William Dean Howells (A Modern Instance, The Rise of Silas Lapham) divulged his concerns about race, labor issues, and women's rights; and Kate Chopin (The Awakening) explored the importance of female independence.

A reaction to British taxation and limitations on trade and commerce in the colonies; resulted in the Declaration of Independence and established the U.S. as its own country.

American Revolution

American Romanticism

American Romantic writers share their English counterparts' investment in nature, introspection, and the sublime. American Romantics, however, anchor their thought in distinctly American themes and American frames of reference.

Architecture:

American architect Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) was considered the "father of the modern skyscraper." Sullivan and his partner, Dankmar Adler, designed the Transportation Building for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel was a bridge builder, architect, and metals expert whose company was chosen to build Paris' most recognizable monument, the Eiffel Tower, for the 1889 World's Fair.

Military March:

American composer John Philip Sousa spearheaded the style that came to be known as the "march," employing a military and patriotic style to produce powerful, precise sounds that invoke a sense of order and might. His well-known compositions are "Semper Fidelis" and "The Stars & Stripes Forever."

A person who subscribes to the notion of American exceptionalism would likely support U.S. intervention in countries that are struggling to establish a political structure.

American exceptionalism refers to the belief, held by many Americans, that the United States is the greatest nation on earth and that it is the most advanced in terms of political development and individual freedom.

Rallying, patriotic lyrics are most important for which of the following musical forms?

American war songs sought to rally the nation with their patriotic themes in times of war.

Frank Sinatra:

An American singer who became famous during the Swing era and quickly became the idol of swooning teenage female fans. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, he recorded a number of popular standards, demonstrating his unique style and musical approach.

Apollonian response

An analytical, rational, objective reaction

Dadaism:

An anti-establishment artistic movement that emerged in Europe in reaction to the horrors of World War I and emphasized the absurd.

Dadaism

An anti-establishment artistic movement that emerged in Europe in reaction to the horrors of World War I and emphasized the absurd. Marcel Duchamp's Fountain, 1917, is an example of a "readymade," what he called found objects that he displayed as illogical art. Absurdism, as a reaction to the horror of World War I, became a hallmark of Dadaist art. Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz.

Cinema

An artistic medium that uses the motion picture as a vehicle for story telling and other creative expression

avant-garde

An artistic movement (and those artists involved in it) that breaks with tradition and is radically new or original.

capitalism

An economic system that encourages private ownership and rewards individuals based primarily on their merit or individual success.

Aesthetic experience

An experience of beauty that inspires a feeling of pleasure which is its own justification

Of the following artists, who worked within the Neoclassical movement?

Angelica Kauffmann was one of the few prominent female Neoclassical artists.

The Flesh and the Spirit was written by

Anne Bradstreet

________'s works reflected deeply held Puritan beliefs and experiences with new continents in the 17th century.

Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan writer whose poetry reflected contact with new continents in the 17th century, specifically America.

Which type of poetry was Anne Bradstreet's The Flesh and the Spirit?

Anne Bradstreet's The Flesh and the Spirit is a metaphysical poem that uses literary conceits to convey themes of Puritanism and mortality.

Which famous Baroque artist's career was complicated by political friction between Anglicans and Puritans?

Anthony van Dyck worked as a court painter after Oliver Cromwell had established himself as absolute ruler following the English Revolution. Oliver Cromwell was then overthrown in the "Glorious Revolution." The political tension during that time complicated van Dyck's career.

In France, artists such as _______ and ________ made strong political statements and used exotic figures and locations in their paintings.

Antoine Jean Gros, Theodore Gericault

James Joyce

Araby

Those original models that help us understand our experience are called ________.

Archetypes are the original models by which we comprehend human experience.

Lysistrata was written by

Aristophanes

Which Greek playwright is known for his comedies that satirize gender relations, sex, and war?

Aristophanes

Philosophers hoped to combine _____ thought with _____ theology.

Aristotelian, Christian, When Aristotle's philosophical works were discovered in the Middle Ages, philosophers looked for ways to combine his teachings with Christian theology.

Who emphasized the Golden Mean

Aristotle

What are the six essential elements of drama

Aristotle established six essential elements of drama: plot, character, diction (language), thought (theme), spectacle (visual elements), and music (aural elements).

Art Nouveau:

Art Nouveau was an art movement during the late 19th century and early 20th century that favored sinuous lines, curves, and organic motifs, such as plants and flowers. It often took inspiration from the unruly aspects of nature and represented a break with classical traditions. Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898) was an English illustrator and prominent Art Nouveau artist. Beardsley's clear and uncomplicated images are offset by an erotic sensuality with creatures of fantasy and caricatures of decadence. Art Nouveau architects turned to asymmetrical shapes, decorative surfaces, and curved forms. They favored mosaics, stained glass, and an organic look mimicking plants and nature. Leading architects included Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Louis Sullivan, and Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Expressionism

Art movement of early 20th century that emphasized subjective feelings above objective observations and focused on conveying emotions. Edvard Münch's painting, The Scream (1893)

Minimalism

Art movement of mid-20th century that emphasized a nonrepresentational style of sculpture and painting and extreme simplicity of form. Tony Smith

Abstract Expressionism

Art movement of mid-20th century that emphasized spontaneous and dramatic personal expression in large abstract paintings. Jackson Pollock's Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist)

Pop Art

Art movement of mid-20th century which emphasized existing popular images and cultural artifacts, often mimicking mass-produced consumer products. Richard Hamilton's Just What It Is that Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?

Which of the following statements is not true of art in the Baroque Period?

Artistic expression avoided religious themes in an effort to rebel against the Protestant Reformation.

Modernism

Artistic movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries which challenged traditional representational art forms and developed new styles and forms.

Preoccupation with Physical Reality

Artists, writers and thinkers were increasingly preoccupied with recording physical forms and realistic details of ordinary people and places. Sympathetic and concrete portrayals of ordinary subjects contrasted distinctly with the exotic and heroic imagery of the Romantic Period. Scientific materialism and the emergence of photography contributed to the desire and ability to accurately record the physical world with forthright objectivity.

What novel technique(s) did Rembrandt introduce to portraiture in the Baroque Period?

As Dr. Paula Carabell states in the Video Commentary, Rembrandt created a narrative in The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, as we watch Dr. Tulp show his students what each muscle in the arm of a cadaver does. In addition, he uses the students' positions and facial expressions, some of which are looking directly at the viewer, to create a connection with the viewer.

Unification of the Arts:

As opulent displays of wealth and Christian themes became a priority, artistic forms were unified and combined, such as with a reintegration of painting with architecture (as seen in frescos) and the recombination of sculpture with architecture.

Define Unification of the Arts:

As opulent displays of wealth and the glorification of key Catholic teachings became a priority due to the Counter Reformation, artistic forms were unified and combined. This is seen with the combination of painting with architecture (as seen in frescoes) and of sculpture with architecture (as seen in Bernini's decorations for St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome).

Which of the following works was inspired by the decorative art of the Art Nouveau age?

Aubrey Beardsley's The Peacock Skirt was inspired by the decorative art of the Art Nouveau age. This is one of Beardsley's best-known illustrations.

Expressionism:

Emphasized subjective feelings above objective observations and focused on conveying emotions.

What are the seven sacraments that the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox christians celebrate

Baptism, confirmation, eucachrist, penance, extreme unction, holy orders and marriage.

William Faulkner

Barn Burning

The Baroque Period saw the birth of _______.

Baroque Period saw the birth of opera, perhaps the most unified of Baroque art forms, which drew together orchestral music, singing, dancing, drama, and art (the architecture of the stage itself, costume design, and set painting).

Baroque Art and Architecture

Baroque art and architecture began as a reaction to the rise of Protestantism, as it aimed to underscore the supremacy of the Catholic Church. •Baroque art presented Christian subjects with a sense of drama and emotion. •Baroque architecture featured ornamentation and embellishments that highlighted the wealth and power of the Church. •Baroque art presented Christian subjects with a sense of drama and emotion. •Artists representing Protestant regions of Europe tended to focus on the creation of still lifes, landscapes, and depictions of everyday life, continuing to use the trompe l'oeil technique, which created the optical illusion of three dimensionality.

The Baroque Period in Contemporary Life

Baroque music has had a tremendous effect on contemporary life and has persisted in popularity to this day. It is perhaps the most lasting cultural legacy of the Baroque era. Some well-known compositions include the "Hallelujah Chorus" from Handel's Messiah. Baroque music has also influenced: •Satirist Peter Schickele's comical rearrangements of Baroque compositions (under the name of the fictional composer P. D. Q. Bach). •Jazz musicians who have reworked ideas of line and counterpoint from Baroque music.

Baroque Poetry

Baroque poetry focuses on Christian themes but in a way that reflects the divergence of the Protestant Reformation and other sects forming away from the Roman Catholic Church. Baroque poetry also takes on themes of love, sex, and temptation. Overall, the style of Baroque poetry showcases typical Baroque opulence in its literary language and techniques; literature that made use of metaphor, allegory, and literary conceits reflected the Baroque interest in the complex and ornate. The interest in the complex and ornate is particularly seen in such metaphysical poets as John Donne and Anne Bradstreet, whose works have common qualities, such as metaphysical conceits, complex and subtle thought, and direct language. Metaphysical conceits are a type of extended metaphor with a higher level of sophistication and complex logic than normal, literary conceits.

World as a Stage:

Baroque theater reflected the divine cosmos and the power of reality, adopting the theatrum mundi metaphor, recognizing that the drama of human existence, scripted and directed by God, could be played out on the stage.

Define World as a Stage:

Baroque theater reflected the divine cosmos and the power of reality, adopting the theatrum mundi* metaphor, recognizing that the drama of human existence, scripted and directed by God, could be played out on the stage.

Which of the following art movements emphasized simplicity, functionality, and craftsmanship?

Bauhaus was a 20th century German art and architectural style known for its simplicity, functionality, and craftsmanship.

Billy Bang and John Clifford

Both Clifford and Bang are Vietnam veterans, and both came home from the war against it and became activists for the anti-war cause. The seeming chaos of this work speaks to their experience both during the war and in their homecoming.

Which of the following statements regarding polyphony and organum is true?

Both organum and polyphony have a melody and harmony. From Gregorian chanting (one voice, or many voices singing one melody), another voice was added at a perfect fourth or fifth to produce a harmony. This is known as organum (a type of polyphony). Subsequently, polyphony was expanded as composers added more and more voices singing in harmony and diverging from the main melody.

Classify:Human reason should be applied to all knowledge

Both, Natural law and Divine Command Theory

Classify: There are knowable moral truths

Both, natural law and divine command theory

Anne Bradstreet The Flesh and The Spirit Baroque techniques

Bradstreet used metaphysical literary conceits in this metaphysical poem.

Who believed that the whole glory of men lies in activity

Bruni

What significance does the mirror play in the painting?

By incorporating a mirror into the background, the viewer must consider whether the painting itself is a reflection. Velázquez has painted himself staring straight at the audience, as if he were looking into a mirror and painting what he sees.

A central artistic and literary figure in the Romantic Period is the ________.

Byronic hero

an exceptional and gifted loner, perhaps misunderstood, driven to follow personal passion rather than traditional societal expectations.

Byronic hero

Byzantine art and architecture

Byzantine painters favored depicting colorful and stiff religious figures on golden backgrounds. They worked in several different media: mosaics, frescoes, and pictures on panels (icons). Eastern influences included the use of stones, fabrics, gold, and enamel. Byzantine churches were often designed along the Greek cross plan and were often topped by a dome. Mosaics of Justinian & Theodora The Hagia Sophia in Istabul, Turkey

In music, the term "chromaticism" refers to which of the following?

Chromaticism refers to the movement or displacement of notes by a half-step. Chromaticism can often result in a tune that sounds moody or emotional.

Pedro Calderón de la Barca Life is a Dream Techniques

Calderón de la Barca uses false prophecy

Significance of Life is a dream:

Calderón makes use of a false prophecy to symbolize the uncertainty of the future and to underscore that people have free will.

Calvinism:

Calvinism is a sect of Protestantism formed by John Calvin, who believed in a majestic and angry God, the concept of predestination, and strict religious regulations by which to live.

Which of the following works comments on the rising skepticism of religion during the Enlightenment Period?

Candide by Voltaire

Candide's biggest struggle is with keeping his outlook on life _______.

Candide constantly struggles to remain optimistic

Which of the following is a collection of poems by Petrarch?

Canzoniere

Francesco Petrarch

Canzoniere REbirth of classism and humanism •the individual's inner life through lyric introspection •the balancing of beauty, goodness, and truth •the tension between the body and the spirit •the importance and perfectibility of human beings

Who painted Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog; The Wreck of Hope or the Sea of Ice; and Monk by the Sea

Caspar David Friedrich

Book 5 of the Republic describes:

Citizens of the Ideal City-State

Style

Characteristics of a work of art that identify it with a particular artist, region, artistic movement, or historic period

Baroque theatrical techniques included:

Charactonym Subplot Disguise and impersonation False prophecy Allegory

required his clergy throughout his empire to incorporate prescribe, monophonic, a cappella songs into religious service.

Charlemagne

Who wrote, "Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor in exact truth, but in a way of feeling."

Charles Baudelaire

Who wrote On the Origin of Species?

Charles Darwin

Darwinism

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Darwinism:

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution due to natural selection shed new light on the development of humans as a species; Realists valued Darwin's empirical proof over religious faith. Realists rejected Romantic idealism and instead embraced scientific materialism, empiricism, and principles of objective reality.

Who wrote Jane Eyre, in which the title character negotiates the limitations of class and gender?

Charlotte Bronte

The Byronic hero first appeared in Bryon's epic narrative poem ___________ and is best exemplified in his poem _________

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, The Corsair

Sir Gawin & the Green Knight Themes

Chivalry, Heroism, Christianity

The Divine Comedy themes

Christianity, Deference to God, Pilgrimage

Themes of Paradise lost

Christianity, Spirituality, and Morality

Renaissance Philosophy

Classical Humanism - Machiavelli - The Prince

In what way did Modern dance costumes differ from classical ballet costumes?

Classical ballerinas and danseurs had a strict dress code; Modern dancers embraced less restrictive materials and shapes.

Which of the following statements about secular and sacred medieval music is true?

Classical music today is similar to sacred music during Medieval times in the sense that it is typically played and enjoyed by wealthier and well-educated people. The split in style between sacred and secular medieval music persisted through the ages. Today classical music is usually enjoyed by the better-educated and wealthier classes, while popular bands and musicians are not considered to be restricted by class or wealth.

Aesthetic attitudes & Principles found in art, architecture & literature of Ancient Greece & Rome

Classicism

Major Themes of the classical period:

Classicism Balance Truth Reason Democracy Republic Polytheistic Muses Humanism

Which of the following artists is known as an Impressionist?

Claude Monet

Commercialism & Capitalism:

Commercialism, or an emphasis on profit, and the proliferation of capitalism after the Cold War impacted the creative world in the 1950s and 1960s. The art world was affected by the shift toward mass consumerism, and many Modernists pushed back on art-as-commodity. Art, music, literature, and theater was seen by many as potential commodities, as an object, sound, or performance that would bring in capital. Labeling a creative work as marketable or containing retail value was, therefore, problematic. The emphasis on profit, the proliferation of mass consumerism, and the ingrained pressure to become successful with hard labor.

Which of the following reflect perspectives of nonwestern humanism?

Confucianism and Buddhism, which value moral order, harmony, and spiritual discipline, are examples of nonwestern (ancient Chinese) perspectives of humanism.

Significance of The way of the World:

Congreve employed charactonym for each character in the play, which serves three purposes: -the audience knows what to expect of the character, -characters that act contrary to their names act as satire, -and the character's actions create commentary on that quality or concept as the author perceives it in society.

Harmony

Congruity or compatibility of parts with one another and with the whole; the state of all elements being in perfect balance

The Roman Catholic effort in the 16th and early 17th centuries to resist the Protestant Reformation was known as the ____________.

Counter Reformation

Themes of the Baroque Period

Counter Reformation Divine Right of Kings World as a Stage Unification of the Arts Rise of the Commonwealth

Baroque Religion

Counter Reformation Puritanism

Which of the following was the subject of the treatise that accompanied Burial at Ornans?

Courbet rationalized his painting by telling others that painters should paint what they see. He believed that painters should not paint historical scenes from previous eras because they did not witness it.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Romantic Period

Cultural exchange and diversity during the Romantic Period stemmed from the European interest in exoticism, the glorification of cultural aspects from nonwestern civilizations.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Enlightenment

Cultural exchange and diversity were key aspects in the Enlightenment pursuit of reason and scientific thought and the suppression of traditional biases. • The rise of capitalism facilitated the exchange of ideas and cultural practices, which intellectuals used in shaping their philosophies. • Enlightenment thinking emphasized the role that individualized thought could play in crossing all racial and religious lines. • Many Enlightenment thinkers rejected the tradition of slavery, looking to reason and individualized thought. • Slave narratives were published during this time, enriching the Enlightenment philosophies with a new viewpoint and experience. • The music of the time period was also diversified by the popularization of spirituals, or slave songs, which often featured religious themes and even hidden messages meant only for fellow slaves.

Which Roman god was adapted from the Greek god Eros?

Cupid

Which of the following beliefs would a deist likely hold?

Death has a scientific explanation, the laws of which God created, Deists did believe in God as a creator of the universe and that God created the laws which govern the universe. However, they did not believe that God interfered in the natural world or daily lives of people, nor did they believe in miraculous events.

First opera was called

Dafne by Jacobi Perri

Among the numerous influential Renaissance authors were

Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch, Desiderius Erasmus, Niccolò Machiavelli, Miguel de Cervantes, Francois Rabelais, Michel de Montaigne, Thomas More, and William Shakespeare.

Which of the following is a work of literature from the Middle Ages?

Dante's The Divine Comedy Dante's The Divine Comedy is a piece of literature from the Middle Ages. This epic poem is considered one of the most influential works of Western literature; as an allegorical journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven, it explores the spiritual beliefs of the Church as well as the politics of the period.

Which of the following informed Realism's depiction of nature?

Darwin's empirical proof of natural selection impacted Realists' view of nature.

Middle Age Religion

Deference to God, monastaries and convents, The Catholic Church and Western Social hierachy, challenges to the church, the eastern orthodox churc, and pilgrimages

______ is the belief that God created the natural laws that govern nature but that he does not directly intervene or interfere in any way.

Deism

The ancient Greeks developed which form of government?

Democracy

What theme means "people; power" in Greek?

Democracy

In medieval universities, which of the following subjects was NOT considered part of the quadrivium?

Economics was not part of the quadrivium. The four subjects that made up the quadrivium were arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and music.

Discovery spaces

Dialogue was spoken from offstage, actors entered and exited from the most unlikely of places, and action happened off-center or in the discovery spaces*.

Tony Smith's Die, 1962

Die, 1962, minimalism

In Spain,

Diego Velázquez became a renowned court painter and produced his most famous work, Las Meninas. He explored the elements of depths and perspective

Which of the following is a subsection of new media art?

Digital art is a broad term for art and techniques centered on the use of digital technologies. It is connected to and sometimes considered a subsection of new media art.

Digital media allows artists to update and modify their work rather than presenting a final version in a fixed form

Digital media can be created on one machine and played on many; artists can update the piece easily.

Mahayana Buddhist

Discipline that emphasizes selfless action on behalf of others

Which of the following is an example of a simulacrum?

Disneyland is an example of a simulacrum; a simulacrum is something that replaces reality with its representation.

Classify: Morality is whatever a god says it is

Divine Command theory

Christopher Marlowe

Doctor Faustus

Which of the following novels addresses themes such as consumerism, the pervasiveness of modern technology, and the absurdity of academic life?

Don DeLillo's White Noise tells the story of Jack Gladney, a college professor in a small town. DeLillo illuminates the contradictions of contemporary American life and touches upon themes of consumerism, conspiracy theories, the pervasiveness of modern technology, the absurdity of academic life, and the fear of death.

Miguel de Cervantes wrote _______, which is considered by many critics to be the very first novel.

Don Quixote was written in 1605 and is considered by many to be the first novel.

John Donne The flea Baroque techniques

Donne used metaphysical literary conceits in his lyrical poem.

The columns of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin feature which Greek architectural style?

Doric

The simplest Greek columns, featuring smooth, round capitals connected by a square slab, were of which order?

Doric

Life is a dream deals with

Dream vs. Reality

Pedro Calderón de la Barca Life is a Dream Theme

Dream vs. Reality

Which of the following traits best describes the "Byronic Hero" of the Romantic Era?

Driven to follow personal passion

Which artist is famous for his hyperrealist polyester resin and fiberglass sculptures of people?

Duane Hanson was an American artist best known for his hyperrealist style.

Which is an effect of the cultural exchange that occurred during the Baroque Period?

During the Baroque Period, Christian missionaries traveled to many new lands such as Africa, China, and the Americas, bringing Christianity with them. In addition, the Mesoamerican peoples, such as the Mayans, suffered large cultural losses when those same missionaries burned many of their codices.

The Silk Road

During the Classical Period, this was a very important trade route between Constantinople and Beijing.

Philosophy of the Enlightenment

During the Enlightenment, reason, rational thinking, and observation were key to uncovering philosophical truths. Enlightenment philosophers were concerned with abstract concepts pertaining to the social realm, such as justice, morality, law, government, and basic human rights. They developed their theories in conjunction with scientific theories and modes of thinking developed prior to and during this period. Three prominent philosophical movements during the Enlightenment were rationalism, empiricism, and skepticism.

Religion of the Enlightenment

During the Enlightenment, there was a dramatic shift away from traditional Judeo-Christian religious thought.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Realist Period

During the Realist Period, European artists found inspiration from Japanese woodblock printing, which became popular with Japanese artists during the late 1600s and early 1700s. As with many other forms of Japanese art, printmaking organized itself into stylistic movements or schools. The first two of these schools were the Torii School and the Kaigetsudō School, both active starting around 1700. Perhaps the most famous Japanese woodblock print is Hokusai's "The Great Wave off Kanagawa," part of the artist's Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji series. Hokusai's creative influence was felt throughout the world, impacting the Art Nouveau style and Impressionist works of his European contemporaries and followers. Following the gradual disintegration of the Katsukawa School, the Utagawa School came to prominence in the mid-19th century.

Renaissance Religion

During the Renaissance Era, the Roman Catholic Church faced numerous dissenters to its authority, who were reacting to corruption within the clergy. The Church's image and influence were also weakened during the Western Schism, when rival popes in Rome and Avignon battled for control. A series of popular heretical movements emerged, proposing to do away with the institutional Church. There were also more moderate reformers, like Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus, who criticized clergy corruption and sought reform within the Church itself. The most notable dissent with the Church, however, was the Protestant movement.

Rebirth of Classicism:

During the Renaissance, there was a rebirth of classical ideals, mainly humanism, rationalism, and balance, based on the belief that classical literary, scientific, and philosophical works provided additional resources for learning and living.

Clarity:

During this time, a system of philosophical clarity was also developed, largely by the mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.

In the Netherlands, .

Dutch Baroque artists focused on creating detailed illustrations of everyday objects and activities.

Immanuel Kant developed which ethical system?

Duty driven ethics

What contributions did the Caravaggisti women, Elisabetta Sirani and Artemisia Gentileschi, make to art during the Baroque Era?

Elisabetta Sirini and Artemisia Gentileschi both contributed to the artistic scene in the Baroque Period with their dramatic use of light. Sirini painted famed Biblical figures such as the Virgin Mary as a normal, everyday Italian mother. Gentileschi incorporated female subjects and dramatic, violent scenes.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Emile- Theme-Rationalism, Logic, Progress. Enlightenment techniques-uses reason in his social critique In this work, what makes you free is to be unattached to what others tell you is reasonable and important. •In this work, the main character comes to represent the writer's ideal of a "natural" man •This work addresses sound reason behind educational reform and education as a method of reforming social inequality.

Who wrote Wuthering Heights, which is a Gothic novel about doomed love set on an English moor.

Emily Bronte

Minimalism:

Emphasized a nonrepresentational style of sculpture and painting and extreme simplicity of form.

Pop Art:

Emphasized existing popular images and cultural artifacts, often mimicking mass-produced consumer products.

Charles Dickens was a Realist author known for depicting the grimness of the Industrial Revolution in ________, his native country.

England, his novels are well known for their bleak depiction of the Industrial Revolution's effect on England's economy and social classes.

English Romanticism

English Romantic poets expressed a love of nature, an interest in exoticism, a reveling in the senses, and an investigation into the darker side of human emotion and humanity in their works.

Romantic philosophers were significantly influence by social, political, and philosophical trends that were popular during the ________________.

Enlightenment

Literature of the Enlightenment

Enlightenment literature was focused on rational prose and social reform.

Order:

Enlightenment thinkers and leaders sought to design political and social order that reflected natural laws and God's will.

Neoclassic Context

Enlightenment, Declaration of independence

Neoclassical Literature

Enlightenment, the novel, Jean-Jaques Rousseau - Emile, Samuel Richardson - pamela, Alexander pope - The rape of the lock

Beginning late in the Archaic Period, or the 6th century BCE, the dominant form of Greek poetry shifted from the ____ to the _____.

Epic; Lyric

Who painted Liberty Leading the People, which addressed political matters?

Eugene Delacroix

French artists ________ and ______ conjured exotic images drawn from the Middle East and Africa.

Eugene Delacroix, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

Romantic painters also addressed political matters.

Examples of this include Eugène Delacroix and his painting Liberty Leading the People and Goya's Portrait of the Family of Charles IV.

Jean-Paul Sartre was a key proponent of which of the following Modernist philosophical movements?

Existentialism, Jean-Paul Sartre, a French philosopher and playwright, was a key proponent of existentialism, believing that humans are moral free agents who should be responsible for the consequences of our decisions.

Existentialists believed ________.

Existentialists believed that individuals are free to define themselves through their choices and decisions as long as they accepted responsibility for those decisions.

Many writers used this theme to transport readers to a location which they may never have heard of, let alone visited.

Exoticism

________ refers to the glorification of distant, foreign cultures and people.

Exoticism

_______ was best known for using watercolor techniques with oil paints to achieve large washes of light.

J.M.W. Turner

During the Enlightenment, literature from the Middle Ages formed the foundation of education and intellectual standards. True or False?

FALSE, During the Enlightenment, Roman literature and Greek philosophical and ethical systems formed the foundation of education and intellectual standards. Classics were of particular significance in molding the revolutionary thinking of the Enlightenment.

Humans only started to produce art during the 3rd and 4th centuries. True or False?

FALSE, Humans have produced art since the dawn of man.

The purpose of art and art's functions are essentially the same thing. True or False?

FALSE, The purposes of art are what it aims to accomplish; art's functions are what it actually achieves.

The play Antigone teaches that allegiance to one's family is more important than allegiance to the gods. True or false?

FALSE, This statement is false. Antigone teaches that one's allegiance to the gods is the most important to maintain.

The ancient Greeks borrowed the alphabet of the Egyptians to imitate their mythological creatures and artistic motifs. True or False?

FALSE, Though the ancient Greeks did imitate Egyptian mythology, they borrowed the alphabet of the Phoenicians, a Middle Eastern civilization, in order to write down their own language.

the word "republic" comes from the Latin phrase "res publica," which means "rule by the people." True or False?

FALSE, the Latin phrase "res publica" means "public thing," or "public government." The Greek word "demokratia" means "rule by the people," which is where the English word "democracy" comes from.

Romanesque art evolved from the Gothic style. True or False?

False, . Romanesque art was influenced heavily by classical Roman aesthetics. Gothic art evolved from the Romanesque style in the mid-12th century.

Neoclassical productions featured actors speaking naturally and wearing simple, realistic costumes. True or False?

False, Actors in Neoclassical productions spoke highly stylized language while wearing elaborate costumes.

The shortage of factory workers following the start of World War I played no role in the mass migration of African Americans to urban areas. True or False?

False, African Americans living in the south saw this shortage of factory workers as a chance to build a better life. Many chose to move to northern cities in search of new opportunities.

Courbet was originally rejected by the Salon of 1848, but they eventually changed their minds and allowed Burial at Ornans to be exhibited.

False, After being rejected by the Salon of 1848, Courbet planned his own exhibition called The Pavilion of Realism and created the Realism movement.

Postmodernism impacts academia the least. True or False?

False, Along with political discourse and popular media, Postmodernism profoundly impacts the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences.

Art Nouveau is a style that applies only to architecture, building design, and furniture at the end of the 19th century. True or False?

False, Art Nouveau applied to paintings, lithographs, jewelry, and many other media, in addition to building design.

As Vesta was Descending" is an example of a madrigal because it praises the Queen. True or False?

False, As Vesta was Descending" is an example of a madrigal in that it uses word painting throughout, and the notes ascend or descend depending on the literal textual meaning.

Baroque architecture was neither theatrical nor ornate. True or False?

False, Baroque architecture featured a theatricality often reflected in grand scale and dramatic presentation. Rococo, a style featured during the late Baroque Period, employed ornate decoration.

There were no secular texts written during the Middle Ages. True or False?

False, Both religious and secular texts were written during the Middle Ages. Secular texts tended to focus on themes such as romance, chivalry, and honor.

Byzantine artists worked only in mosaics. True or False?

False, Byzantine artists worked in several different media, including mosaics, frescoes, and pictures on panels.

Classical Period art plays with intricate decorations and bright colors in order to convey opulence. True or False?

False, Classical Period art was a reaction to the ornate Rococo style of art in that it was simple and austere.

Deists embraced religious authority from priests and kings. True or False?

False, Deists opposed both religious and political authority, both priests and kings, because they believed that each individual needed to be equally free to work out his or her own destiny.

French philosopher Jacques Derrida argued that works of literature have explicit meanings that can be studied and understood. True or False?

False, Derrida argued that, because of implicit biases in language, a close reading of any text would result in contradictory meanings. Derrida coined the term "deconstruction" when describing the limitations of interpreting literary texts.

Digital media has made it more difficult to create networks of data or artwork. True or False?

False, Digital media allows for the networking of data and artwork. This networking has made artwork more accessible and allows for easier collaboration between artists.

Early Modern dance uses some of the techniques and aesthetics found in ballet. True or False?

False, Early Modern dance rejected classical ballet's form, lines, costumes, and focus on storytelling.

Third-wave feminisim marks the end of the Feminist Movement. True or False?

False, Feminism continues to grow and redefine itself and its goals even today. Postmodernists continue to use feminism as inspiration to create, promote, and consume art that reflects the lives and experiences of women and challenges gender norms.

Flying buttresses were designed to be ornate and decorative and served no functional purpose. True or False?

False, Flying buttresses were decorative and functional. They were designed to support a tall building from the outside. Buttresses transferred the weight of the building downwards, making building "up" possible.

George Catlin raised awareness for the Native American culture by writing music that celebrated their history. True or False?

False, George Catlin was a painter who specialized in Native American portraiture.

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Huck decides to accept his society's views on slavery and betray his friend, Jim, to the authorities. True or False?

False, Huck chooses to defy social norms and refuses to betray Jim.

While Langston Hughes poem "Harlem" is a highly recognizable one, the poem is not representative of the Harlem Renaissance.

False, Hughes' poem is not only one of the most recognizable poems, it is also distinctly representative of the Harlem Renaissance.

Renaissance humanists supported the beliefs and practices of scholasticism, a medieval school of philosophy that sought to combine the teachings of Aristotle and the Church Fathers. True or False?

False, Humanists dismissed scholasticism as too abstract and rigid.

Chekhov's plays utilized the "well-made play" formula with well-constructed plots, causal scenes, a climax, and resolution. True or False?

False, Ibsen relies on the well-made play, but Chekhov departed from this formula. His plays rely less on plot and more on carefully crafted character studies.

The commonwealth of Britain saw the ornate Baroque style as a celebration of wealth and fully accepted the Baroque movement. True or False?

False, In England, the Baroque style was viewed as promoting the sinful luxury of another continent and was associated with a bygone era of unbridled greed. For these reasons, the Baroque movement had a difficult start in England.

In Realist fiction, character was not held to be as important as plot. True or False?

False, In Realist fiction, character was considered to be at least as important as plot. This focus reflects the Realist spotlight on human behavior.

The tone of "The Entertainer" reflects the tone of the era, created by the industrial culture and race relations. True or False?

False, It is believed that "The Entertainer" was intended to ease, entertain, and even distract people from the tension created by social and economic events during the era. created by Scott Joplin.

The Bayeux Tapestry tells the story of William the Conqueror's invasion of England from an unbiased perspective. True or False?

False, It is believed that the Bayeux Tapestry was commissioned by the House of Normandy and that the tapestry describes the invasion from a Norman perspective.

This is the only photograph Lange took of Florence Owens Thompson. True or False?

False, Lange took several photographs of Florence Owens Thompson, but this one is by far the most well-known.

Mahler's symphonies were known for their reserved use of instruments and a subtle approach to creating a mood for the listener. True or False?

False, Mahler's symphonies were forceful, with innovative layering of instrumentation and pendulum swings from one emotion to another.

Many Baroque composers celebrated the secular in their work. True or False?

False, Many Baroque composers wrote music that celebrated and praised God. Bach maintained: "The aim and final end of all music should be none other than the glory of God and the refreshment of the soul

Postmodernists unanimously support globalization. True or False?

False, Many Postmodernists have mixed feelings about globalization. On one hand, it has meant a standardization of the experience of everyday life around the world, often accelerated by corporate capitalism. On the other hand, the mixing of cultures and values has eroded traditional national differences, which is more in line with Postmodernist thinking.

Propaganda films are only funded or produced by governments. True or False?

False, Many filmmakers choose to create their own propaganda films, communicating their own messages or beliefs to mass audiences.

Military marches were unique to American music in the late 19th century. True or False?

False, Marches were common throughout Europe and other parts of the world and commonly incorporated in orchestral compositions.

According to Marina Abramović, theater and performance art are alike in that both are events that can be repeated over and over again. True or False?

False, Marina Abramović defines performance art as an event that cannot be repeated because it exists only in a particular place and time. In this way, it is distinct from more typical theatrical performances.

Marxists believe only a few people should own the means of production, and they should hire other people to work for them. True of False?

False, Marx believed social unrest and revolution would inevitably follow from a system in which the means of production are owned by a few and where workers are not directly profiting from their labor. He suggested a system of co-operative ownership would eliminate this class conflict.

Unlike Modernist writers, Modernist poets did not address themes of alienation, crisis, and the search for meaning. True or False?

False, Modernist writers and poets both addressed themes of alienation, crisis, and the search for meaning.

Morality plays depicted evil triumphing over good to show how good deeds often go unrewarded. True or False?

False, Morality plays sought to teach morals and therefore always showed good triumphing over evil in everyday life.

Neoclassicism perpetuated the lavish, ornate aesthetic of the Baroque Period. True or False?

False, Neoclassicism rejected the ostentatious displays of Baroque works and embraced harmony and balance.

Opera did not emphasize the role of solos during the Romantic Period. True or False?

False, Opera showcased elaborate solos during the Romantic Period.

Is the following statement true or false? "Romantic philosophers embraced scientific rationalization and empiricism."

False, Philosophers during the Romantic Period largely rejected the empiricist and rationalist beliefs of the Enlightenment.

Postmodernists believed race to be biologically inherent and fixed. True or False?

False, Postmodern artists saw race as being socially constructed—not biologically inherent—and used different modes of expression to communicate this idea and challenge society's perception of race.

Postmodernism's influence can be seen in architecture, music, videos, films, and Web experiments but NOT in advertising and commercial culture. True or False?

False, Postmodern themes are prevalent in advertising and consumer culture, as we see in the Levi's "Go Forth" campaign.

Pragmatism rejected the existentialist focus on the individual. True or False?

False, Pragmatists emphasized the role of the individual in changing the world. It differed from existentialism in that it emphasized relationships between the individual and the external, everyday world rather than the individual in isolation.

Puritans were wholeheartedly accepted in England in the 16th and 17th centuries and became the central authority of the Church of England. True or False?

False, Puritans were generally looked down on by the populace of England for their strict, severe adherence to Biblical guidelines. Some Puritans, known as Separatists, left the Church altogether to settle in Massachusetts.

The Realist art movement only occurred in France. True or False?

False, Realism expanded beyond France due to rapid industrialization and urbanization.

Realists glorified the importance of nature and ignored the effects industrialism had on the natural world. True or False?

False, Realism grappled with the brutal consequences of industrialism on the natural world, the economy, and social classes.

Realism was a movement that took place about 50 years after Romanticism ended.

False, Realism overlapped with Romanticism chronologically, taking place during roughly the same period. It was simply a different aesthetic.

Historically, rock and roll music grew out of the classical music traditions of Europe. True or False?

False, Rock and roll music began in the American south and was a fusion of African musical traditions, R&B, European instrumentation, and country music. There is no one specific background from which rock and roll emerged.

The term "romance" originally referred to a text written singularly about love. True or False?

False, Romance originally referred to a text that was written in the vernacular, the language of one of the Romans, like French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, which are called Romance languages because they are direct descendents of Latin. Because many romance texts in the medieval era involved courtly love, the term "romance" evolved to refer to love in the way we understand it now.

Romantic architecture resembled the Neoclassical style. True or False?

False, Romantic architecture reacted against the clean Neoclassical style and embraced Gothic Revival.

The Church was the only patron of Baroque theater. True or False?

False, Royalty also supported theater during this time; kings commissioned extravagant works for their courts to showcase their wealth and divine right.

Which Englightenment philosophy gave rise to such modern-day media as political cartoons?

Government exists to serve the governed

Realist plays tended to rely on soliloquies and asides to give the audience insight into what characters are thinking. True or False?

False, Soliloquies were common in drama prior to the Realist Period. Realist plays used real everyday language, conversation, and cadence to reveal true feelings of characters.

Some of the greatest political fiction was born of the Enlightenment principle that ruling authority is derived from the assent of the governed and not from the divine right of kings. Rulers like Catherine the Great and Joseph the II felt that their authority was threatened. True or false?

False, Some of the greatest political fiction was born of the Enlightenment principle that ruling authority is derived from the assent of the governed and not from the divine right of kings. Rulers like Catherine the Great and Joseph the II felt that their authority was threatened. True or false?

Stream-of-consciousness writing is a subject-oriented writing style in which the author discusses one particular topic. True or False?

False, Stream-of-consciousness writing is a style of writing that mimics how people think and emphasizes an internal thought process. Through stream-of-consciousness, writers can expose the inner thoughts of their characters.

It is always better to be completely enmeshed in society. True or False?

False, Studying the Humanities allows us to understand better the perfect balance between isolation and full immersion in society. Through the Humanities, we see the value of both working as a community and existing happily as an individual.

The Levi's "Go Forth" campaign was widely received as a positive way to use Postmodern elements in advertising. True or False?

False, The "Go Forth" campaign has had many critics, most notably around the use of political unrest as an advertising tool geared toward consumerism.

Luxury glass and ceramics that emerged in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries had their origins in Asia.

False, The Italian glass and ceramics prized by European courts and other collectors originated in the Middle East.

The Middle Ages is often referred to as the Age of Reason. True or False?

False, The Middle Ages is often referred to as the Age of Faith.

The Star-Spangled Banner" was adapted from a poem by William Wordsworth. True or False?

False, The Star-Spangled Banner" was adapted from a poem by Francis Scott Key titled "Defence of Fort McHenry," which he wrote in 1814.

The birth of opera and development of the orchestra occurred significantly before the Baroque Period. True or False?

False, The birth of opera and the development of the orchestra occurred during the Baroque Period.

The form of the viola da gamba derived from the Moorish instrument known as the "rabab." True or False?

False, The form of viola da gamba derived from the Spanish "vihuela de mano", while its playing position and technique derived from the "rabab".

The rose window at the front of the Notre Dame de Paris depicts the biblical story of Adam and Eve. True or False?

False, The front window at Notre Dame de Paris does not depict any one religious scene but rather exists purely for the beauty and light it allows.

Nature was treated with suspicion during the Enlightenment. True or False?

False, The suspicion of authority and reliance on human reason made nature a newly important realm. Scientists came to believe that they could best study God's work through the observation and analysis of nature.

Critics agree that all music from the 20th and 21st centuries should be considered Postmodern. True or False?

False, There is much disagreement about what music qualifies as Postmodern. Some critics believe all music from the 20th and 21st centuries is Postmodern, while others believe only music employing particular techniques, such as polystylism and randomness, should be considered Postmodern.

Beethoven's 9th Symphony is one of his most famous symphonies because it is only 20 minutes in length. True or False?

False, This is a false statement. The 9th Symphony is most famous because of its inclusion of voices in the final movement. It is sometimes called a choral symphony.

When using the method of "appropriation" in art, borrowed objects or elements should be altered as much as possible. True or False?

False, This method or approach is emphasized by the fact that these borrowed parts are, or should be, altered as little as possible for the purpose of re-contextualizing what already exists to create something new and unique.

Those who support the utilitarian view of maximizing a society's overall happiness consider environmental resources to be free for the taking. True or False?

False, Those who support the utilitarian view of maximizing a society's overall happiness consider the selfish wastefulness of environmental resources to be a profoundly negative thing, not just for the quality of the earth but also for the way humanity functions.

Much like Impressionism and Realism, Postmodernist art has a canon. True or False?

False, Unlike these other movements, Postmodernist art has no canon. This could be because the creation of a canon would favor certain representations of reality as more

Voltaire created the idea of publicly critiquing Christianity, and his book was banned for it. True or false?

False, Voltaire was not the first to publicly critique Christianity (or religion), but he popularized the practice, and his book was banned for it.

Japanese woodblock prints were primarily produced in the late 19th century. True or False?

False, While Western artists in the late 19th century were influenced by the Japanese art form, woodblock prints were popular with Japanese artists in the late 1600s and early 1700s.

Beethoven wrote the text of the vocal line himself. True or False?

False, he text of the vocal line in Beethoven's 9th Symphony is by German poet Friedrich Schiller. It celebrates the brotherhood of humanity.

Theater-in-the-round plays were exclusively Modernist and have not survived beyond the 20th century. True or False?

False, heater-in-the-round was a style that was experimented with in the Modern Period, but many plays continue to use it to perform today.

The Age of Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Expansion. True or False?

False, the Age of Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason.

Classical music is more focused on polyphony and ornamentation than music from the Baroque Period. True or False?

False. Classical music is more focused on balance, order, and structural clarity than the music from the Baroque Period. It features a more homophonic texture, which elevated shorter, more lyrical melodies over slower, more chordal harmonic progressions.

Performance art includes only one medium such as music or poetry.

False. Performance art is not limited to one medium being performed as exemplified in the piece by Billy Bang, John Clifford, and Nancy Ostrovsky, who combined music, poetry, and painting in one performance.

According to Machavilli, ? is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present

Fear

Which of the following was a practice in Neoclassical theater that allowed playwrights to focus on the tragic interplay between men and women?

Female actors,

Which medieval theme describes the hierarchical relationship between the peasantry & the nobility?

Feudalism

Name the contexts of The Middle Ages

Feudalism, The Crusades, and The Black Death

Who painted Portrait of the Family of Charles IV, which addressed political matters?

Francisco de Goya

a German philosopher; He wrote on a vast range of topics, including morality, religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and politics.

Friedrich Nietzsche

The Age of Exploration

From the early 15th to the early 17th century Europeans embarked on maritime explorations around the world in order to satisfy their desire for foreign goods and to achieve geopolitical dominance over one another. Scientific innovations assisted Renaissance exploration, such as enhanced ship design, the standardization of navigational charts, and improvements in instrumentation.

____________ focused on the psychological impact of the social, political, and economic changes wrought by industrialism in Russia on the individual.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky, his concerns led him to a utopian commune.

The Church still officially believed that the earth was the center of the universe, and ______ was sentenced to life in prison for insisting that it was not based on his observations.

Galileo

Richard Wagner's compositions increased acceptance for opera in the ______ language, as opposed to the traditional ______.

German, Italian Wagner's compositions increased acceptance for opera in the German language, as opposed to the traditional Italian.

Major Themes of Postmodernism

Globalization Multiculturalism Capitalism Digitalization Irony

The Divine Command Theory posited this:

God exists. Humans are made in the image of God. Reason can enable us to know certain things.

Romantic architecture embraced which of the following styles?

Gothic

Romantic architecture in England revived the ______ movement.

Gothic

The architects of the Romantic Period reacted against the clean Neoclassical style and embraced ____ Revival, a movement that celebrated the religiosity of older Gothic buildings.

Gothic

_______ literature evoked horror and often featured sinister, ambitious, and self-serving heroes.

Gothic

___________ literature sought to address larger Romantic themes in a darker way; writers explored what happens when there is disharmony.

Gothic

Romantic era architectural movement that employed Gothic forms.

Gothic Revival

The Gothic Literature

Gothic literature sought to address larger Romantic themes in a darker way. While other Romantic writers celebrated the potential for harmony between nature and the human soul, Gothic writers explored what happens when there is disharmony.

"Primative Scientists"

Greek Philosophers

Eros

Greek term for erotic love or lust

Agape

Greek term for platonic love

plainchant style named after Pope Gregory 1

Gregorian chant

Which of the following musicians is NOT a Baroque composer?

Guillaume de Machaut, Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi are all Baroque composers. Machaut was a composer of the Middle Ages.

William Shakesphere

Hamlet

What made someone the "ideal Renaissance person"?

He or she could speak several languages and had lived in a variety of places.

Charles Dickens targeted the philosophy of Utilitarianism in his novel ________, skewering a wealthy merchant character who devotes his life to rationalized self-interest while disregarding the interests of his exploited factory workers.

Hard Times

Classicism is mainly concerned with _______ & _______

Harmony & Balance

She was an African American writer and prominent abolitionist speaker; she detailed the horrors of slavery in 'Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl'

Harriet Jacobs

Anaxagoras

He addressed change. He made a great leap in our understanding of the world when he distinguished between Mind and Matter. (This finding would have great consequences in later philosophical thought.) He opened the doors to reason as a separate quality from that of the world; more than that, he saw that Mind formed reality.

Robert Rauschenberg

He applies paint and other materials such as newspaper to a canvas to create a multilayered piece. He would later create more involved collages, which he called "combines." For these pieces, he would layer different materials, sometimes trash or other found objects, on the painting. In his Canyon, 1959, you can see layers of paint along with a stuffed bird.

Why did Oliver Cromwell lead the English Revolution?

He believed that the established republican ideologies were stifling economic prosperity. He wished for the social elite and the traditional political parties to learn to compromise in order to bring tolerance and stability.

Thales

He questioned existence. He asked: of what is the world made? He determined that although all things looked different in appearance, there was something about all matter that was the same. He deduced that this "something" was water. Everything that existed is "caused" by water, he believed, which allowed him to form the idea "that Many are related by the One." By identifying the source of all existence with something natural (water) rather than supernatural (the gods). He was the first Greek thinker to turn away from mythology or superstition for an explanation of the cosmos.

Socrates

He was an Athenian philosopher who greatly influenced the development of Western philosophy. What we know about Socrates is derived from the writings of his students and fellow philosophers, primarily Plato. Among his achievements is his development of what is now called the Socratic Method, an approach to problem solving that employs a series of questions and open discussion. Socrates was sentenced to death because he had upset people of wealth who were well-connected, politically

Bernini created artwork that appealed to the universal human experience. He was the epitome of Baroque art

He was the epitome of Baroque art

Which of the following themes does Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House address?

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House focused on the roles and conditions of women in 19th century European society.

Which of the following Neoclassical paintings explored elements of the supernatural?

Henry Fuseli's The Nightmare features elements of the supernatural, including a demon who sits on top of a sleeping woman and a horse lurking in the background.

He was a prolific American Novelist, short story writer, and poet; best known work is his epic novel Moby Dick.

Herman Melville

The embodiment of this theme was fashioned after Lord Byron. His qualities are listed as: exceptional, misunderstood, and gifted loner, who was driven by passion.

Heroism

Themes in Beowulf

Heroism, Christianity, Humility

Le Cid deals with

Heroism, Sacrifice, and Honor

Pierre Corneille Le Cid Theme

Heroism, Sacrifice, and Honor

Which of the following music genres is considered Postmodern?

Hip Hop, Motown, disco, and Pop, some believe that any music created in the last decades of the 20th century or in the 21st century should be regarded as Postmodern.

Joseph Beuys

His 1965 performance art piece How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare is deeply conceptual, as many performance art pieces tend to lean. In this work, Beuys covered his own face with a mask made from honey and gold and cradled a dead hare. For Beuys, honey represented community and cooperation; gold represented masculinity and groundedness, as did the iron plate attached to his foot. Throughout the piece, his whispers to the hare are unintelligible; all the audience can hear is the clank of the iron attached to his foot as he moves about the space, showing the hare pictures pinned to the wall.

In Don DeLillo's White Noise the main character, Jack Gladney, is the chair of the department of ______ Studies.

Hitler

Ballet began

In Italy and spread to France

Honoré Fragonard's Young Girl Reading was painted in the _______ style.

Honoré Fragonard's Young Girl Reading was painted in the Rococo style. The subject's dress is of a golden color and has an ornateness that is characteristic of the Rococo movement with which Fragonard's art was most closely aligned.

French Realists:

Honoré de Balzac, a well-known figure of the Realist fiction movement, examined themes of money, power, gender relations, social mores, and family life in his novel The Human Comedy.

Existentialism:

Human experience is fundamentally individualistic. Life is often absurd and lacks meaning. The individual's unique experience is primary. Posits that human experience is fundamentally individualistic because reality is subjective and life lacks meaning. Included such key figures as French philosopher and playwright Jean-Paul Sartre.

Humanism:

Humanism is an optimistic attitude that praises human abilities to be successful in their endeavors, whether in science, religion, art, politics, or behavior. The focus on humanity, human culture, and the human form was the impetus for the classical revival.

Franz Liszt

Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 Franz Liszt composed a total of 15 Hungarian Rhapsodies inspired by a mix of traditional Hungarian music and gypsy folk music, for which he had a great affinity. The compositions also gave the Hungarian-born composer the opportunity to showcase his sense of nationalism. Hungarian Rhapsody No.2, written in 1847, is easily one of the best-recognized Liszt pieces today due to its accessible and jovial melody and use in many American cartoon episodes including the Oscar-winning Hanna-Barbera Tom and Jerry short, "The Cat Concerto." The first section of the work, "The Lassan," is heavy, somber, and declamatory but gently gives way to the second section, "The Friska," as the mood and the tempo brighten and race to end in a frenzied flurry of exuberance. Originally written for piano, Liszt would later orchestrate his Rhapsody No. 2 using horns and racing strings to convey the energy and vivacity of Hungarian dance.

René Descartes his Cogito ergo sum—"_____________"—Descartes was able to deduce, at least to his own satisfaction, the existence of God, albeit a deist God, ____________________.

I think, therefore I am neither interested in human affairs nor endowed with human character

states that reality is a mental construct, and therefore, the only knowledge we have of the world is knowledge of our mental experiences; There is no objective reality but rather a subjective reality as perceived by a human being, existing only in relation to that person's experience.

Idealism

Who painted Fonthill Abbey; The Burning of the Houses of Parliament; and Transept of Ewenny Priory, Glamorganshire

J.M.W. Turner

Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (1913) is an example of which Modernist music movement?

Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring is an example of Primitivism.

Which of the following philosophers influenced Hegel's advocacy of idealism?

Immanuel Kant, argument that our minds create the world around us influenced Hegel's argument for idealism, which posits that our knowledge of the world is grounded in our personal mental experiences.

Fauvist painters used all of the following techniques to communicate emotional expression EXCEPT __________.

Impasto, the technique of applying paint very thickly to the canvas, typically with a palette knife, was an Impressionist technique.

during the Archaic Age in Greece

Important political structures and the beginnings of democracy emerged.

Impressionism:

Impressionism was an art movement during the late 19th century that emphasized simplified composition and the effect of light and color to capture a painter's visual impression. The movement took its name from Claude Monet's piece titled Impression, Sunrise. Impressionists tried to capture their initial, fleeting reaction to whatever they observed at a given moment; they painted current subjects and landscapes; they used light and color; and they simplified their compositions, leaving out detail. Many Impressionist artists focused on the interaction between colors and sunlight and the way light and color could be seen by the eye. The innovation of storing paint in tubes allowed Impressionist artists to paint outside the studio, capturing the changes in natural light and its impact on the landscape. Important Impressionist artists include Claude Monet, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

Which of the following musical styles was known for its feeling of vagueness and ethereal atmosphere?

Impressionism, Musical impressionism is characterized by a more sensual experience, with tonal ambiguity that suggested a particular atmosphere rather than creating it.

Impressionism and Other Art Movements

Impressionism, post impressionism, art noveau, pictoralism, architecture

Impressionist artists focused on ________ in their efforts to capture their initial, fleeting reaction to whatever they observed at a given moment.

Impressionists often employed vivid light and color in their efforts to capture their first impression of what they were seeing.

In 1642, _________ closed all the theaters in England, declaring them idolatrous and decadent.

In 1642 Protestant authorities, primarily Puritans, closed all the theaters in England, declaring them idolatrous and decadent.

Honey represented _______ in Joseph Beuys' How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare.

In Beuys' performances, honey represented community and cooperation.

English Realists:

In England, Realist authors, like Charles Dickens, dealt with the growing concern with the plight of the less fortunate, exhibiting extraordinary attention to detail and observations in an effort to replicate the true nature of reality. Dickens' novels included Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, and Hard Times.

Ezra Pound

In a Station of the Metro

Which of the following Postmodern novels includes hundreds of characters and uses various narrative voices?

In his novel Gravity's Rainbow, Thomas Pynchon experiments with the traditional elements of plot and character development, employing some 400 characters and numerous narrative voices.

According to Dr. Paula Carabell, the painting The Death of Marat likens Marat to which historical figure?

In the painting, The Death of Marat, David depicts Marat's lifeless body with its head leaned back and his arm forward—a posture that, at the time, was well-known to represent Christ.

Urbanization:

In just a few decades spanning the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the western world transitioned from rural to urban, and the city became the dominant feature of the developed world. With rapid urbanization came cultural, economic, and racial strife. Urbanization led to social and political organizing. The growth of cities and the influence of cities, due to technological advances and people moving from rural areas to cities in order to be a part of the booming industries there.

The military commander who led the commonwealth in a revolution against the English monarchy in the mid-17th century was ________.

In the 1640s and 1650s, Oliver Cromwell led one of England's most violent revolutions of the commonwealth against the monarchy.

Classicism:

In the arts, a resurgence of classical ideals like harmony, realism, and reason inspired the neoclassical movement.

Realist Theater

In the last half of the 19th century, Realist theater, like Realist literature, brought an emphasis on accurate depiction of ordinary life to the stage. Actors wore ordinary clothing that represented the status of the character, and scenery faithfully reflected common, everyday living conditions and locales. Props included the furniture, possessions, and "knick-knacks" that an acquisitive middle class would own. Writers created dialogue to sound like regular conversation, while the use of soliloquies and "asides" diminished.

The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky (1913):

In this orchestral piece, Stravinsky used dissonance to produce a feeling of tension and anxiety and a sense of instability. Additionally, aggressive rhythms and heavy syncopation make the work seem rhythmically off-balance. These elements were shocking at the time and sent audiences into an uproar.

Significance of the Flea

In true Baroque fashion, Donne compares two very unlike things, one grotesque (a flea) and one beautiful (love and immortality).

Protestant Reformation:

Inciting the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses challenged the doctrine of papal infallibility and rejected the Catholic Church as the necessary intermediary between the faithful and God. However, disagreements among Protestants caused multiple sects to form.

The figure that embodied this theme was Napoleon Bonaparte

Individualism

individualism

Individualism is that which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference.

Individualism, revolution, and classicism are all examples of themes ________

Individualism, revolution, and classicism occur in two or more periods, though they are not universal. Rather, they tell us something about values central to the Western world and have endured tumultuous change and creative innovation.

Which of the following signaled the shift from agriculture-based economy to one centered around industrialization, mechanized labor, and urbanization?

Industrial Revolution

4 Major events that took place during the Romantic Period

Industrial Revolution American Revolution French Revolution American Civil War

Which of the following movements lured immigrants and farmworkers to American cities in the second half of the 19th century?

Industrialism, Industrialism lured immigrants and farmworkers to American cities and a new way of life. Inventions such as the cotton gin and sewing machine boosted production in factories and provided a promising source of jobs in cities such as New York and Boston.

Surrealism:

Influenced by Freud's focus on dreams, assembled realistic forms in fantastical contexts.

New Media and Intermedia

Intermedia refers to interdisciplinary art, and it has led to the development of new genres like performance poetry. It aligned with the Postmodern movement because of the focus on homogeny with a diminishing importance of the individual.

Which major theme of Modernism is a central theme in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, as shown in Willy Loman's struggle to define the reality of his past?

Internalization, Willy Loman's struggle to define the reality of his past in the play Death of a Salesman echoes Freud's "inner vs. outer" concept, in which he posits that a person is at conflict with the world and must define reality.

Irony:

Irony is a common characteristic of Postmodernism that involves the use of words or images to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning or to draw attention to some incongruity or irrationality. With irony often comes humor, which makes the larger commentary an easier pill to swallow. This theme is an objectively sardonic style of artistic expression that often involves the use of words or images to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning or to draw attention to some incongruity or irrationality.

Johannes Kepler's theory regarding the movement of the planets in the solar system provided a base for _____________________

Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation

Why is "The Entertainer" a notable piece of American music?

It is representative of ragtime, which is a uniquely American style. It has been featured in movies as a work that is representative of turn of the century. It was written by Scott Joplin, one of the most famous ragtime composers.

Who said, "The age we live in is a busy age, in which knowledge is rapidly advancing towards perfection"?

It was English philosopher Jeremy Bentham

The Prince was originally written in

Italian

________ was best known for using watercolor techniques with oil paints to achieve large washes of light.

J.M.W. Turner, used watercolor techniques with oil paints to achieve large washes of light in order to render the sublime vastness of the sea or land.

Which of the following religions does Jacques practice?

Jacques is an Anabaptist and therefore has never been baptized. He shows more "Christian kindness" to Candide than any of the Christians he has previously encountered.

Japanese woodblock prints generally depicted which of the following?

Japanese woodblock prints, which contained flat, unmodulated colors, lines, and extensive use of empty space, depicted subject matter drawn from everyday urban life as well as landscapes.

This Postmodern artist combined impeccable painting technique with simple, familiar subjects, such as flags and maps.

Jasper Johns combined impeccable painting technique with simple, familiar subjects, such as flags and maps. Johns inspired a mass movement away from Abstract Expressionism and paved the way for Pop Art and Minimalism.

The Neoclassical playwright ________ was best known for his plays Tartuffe and The Misanthrope

Jean Baptiste Molière

Philosophers during the Romantic Period were influenced in important ways by their predecessors, particularly ___________ and __________.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Immanuel Kant

Which of the following Postmodernists is a digital media artist known for large, public textual projections?

Jenny Holzer is an American conceptual and digital media artist best known for her large public displays and textual projections that offer pointed critiques of contemporary life.

The Brandenburg Concerto was composed by ______.

Johann Sebastian Bach

All of the following are Italian Baroque painters EXCEPT ________.

Johannes Vermeer was a Dutch Baroque painter who was known for depicting domestic life.

Which of the following writers was not considered as a metaphysical poet?

John Bunyan was not a metaphysical poet and is instead best known for his allegorical work The Pilgrim's Progress.

Who painted The Haywain

John Constable

The Flea was written by

John Donne

He is considered one of the core Romantic poets and is best known for his poetry, including "Ode on a Grecian Urn"

John Keats

In his work, ______ often found exceptional beauty in the ordinary; he drew heavily from historical themes and merged diverse concepts, such as love and death in his poetry.

John Keats

Paradise Lost was written by

John Milton

John Philip Sousa wrote "Semper Fidelis" as a tribute to whom?

John Philip Sousa wrote "Semper Fidelis," a powerful precision march, as a tribute to Marine Officers.

John Stuart Mill supported ________ as an example of an action that produces the most good for the greatest number of people.

John Stuart Mill supported women's suffrage as an example of something that would produce the most good for the greatest number of people. He also supported free speech and abolition of slavery.

Jasper Johns

Johns broke traditional artistic molds when he combined impeccable painting technique with simple, familiar subjects, such as flags and maps. Painted simple, familiar subjects and paved the way for Pop Art and Minimalism

Neoclassical enlightenment influences

Jonathon swifts - gullivers tales - Political satire, Bernstein

What was one of the Greek innovations in art?

Lyric poetry focused on personal experience, while epic poetry focused on heroic theme

Which of the following artists created The Dinner Party, an installation art piece?

Judy Chicago created The Dinner Party, which received widely differing reviews, with some art critics applauding it as an imaginative feminist statement and others attacking it for being preachy and vulgar.

Book 2 of the Republic describes:

Justice Is Its Own Reward

What poems rhyme scheme is very haunting and has a chant like musical quality; the theme of the poem is the mystical powers of nature and the poet's visionary imagination?

Kubla Kahn

Balzac examined themes of money and power, gender relations, social mores, and family life in mid-19th century France in his fiction collection, ________.

La Comedie Humaine (The Human Comedy) is a collection of fiction written by Honoré de Balzac that sought to give the reader a panoramic and realistic picture of French society in all of its splendor and squalor.

Giuseppe Verdi

La Traviata - Conclusion - Addio, del passato (libretto Francesco Maria Plave) Giuseppe Verdi's 28 operas captured the passionate spirit of Romantic drama. Verdi's La Traviata ("The Fallen Woman") is a three-act opera adapted from the novel The Lady of the Camellias by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The narrative of the opera involves the love between a nobleman and a courtesan and the complications that arise from their relationship. It is currently one of the most popular operas worldwide.

Lysistrata's significance

Lysistrata's response demonstrates her as an extraordinary protagonist who places higher importance on her task than her duty as a female.

Which of the following individuals was NOT an Enlightenment philosopher?

Leonardo Bruni was a Renaissance philosopher. John Locke, Immanuel Kant, and Denis Diderot were all Enlightenment philosophers.

Some of the most notable artists of the Renaissance Period were

Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper) Michelangelo (statue of David, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Donatello (bronze statue of David) Brunelleschi and Ghiberti (Sacrifice of Isaac), Cimabue and Giotto (paintings of the Madonna and child) Durer (realist paintings).

A benefit of technology for Postmodern art is:

Less expensive technology has reduced the barrier to entry and has allowed more people to create art.

What types of poetry was in the Greek civilization?

Lyric poetry focused on personal experience, while epic poetry focused on heroic theme

Themes(theater) included:

Likeness to life Moral and social questioning Compassion for the human condition

As a result of applying mathematical principles to their paintings, Renaissance artists developed which of the following techniques?

Linear perspective

Renaissance Art and Architecture

Linear perspective - last supper

New Criticism, Reader Response Criticism, and Psychoanalytical Criticism are different approaches to which of the following Postmodern theories?

Literary theory is a set of critical lenses through which one can interpret works of literature; these lenses include New Criticism, Reader Response Criticism, and Psychoanalytical Criticism.

Which novel is set before, during, and after the Civil War; and provides a commentary on the state of education and the extension of the individualist ideal to women as well as men.

Little Women

Famous for his flamboyant style and numerous love affairs; helped create the notion of the Byronic hero

Lord Byron

Which of the following is a group of Modernist playwrights?

Lorraine Hansberry, Arthur Miller, and Samuel Beckett are Modernist playwrights. The other options are authors, artists, and dancers.

Photography:

Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre invented the daguerreotype—a unique, detailed photographic image on a highly polished silver-plated sheet of copper. After he introduced his process to a fascinated public, photography emerged as both a medium of expression and as a powerful scientific tool.

She was an American novelist and short story writer who was raised by, and grew up alongside, the key figures of the American Transcendentalist movement; best known novel is Little Women

Louisa May Alcott

Who wrote the poem "Indian Boarding School: The Runaways"?

Louise Erdrich wrote "Indian Boarding School: The Runaways." In this piece Erdrich provides a multicultural perspective on American history and shows the dislocation, fragmentation, and violence that is the result of cultural eradication.

Themes of The Flea

Love and Mortality

Themes of Virgils Aeneid were:

Love, Fate, Duty, Polytheism

Key Romantic composers

Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Hector Berlioz, Franz Schubert, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Richard Strauss, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Richard Wagner, Giuseppe Verdi, and Giacomo Puccini.

Which of the following was founded in the Persian Empire by the Iranian prophet Mani

Manichaeism was founded in the Persian Empire by the Iranian prophet Mani, whose teachings emphasized the duality of good and evil.

Which of the following statements regarding Modernist poets is true?

Many Modernist poets avoided rhyme schemes or strict rhymes. Instead they embraced avant-garde and experimental structures.

When writing about the horrors of war, which of the following techniques did many Modernist writers use?

Many Modernist writers used jarring, fragmented narration to reflect the alienation and profound trauma experienced by both soldiers and civilians.

Globalization:

Many Postmodernists react to globalization, the increasingly integrated global economy that allows the world to be more intimately connected than ever. Some Postmodernists embrace the wider sphere of influence and exchange of ideas, while others are skeptical of the homogeneity, as contemporary cultural influences bleed into older traditions. This theme refers to the increase of capital, labor, and trade flowing freely throughout the world, which had effects on technology and cultural development.

Many churches used statues and sculptures to ____________.

Many churches used statues and sculptures to tell the stories of the Bible in a visual way because many commoners at the time could not read.

Rationalism/Scientific Expansion:

Many people in the Renaissance embodied a strong interest in rationalism and scientific inquiry, leading to deeper understanding of the world and technological developments in such areas as medicine, transportation, and warfare.

Which of the following is a group of Modernist poets?

Marianne Moore, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings are Modernist poets. The other options are philosophers, musicians, and filmmakers.

Which of the following Realist writers assumed a pen name?

Mark Twain was born as Samuel Langhorne Clemens.

Which of the following Realist authors is best known for challenging his/her society's views on race through humor?

Mark Twain, Mark Twain challenged American views on race in his humorous novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Which of the following poetry techniques was developed during the Baroque Era?

Metaphysical poetry, it uses literary conceits marked by complex and subtle logic.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a poem written in _______.

Middle English

The Canterbury Tales is a poem (with two stories told in prose) written in ________.

Middle English

Classical Greece and Rome influenced which civilization

Middle ages, Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and contemporary culture.

Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother

Migrant Mother moderist photography

Which of the following musical styles was composer John Philip Sousa best known for?

Military march, John Philip Sousa, an American composer who served in the U.S. Marine Corps, wrote many military and patriotic parade marches.

John Milton Paradise Lost Baroque techniques

Milton used religious and political allegory in an epic poem form.

Virginia Woolf

Mrs. Dalloway

Theme of Hamlet

Mirroring; Cycle of Violence; Suicide; Humanism and Truth

What is the name of the the fictional "Baroque" composer created by satirist Peter Schickele?

Modern satirist Peter Schickele created the fictional composer P.D.Q. Bach and tours with satirical versions of Baroque compositions.

Major Themes of Modernism

Modernism is a broad term that describes the artistic movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries, which challenged traditional representational art forms and experimented with new styles and forms. Major themes of Modernism include: Fragmentation Existentialism Internalization/Externalizations Individualism Urbanization Commercialism & Capitalism War:

Modernist Art

Modernist art broke free from established conventions in the arts, and painters, sculptors, and architects approached their art with a spirit of experimentation. The following are distinct art movements from the early and mid-20th century: Cubism: Expressionism: Dadaism: Fauvism: Geometric Abstraction: Surrealism: Bauhaus: Abstract Expressionism: Minimalism Pop Art:

Modernist Literature

Modernist literature departed from the strenuous external detail of Realist writing and the sensory-laden opulence of Romantic writing. Instead, Modernist literature was sometimes stark, sometimes rambling, sometimes disjointed, and sometimes minimalist. Modernist poets and writers provided new poetic and narrative forms that would best reflect a deep turn inward toward the individual. The tie that binds Modernist writers and poets is the deep turn inward and a desire to represent that turn and the causes behind it.

Modernist music is characterized by its use of which of the following?

Modernist music is characterized by its use of dissonance and improvisation.

Modernist Music

Modernist musicians experimented with harmony, melody, sound, and rhythm to create music that was wildly creative and innovative, breaking through musical and social barriers.

Modernist Philosophy

Modernist philosophers were primarily concerned with the drama of individual experience rather than attempting to make larger claims about the world. There were three prominent movements in Modernist philosophy: Existentialism, Psychoanalysis, and Pragmatism Each philosophy attempts to try to find something within the world that can explain our experiences of living in the world.

Modernist Poetry

Modernist poets addressed themes of alienation, crisis, and the search for meaning. Modernist poetry runs the gamut from intricate, emotional, and gritty depictions of war to minimalist celebrations of everyday objects. Modernist poets portray the search for self as a constant, often nihilistic, struggle. The quest for individualism is through thoughtful introspection, and Modernist poetry represents that quest.

Modernist Theater

Modernist theater was grittier and darker than prior works produced for the stage. Moving away from the strictly realistic and easily accessible set designs and plots of the Realist Period, Modernist theater experimented with creating a space that could be alienating to the audience or that forced them to engage more actively with the drama by using their imagination to fill in the blanks.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Modern Period

Modernist works modeled a relationship of cultural exchange and diversity. This new model rejected the imperialist notions of Western cultural superiority and the assertion that only Western cultural expressions held value. Modernists works demonstrate that when the individual is placed at the center of creative expression, the diversity of human experience can be best represented.

Fragmentation:

Modernists sought to represent a sense of shared and personal fragmentation. This sense of personal, or individual, fragmentation was a response to social fragmentation brought on by wars, economic depressions, and cultural divides along the lines of race and gender. The feeling of being broken down into parts or pieces, as individuals and society alike sought to understand the rapidly changing world.

In his comedy Tartuffe,

Moliére uses satire to critique false religious piety and to highlight the contrasts between irrationality and reason.

What is "monophony"?

Monophony refers to music that is composed of one (mono) line of melody rather than multiple

Performance art is associated with the avant-garde, experimental theater that is on the vanguard of unconventional forms.

More recently, dramatic performance art has become an autobiographical monologue, written and presented by a solo performer, sometimes incorporating elements of dance, music, and the visual arts.

Byzantine

Mosaics of Justinian & Theodora

Neoclassical music

Mozart - sonatas, symphonies, masses, concertos, operas, Haydn - Clock symphony, Beethoven no5 and no9

Which of the following life stressors may have influenced the mood and tone of Mozart's Symphony No. 40 in G minor?

Mozart's wife's ill health put a serious strain on him and, coupled with a decline in popularity and his father's death, may have contributed to the dischordant, frantic tone of the piece.

Which of the following Postmodern themes involves the acceptance of different cultures or cultural identities within a community or society?

Multiculturalism can be seen as the acceptance of different cultures or cultural identities within a community or society.

Multiculturalism:

Multiculturalism can be seen as the acceptance of different cultures or cultural identities within a community or society. It has also spurred the combination, synthesis, and cross-fertilization of differing artistic and cultural traditions into new or derivative works of art.

Realist Music

Music in the 19th century took on many forms, often experimenting with qualities like atonality, nationalism, and symbolism. Classical romantic, late romantic, musical impressionism and military march

What is "melismatic" music?

Music that has many pitches to one syllable of text

THE HUMANITIES AND THE DISCIPLINES

Music, Cinema, the Visual Arts, Literature, Theater, Dance, Architecture and Philosophy

Musical Impressionism:

Musical impressionism is characterized by a more sensual experience, with tonal ambiguity that suggested a particular atmosphere rather than creating it. Notable composers of this style include Claude Debussy (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun) and Joseph-Maurice Ravel (Bolero).

Willa Cather

My Antonia

Which of the following best describes the mystery plays?

Mystery plays were put on by churches and towns and depicted different scenes and stories from the Bible.

The practice and belief in spirituality to build a connection to spiritual life through personal experience.

Mysticism

As a result of this theme, many Romantics embraced the myth of Prometheus and polytheism as themes in their work.

Mysticism and the Occult

traditional stories that explain natural phenomena, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rites

Myths

Neoclassical Theater

Myths, "The heroic tragedy" or "comedy of matters", Jean Batiste Moliere - Tartuffe, Jean Racine, Pierre Corneille

_______ identity became a major focus of many Western countries during this time period.

National

A variant of patriotism, this theme was a consequence of the Romantic obsession with the figures of creative folk genius.

Nationalism

showcasing a love and devotion for one's heritage and birthplace rather than one's personal beliefs.

Nationalism

Major themes of the Romantic Period

Nationalism Exoticism Revolution Heroism Passion Individualism Naturalism Mysticism and the Occult

In America, artists such as George Caleb Bingham and George Catlin depicted cultural aspects of _____ Americans.

Native

There are universal moral principles found in the natural order or derived by divine reason

Natural Law Theory

Classify: Attacking innocents forfeits one's moral claim

Natural law theory

Classify: Rules are predetermined & should be uncritically followed

Natural law theory

Many of the Romantic writers found wisdom and solace in nature and strove to convey this theme to their readers.

Naturalism

Neoclassical Theater

Neoclassical playwrights turned to subjects based on classical myths and adhered to classical unities of time, place, and action.

According to Dr. Paula Carabell, what elements found in the painting Oath of the Horatii indicate that it is representative of the Neoclassical Period?

Neoclassicism pulled from Roman art and architecture, which, Dr. Carabell explains, is represented in the Roman arches of the painting. In addition, the anguished figures of the women reflect the notion that they are destined to lose their husbands, brothers, or sons to battle, as there was a prevailing notion that allegiance to country was more important than allegiance to family.

Neoclassical Art and Architecture

Neoclassicism was an 18th century art and architecture movement that looked to Greek and Roman art for models of harmony, idealized realism, and reason. It shunned the ostentatious elements of the Baroque and Rococo styles and promoted the themes of order, progress, and civic virtue

Who has criticized the obscure, difficult language employed by Postmodernists?

Noam Chomsky, Political philosopher and linguist Noam Chomsky has criticized the obscure, difficult language employed by Postmodernists, saying, "If something can be said simply, say it simply, so that the carpenter next door can understand you. Anything that is at all well understood about human affairs is pretty simple."

Frédéric Chopin

Nocturne Op. 27 No. 1 French composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin's 27th Nocturne in C-sharp minor follows the form A-B-A with a coda. The melody has moments of calm and confidence, but sharper discordant notes and a drastic tempo change that quickly evokes unease. It reaches a frenzied pace in the section marked più mosso. Critics have agreed that the piece is a hauntingly beautiful example of Chopin's talent for evoking the unsettling emotion that breaks the confinements of reason and logic.

Courtly is:

Non-sexual love emphasized by ancient Greeks Passionate love favored by Greek poets A romantic love emphasized in the medieval period

Eros is:

Non-sexual love emphasized by ancient Greeks Passionate love favored by Greek poets A romantic love emphasized in the medieval period

Platonic is:

Non-sexual love emphasized by ancient Greeks Passionate love favored by Greek poets A romantic love emphasized in the medieval period

Which of the following statements would be endorsed by Romantic philosophers?

Not all things can be discovered by empirical investigation., Romantic philosophers rejected the Enlightenment idea that empirical investigation is the key to knowledge acquisition. Philosophers like Kant and Emerson argued that some knowledge can be attained by the exercise of reflection, and reason and can be acquired prior to experience.

Which poem highlights the power of nature?

Ode to the West Wind

Which of the following plays was written by the Greek poet Sophocles?

Oedipus Rex

If Harold Godwinson had fought the Normans first, instead of the Vikings, the English language would have been heavily influenced by _______ instead of __________.

Old Norse; French and Latin, If Harold Godwinson had fought the Normans first, instead of the Vikings, the English language would have been heavily influenced by Old Norse instead of French and Latin.

Define Rise of the Commonwealth:

Oliver Cromwell led the rebellion against England's absolute monarchy and sought to increase the power of the common folk. The Rise of the Commonwealth created political turmoil in England but eventually settled to a limited monarchy.

Rise of the Commonwealth:

Oliver Cromwell led the rebellion against England's absolute monarchy and sought to increase the power of the common folk. The Rise of the Commonwealth created political turmoil in England but eventually settled to a limited monarchy.

Who commissioned the work Einekleine Nachtmusik?

One of the mysteries surrounding Mozart's Einekleine Nachtmusik is the person or people who commissioned it.

_____ dealt with Romantic themes as well as emphasized more elaborate solos.

Opera

Samuel Richardson

Pamela- Theme-Progress and Sympathy. Enlightenment techniques-uses sensibility in his novel to provide a social critique. this work, the main character works for a man who takes advantage of his class position over the main character. •This work focuses on the ability of an individual to enact social change. •This work addresses the limitations and dangers of the existing class systems.

Neoclassical Art and Architecture

Order progress and civic virtue Greek and Roman styles, Johann Joachim Wincklmann, Jacques-Louis David, Angelica Kaufmann, John Singleton Copley, Henry Fuseli, William Hunter. Brandenburg gate, Pantheon in Paris and Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's home in VA

Gothic art

Our Lady of Chartres

Barbara Hepworth's Oval Sculpture (Delos)

Oval Sculpture (Delos)

Two of the most prominent Modernist artists

Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse—used their encounters with African art and sculpture in their works.

This theme inspired Romantic writers to favor strong sentiments of affection, sorrow, and romantic longing over the rational and logical.

Passion

Which theme pertains to Romantic artists explored the full spectrum of uninhibited human emotion and generally favored the strong sentiments of affection, sorrow, and romantic longing over the rational and logical.

Passion

Willa Cather

Pauls Case

Life is a Dream is written by

Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Considered one of the founding authors of the British Romantic movement; He wrote "Ode to the West Wind"

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Who wrote Prometheus Unbound?

Percy Bysshe Shelley

___________is considered one of the founding figures of the British Romantic movement. His poems include "Ode to the West Wind" (1819), which highlights the power of nature, and "Ozymandias" (1817), which details the perspective of an Egyptian King.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Which of the following would fall under the category of "intermedia"?

Performance art falls under the category of "intermedia." The term "intermedia" refers to inter-disciplinary art that combines various media—such as drawing, poetry, or theater—to create things like performance art or visual poetry.

Performance Art

Performance art is a special type of art that became popular in the Postmodern Era.

________ became popular in the Postmodern Era.

Performance art, became popular in the Postmodern Era. Performance art is a type of experimental theater that bridges the disciplines of theater and the visual arts.

Harlem Renaissance

Period of vibrant African-American cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s, centered in New York City's Harlem neighborhood. Aaron Douglas

Renaissance Literature Writers

Petrach - Canzonier Machiavelli - The Prince Castiglinone - The Courtier William Shakespeare-Hamlet

Father of humanism

Petrarch

existentialism

Philosophical movement that emphasizes personal experience, choice, freedom, and responsibility and sees the individual as a moral free agent. Jean-Paul Satre

PHILOSOPHY OF MIND

Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.

Which of the following was developed during the 19th century and contributed to Realism's desire for accurate portrayal of reality?

Photography, Photography was developed in the 19th century and allowed for more accurate visual representation.

Pablo Picasso was the leading artist of ___________.

Picasso was the leading artist of Cubism.

Pictorialism:

Pictorialism: A school of photography that employed soft focus, special filters and lens coatings, darkroom manipulation, and innovative printing processes to try to match the aesthetic effects of painting and printmaking. American photographer Gertrude Käsebier was a leading member of the pioneering photographic movement known as Pictorialism, which emphasized a subjective, painterly approach to photography instead of a documentary one. She is best-known for her evocative images of women and domestic scenes.

Le Cid is written by

Pierre Corneille

The Canterbury Tales Themes

Pilgrimage, Christianity, Feudalism

free verse

Poetry without any fixed pattern of meter, rhythm, or rhyme.

Sexuality:

Postmodern artists, writers, and philosophers who were open to questioning socially constructed identities challenged preconceived notions of sexuality and gender and inspired widespread change.

Themes of Sapphos' "Lament for Adonis" were

Polytheism, Love, Humanism

Pop Art is considered to be Postmodern because it ____________.

Pop Art is considered to be Postmodern because it mixes high art and low art by incorporating consumer goods.

Which of the following art movements features elements of society, such as consumer products and celebrities?

Pop Art, features elements of society that have become central to our lives, such as consumer products and celebrities.

Which of these Romantic paintings demonstrated its artist's republic leanings with a less-than-flattering treatment of royalty?

Portrait of the Family of Charles IV, criticized for its less than flattering and even sarcastic grouping of the royal family and its lack of "visual diplomacy."

Post-Impressionism:

Post-Impressionism was an art movement during the late 19th century that followed the Impressionist art movement that came before. While Post-Impressionist artists borrowed the Impressionists' concern with color and light, they had a greater concern for expression, structure, form, line, and symbolic content than did the Impressionists. Some art historians categorize Post-Impressionists into two groups: Formalists: had a tendency to react against Impressionism's formlessness by experimenting with ways to create volume and three-dimensional form. Expressionists: reacted to Impressionism's aloofness and indifference to subject matter. Through self-expression and psychological intensity, Expressionists enticed viewers to become emotionally invested in the issue or experience depicted. Important Post-Impressionist artists include Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gauguin.

____________ is an academic movement focused on the effects of colonial imperialism on colonized people.

Post-colonialism, is an academic movement focused on the effects of colonial imperialism on colonized people. The primary focus is on economic, political and cultural oppression.

Postmodernist Art

Postmodern art lacks the established canon that exists in other movements. Postmodern art often provides social and political commentary—though not always. Postmodern art engages and often re-appropriates artistic techniques from previous periods.

Which of the following statements regarding Postmodern literature is true?

Postmodern literature developed new ways to experiment with the boundaries of narration, character development, and representation, as exemplified in the works of American novelists Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo, Sandra Cisneros, and Toni Morrison.

Postmodern Music

Postmodern music, like the Postmodern movement as a whole, does not have any clear boundaries to determine what is or isn't Postmodern music. Instead, Postmodern music is defined but what it is not. It is defined by its movement away from established order and structure towards musical experimentation.

Postmodern Philosophy

Postmodern philosophers rejected the concept of objective reality, adamant that there was no way to adequately explain or describe it; reality could not be known. As such, there is no way to analyze a text to gain its true interpretation. Philosophers were also concerned with the way that language represents abstract concepts, which are fundamentally unknowable and un-representable. Critical Theory Cultural Theory Literary Theory

Technology allows designers to create art that is interactive

Postmodern thinkers believe there is no single reality and that individual experience is worth as much as group identity.

Postmodern Contexts

Postmodernism does not have one static meaning. Its lack of a concrete center is actually part of the very point of Postmodernism: its function can be seen as disrupting any sort of monolithic or singular way of creating a text, looking at a text, or contextualizing a text. Postmodernism overlaps in many ways with Modernism and shares some, though not all, of its general themes: fragmentation, alienation, and a desire to break with convention. Although Postmodernism can be hard to define, it's easy to recognize the major events that influenced it. Civil Rights Feminism Sexuality Technology

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Postmodern Period

Postmodernism is all but defined by cultural exchange, as globalization informs and impacts many Postmodernist themes. The question of what happens to local, traditional cultures is still uncertain as numerous cultures blend together in new ways. Levi's controversial "Go Forth" advertising campaign showcases how image, art, and marketing in the Postmodern world can be manipulative, with the metanarrative having as much subtext as the narrative itself.

When analyzing a text or language,

Postmodernists considered the individual in his or her context and the metanarrative used to create meaning.

Which of the following statements regarding Postmodernism is true?

Postmodernists react to globalization differently. Some embrace the wider sphere of influence and exchange of ideas, while others are skeptical of the homogeneity, as contemporary cultural influences bleed into older traditions.

Rapid economic change and industrial growth had which of the following effects during the Realist Period?

Profound social, political, and economic change and rapid industrial growth polarized people and nations according to wealth, gender, class, and power.

Revolution:

Progress, emphasis on reason, and philosophical advancements led to political revolution throughout the Western world, especially in the American colonies and France.

Which figure from Greek mythology featured in Romantic works is a symbol of freedom and rebellion?

Prometheus

Why did Romantics embrace the Greek figure Prometheus?

Prometheus symbolized freedom and autonomy., political change was pervasive during this time period, many of the Romantics embraced Prometheus, a figure from Greek mythology who defied the gods to give fire to humanity.

The Restrained Baroque style was born of _____________.

Protestant beliefs, Protestantism introduced the Restrained Baroque style. Calvinists adopted a simpler, more intimate style that exemplifies the Restrained Baroque style.

Themes of the Flesh & the Spirit

Puritanism and Mortality

Puritanism:

Puritans were a Protestant group that grew in England during the 16th century. They were known for their extreme adherence to the Bible as a guide for everyday life and religious devotion. They took issue with the Anglican Church, believing that it was corrupt and not reformed enough. Some pushed for "purification" within the Anglican Church, while others separated from the Church entirely. Puritans pushed King James I to commission a new English translation for the Bible. That translation became known as the King James Bible, one of the most influential English translations.

Classical Romantic:

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is representative of the classical Romantic style of music, well known for his ballets and symphonic works. He utilizes classical structure in order to fulfill the Romantic need for expression, using music to invoke symbolism of his personal life tormented by doubt and anxiety. His most famous ballets are Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, and The Nutcracker, and he is also known for the dramatic 1812 Overture.

Nella Larsen

Quicksand

Post modern music

R&B Motown Disco Rock and Roll Hip Hop and Rap Pop New Country Indie World Stage and Scree

He is considered to be the father of American literature; one of the central figures in the American Transcendentalist movement; He was a champion of individualism and the importance of nature upon the development of consciousness.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Several of his essays have had a profound effect on the development of American character and literature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Who wrote The Poet, The American Scholar, Nature, and Self-Reliance?

Ralph Waldo Emerson

an American philosopher; widely considered to be a founding father of transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Which Romantic figure wrote the following: "Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail."

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson's primary focus was individualism and the relationship between the human soul and the natural world.

Postmodern music is also rebellious in nature.

Rather than play it safe with conventional music and topics, many artists challenge what is considered socially acceptable, in regards to sexuality, political and social revolt, and the boundaries between music and performance art.

Individualism:

Realism sought to portray individuality with accurate, scientific detail. Realists attempted to recreate people and existence as realistically as possible, and their approach was more logical, more objective, and more fixated on minute detail.

Realist Philosophy

Realist art, literature, theater, and music explored Darwinism, utilitarianism, individualism, and Marxism, as the artists, writers, actors, and musicians challenged the conventional forms and subject matter while exploring the role of the individual to society. Darwinism, utilitarianism, individualism, and Marxism all deal with the relationship between society and the individual.

Honoré Daumier, Gustave Courbet, and Edouard Manet were all prominent _______

Realist artists

Which of the following Western artistic genres were heavily influenced by Japanese art forms?

Realist artists, Impressionist artists (e.g. Monet, Degas, Cassatt), and Art Nouveau artists (Klimt, Toulouse-Lautrec) drew heavy inspiration from Japanese woodblock prints.

Realist Literature

Realist authors sought to describe life and human behavior as they were, without idealization or romantic subjectivity. The transformation in everyday life was reflected in Realist literature, as authors sought to portray how life was lived during changing times.

Social Progressive Movement

Realists democratized art by broadening subject matter to include everyday lives and settings of the working class. The growing impact of journalism, photography, and diversification of urban populations increased the public's exposure to social injustices. The Social Progressive movement aimed to align government and social institutions to allow for greater equality and freedom for all people. Artists and writers supported these ideals by challenging conventions in their techniques while also exploring themes of oppression and rebellion against established social rules.

Industrialization:

Realists wanted to portray the realistic consequences of the Industrial Revolution, which exposed the large differences between the wealthy and the working classes. Industrialism in England and the United States, especially, was a subject for Realist artists and writers, who were focused on the difficult working conditions brought about by industrialization. Later in the period, Realists also tackled the issues of inequality and oppression caused by imperialism and colonialism.

Jean Toomer

Reapers

Themes of the Homers' Oddysey were

Reason, Loyalty, Love, Heroism, Polytheism

During the Classical Period, Greek Philosophers encouraged others to use more _______ and less ______

Reason; Mythology

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)

Pragmatic reasoning

Reasoning that assumes the truth of an idea can be validated by its practical outcome

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning that proceeds from particular facts to a general conclusion

St. Paul's Cathedral in London has been described as

Restrained English Baroque with Neoclassical and Gothic elements.

Antigone themes were

Reversal (of Fortune), Piety, Allegiance, and Accountability for One's Actions

Sergei Rachmaninoff

Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini - Variation 18 Rachmaninoff composed 24 variations of Niccolò Paganini's 24th Violin Caprice, the most famous of which is the 18th: Andante cantabile. The piece is an ingenious technical inversion of Paganini's melody and evokes the strong and oft-irrational emotions of Romantic Period music. The 18th variation is sweet and tender, considered by many to be the emotional climax of all 24 pieces. Rachmaninoff referred to this variation as "love" in a letter to a friend but also hinted that he knew it would have wide public draw when he stated, "this one is for my agent."

Which of the following best describes a Petrarchan sonnet?

Rhyming, fourteen lines long, broken into two parts an octave, the first eight lines, and a sestet, the last six lines.

Which of the following composers established German opera on a par with Italian opera?

Richard Wagner's monumental works established German opera on a par with Italian opera and realized the power of the German language in the operatic form.

Giacomo Puccini

Rigoletto - "Bella figlia dell'amore" from Act 3 Giacomo Puccini changed the course of opera by bringing realism to the stage. Born into an accomplished musical family, he rooted his early compositions in tradition. However, after the death of his mother, he ran off with a married woman, and his internalized conflict with social norms began to reflect in his music. His four major works, La Boheme, Tosca, Madame Butterfly, La Fancuilla Del West (The Girl of the Golden West) centered upon the heartbreak and tragedy of the main female character. Another one of his great operas, Rigolette was based on the play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo, which follows the tragic story of a Duke who sacrifices the life of a young woman to save his own life. Though musically clear and unencumbered, Puccini's focus on realistic character development was intended to provoke an emotional response from the audience.

Faith Ringgold's Who's Afraid of Aunt Jemima?, 1983

Ringgold approaches art like a revisionist art historian seeking to revise biased scholarship, which omitted the contributions of African American artists and subjects. Of her quilting stories, she says that she sought to revise the history of art by including portraits of African Americans. Thus, she turns to African American culture for inspiration, rather than classical Greek or traditional academic art. The collage of quilting textile pieces is complemented by the handwritten personal stories and children's style portraits of African Americans arranged in a checkerboard tablecloth pattern. The overall effect suggests a network of individuals who share the common connections through class and race.

Contexts: The Baroque Period

Rise of the Commonwealth: Baroque's Reluctant Welcome The Science of Observation:

Which of the following Enlightenment writers wrote an article for Diderot's Encyclopédie about the Social Contract?

Rousseau

In England, John Nash designed the _________, which reflected a new exoticism in the use of Mughal and Islamic architectural elements.

Royal Pavilion

Russian Realists:

Russian writers set works in Russia and used straightforward but copious factual detail, placing emphasis on character and atmosphere rather than on plot and action. Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Poor Folk, Crime and Punishment) depicted the turmoil of the social, political, and economic changes wrought by industrialism and class struggle, and Leo Tolstoy (Anna Karenina, War and Peace) examined damaging reality and consequences of conventional morality and war.

A major figure in the Romantic movement of English literature; one of his famous poems is "Kubla Kahn"

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Poet Alexander Pope uses __________ in his poem "The Rape of the Lock" to critique 18th century high society and its focus on vanity.

Satire

The Science of Observation:

Scientific discoveries during the Baroque Period challenged the authority of both the Catholic and Protestant churches. Some philosophers and scientists questioned religious ideals, while others continued to incorporate aspects of religion into their theories and views of the physical world.

________ is the philosophical view that the only reality that exists is the one that can be seen through the natural senses.

Scientific materialism posits that no other reality exists but the one that can be seen through the natural senses.

Realist Sculpture:

Sculptor Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) was interested in lifelike movement, gesture, and the sensory effects of light. Rodin's sculpture The Gates of Hell depicts a scene from the first section of Dante Alighieri's epic poem The Divine Comedy. The Gates of Hell features a collection of powerful figures meant to represent the tormented souls of Dante's Inferno. Two of the most famous figures from this piece, later recast into individual sculptures, include The Thinker and The Kiss. Auguste Rodin's The Walking Man sculpture was created during the late 1890s and depicts the legs and torso of a man. With this piece, Rodin reflects Realist tradition, as he aimed to capture natural action taken from real life.

Oedipus Rex themes were

Self-discovery, Truth, and Suicide

Which of the following philosophers believed that subconscious desires were revealed in dreams?

Sigmund Freud, the "Father of psychoanalysis," believed that dreams revealed the true nature of one's subconscious desires and fears.

War:

Since Modernist artists were at work across two World Wars, European civil wars, and a Cold War, different periods reveal reactions to each phase of war in different and yet similar ways. The tie that binds these representations is an anti-establishment approach, wherein artists created their works in reactions to the horrors of war. Modernists felt that since it was a reliance on tradition and the status quo that led to such horror, a rejection of these would free the individual to heal the personal and social wounds. The dramatic changes people were forced to undergo as a result of multiple global-scale wars in the 20th century.

This school of Enlightenment philosophy acknowledged the limitations of human reasoning

Skepticism

___________ narratives combined reason, sympathy, and empathy to make a statement about the plight of slaves in the United States and to provide a narrative rallying cry for abolitionist action; these writers appealed to emotion and logic.

Slave

Slave Narratives

Slave narratives combined reason, sympathy, and empathy to make a statement about the plight of slaves in the United States and to provide a narrative rallying cry for abolitionist action. Like their contemporaries, these writers appealed to emotion and logic to outline the importance of liberty, democracy, individualism, and the power of education, reform, and the imagination.

Slave narratives used which of the following to make a statement about the plight of slaves in the United States?

Slave narratives used empathy, as well as sympathy and reason, to make a statement about the plight of slaves in the United States and to encourage abolitionist action.

Which of the following is a ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky?

Sleeping Beauty is one of Tchaikovsky's most famous ballets.

Great thinkers of the Classical Period:

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

She was an abolitionist and former slave who advocated for African American women's rights; she delivered the speech 'Ain't I a Woman?' in 1851

Sojourner Truth

Capitalism:

Some Postmodernists are extremely critical of widespread capitalism, arguing that the system is governed almost entirely by economic self-interest and that this devalues the human capacity for morality and concern for larger social interests. Furthermore, they argue capitalism actually encourages and bolsters the self-interested and materialistic behavior that it relies on, creating a vicious cycle of individual consumerism.

Postmodern Influences on Contemporary Life

Some critics believe that Postmodernism has not ended and continues to be a central part of contemporary life. We can see Postmodernist critique of global capitalism and the impact of rapidly developed technology in the Occupy movement, which staged non-violent protests across the world and gained an enormous amount of traction by spreading their word through social media and through news media outlets.

Darwin's theories are less likely to be accepted in __________ circles.

Some religious communities do not accept Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection.

Which literary work traces the loss of that innocence at the hands of social, political corruption, and the hypocrisies of the Church and ruling classes?

Songs of Experience

Which literary work traces the functions of childhood?

Songs of Innocence

American War Songs:

Songs that fall into this category served as rallying cries, boosting American morale and resolve during times of armed conflict. Among these would be "Free America," a Revolutionary War song. Some war songs chronicled the anxiety of military personnel and their families resulting from separation. During World War II, a number of songs centered on the adjustment to military life by civilian draftees; among these are Irving Berlin's "This Is the Army Mr. Jones" and the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy."

Oedipus Rex & Antigone were written by

Sophocles

Empirical

Study a study derived from experiment and observation rather than theory

The Social Contract Theory

Suggests that a formal society or state structure is born through an agreement, either conscious or subconscious, between individuals in which each relinquishes some of his or her individual rights for the sake of establishing a larger state with ultimate authority.

Which Modernist style of art transformed ordinary subjects by placing them in distorted or fresh contexts based on dreams or the subconscious?

Surrealism transformed ordinary subjects by placing them in distorted or fresh contexts based on dreams or the subconscious.

Swing Dance:

Swing dance bands from the 1920s through the 1950s were an unusual collection of musicians based in the jazz tradition that catered to the spontaneous dancing of their live audiences. Their music was snappy, upbeat, loose, and always about having a good time.

Hector Berlioz

Symphony Fantastique Op.1 - I. Reveries - Passions Hector Berlioz's Symphony Fantastique is a popular piece of Romantic music that tells a narrative with its progression. The music tells a story of an artist's imagination and hopeless passion that ultimately leads to tragedy. No dialogue accompanies the music, so it must rely on dramatic instrumentals to evoke the deep and uninhibited emotions that Romantic audiences had come to expect.

Johannes Brahms

Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, Op. 68 - I. Un poco sostenuto —Allegro took 21 years to write his first symphony, from first sketches to final touches, and the long gestation period paid off. Prominent critics in Vienna hailed the symphony after its first performance. It takes on a rather serious tone yet contains the grand and passionate melodies typical of the Romantic Period.

Franz Schubert

Symphony No. 8 - "Unfinished Symphony" Franz Schubert never finished his eighth symphony, which only had two completed movements. Despite being unfinished, the symphony demonstrates early Romantic themes, such as an emphasis on expressive melody, harmonies, and tone color that challenged the constraining classical form. The dramatic climax at the end of the first movement showcases the push toward emotional evocation.

How did ragtime get its name?

Syncopated rhythm, or duple meter, was also called "ragged" rhythm. From this characteristic tempo, the name "ragtime" was born.

In Greek tragedies, the main character's central human trait or character flaw, such as hubris, was the driving force behind the plot.

TRUE

The Torah is the primary guide to spiritual living for those of the Jewish faith, but it has served to inspire and inform Christianity and Islam as well.

TRUE

Buddhism originated from the regions of what is now northeast India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. True or False?

TRUE, Buddhism was one of the first religions to expand along the Silk Road; traders from the regions of northeast India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan set up shrines along the road, so they could practice their religion away from home.

Today's Romance languages derived from the Roman language of Latin. True or False?

TRUE, One of the more elemental legacies of the Roman empire's influence is the existence of today's Romance languages, which derived from the Roman language of Latin.

During the Renaissance, scientists adopted the empirical methodology of early Greek practitioners and theorists. True or False?

TRUE, Scientists adopted and adapted the empirical methodology of early Greek practitioners and theorists, such as the doctor Hippocrates.

the Greeks' early three-dimensional sculptures, such as the kouros, were inspired by Egyptian sculptures. True or False?

TRUE, The Greek kouros, which features life-sized male nudes in a stance in which the left foot is placed in front of the right, seems to follow the same proportions that Egyptians used to create their free-standing sculptures.

Plato's ideal state is one that is ruled by decisions informed by reason and justice. True or False?

TRUE, Unlike the Egyptian model state, in which the king is god, Plato's ideal state has a philosopher-king who makes decisions based on reason and justice.

Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotle's best-known work on ethics. True or False?

TRUE, icomachean Ethics consists of ten books and addresses how humans should best live.

The Romans deified their emperors. True or False?

TRUE, the Romans adopted the Greek custom of deifying their emperors and adding them to the pantheon.

Moliere

Tartuffe- Theme-Piety and Reason Neoclassical techniques-uses satire to deliver his religious and social critique.

All of the following artists are considered part of the swing dance movement EXCEPT ________.

The Andrews Sisters are generally not considered part of the swing movement, since they were known for their patriotic American war songs.

Technology:

Technology has directly influenced two major themes of the Postmodern Period: digitalization and globalization. Digitalization has led to a democratization of art. The world has experienced dramatic globalization as a result of developing technologies, which allow for the free exchange of ideas and influences among cultures. This globalization has led to mixing of cultures, cultural identities, and artistic representation. Many Postmodern artists play with the notion of cultural identity and push cultural boundaries to make larger statements about a growing global culture. close

Which of the following is a composition by Tchaikovsky?

The 1812 Overture is a dramatic orchestration written by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate Russia's defense of its motherland against Napoleonic invasion.

The 1975 song "All By Myself" was based on which of the following pieces from the Romantic era?

The 1975 song "All By Myself," written and recorded by Eric Carmen, was partly based on Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2, Second Movement.

The European maritime exploration that took place during the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries is referred to as the ___________.

The Age of Exploration (also called the "Age of Discovery") refers to the European maritime exploration that took place during the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries.

The Age of Enlightenment was also called ________.

The Age of Reason

The Byronic hero first appeared in ____________.

The Byronic hero first appeared in Byron's epic narrative poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." During the Romantic Period, Byron and his works helped create the notion of the Byronic hero, a figure who embodied individualism, imagination, and rebellion.

Heroism

The Byronic or Romantic hero was an embodiment of the revolutionary thought and introspective concerns that Romantics faced in this era. Such heroes were gifted loners who challenged traditions and brooded on personal passions.

In 1517 Martin Luther made public his objection to which of the following?

The Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences This document would later become the cornerstone of the Reformation.

John Steinbeck

The Chrsyanthemums

The nobility controlled the life of the medieval citizen but _____ governed the afterlife.

The Church was responsible for guiding the afterlife of every medieval citizen.

Civil Rights:

The Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century was a source of inspiration for Postmodern artists. Postmodern artists saw race as being socially constructed—not biologically inherent—and used different modes of expression to communicate this idea and challenge society's perception of race. Postmodernists used various artistic mediums to break down social constructs and challenge preconceived notions of identity.

Which historic event had a profound effect on Postmodern artists?

The Civil Rights Movement of the 20th century was a source of inspiration for Postmodern artists. Postmodern artists used different modes of expression to challenge preconceived notions of identity and race.

Counter Reformation:

The Counter Reformation reasserted the influence of the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent, attended by Catholic bishops over 18 years, chose to put emphasis on the need to legislate moral reform among the clergy, to tighten the administration, and to recognize the absolute authority of the Pope as the earthly vicar or representative of God and Jesus Christ. Part of this Reformation also included a dedication to carrying the Catholic religion to all parts of the world, and missionaries were sent out to convert the people of every continent to Catholicism.

Counter Reformation:

The Counter Reformation was the Roman Catholic Church's attempt to revitalize interest and devotion to resist the influence of the Protestant Reformation. As part of the Counter Reformation, the Church became a fervent patron of the arts.

Baldassare Castiglione

The Courtier, Individualism and Self Fashioning : •the fostering of a public persona to represent one's uniqueness •the process of fashioning one's individual sense of self according to a set of socially acceptable standards •the attempt to define one's knowledge and skills rather than the depth of one's faith

Aaron Douglas

The Crisis and Opportunity

The Catholic Church's efforts to wage war on non-believers and to control Holy Lands of the Middle East are known as ________.

The Crusades were European military expeditions ordered by the Catholic Church to wage war on non-believers and recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.

Which statement reflects the effect of the divine right of kings (DRK) on the arts?

The DRK encouraged the arts because large works celebrating royalty were commissioned., As a result of the divine right of kings, many monumental structures, gardens, and portraits were commissioned. Royal patronage of the arts helped to encourage and support it.

Major Themes of the Middle Ages

The Dark Ages, Religion, Humility, Crusades Chivalry Feudism

Morality is whatever God (or the gods) command:

The Divine Command Theory

Themes of the Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (The Dark Ages) Religion & Deference to God Crusade & Pacifism Feudalism & Humility Chilvary

What was the goal of the Encyclopédie?

The Encyclopédie was a project started by French writers and thinkers to collect human knowledge in one place.

Key Concepts: The Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment heralded a new willingness to question authority in all areas of life. Scientific discoveries increased rapidly, and the questioning of the monarchy led to political reform and revolution. In religion, skeptics increasingly challenged the authority of organized religion and attempted to find a basis for morality outside religion altogether. The Enlightenment also saw the rise of deism, the belief that a God had created and designed the world but did not directly intervene in its affairs. This was also called the "watchmaker God," a reference to a watchmaker's role in creating a watch but relative neglect once it was completed and events are set into action.

Logic:

The Enlightenment valued logical thinking, following formulas based on facts in order to arrive to a conclusion.

Which of the following sought to establish equal rights and opportunities for women during the Postmodern Period?

The Feminist Movement of the 20th century sought to establish equal rights and opportunities for women. Because of this movement, Postmodernists have been inspired to create, promote, and consume art that reflects the lives and experiences of women and challenges gender norms.

Feminism:

The Feminist movements of the 20th century have inspired Postmodernists to create, promote, and consume art that reflects the lives and experiences of women and challenges gender norms.

________ is an example of a profound event in the Romantic Period that had an impact on a country's national identity.

The French Revolution

Zora Neale Hurston

The Gilded Six-bits

Achieving balance by too much of a trait & tool ittle of a trait is:

The Golden Mean

John Steinbeck

The Grapes of Wrath

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby

Which of the following is a radical art group of feminist women?

The Guerrilla Girls is a radical art group of feminist women. They promote feminist revisions of art history. More pointedly, they seek to bring to light social inequalities that are leveraged against minority communities.

Byzantine

The Hagia Sophia

T.S. Eliot

The Hollow Men

Sandra Cisneros' Postmodern work

The House on Mango Street is written in lyrical vignettes that blur the line between poetry and prose. The story's themes include coming of age, the power of the written and spoken word, community responsibility, shame, and individualism.

Homer wrote

The Iliad & Oddysey

Which of the following developments MOST contributed to the rise of Realist literature?

The Industrial Revolution, led to urbanization prompted many Realist authors to be concerned about certain social issues.

The King James Bible was a highly influential ________ translation of the Holy Bible.

The King James Bible was a highly influential English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned by King James I of England.

Romanesque

The Last Judgement

T.S. Eliot

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Gothic art

The Notre Dame de Paris

Nicolo Macchiavelli

The Prince Humanism, Individualism, and Self Fashinoning importance of the political state rather than the religious state •the creation of one's public identity based on individual interests •the power of self-determination and free will •the darker side of the Renaissance's belief in human possibility

Which principle gave innocents the right to self-defense?

The Principle of Forfeiture held that those who deliberately attacked or threatened an innocent forfeited their own moral claim to life. This gave innocents the right to self-defense.

Which of the following factors caused a decline during the Renaissance of the power and authority of the Roman Catholic Church?

The Protestant Reformation The Western Schism Popular heretical movements

Theme of Doctor Faustus

The Quest for Knowledge; Sin; Protestant Influence

Realist Social and Political Contexts

The Realist Period saw profound social, political and economic changes in Europe and the United States. Rapid industrial growth modernized aspects of everyday life and polarized people and nations according to wealth, gender, class, and power. The Industrial Revolution, Social Progressive Movement, Preoccupation with Physical Reality, and Rapid Technological Change.

Realist Influences on Contemporary Life

The Realist Period was marked by the introduction of Marxism, Darwinism, and utilitarianism as systems of thought.

William Carlos Williams

The Red Wheelbarrow

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Renaissance Period

The Renaissance Period was a busy time of exploration and cultural exchange that resulted from vast improvements in trade and communication.

Expansion of the University System:

The Renaissance approach to education produced the ideal of the well-rounded individual who was not bound to any one discipline. As the university system spread across Europe, it represented a significant change in epistemology.

Wagner's "The Ride of the Valkyries" comes from the opera The Valkyries, which is part of a four-part opera cycle called _____________.

The Ring of the Nibelung, "The Ride of the Valkyries" comes from the opera The Valkyries, which is part of a four-part opera cycle called The Ring of the Nibelung.

Rococo Art and Architecture

The Rococo style appeared at the end of the Baroque Period and was lighter and more playful than the early Baroque style. •Rococo painters typically chose small-scale subjects, employed delicate colors, and painted with light, free brushstrokes. •Rococo artists chose romantic or superficial themes over religious matters. •The Rococo style in gardening showcased an attempt to imitate rural nature. • The Rococo style in painting often entailed asymmetrical composition, a light palette, graceful manner, pastel tones, and erotic subject matter. •Rococo architecture exaggerated and embellished the curvilinear approach of the early Baroque architects.

Which of the following statements about Shakespearean sonnets is true

The Shakespearean sonnet is divided into four quatrains (four-line sections) and one rhyming couplet (a two-line section).

Ernest Hemmingway

The Snows of Kilimanjaro

Socratic Method

The Socratic Method is an approach to thinking and problem solving that relies on a series of questions and answers to uncover a viable truth or hypothesis.

W.E.B. DuBois

The Souls of Black Folk

William Faulkner

The Sound and the Fury

Why is The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America by a Gentlewoman of Those Parts a notable piece of literature?

The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America by a Gentlewoman of Those Parts was the first American book written by a woman, and it reflects the global attitude of the Baroque Period, as Europeans explored new lands.

H.D.

The Walls do not Fall

T.S. Eliot

The Waste Land

Langston Hughes

The Weary Blues

Technology facilitates the creation of new realities

The ability to create "virtual reality" allows artists to explore the meaning of reality.

There were several factors that shaped the world of the arts during the Renaissance, including which of the following?

The accumulation of wealth in cities

Tone

The basic element of music, also called a note; it is used to construct a melody

Epistemology

The branch of formal philosophy concerned with the nature and limits of human knowledge

Which is NOT a characteristic of Baroque architecture?

The buildings were mostly unadorned and understated.

The classical movement in music falls between which two periods for the Neoclassical/Enlightement period

The classical movement in music falls between the Baroque and Romantic Periods.

Classical Music

The classical music genre refers to European music that was composed around 1730 to 1820. The music of this period embraced the Enlightenment focus on balance, order, and structural clarity. Composers heightened the contrast between musical lines and enjoyed a greater depth and variety in orchestral texture.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight addresses:

The code of chivalry (friendship, generosity, chastity, courtesy, and piety), which is rooted in Christian morality The limitations of the chivalric code when expressed through good manners but not necessarily good deeds

Alienation

The collective and individual sense of forced isolation from tradition due to the world's dramatic changes.

Synthesis

The combination of thesis and antithesis which produces a new and higher level of truth

Socratic Method

The correct answer is c. The Socratic Method is an approach to thinking and problem solving that relies on a series of questions and answers to uncover a viable truth or hypothesis.

The Divine Comedy's significance

The poem is one of personal discovery.

iconoclasm

The deliberate destruction of religious imagery.

Modernist Filmmakers

The desire to create something "new" was imperative to Modernism, and because film itself was new, it was inherently modern. Filmmakers used this new medium to illustrate larger themes of the period, including internalization, individualism, capitalism, and war.

Humanities

The creative and intellectual contributions of humankind

Classical Humanism

The cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on Greek and Roman classic literature, that emphasized the dignity, worth, and rationality of humankind

Machiavelli's The Prince advocated ________.

The cunning pursuit of self interest

A nationalist would find all of the following to be possible legitimate grounds for a state EXCEPT:

The decree of a powerful individual, Nationalist philosophers like Rousseau argued that a state's legitimacy depends on some unity or cohesion among the people of that state. This bottom up approach to political legitimacy contrasts with the top down approach, according to which a state is said to be legitimate if some powerful ruler decrees that it is.

Which statement summarizes a trend of the Enlightenment?

The diversity of information brought about higher thinking.

________ is the belief that a monarch derives the right to rule directly from the will of God and is not subject to earthly authority.

The divine right of kings

Renaissance Humanism and Philosophy

The dominant Renaissance cultural and intellectual movement was classical humanism, which emphasized the worth, dignity, and rationality of man.

Social, Economic, and Political Fragmentation:

The economic despair caused by the crash of the U.S. stock market in 1929 and the Great Depression that communities across the board. Scientific advances, particularly Einstein's relativity theories and theories of the infiniteness of the universe, created social and intellectual turmoil, as his theories were perceived as threatening science's traditional role. Other key events include the passage of the 19th Amendment in the U.S., which gave women the right to vote. Racial tensions in the U.S. were expressed in everyday life through violence and through anti-miscegenation and anti-immigration laws. The turmoil brought about by these shifts in thought, political ideologies, and social demographics all formed both the catalyst and backdrop for Modernist works. Modernists therefore sought to embrace individualism as a way of negotiating the rapidly changing social landscape and as an antidote for the strife that occurred during this period.

Archetypes

The emblematic mythic characters, images, plot patterns, symbols, and buried assumptions shared across cultures

Setting

The environment and context in which a creative work is set or takes place

The Harlem Renaissance

The ethnic and racial tensions that existed in the 20th century caused many minorities to examine the themes of fragmentation, individualism, and urbanization from their uniquely marginalized perspective. African Americans in particular came together as a community during the Harlem Renaissance, which referred to the flowering of African American cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s, centered in New York City's Harlem neighborhood. The Harlem Renaissance was a positive moment during the Modern Period because it encouraged new appreciation of and respect for African American experiences and culture. It is important to understand how the Harlem Renaissance is both a unique movement and a part of the larger Modern Period. Called at the time the "New Negro Movement,"

Which aspect of Las Meninas helps to distinguish between the foreground, the middleground, and the background?

The figure in the doorway at the very back of the painting helps to establish the background and is one of the components that Velázquez used to create spatial differences.

Which of the following best describes the hierarchical structure of the feudalism system in the Middle Ages?

The king was at the top of the hierarchy, with powerful nobles beneath him, and lesser nobles beneath powerful nobles. Serfs were at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Monomyth

The hero's journey archetype that appears in all cultures

War, Political Change, and Capitalism:

The horrors of war profoundly changed how nations, communities, and individuals saw their place in the world. Modernists began to look more closely at the role of the individual, in light of these political turns, highlighting the importance of internalization and inner life as an antidote to both communism and fascism. In the workplace, laborers fought for fairer pay and better working conditions, and many Modernists sought to represent this important and revolutionary agitation.

Artists' application of mathematics and optics to achieve perspective in works of art during the Renaissance exemplifies which of the following?

The important merger of art and science during this time period

absurdism

The inner conflict of humans who seek the meaning and purpose life but are inherently doomed not to find any.

Jazz and Blues:

The major performers of this period included such notables as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Bix Beiderbecke. Jazz and Blues grew out of the Prohibition era and continues to enthrall audiences and influence new musical genres even today.

theatrum mundi

The metaphor of the world being a stage.

urbanization

The movement of diverse populations into urban areas.

Music in the Romantic Period

The music of the Romantic Period replaced the restrained style of classical music with more expressive and emotional music. Romantic composers found inspiration in heroic and nationalistic themes. They wrote pieces that demonstrated an appreciation of nature, a turn towards the mystic and the supernatural, and an embrace of strong, irrational emotions over logic and reason. Opera dealt with Romantic themes as well and emphasized more elaborate solos.

The Hero's Journey

The mythic quest in pursuit of some destination or goal whose attainment will lend greater meaning to life

Individualism/Self-Fashioning:

The notion of individualism became important during the Renaissance as artists sought public recognition and reputation. Artists and nobles represented their identity with choices in dress and behavior, a process known as self-fashioning.

How does the novel Pamela reflect period themes?

The novel challenges the boundaries of social class by showing that happiness is possible between a servant and her employer. The novel evokes sympathy for the main character by threatening her virtue. The novel appeals to the everyman by featuring the plight of a servant.

Why was the novel an appropriate medium for conveying the theme of sympathy?

The novel's length allowed for the development of complex characters and plots, evoking sympathy from readers as they became more and more invested.

Baroque period brought about

The orchestra

Individualism:

The overwhelming changes brought on by urbanization and the ethnic and cultural mixing pots that were modern cities drove people to search for ways to identify themselves. Communities emphasized their ethnicities, artists explored radical new patterns, musical variety exploded, and writers delved into the heads and psychologies of their characters. People sought to separate themselves from the increasingly large crowds of humanity The viewpoint that celebrates that which separates one unique person from another; the emphasis on self-identity in an increasingly apathetic world.

Rationalism:

The philosophy of rationalism also put an emphasis on the role of reason as the key to knowledge.

The Renaissance in contemporary life

The philosophy, arts, literature, and music of the Renaissance has influenced our modern concept of individual identity, our compassion for others, our sense of human rights, and even our way of solving problems with reason and science.

One highly significant work during this era was John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost.

The poem narrated the story of the fallen angel Satan's rebellion against God. It also depicts Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Taking inspiration from classical epic poems and using the allegory of Adam and Eve's fall from grace, Milton explores themes of Christianity, spirituality, and morality. John Milton is considered one of the most influential figures in English literature.

Significance of the Flesh & the Spirit

The poem reflects two aspects of human nature, which Puritans believed were forever warring because one serves "sinful [earthly] pleasures" while the other only ever serves God.

Point of View

The position or perspective from which something is viewed or related

Progress:

The progress of human knowledge and society was an important goal for Enlightenment intellectuals.

Alexander Pope

The rape of the lock Theme-Classicism, Progress, Order. Enlightenment techniques-uses satire in his poem, written in heroic couplets, to provide a social critique. This work gives a critique of the wealthy classes in England as lacking true values and focusing too heavily on vanity and frivolity. •In this work, the main character is emotionally scarred by the actions of a Baron. •The Enlightenment techniques used in this work were the use of writing in heroic couplets and the use of satire.

The Industrial Revolution

The rapid economic growth in the West came with social consequences and led to a gap between rich and poor. This gap fueled economic disparity and class consciousness, which in turn provoked uprisings in both cities and rural areas and eventually led to competing ideas for social and economic reform. The dismal conditions of the poor were depicted in Realist art and literature of the time.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Rococo style?

The rich, deep colors of Baroque became light and playful pastel colors in Rococo design.

Digital Arts

The rise in computer technology has yielded several benefits in terms of art. creation of new mediums, interactions with other artists, and is fiscally lower

According to Dr. Kelly, what is the primary role of the knight?

The role of the knight was to kill people, whether for his lord or the Church.

Skepticism:

The school of "rational skepticism" was prominent during the Enlightenment to ensure that philosophers reached conclusions based on reason, not prejudice.

How is balance represented in the Lincoln Memorial

The stately repetition of columns throughout & Both sides are symmetrical

Architecture

The science and art of designing buildings and other structures. Architecture as art is concerned with the aesthetic effect of structures in their surrounding environment. What determines whether an architectural work merits the label "art" is the interplay of its function (the purpose it serves) and form (its appearance or visual presence).

Significance of Paradise Lost

The story of Adam and Eve is an allegory for all of humankind: mortality is not simply about physical death, it is (for Milton) a punishment for sin and disobedience, which is the real challenge for an epic hero to overcome.

Humanism

The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of human cultures

Ethics

The study of the moral values of an individual, group, or culture

Psychoanalysis:

The subconscious mind controls how we perceive and experience reality. Developed primarily by German neurologist Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the subconscious mind, which controls how humans perceive and experience reality and is revealed in dreams, thereby joining the individual self's inner and outer perspectives.

Philosophy

The systematic investigation of fundamental questions concerning such matters as existence, reality, consciousness, knowledge, truth, and justice. Philosophy's object is the pursuit of wisdom about the nature of these matters. It is generally distinguished by a reliance on critical inquiry and reasoned argument.

Propaganda

The systematic propagation of information promoting a doctrine or cause

Age of Doubt:

The tension between the idealism of the past, the harsh new realities of the present, and the insecurity of the future helped shape a particular sensibility during the Realist Period that is characterized by both optimism and anxiety. In their most positive manifestations, social values among the middle classes during this time comprised an earnest sense of individual responsibility, propriety, and productivity. However, underlying 19th-century ideologies of progress is a competing attitude of foreboding regarding the dramatic effects of modernization.

Who first introduced the term "deconstruction" to Postmodern philosophy?

The term "deconstruction" was first introduced by Jacques Derrida, who was a French philosopher famous for his ideas about the meaning of language and literature. Derrida coined the term "deconstruction" when describing the limitations of interpreting literary texts.

The term "intermedia" refers to which of the following?

The term "intermedia" was first developed in the mid-1960s to refer to the inter-disciplinary art that became popular during that time. Art pieces that combine various media such as drawing, poetry, and theater are placed under the label of "intermedia.

If the musical notation staccato instructs the bassoons and flutes in "The Clock Symphony" to set a tone similar to the "tick-tock" of Big Ben, we can infer that staccato means...

The term staccato indicates that the notes should be short and separated, like the ticking of a clock.

Although there are several distinct themes that emerge during the Classical Period, many of these themes are closely related. Choose two or more themes and discuss how they are related or connected to one another.

The theme of balance is related to the pursuit of truth. Philosophers of the Classical Period, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, explored the meaning of truth through reason, using logic to examine natural and psychological phenomena. The Classical Period's emphasis on reason also connects to the themes of democracy and republic. These types of government put the power of decision making into the hands of the people, rather than a single person or small group of people, in the hopes that they will practically and rationally address common problems rather than exert power selfishly.

Classical theme that connects to a universal theme

The theme of polytheism connects to the universal theme of religion. Like all religions, polytheism—the belief in many gods—expresses the enduring human belief in a higher order and a search for the divine. Both Greek and Roman cultures were polytheistic, and they worshiped many of the same gods.

Middle Ages

The thousand-year period in European history from the fall of the Roman Empire to the dawn of the Renaissance

Oedipus Rex significance

The tragic irony lies in the fact that Teiresias and the audience know that Oedipus killed his own father, but he does not. the focus on blindness serves two purposes: it alludes to his own fate, and it underscores the sense that he is ignorant to his past deeds and future fate.

Pragmatism:

The truth of an idea lies in its visible, external results. Problems are not solved through individual isolation. Posits that the truth of an idea lies in its visible, external results, and that common sense, rather than isolated introspection, can help make sense of the world. Developed by such American philosophers as Charles Sanders Pierce, John Dewey, and William James.

Antigone's significance

The viewer is shown that without family in one's home, riches and power count for nothing.

The Enlightenment's Influences on Contemporary Life

The views of Enlightenment thinkers and writers have impacted our modern philosophy, particularly in the realm of politics. •The modern emphasis on rights, knowledge and the betterment of mankind can be traced back to the Enlightenment. •Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels popularized political satire; it has continued to this day in the form of political cartoons and television shows that poke fun at various aspects of government. •On Christmas Day 1989, American composer Leonard Bernstein conducted a performance of the fourth movement of Beethoven's Symphony No.9 (the "Ode to Joy" movement) at the Brandenburg Gate. The performance celebrated the fall of the Berlin wall a few weeks earlier and featured singers from both West Germany and East Germany. •The Enlightenment produced an imperialist mentality held by many western Europeans and their colonial offspring (like the United States). This "White Man's Burden" has led many Westerners to believe it is their duty to "enlighten" the rest of the world. •This sense of superiority is at the core of American exceptionalism, the belief that the United States is the greatest nation on earth and that it is the most advanced in terms of political development and individual freedom.

The Canterbury Tales addresses:

The way religious pilgrimages bring together all kinds of people How pilgrimages can re-cement social bonds under a feudal system Christianity, whether it is satirizing it or celebrating it, as aunifying principle amongst different classes

James Joyce, "Ulysses"

Themes-Internalization and Externalization Modernist Techniques-Joyce uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view Explores the internal thoughts and external actions of seemingly mundane characters in Dublin, taking place over the course of a single day.

Virginia Woolf, "To The Lighthouse"

Themes-Internalization and Externalization Modernist Techniques-Woolf uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view Explores the idea of reality as something transient, opaque, shifting, and subjective while delving into the internalized thoughts about the nature of beauty, reality, and the complexity of adult relationships.

Pragmatism

Theory that the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences. Charles Sanders Pierce

Postmodern Literature

There is no precise or exact definition of Postmodern literature, but what unites the various works are innovative techniques and previously unexplored subject matters. T he Postmodern Period in literature often explores the darker sides of societies and communities, often denigrating restrictive social and political orders that seek to segregate or oppress specific marginalized communities. Critiques of materialism, capitalism, and globalization, therefore, run throughout

Who wrote Leaves of Grass, which contains "song of myself"; this work expressed his personal connection to diverse aspects of humanity.

Walt Whitman

Madrigal

These unaccompanied vocal works employed the polyphonic use of 3-6 voices and were secular in nature. The madrigal originated in Florence, Italy

Modernist Contexts

War, Political Change, and Capitalism Social, Economic, and Political Fragmentation

Video games and interactive role playing games have grown substantially in popularity.

They now have a significant influence on the music industry. They use music in the background as well as part of the game (for example, a video game's car radio). Further, some video game companies and interactive role playing game companies have created a substantial amount of original music.

How might Modernist thinkers react to the following quote by Ralph Waldo Emerson? "Truth is the property of no individual but is the treasure of all men."

They would agree., Increased cultural exchange in the Modern Period posited that truth is a matter of negotiation of perspectives. The quote rejects the idea that there is one, real truth.

What position would an Enlightenment philosopher take on the following quote by Saint Augustine? "Faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward of this faith is to see what you believe."

They would probably disagree, Enlightenment thinkers believed in using reason and logic to deduce truths about the world. Trusting without evidence, as the quote suggets a person do, conflicts with those Enlightenment principles.

Logic

Thinking in a linear, step-by-step manner about ideas or problems

Advances in technology have lowered the price for consumer-grade devices

This allows for more equality when it comes to creating art.

Restrained Baroque

This artistic style focused less on the ornate, majestic style solicited by kings and more on everyday middle-class life. Restrained Baroque closely mirrored Protestant ideals of simplicity and restriction.

Third person omniscient point of view:

This occurs when the story is told from the narrator's detached point of view and s/he knows everything about the characters and communicates that knowledge to the audience.

Objective point of view:

This occurs when the story is told from the narrator's detached point of view but s/he does not reveal the characters' internal thoughts or motives to the audience. This narrative strategy was also important in representing Modernist themes.

First person point of view:

This occurs when the story is told from the narrator's perspective (who is a character) and/or each character's perspective. You can tell first person point of view narration when seeing a narrator or character use I, me, mine, my, we, our.

Existentialism:

This philosophical movement maintains that existence is the only certainty. Individuals are free to define themselves through their choices and decisions, but the cost of freedom is accepting responsibility for the consequences. This philosophical viewpoint attracted many Modernists, as they sought to represent the fragmentation and chaos around them, while at the same time offering the importance of the individual as a catalyst for much-needed change and a pathway to hope. The philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom to make choices, so long as they accept responsibility of the consequences.

The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner:

This piece addresses the themes of individualism and fragmentation and illustrates a character's internal struggle for individualism amidst a chaotic, fragmented world. Faulkner uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view

Ulysses by James Joyce:

This piece addresses the themes of internalization and externalization and illustrates a new perspective on reality that combines the internal and external workings of an individual. This reality more closely mirrors what Joyce saw in the world around him. Joyce uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view

To The Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf:

This piece addresses the themes of internalization and externalization and urges that reality is not concrete, tangible, logical, or linear. Woolf uses stream-of-consciousness and shifting points of view. Modernist Techniques:

Robert Smithson's piece titled Spiral Jetty is an example of which of the following?

This piece is an example of Environmental Art. Environmental artists work with natural environments to create art installations outdoors or to create natural environments indoors.

"in Just" by e. e. cummings:

This poem addresses the following themes: Innocence and the Ordinary. Cummings uses free verse with all lowercase letters and scattered spacing of words and lines. Represents the beauty of the ordinary, the simple, and the natural in its innovative rhythmic style of scattered spacing and lack of capitalization.

"Poetry" by Marianne Moore:

This poem addresses the following themes: Truth and Fragmentation. Moore uses free verse with trails of thoughts separated or fragmented by shifts in stanzas. Breaks proscribed poetic forms into trails of thoughts in order to showcase such forms' failure to represent truth.

"The Hollow Men" by T.S. Eliot:

This poem addresses the following themes: War, Death, Existentialism, Internalization. Eliot uses free verse. Evokes imagery of soldiers haunted by war, meaningless death, and the nihilism of despair.

Late Romantic:

This style of music is characterized by symphonies with more woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. Large orchestras, vocal soloists, and choruses contributed to large-scale dramatic works, such as ones composed by Gustav Mahler (Symphony No. 5).

Big Band:

This style of music originated in the 1910s with such artists as King Oliver, but became more of a cultural phenomenon during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. By the 1930s, the element of swing, a series of two-note couplets (or "duplets") of unequal duration (long-short) became part of the Big Band sound.

What is the name for the technique that paints gold leaf over traditional paints in order to indicate fine clothing or textiles?

This technique is known as brocateado. Native Peruvian painters, inspired by their Incan heritage, decorated their paintings of saints in this elaborate style.

Philosphy in the Middle ages

Thomas Aquinas developed the following, divine command theory and natural law theory

Which of the following figures was a Deist?

Thomas Jefferson

Which famous Renaissance writer coined the term utopia?

Thomas More

Who painted The Raft of the Medusa, which depicts a French tragedy; and An Officer of the Imperial Horse Guards Charging

Théodore Géricault

internalization

To focus on one's internal growth by taking what you have learned externally, processing it internally and very individually, and developing one's own set of beliefs accordingly. Internalization is tied to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Virginia Woolf

To the Lighthouse

elements of the Greek temple are used in

Today, in government buildings or significant monuments, such as the Lincoln Memorial, as a way to create a dignified formality.

Myths

Traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some natural phenomenon, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rites

In which ways does Las Meninas break with the traditional style of portraiture?

Traditionally in portraiture, the subjects faced the audience; however, in Las Meninas Velázquez painted his subjects gazing in different directions. Princess Margarita is surrounded by the people in her life (her parents, her maids in waiting, the court officer, and the dog) to help humanize her. Finally, Velázquez included himself, which helps create a dynamic scene and depict the lifestyle rather than just the singular person.

Which one of the following statements about Neoclassical theater is true?

Tragedy and comedy were not mixed. Neoclassical theater featured either "the heroic tragedy" or "the comedy of manners."

Emphasized feeling over reason and the role of the individual finding an intuitive relation to the universe through solitude amid nature; people must become free and self-reliant by returning to nature.

Transcendentalism

One of the ways early Modern dance revolutionized concert dance was by using non-white dancers. True or False?

True, Both the Jose Limon and Alvin Ailey companies used and continue to use primarily non-white dancers and non-Eurocentric dance themes.

Susan Glaspell

Trifles

At the core of almost every endeavor was humanism—simply a focus on humans.

True

During the Enlightenment, Roman literature and Greek philosophical and ethical systems formed the foundation of education and intellectual standards. Classics were of particular significance in molding the revolutionary thinking of the Enlightenment.

True

During the Renaissance, scientists adopted the empirical methodology of early Greek practitioners and theorists such as the doctor Hippocrates..

True

Female actors performed in Neoclassical productions. True or False?

True

The Romans adopted the Greek custom of deifying their emperors and adding them to the pantheon.

True

The Silk Road, a trade route that ran from Constantinople to Beijing, allowed such Eastern religions as Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Daoism to spread to Europe.

True

Today's Romance languages derived from the Roman language of Latin.

True

The term "Middle Ages" was actually developed by Italian humanists during the Renaissance. True or False?

True The humanists of the Renaissance used the term "Middle Ages" to mean the period of time between the Classical Period and the Renaissance.

Improvements in trade and in communication contributed to cultural exchange during the Renaissance Period. True or False?

True, . Improvements in both trade and communication helped the artists and thinkers of the Renaissance to share their ideas with other cultures while also receiving inspiration from works from around the world.

One form of Abstract Expressionism involved paint being applied forcefully and aggressively to the surface of a canvas. True or False?

True, A form of Abstract Expressionism called action painting involves painters applying paint quickly and forcefully to the surface of a canvas to express feeling and emotion.

Courbet designed the painting to look as if the viewer is standing inside the grave.

True, A small portion of the grave is visible at the bottom of the painting to suggest that the viewer is in the ground, looking up at the funeral attendees.

Literature in the Renaissance experimented with a wide range of styles that reflected an emphasis on the individual's psychological complexity.

True, Along with the shift in thinking during the Renaissance there was a shift in how authors wrote. Authors experimented with a range of styles that reflected an emphasis on the individual's inner psychological complexity.

Urbanization provided Realist authors with an increasing source of subjects to write about. True or False?

True, As diverse groups of people came to live near and amongst one another as a result of urbanization, authors gained insight into the lives of varied subjects.

One of the issues audiences had with Burial at Ornans was the large size of the painting.

True, At the time, large paintings were strictly those that depicted epic scenes from history such as Roman battles or Biblical stories. Courbet painted a large-scale peasant funeral, which told audiences that he believed a peasant's funeral was as important as an historic battle.

Baroque music has been the longest-lasting legacy of the Baroque Period. True or False?

True, Bach and Handel (both of the Baroque time) are still considered two of the world's most paramount composers.

Enlightenment thinkers were willing to challenge authority in all arenas of life. True or False?

True, Challenges to received wisdom resulted in rapid scientific advancement, and skepticism of organized religion allowed for the development of new moral systems. Political reform and revolutions followed the questioning of the monarch's previously established "divine right" to rule.

Dissonance represents a reaction against the romantic conception of melody. True or False?

True, Dissonance represents a reaction against the romantic conception of melody.

"Boarding School: The Runaways" reveals the complexities of representing multiculturalism in Postmodern literary works. True or False?

True, Erdrich's poem reminds us that bringing together different cultures has a sometimes violent outcome. Although she is not suggesting that cultures should not come together, she is suggesting that this process is sometimes complicated and painful.

Female artists have been underrepresented in the historical art canon. True or False?

True, Female artists have been underrepresented in the historical art canon, primarily because of lack of opportunity.

Romantic painters sometimes addressed political matters in their work. True or False?

True, For example, Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People expressed openly his support for republican causes.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky's literary works reflected the impact of social, political, and economic turmoil in Russia. True or False?

True, Fyodor Dostoyevsky's works reflected these changes and their impact on individuals.

Gangsta rap was a type of hip hop that reflected the culture of inner-city, often African American, life. True or False?

True, Gangsta rap was often openly confrontational and reflected the difficult inner-city lives of the men and women of Los Angeles.

The genre known as "world music" emerged as globalization increased. True or False?

True, Globalization allowed for the widespread exchange of cultural ideas and from that emerged the genre known as "world music." World music incorporated traditional sounds from foreign music with Western musical trends.

"Harlem" is a distinctly Modernist poem because it engages the theme of isolation. True or False?

True, Harlem" reveals the deep frustration over social and political isolation felt by African Americans in the post-war period.

The "true" existentialist or authentic person is, according to Sartre, the individual who accepts the burden of freedom and the consequences of his or her own decisions. True or False?

True, Jean-Paul Sartre believed that the authentic person is the individual who does not shift blame elsewhere (like religion or culture) for the consequences of his or her decisions but rather accepts those consequences as the burden of freedom.

The German political thinker Karl Marx argued that the growing tension between the workers and the owners of factories could only lead to revolution. True or False?

True, Karl Marx argued that the growing tension between the workers—the proletariat—and the owners of factories—the bourgeoisie—could only lead to revolution.

According to Kuhn, "normal" science involves puzzle-solving using known concepts. "Revolutionary" science discovers something previously unknown, leading to a new way of thinking. True or False?

True, Kuhn argued that scientific knowledge undergoes two basic stages, what he called "normal" science and "revolution." Normal science involves puzzle-solving using known concepts. Revolutionary science discovers something previously unknown, leading to a new way of thinking or "paradigm shift."

Niccolò Machiavelli presented the darker side of human possibility through his treatise The Prince. True or False?

True, Machiavelli's description of a self-made political leader who abandons conventional morality in order to win power represented the darker side of human possibility.

Many Modernist styles of painting relied on abstraction. True or False?

True, Many Modernist styles of painting relied on abstraction. Abstract art departed from natural or realistic appearances.

The rise of new political ideologies and the social unrest they excited had a profound impact on Modernism. True or False?

True, Modernism was greatly influenced by the rise of totalitarian ideologies, such as communism and fascism, and the resulting social unrest.

Modernist drama differed from Realist drama in that Modernists sought to challenge or even alienate their audiences, not to entertain them. True or False?

True, Modernist plays were generally not written for entertainment value, but for a way to challenge the audience by thinking about certain themes. Many Modernist playwrights achieved this goal by making their audiences feel uncomfortable with the dialogue or action performed.

Music sampling is a notable example of how Postmodernists incorporate past musical traditions and reappropriate them into a new sound. True or False?

True, Music sampling involves taking a piece of pre-recorded music and using it a new work.

Nobles, church officials, and knights belonged to the vassal class. True or False?

True, Nobles, church officials, and knights were members of the vassal class and were loyal to the class above them. Knights were loyal to nobles and church officials, for example, and all were loyal to the king.

Pop Art reflected the emergence of consumerism and popular culture after World War II. True or False?

True, Pop Art reflected the emergence of consumerism and popular culture after World War II.

Postmodernism involves cultural exchange and the combination and blending of diverse artistic elements True or False?

True, Postmodernism necessitates cultural exchange, which can sometimes be complicated by competing cultural interests.

Renaissance music departed from the music of the Middle Ages by having a less religious focus. True or False?

True, Renaissance music was more secular in its orientation and expanded beyond religious themes.

Science enhanced transatlantic travel through enhanced ship design, standardized navigational charts, and improved instruments. True or False?

True, Renaissance science contributed to transatlantic travel through enhanced ship design, standardized navigational charts, and improved instruments.

While Ringgold's imagery idealizes the Harlem experience, Saar's version of the same subject is overtly militant and satirical. True or False?

True, Ringgold's imagery idealizes the Harlem experience, while Saar's version of the same subject is overtly militant and satirical. Saar reveals the comical satire underlying negative racial stereotyping and reverses it.

Gothic architecture is very different from Romanesque architecture. For example, Romanesque churches were built and designed horizontally, and Gothic churches were built vertically. True or False?

True, Romanesque churches were built and designed horizontally, and Gothic churches were built vertically. Gothic architecture differs from Romanesque in almost every way.

Romantic artists focused on heroic subject matters. True or False?

True, Romantic artists depicted heroic subject matters through the use of intense colors and loose brush strokes.

The Hudson River School in America focused on the overwhelming features of nature, thereby dwarfing the human figure. True or False?

True, Romantic artists often focused on the power of nature, celebrating the limitations of human reason and control.

Gothic literature relies heavily on setting. True or False?

True, Setting is a significant aspect of Gothic literature. Gothic stories are often set in remote areas, castles, or older houses that literally and figuratively haunt their inhabitants.

Some popular American songs during the Modern Period served as rallying cries, boosting American morale and resolve during times of armed conflict. True or False?

True, Some songs served as rallying cries, boosting American morale and resolve during times of armed conflict.

One way in which the Church got men to fight in the Crusades was to promise eternal salvation to those who fought. True or False?

True, The Church promised eternal salvation to those who fought in the Crusades as a way to gain military strength.

In The Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione examined the process of fashioning one's sense of self according to a set of socially acceptable standards. True or False?

True, The Courtier is an example of the Renaissance theme of self-fashioning and following a socially accepted etiquette.

Postmodern literature deals with themes that often explore the "darker side" of society.

True, The Postmodern Period in literature often explores the darker sides of societies and communities, often denigrating restrictive social and political order that seek to segregate or oppress specific marginalized communities.

The growth of digital media has led to more "equality" in the art world. True or False?

True, The availability of technology to individuals allows "the little guy" to make art, even though he or she may not have access to financial resources. This allows for more equality when it comes to creating art.

The creation of a "virtual reality" helps artists explore the meaning of reality. True or False?

True, The creation of a "virtual reality" helps artists explore the meaning of reality, and this is of interest to Postmodernists who are concerned with how certain representations of our world come to be taken as reality.

Realism became popular around the same time photography was introduced as a new source of visual images. True or False?

True, The introduction of photography aided in the Realist mission to capture life accurately and objectively.

The primary function of the liturgical play was to reinvigorate a church community's faith and to reinforce their role as believers. True or False?

True, The liturgical plays were put on by the Church and used as a tool to reinvigorate a church community's faith and to reinforce their role as believers

The first text to be printed on a printing press in England was The Canterbury Tales. True or False?

True, The printing press came to England in 1476, and the first text to be printed was The Canterbury Tales.

The Occupy Wall Street movement was distinctly Postmodern because of both the message they were spreading and the ways in which they spread it.

True, The role of social media and its rapid exchange of ideas fanned the flames of this distinct protest of capitalism, and their polemics were broadcasted rapidly through the use of Postmodern media.

The sōsaku hanga movement shifted away from traditional collaborative printmaking, while the shin hanga movement refocused on it. True or False?

True, The sōsaku hanga movement shifted away from traditional collaborative printmaking, while the shin hanga movement refocused on it. Unlike shin hanga, in sōsaku hanga, the artist works alone through every step of the printmaking process.

Postmodern literature is difficult to define but is united by the innovative techniques and previously unexplored subject matter. True or False?

True, There is no definition that unites all Postmodern literature but all Postmodernists used new techniques to explore new topics in their work.

Faith Ringgold's Who's Afraid of Aunt Jemima? is an example of "intermedia" or inter-disciplinary art. True or False?

True, This piece is an example of "intermedia" or interdisciplinary art. Ringgold combines fiber art with aspects of drawing, painting, and writing to create this piece.

Louise Erdrich's poetry is an excellent example of the nuances of cultural identity in the Postmodern Period. True or False?

True, This poem provides a distinctly Native American point of view on collective and personal histories.

The term "Dark Ages" is a reflection of the Renaissance perception that the 500 years after the Classical Era were dim and dismal. True or False?

True, Those that lived during the Renaissance believed the Middle Ages to be a dark time when it came to intellectual and artistic thought so they deemed the era "The Dark Ages."

It is believed that Gregorian chanting was popularized by Pope Gregory the I. True or False?

True, Though scholars cannot be sure, it is believed that Pope Gregory the I brought plainchant to the West and, in doing so, popularized it.

He is often considered the Father of American Poetry and was a key figure in the Transcendentalist movement; he included romantic themes in his work, such as a reverence for nature, an appreciation of the common man, and poetic expression that abandoned traditional forms.

Walt Whitman

Opera is an example of the Baroque unification of the arts because it comprised many different artistic styles, including orchestral music, singing, dancing, drama, and art. True or False?

True, Unification of the arts occurred in the Baroque Period, exemplified by opera and St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, which integrated architecture and sculpture.

Utilitarian thinkers would argue that governments should intervene when private institutions fail to protect the interests of society. True or False?

True, Utilitarianism supports the free rights of individuals (or individual institutions) until they prove detrimental to society as a whole.

Voltaire was attacking the philosophers of the time with Candide. True or false?

True, Voltaire disagreed with the philosophy of optimism for optimism's sake and set out to prove that the world was a dark and cruel place filled with dark and cruel people.

The Baroque style was advanced by the Catholic Church. True or False?

True, he Baroque style was advanced by the Catholic Church during the Counter-Reformation as an artistic response to the rise of Protestantism.

Deists do not believe in divine intervention and therefore do not pray. True or False?

True, he deist God is a grand designer and creator, but he or she is not a close personal friend or consoler. Therefore, deists believe that ritual and ceremony are not logical and have no value.

The impact of technology on the Humanities is an example of how chronology is important for understanding the Humanities. True or False?

True, studying the Humanities chronologically is important for understanding what technologies came into play at what time.

During the Baroque Period, the Roman Catholic Church saw theater as an opportunity to promote religious ideals. True or False?

True,The Church saw it as an opportunity to promote religious ideals and commissioned large-scale artistic works infused with religious imagery.

(During the Classical Period) The concept of balance feeds into the Classical Period's overall pursuit of:

Truth

dissonance

Two or more sounds that are not pleasing to the ear when played simultaneously; unstable harmonies that create tension in a composition.

What is "Ukiyo-e"?

Ukiyo-e is the Japanese name for the artistic genre of woodblock prints.

James Joyce

Ulysses, explores the theme of internalization in his groundbreaking stream-of-consciousness novel

Which Romantic poet was considered the Father of American Poetry?

Walt Whitman

Which of the following themes is addressed in E.E. Cummings' 1923 poem "in Just"?

Unlike T.S. Eliot's poetry, "in Just" focuses on traditional themes, such as childhood, innocence, and the arrival of spring.

Symbolism

Use of a symbol, object, or image to represent something else (that is, a concept or idea)

Techniques (theater) included:

Use of written letters Use of authentic dialogue Intricate stage directions Indirect action close

Galileo Galilei

Using a telescope for astronomical purposes for the first time, Galileo Galilei affirmed heliocentrism (the earth revolves around the sun). He also described the forces of gravity and theorized the speed of light. Galileo was sentenced to life in prison for insisting that the earth was not the center of the universe.

Which of the following philosophies argues that ethical decisions must be made for the greater good?

Utilitarianism, tilitarianism is a philosophy that promotes the maximum happiness for the greatest number of people, and decisions should be made with the greater good in mind.

Rhythm

Variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or movements over time; in poetry, the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements

improvisation

Variations on a musical theme spontaneously created.

Which one of the following Roman poets wrote The Aeneid?

Virgil

Neoclassic Philosophers

Voltaire - satire attacks - Optimism of Gottfried Leibniz, Denis Diderot - Encyclopedie, Thomas Hobbes - Levithan

Which Enlightenment philosopher believed that human social advancement had come about and would continue to evolve as a result of science and reason?

Voltaire believed that scientific and rational advancements would eventually lead to a society free from nationalistic and religious prejudice.

Richard Wagner

Wagner's operas reflected 19th century German nationalism. His monumental works established German opera on a par with Italian opera and realized the power of the German language in the operatic form. Based on stories from Germanic mythology, Wagner's operas introduced the rest of the world to an epic Teutonic mythological heritage. His works departed from the aesthetic of Italian opera by elevating the drama above the music in order to maximize the emotional experience of opera. Lohengrin is a three-act opera adapted from medieval German romance, following the adventures of Parzival and his son Lohengrin. The Prelude to Act 3 evokes thrilling and exhilarating emotions typical of Wagner's intensely dramatic style. The following section features the "Bridal Chorus" (Wedding March), which accompanies the bridal entrance at most traditional Western weddings today.

He was an American writer famous for his classical Gothic story, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Washington Irving

The Way of the World deals with

Wealth as Power; Satire of Manners

William Congreve The Way of the World Theme

Wealth as Power; Satire of Manners

The Classical Tradition

Western civilization originated in classical Greece and Rome over some one thousand years, from approximately 480 BCE to 323 BCE.

Book 1 of the Republic describes:

What Is the Meaning of Justice

Rapid Technological Change

While 19th century industrialization brought certain societal ills, it also provided extraordinary technological advances that transformed artistic techniques, introduced new media, and provided greater audience access to art as a whole: The availability of paint in tubes enabled artists to paint subjects in their natural settings rather than in the studio. The invention of photography provided new forms of visual representation. Electric lighting enhanced theatrical performances. Advances in musical instruments enabled more expressive compositions. Expansion of educational opportunities for a growing middle class meant a more literate population reading the popular Realist novels and other works of the era.

Internalization/Externalization:

While internalization refers to the inner workings of the mind and psyche, externalization refers to the signs and symbols that appear on the outside, which are in turn indicators of the internal. Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis sought to bridge the internal and external. The inner workings and cultivation of the inner, individual mind, as well as the outer signs and symbols that are indicators of the internal.

key concepts of middle age theater

While theater in the Middle Ages focused on Christian themes, these plays were numerous and varied. The three major types of plays were liturgical plays, mystery plays, and morality plays.

Define Charactonym

a character's name is indicative of his or her personality and traits

Anglicanism*,

a church established by King Henry Vlll because he could not get his marriage annulled.

Democracy is

a government directly ruled by the people; developed by the Greeks

Formed during the 16th and 17th centuries, Puritans were ________.

a group of Protestants who believed that the Anglican Church was corrupt

In his painting Napoleon in the Pest House at Jaffa , Antoine Jean Gros portrays Napoleon as _________.

a healer, Antoine Jean Gros' painting portrayed Napoleon as a healer, even though in reality, Napoleon had ordered that the sick men in his troops be poisoned to avoid having to return to pick them up.

Whether the Enlightenment produced the novel,

a longer form of prose that allowed for more complex plot and character development, or expanded upon it, the genre was a perfect vehicle for the period theme of sympathy, since authors had the literal space to develop characters richly and to devise intricate plots.

According to scholars, what was the cost of the political satire that came as a result of Enlightenment philosophy?

a loss of respect for authority

Romantic literary themes included:

a movement away from rationalism to embrace the imagination a focus on the superiority of nature a return to medieval aesthetics a contemplation of the divine or higher moral purpose a focus on the self and introspection

Which of the following is NOT a Romantic literary theme?

a movement toward rationalism

Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett a

addresses Absurdism and Existentialism. Beckett uses minimalism. Questions reality and the meaning of life through the actions and dialogue of characters whose purpose remains unfulfilled by the end of the play

A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry.

addresses Individualism and Urbanization. Hansberry uses innovations and themes of the Harlem Renaissance. Illustrates the realistic struggle of black Americans to gain respect, dignity, and success in a white-dominated culture

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller

addresses Individualism, Internalization, and Capitalism. Miller uses flashback. Explores the everyday struggle of defining reality by looking at the protagonist's past as well as his present.

Voltaire...

agreed with Alexander Pope's phrase, "presume not God to scan", Voltaire believed, as Alexander Pope did, that expecting humans to scale the heights of wisdom and success is folly.

With new media,

all aspects of art have changed. The creation and development of art has been revolutionized with improved technology by digital tools and equipment. Art has also changed in how it's shared and distributed, with blogs and social media as a new and instant medium for opinions.

Corneille, Le Cid uses

allegory

Pierre Corneille Le Cid Technique

allegory

Which of the following techniques was used by Milton in Paradise Lost?

allegory, Milton used allegory in his epic poem Paradise Lost.

John Milton's Paradise Lost uses religious and political ________ in a(n) ________ poem form.

allegory; epic , John Milton's Paradise Lost uses religious and political allegory in an epic poem form.

Technology

allowed for the creation of new mediums such as computer animation as well as the creation of interactive art.

The expansion of trade routes on land and sea

allowed spices, precious gems, and fine silk to arrive from Asia.

The start and evolution of social media

allows artists to interact with other artists in a meaningful way, which allows potential for greater growth.

African culture was also spotlighted

also spotlighted in the literature of the Modern Period. In the novel Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe examines the influence of the West on Africa, particularly on the Igbo culture of Eastern Nigeria.

Classical humanism

also stressed the individual's role in the social and political order by emphasizing general responsibilities of citizenship and respect for public duty. It held that participating in the political life of the community was an obligation.

Greek plays were generally shown in a/an _________.

amphitheater

As described by Herbert Read, Modernism represented _________________.

an abrupt break with all tradition, Herbert Read believed Modernism, in art and in literature, represented "an abrupt break with all tradition."

Define allegory

an abstract quality or idea is represented with symbolic representation.

In music,

an instrument called the viola da gamba had its origins in 15th century Spain, resembling the Moorish instrument known as a "rabab."

Classicism, at least in this Western context, refers to the aesthetic attitudes and principles reflected in the art and philosophy of ______________.

ancient Greece and Rome

Joseph Haydn

another prominent classical composer with such works as Symphony No. 101 ("The Clock Symphony").

Roman engineering allowed the construction of ________ throughout the Empire. These structures used gravity to move water into cities.

aqueducts,

The hero is an example of a mythic ________.

archetype

Gothic art and architecutre

architecture: Gothic architecture in particular was known for several technical innovations, such as the use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. These innovations made it possible to create stone buildings of great heights. Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral and Our Lady of Chartres Cathedral are both well known examples of Gothic structures. art: dominated by Christian religious themes.

Romanesque Art and architecht

architecture:the nave*, narthex*, groin vault*, and barrel vault*. Some of the more notable architectural works of Romanesque architecture include the Basilica of Paray-le-Monial in France (early 12th century), the Speyer Cathedral in Germany, the Pisa Cathedral, and the Cathedral of Monreale in Italy. art: the last judgment and the Bayeaux tapestry

Singer-songwriters

are artists who both write and perform their own music. Starting with rock musicians in the 1950s, singer-songwriters rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s and included solo artists as well as bands.

Many Postmodern artists

are entirely innovative and work outside of traditional artistic conventions in form, style, medium, and media.

Darwin's theories of evolution

are still prevalent in science today, as they form the foundation for new academic disciplines such as sociobiology. The premises of evolutionary biology and sociobiology also get dragged into modern-day philosophical debates, and many religious communities refuse to accept evolution and natural selection as fact, while science has embraced it.

Included among the many renowned architectural works of the Baroque Period

are the Chateau Versailles in France and St. Paul's Cathedral in London, England.

Tangible influences

are the different media used by billions of people across the globe, such as television, video games, and smart phones. Postmodernist elements like irony, skepticism, the fusion of high and low culture, and critique of metanarratives are evident in everyday advertising, architecture, music, videos, films, and Web experiments.

The _____ of the Romantic period mirrored the Romantic movement as a whole by celebrating the wild and irrational aspects of humanity.

artist

African culture made an impact throughout Europe,

as African artists carved hunting scenes and motifs on ivory for European royalty. African servants and slaves became a larger presence in areas of Europe.

Many people see the film The Wizard of Oz as a warning that people who lack self-belief may ___________.

be easily manipulated by deceptive rulers, Many people believe the film is a warning about how power figures may manipulate those who do not have self-belief or a strong sense of identity.

Ludwig van Beethoven

became the first major composer to utilize voices in a symphony.

Keith Haring

began as a subway artist using bold white chalk. Later, he studied at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, where he was inspired by fellow artist Michel Basquiat. His work uses bold colors and lines and reflects his origins as a street and graffiti artist. Haring's work is often whimsical, depicting images of camaraderie, community, and celebration. Many of his works depict figures dancing.

Liturgical plays

began with the re-enactment of holy days, such as Easter and Christmas, and then expanded to include key Biblical characters and scenes as well as Christian saints. The plays were first enacted in Latin, but over time they became localized.

Enlightenment literature often

blended real life with philosophical or ethical reflection, making biographies, essays, and travel narratives very popular.

Which is NOT a characteristic of Rococo paintings

bright, vibrant colors , Rococo paintings often used a lighter, softer palette, including pastel colors.

Sappho's poem addresses:

calling out to the gods and goddesses for help with human matters placing human emotion at the center of the poem (rather than a god or goddess) the power of love, desire, and beauty

Our modern-day focus on education, particularly in the Humanities,

can be traced back to the Renaissance ideals.

Individualism

centers on prioritizing the rights and moral worth of the individual above the collective interests of society. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

Congreve, The Way of the World uses

charactonym

William Congreve The Way of the World Technique

charactonym

The song, All by Myself, features _______, which is the movement or displacement of notes by a half-step.

chromaticism

The right to vote and Representative Democracy are examples of

classical influences in American Life

The term "Japonisme" was coined in the late 19th century to describe the influence of Japanese art on those of European or Western descent.

coined in the late 19th century to describe the influence of Japanese art on those of European or Western descent.

in painting, brighter ____and rapid, expressive visible _________ were used to evoke emotions.

colors, brushstrokes

The cornerstone of Kant's system of ethics is __________.

consistency, For Kant, the cornerstone of his system of ethics is consistency. Kant believed that if we apply the same principles to every situation, we will have a coherent system of morality.

How does T. Jefferson's plantation home, Monticello, exemplify neoclassical architectural style?

contains a columned faced and a predimented front porch lined with Doric columns

a life-like stance of a man putting his weight on one foot, and the dip of a shoulder balances the rise of a hip to create a dynamic pose is

contrapposto

chiaroscuro

contrast of light and dark to achieve the illusion of depth

When two melodic lines are played against each other, it is referred to as ________.

counterpoint

Shadows

create the illusion of depth and three dimensionality.

Foreshortening

create the illusion of depth by a technique in which the artist captures, in varying degrees, the distortion of an object when it is viewed at a distance, or an unusual angle.

Chiaroscuro

create the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade

Aerial perspective

create the illusion of distance by reducing color saturation, value contrast, and detail in order to imply the natural haziness (or effects of the atmosphere) between a viewer and distant objects.

Trompe l'oeil

create the optical illusion of three dimensionality

Postmodern art

creates space for socially marginalized communities or individuals.

Who were the Muses?

daughters of Zeus, goddesses devoted to memory and inspiration. Many fields of human knowledge, such as mathematics, had their own Muses, but these goddesses were always primarily associated with poetry, literature and music.

The architecture of the Romantic Period

demonstrated an embrace of Gothic Revival, a movement that celebrated the religiosity of older Gothic buildings. Romantic architects also experimented with different building materials, such as iron, steel, and glass, as seen in London's Crystal Palace.

American poet Ezra Pound

demonstrated the power of cultural exchange in his writing. Pound was influenced by classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, such as the haiku, a three-line poem with only seventeen total syllables.

Johannes Kepler

described functional properties of the human eye and the optical properties of lenses.

René Descartes

developed his own brand of philosophy based on deductive reasoning.

Gottfried Leibniz

developed infinitesimal calculus and improved upon Blaise Pascal's mechanical calculator. He is associated with Rationalists of the Baroque Period and made contributions to many fields besides mathematics, including metaphysics, logic, philosophy, physics, geology, and many more. He was highly admired as a great thinker in a time of many great thinkers.

Francis Bacon

developed the empirical method, a process of inductive reasoning.

The Battleship Potemkin (1925),

directed by Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein, is a propaganda film bolstered the communist movement in the Soviet Union after the Bolsheviks' 1917 overthrow of the czar.

The Great Dictator (1940),

directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin, offered a satirical interpretation of the fascism and antisemitism of both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini and openly criticized the actions of Nazi Germany.

opera

drew together orchestral music, singing, dancing, drama, and art (the architecture of the stage itself, costume design, set painting).

During the Age of Enlightenment, the questioning of a monarch's _______ led to political reform and revolution.

divine right

Lysistrata used

double entendre

Thomas Jefferson

drafted both and The Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom. He served as the third President of the United States and founded the University of Virginia. The Declaration of Independence captures in a succinct and powerful way the relationship among humanism, Enlightenment philosophy, and political governance.

Much of Baroque art and architecture was known for its ________.

dramatic, religious ornamentation that highlighted the wealth and power of the Church.

Ballet also evolved

during the Renaissance and featured musical accompaniment, increasingly-elaborate sets, and basic dramatic narratives.

Sappho's "A Lament for Adonis" addresses each of the following themes except ____

duty, Sappho's "A Lament for Adonis" addresses each of these themes except duty. Sappho's poem addresses polytheism, love, and humanism.

Renaissance humanism

emphasized not only scholarly achievement but also moral and athletic development encouraged the individual to engage with the world ("The whole glory of man lies in activity") rejected much of medieval thinking as irrelevant to a changing world

classical humanism

emphasized the worth, dignity, and rationality of man.

Neoclassical Religion

enlightenment, philosophies, deism

Gilgamesh is an example of a(n) ________.

epic hero Gilgamesh is an example of an epic hero because he is favored by the gods, is stronger and more clever than a typical human, and travels to extraordinary places accomplishing extraordinary deeds.

Beowulf is an heroic _______ written in Old English

epic poem

The Aeneid is a Latin ______.

epic poem

The Divine Comedy is an _______ written in Italian.

epic poem

The Odyssey is a Greek (Homeric) ______.

epic poem

Which branch of philosophy deals with the nature and scope of knowledge?

epistemology

Some Postmodern artists

favor one medium, while other Postmodern artists combine gouache with photographs, metals, and textiles.

Petrarch's Canzoniere

features 366 poems that consider both the beauty and the heartache of passionate love. Petrarch became known as the inventor of the Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet.

The Church of the Invalides

features a classical façade and a dome inspired by St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

St. Nicholas Church

features two steeples, an octagonal dome, and a series of statues on the white facade.

To create ironic situations, playwrights, such as Socrates and Aristophanes, used literary devices, including:

foreshadowing double entendre reversal (of fortune) discovery chorus

What are three techniques used by ancient Greek playwrights Sophocles and Aristophanes?

foreshadowing, discovery, and reversal of fortune

Use of classical architecture denotes ______, ______ and ______, which makes sense when we see how it is used in contemporary times.

formality, tradition, and authority

Friedrich Nietzsche argued in favor of perspectivism, which ________.

frames truth as something that must always exist from a particular perspective, Therefore, knowledge is not something that is static and absolute but instead is contingent and conditional.

Three of the leading Neoclassical playwrights were

from France: Jean Batiste Moliére, Jean Racine, and Pierre Corneille.

Immanuel Kant

he cornerstone of his system of ethics is consistency. Absolute rules embody consistency. Kant believed that if we agree and apply the same principles to every applicable situation, we will have a coherent system of morality. Kant also argued that people needed to learn to think for themselves in order for societies to advance.

Plato

he was a student and friend of Socrates. As a writer, he is considered to have a poetic bent to his prose and a subtle humor that reaches across the centuries. Plato founded his own Academy at the age of 40. One of his students was the eighteen-year old-Aristotle. Plato was known for lecturing without notes. However, the Dialogues give us some hint as to how he taught. It is generally believed that the early dialogues reflect more of Socrates' philosophy, while the later dialogues are representative of Plato's philosophy. Plato took philosophy to a whole new level by bringing together the strands of previous philosophers into a comprehensive body of knowledge. Three important components to Plato's philosophy are his theories of Knowledge, Moral Philosophy, and Political Philosophy. Knowledge, he argued, is not a study or observation, nor is it perception, because these can lead to the incorrect belief that an imperfect model (of, for example, justice) is the real thing. He claimed that truth is unchanging and independent of time or place. Plato's Moral Philosophy followed the same logic, stating that goodness is permanent, universal, and will withstand the test of time‐a concept in stark comparison to relative reality, which can be perceived differently by different people and may change over time. Finally, his view of Political Philosophy stated that rulers must be philosophers, and philosophers rulers, because it is this ruler that understands the most objective truth and can rule society in a balanced way. The Allegory of the Cave* is one of the most well-known examples of philosophical thought. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato considers that most people cannot see the world as it is. You will learn more about this piece and Plato's The Republic, the first Utopian* model of Western civilization, on the next page.

Western Visual Arts in the Middle Ages focused mainly on

heavily on religious faith in its subjects, themes, imagery, and symbolism mostly on stories Jesus, Mary, the disciples, and the saints.

Principle of Forfeiture*

held that those who deliberately attacked or threatened an innocent forfeited their own moral claim to life. This held true for individuals and nations; it gave innocents the right to self-defense.

Denis Diderot

helped create the greatest encyclopedia in the 18th century with Jean le Rond D'alemert. He wrote philosophical dialogues that explored the theory and consequence of materialism: the idea that the universe is entirely composed of matter and without a God.

Renaissance Religion

heretical, Protestant reformation, Calvinism, Anglicanism

In art, there was a focus on ______ subject matter.

heroic

Romantic composers found inspiration in _____ and _______ themes.

heroic, nationalistic

Romantic operas embraced themes of ________ and ____________.

heroism, nationalism

Classical poets addressed themes of heroism, reason, love, and fate

heroism, reason, love, and fate

Corneille's work, Le Cid addresses:

heroism; the protagonist, Rodrigue, is the embodiment of a dutiful hero in that he rises above many instances of adversity, from the duel with his lover's father to the wrath of his lover to the invasion of an enemy force. sacrifice of personal feelings; filling the role of the hero, Rodrigue must make a difficult choice between his lover and his father. He chooses to honor his father and family, but losing Chimène's favor is no small loss for him. honor, duty, and loyalty; the motivation for Rodrigue's deeds is honor. He seeks to bring honor to his family by defeating the competition for governor, and he wins back his lady's love through honorable means. This ideal appealed greatly to the noble audiences whom Corneille entertained.

Philosophy of the Romantic Period

idealism, transcendentalism, and nationalism.

Niccoló Machiavelli wrote The Prince, a treatise on _________.

how to govern, The Prince by Niccoló Machiavelli is a treatise on how to govern. Machiavelli had a fundamental impact on politics during the Renaissance.

Which classical theme critiqued the belief that only the gods could create models of morality?

humanism

The classical values that influenced the Renaissance are ________.

humanism, reason, rationalism, scientific expansion, and balance The values developed during the Classical Period experienced a revival during the Renaissance.

Duane Hanson

hyperrealist style, meaning that he used polyester resin, fiberglass, polychromed oil paint with clothes and other accessories to make his life-sized sculptures look realistic, even up close. This attention to presenting reality and parodying tourists

The Declaration of Independence established the

idea of a new nation that was a product of the philosophies of the era, and it influenced more than just a collection of British colonies. The view expressed within its words firmly asserted the ideas of individual rights and helped to establish the sense of individualism that so governs the modern United States and many other European nations.

Our Lady of Chartres, a Gothic cathedral in France, features large windows that are made possible due to the added support of extensive ______________. The three façades are all heavily adorned with ____________________.

images and sculptures depicting religious scenes and narratives; flying buttressing on the exterior of the cathedral

Cultural exchange in Modernist works rejected...

imperialism, Modernism began to redefine the relationship between Western and nonwestern cultures, shifting from an imperialist perspective to one of exchange and diversity.

commedia dell'arte

improvisational sketches or stock scenes presented on temporary stages by troupes of actors who traveled across Europe.

What character flaw would drive the plot of a Greek tragedy?

in Greek tragedies, the main character's central human trait or character flaw, such as hubris, was the driving force behind the plot.

How is the classical concept of the "republic" still evident in contemporary life?

in a republic, voting citizens have supreme rule but decisions are carried out through elected officials which is the foundation of the American political system

A long list of artists embraced Japonism,

including Vincent van Gogh, Gustav Klimt, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, Renoir, and Monet. These artists were drawn to the fantastic colors, natural scenery, and simplicity of ukiyo-e ("pictures of the floating world") prints.

Many new genres and subgenres developed in the Postmodern Era,

including rhythm and blues (R&B), Motown, disco, rock and roll, hip hop and rap, pop, new country, indie, world, and music for theater and film.

Charactonym,

in which a character's name is indicative of his or her personality and traits

•Charactonym*,

in which a character's name is indicative of his or her personality and traits;

False prophecy,

in which a prediction is made that drives the story but is ultimately untrue

false prophecy*,

in which a prediction is made that drives the story but is ultimately untrue;

Subplot,

in which a secondary story, often connected to the main plot, occurs simultaneously

subplot*,

in which a secondary story, often connected to the main plot, occurs simultaneously;

Allegory,

in which an abstract quality or idea is represented with symbolic representation

allegory*,

in which an abstract quality or idea is represented with symbolic representation

Disguise and impersonation;

in which characters conceal their identities or assume the identities of others

disguise and impersonation

in which characters conceal their identities or assume the identities of others;

Intangible influences

include Postmodernism's global impact on the academic world (particularly in the social sciences and humanities), in political discourse, and in popular entertainment and the emerging Internet culture.

Other prominent artists of the period

include Théodore Géricault, Francisco de Goya, J.M.W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, and Albert Bierstadt.

Examples of Neoclassical architecture

include the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the Panthéon in Paris, and Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's home in Virginia.

Sculpture in the Renaissance was

inspired by classical humanism and the rediscovery of classical forms and principles.

Many intellectual philosophes,

inspired by scientific discoveries in physics and biology, preferred deism, a belief system that credits God as the world's creator, who established the natural law and order but who otherwise does not interfere with humanity.

Italian glassmakers were

inspired by the beauty, color, and luster of Islamic glass and pottery.

Darwinism

is based in the idea that the determining factors in an individual's behavior and actions are the genetic, economic, and environmental factors of society. Charles Darwin

Vuk Ćosić

is known for his ASCII art and "remixes" of other popular experimental artworks.

Machiavelli's The Prince

is one of the best-known political treatises. His treatise advanced the abandonment of conventional morality for the sake of power and authority. The Prince is considered to represent the darker side of the Renaissance's belief in human possibility and potential.

Scientific materialism

is the philosophical view that nothing exists but the physical reality that can be seen through the natural sciences.

Why is Sappho's classical poem "A Lament for Adonis" considered lyrical poetry?

it expresses feelings of romantic love

The music of the Neoclassical Period differed from Baroque music in that ________.

it featured more variety in orchestral texture and reflected the Enlightenment focus on balance, order, and structural clarity.

The Odyssey is significant b/c

it idealized what the Greek culture believed to be an ideal man to which all Greeks should strive.

What is the significance of the kouros in terms of cultural exchange during the classical period?

it is Greek refinement of the Egyptian figural sculpturewas also used by wealthy Greeks

Gottfried Leibniz posited that Because God created both faith and reason, Leibniz asserted, ______________.

it is impossible for religion and philosophy to disprove each other

Epistomology is the study of _____________.

knowledge and belief

what is trivium

latin meaning " three ways" grammar, logic and rhetoric

The Divine Comedy addresses:

life as a spiritual journey life as a pilgrimage toward God, from sin to repentance and salvation an indictment of the papacy and corrupt dogma but a deference to God

Renaissance thinkers

like Niccolò Machiavelli, began to account for politics with a nonreligious realism. In The Prince, Machiavelli defended the principle that "the ends justify the means" in governance and statecraft.

Core Marxist ideas

live in modern socialism in Northern Europe as well as in the remaining communist countries of China, Cuba, and North Korea (in theory).

"A Lament for Adonis" is a Greek ______.

lyric poem

one of the most famous medieval composer

machaut

Doctrine of Double Effect*

maintained that four conditions had to be met when an action had the dual effect of both promoting (good effect) and working against (bad effect) natural values. Those conditions were: (1) the act must not violate any moral principles; (2) the good effect must not depend upon the bad effect; (3) we should intend only the good effect; and (4) the good effect must be equal to or greater than the bad effect.tained that four conditions had to be met when an action had the dual effect of both promoting (good effect) and working against (bad effect) natural values. Those conditions were: (1) the act must not violate any moral principles; (2) the good effect must not depend upon the bad effect; (3) we should intend only the good effect; and (4) the good effect must be equal to or greater than the bad effect.

Pronunciation handful of notes placed over Biblical verse, with the central purpose of showing deference to God

monophonic

Music in the Middle AGes

monophonic to polyphonic(music in which the harmony mimicked the melody)

Frances Bacon argued that in order to observe the world with any accuracy, we must eliminate the errors in reasoning developed through our unwitting adherence to false _________

notions—what he calls "Idols."

John Milton Paradise Lost Theme

obedience to God the pilgrimage of "Man" from sin to Heaven the "fall" of mankind to a mortal state the power of the supernatural world on the mortal world the centrality of individual free will in achieving salvation

Milton's poem, Paradise Lost addresses:

obedience to God the pilgrimage of "Man" from sin to Heaven the "fall" of mankind to a mortal state the power of the supernatural world on the mortal world the centrality of individual free will in achieving salvation

Congreve's work, The Way of the World addresses:

obsession with wealth; many of the characters are willing to marry one another or quickly change their betrothal to one another for the promise of large fortunes. mannerism as a satire; the characters are concerned with wealth and status, key features of a high societal status; yet, none of them possesses the well-mannered nature so characteristic of the aristocracy. Their personalities are designed around stock characters in order to direct commentary at particular social strata.

Another medium was

oil paints

Cultural Theory focused

on culture, history, and nature. Michel Foucault looked at criminal punishment in the west with regard to power and oppression, stating that society is permeated by a network of control. -Scientific Realism, championed by Thomas Kuhn, examines paradigm shifts, or completely new ways of thinking. -French Feminism, spearheaded by Hélène Cixous, Julia Kristeva, and Luce Irigaray, sought a definition of women by women and sought to remove male bias. Simulacrum is a thing that replaces reality with a representation of reality. People struggled with this concept and that of a hyperreality. Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions supports this theory. A theory that concerns itself with the interplay between culture, history, and nature.

The utilitarian emphasis

on happiness for the greater good continues to be reflected in public policy that justifies the use of taxes as a form of distributive justice to contribute to the overall happiness of society. The key points of utilitarianism can also be seen in movements to protect and improve the environment. Though most contemporary businesses are used to taking and using natural resources as if they were free and unlimited, this leads to overly wasteful consumption and the so-called "tragedy of the commons."

Literary Theory

on the various lenses of context that a person might use to deconstruct a piece of literature. John Barth states that traditional forms of literature have been used up and that new forms of fiction need to be developed. Roland Barthes suggested that the author's intentions with a piece of literature have no bearing on its interpretation. He developed five codes that create literary significance for a reader New Criticism, Reader Response Criticism, and Structural Criticism are all theoretical approaches used by critics of this theory.

Antigone addresses:

one's allegiance to state, family, or divinity; accountability for one's actions;

Mozart's Le Nozze De Figaro is a(n) _________________.

opera

Upper Class were referred to as

patricians

For Locke and the empiricists, moral behavior is based on ___________.

pleasure and pain, For Locke and the empiricists, moral behavior is based on pleasure (good) and pain (evil). We decide morality by our senses.

Lower Class were referred to as

plebeians

During the Renaissance, theater became more sophisticated in terms of _________ but not __________.

plot; set, Theater transformed from short sketches to lengthier, scripted works with complex plots. Sets were not all that intricate, relying on dialogue between characters to convey location.

Experimentation with notes at a fourth or fifth step gave way to ________ Pronunciation music in which the harmony mimicked the melody

polyphonic

style of vocal music that mixes a melody and one or more voices in harmony.

polyphony

Belief in multiple gods is known as ____________.

polytheism

Classical humanism stressed the individuals role in the social and political by emphasizing respect for ______ duty

public

Republic is

power rests indirectly in the body of citizens entitled to vote but is directly exercised by representatives

Roman art focuses on imperial themes of

power, military victory, and heroism and was used to decorate public spaces

Deists did not

practice worship or ritual, since they did not believe in divine intervention, but instead strove to understand the order that God put into place.

Renaissance Theater

predesitnation, truth, balance, reason. Playwrights used solilquoy, allegory, slapstick, sight gags, lambic pentameter, blank verse, prose

Anne Bradstreet The Flesh and The Spirit Theme

privileging the spirit over the body or mortal world the tensions between a moral and immoral life Puritan ethics around temptation and devotion to God the endurance of the spirit over the mortality of the body

Bradstreet's poem, the Flesh & the Spirit addresses:

privileging the spirit over the body or mortal world the tensions between a moral and immoral life Puritan ethics around temptation and devotion to God the endurance of the spirit over the mortality of the body

The Wizard of Oz (1939),

produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), used bright colors and captivating storytelling to draw in audiences, and it demonstrated just how magical filmmaking could be.

Isaac Newton

proposed a formula for the laws of motion and universal gravitation. His work confirmed the legitimacy of a heliocentric solar system.

What are some functions of Art?

providing aesthetic pleasure, offering social and political commentary, assisting therapy, historical artifacts and enabling commerce.

(During the Classical Period) Balance in Art was achieved by:

putting different areas of the body in dynamic tension with one another

Gottfried Leibniz supported which philosophical method

rationalism, Gottfried Leibniz was a realist who believed that truth is found through deductive reasoning.

Realist Art

realism, realist sculpture, and photography

Laurence Garte

referred to by many as the "father of digital art," began his experimentation with digital imaging while at Media Study/Buffalo in New York, an experimental organization funded by the National Endowment for the Arts. digital art were created during the 1970s.

The Baroque visual arts created in Catholic regions demonstrated ________.

religious fervor, Baroque visual arts created in Catholic regions demonstrated religious fervor. Baroque art began as a reaction to the rise of Protestantism and its rejection of religious iconography, with the Catholic Church acting as a major patron of Baroque-style art during the Counter Reformation.

The Encyclopédie

represented a fundamental principle of the Enlightenment: to accumulate, codify, and preserve human knowledge by providing rational information on important topics to the general public.

The Spanish "Golden Age"

resulted from Spain's acquisition of gold and silver from the Americas. Spanish artists and writers—such as El Greco, Velazquez, and Cervantes—contributed immensely to Renaissance culture.

Antigone used

reversal (of fortune)

Romantics generally supported _______ against tradition, political reform that would grant rights to oppressed groups and equality for all.

revolution

The discovery of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg

revolutionized mass communication throughout Europe.

style of medevil music that developed from adding melody and harmony to biblical texts

sacred

Charlie Chaplin's The Great Dictator is probably BEST known for its use of ________.

satire, Charlie Chaplin's The Great Dictator is a highly satirical film, portraying a satirical interpretation of anti-Semitic dictators like Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.

style of music that was developed by the poor and uneducated and focused on other themes other than religion.

secular

One chief concern that Realist playwrights shared with Realist authors and artists was ________.

showing likeness to life, Like other Realists, playwrights of this period believed that likeness to life, or an honest representation of theatrical situations, dialogue, and setting, would allow audiences to relate more intimately with the drama.

Neoclassical themes

skepticism, rationalism, empiricism, logic, progress, revolution, order, clarity, deism, classicism

Which did Rousseau believe was an example of a barbaric practice justified by an over-rationalizing society?

slavery, Rousseau believed that the self is corrupted by more developed societies, which have lost the primal touch of prioritizing liberty; thus, they allow slavery.

transcendentalists

society and social institutions ultimately corrupt individuals, stripping them of their natural freedom. Transcendentalists believe that people must become free and self-reliant by returning to nature.

Shakesphere technique

soliloquy

Theater combines ________ into a single art form.

speech, music, dance, and stagecraft

imporvisation

spontaneous variation or set of variations on a given musical theme

Ludwig van Beethoven

started to compose music during this period and continued to create masterpieces during the subsequent Romantic Period. Two of his most famous symphonies are Symphony No. 5 in C minor and Symphony No. 9 in D minor.

Idealism

states that reality is a mental construct, and therefore, the only knowledge we have of the world is knowledge of our mental experiences. There is no objective reality but rather a subjective reality as perceived by a human being, existing only in relation to that person's experience.

Toni Morrison uses

stream of consciousness and a frame story that rapidly shifts temporalities, often intentionally disorienting the reader, in her Pulitzer Prize winning novel Beloved, which tells the tale of a former slave haunted by the ghost of her dead daughter.

A quality of greatness or vastness that is beyond calculation, comparison, or imitation; often invoked with reference to nature.

sublime

Don DeLillo's White Noise

tells the black humor story of Jack Gladney, a college professor in a small town who chairs the department of Hitler Studies. DeLillo illuminates the contradictions of contemporary American life and touches upon themes of consumerism, conspiracy theories, the pervasiveness of modern technology, the absurdity of academic life, and the fear of death.

The sculptures of Renaissance artist Donatello de Betto Bardi were known for being the first ________.

that could be viewed from all sides

Mannerism is a decorative and elaborate style

that emerged during the Renaissance and extended into the Baroque Period, often displayed the burgeoning middle class rubbing shoulders with, and attempting to imitate, aristocracy.

Rationalism maintains

that knowledge is not obtained through sense experience but through intellect and deductive reasoning. In this way, rationalism contradicts the beliefs of empiricism.

In The Republic Plato argues (through the character of Socrates) _____________________

that pursuing justice is worthwhile even when such a pursuit doesn't offer immediate benefits.

In ______________ Plato considers that most people cannot see the world as it is.

the Allegory of the Cave,

The Baroque movement came about as a result of ________.

the Catholic Church's artistic response to the rise of Protestantism

CLASSIC ARCHITECTURE

the Greeks focused on balance and symmetry and had three distinctive types, DORIC, IONIC AND COINTHIAN.

The Greek building most revered for its use of ratio and perspective is _________.

the Parthenon

Define Counter Reformation:

the Roman Catholic Church's attempt to revitalize interest and devotion to resist the influence of the Protestant Reformation. As part of the reformation, the Church became a fervent patron of the arts.

predestination*—

the belief that the fates of all souls, whether they will be saved or damned, are predetermined by God. Predestination is a core belief of Calvinism.

METAPHYSICS

the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.

What philosophy was widely popular during the Enlightenment?

the concept that logic and reason could break down the established, rigid order and the concept that dividing social boundaries could be breached by individual thought

Which topic is studied by the humanities?

the cultures and beliefs that make up the experience of being human

How did the development of democracy impact the classical period?

the democratic republic emerged as an alternative to tyrannical forms of government

what were some of the challenges of the church?

the great schism , the crusades and the protestant reformation

Francesco Petrarch's work examines ___________.

the individual's inner life

Minimalism:

the lack of setting or plot, which puts the focus on the dialogue and the acting abilities of the actors in order to carry the play

Moorish Architecture

the mihrab in the Great Mosque of Cordoba is no exception. Above the mihrab is a dome of intricately woven, architectural ribs. These come together to create distinct, pointed arches that foreshadow elements of Gothic architecture that appear in the Middle Ages.

Which protagonist would most likely be found in Modernist literature?

the misunderstood, alienated loner, The literature of the early 20th century often focuses on the struggle of the individual to preserve his or her own identity and autonomy in an increasingly indifferent society. This struggle often brought about a sense of alienation from the status quo. For this reason, a misunderstood or alienated loner would be the most likely protagonist in a piece of Modernist literature.

Book 7 of the Republic describes _________ and is ___________

the necessity of being educated into the truth of reality The Allegory of the Cave

nationalism

the political legitimacy of a state results from some inherent unity or cohesion among the people that live in the area governed by that state. This unity is the result of some commonalities shared by the people, including things like race, culture, and language.

Virgil's poem addresses:

the power of love to both build up and to destroy the power of fate in a hero's life the central and primary role of duty and fealty the role of the gods and goddesses to both support and interfere with human affairs

Calderón de la Barca's work, Life is a dream addresses:

the question "what is reality?"; this play is a philosophical allegory that explores the meaning of reality. What does it mean to have a fictional play about reality that ultimately declares that reality is a dream? Audiences watching would have been very aware of this complex layering. Through this labyrinth of meaning, audiences are led to the conclusion that God and goodness are the only real truths. This theme reflects a larger theme prevalent in Baroque theater: the relationship between the stage and real life.

Which of the following is considered to be one of Michelangelo's masterpieces?

the statue of David

What does the title "Well-Tempered Clavier" reference?

the steps between the notes on a scale The title references the theory of equal temperament, which relates to the mathematically derived space between notes on a scale.

The aesthetic of the intensity and majesty of nature, which impacted many Romantic works, is known as ________.

the sublime

Gothic architecture in particular was known for several technical innovations, such as

the use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, & flying buttresses.

Homer's poem addresses:

the value of reason and cunning in overcoming adversity the importance of family and national fealty the role of the epic hero in shoring up national pride the power of love to propel a hero the role of the Muses and the gods and goddesses to both support and interfere with human affairs

Everything from

the wardrobe to the motions and gestures of the characters on the stage characterized Neoclassical theater's grandiosity and opulence.

The dialogue among female characters from Aristophane's classical play Lysistrata:

the women decide to refuse to have sex with their husbands until the war is called off which challenges traditional ideas of the role of wives in classical society.

Thomas Pynchon addressed

themes of sexuality, free will, death, paranoia, and search for identity in Gravity's Rainbow, a novel that employed 400 characters and numerous narrative voices.

Religions often provide their followers a series of codified beliefs, including ________.

theology that seeks to explain the nature of the Divine Religion, an organized system of spiritual beliefs and practices, offers a moral code and worldview, including a theology that seeks to explain the nature of the Divine, the reasons for existence, the afterlife, and other beliefs.

Natural Law Theory and Divine Command Theory agree that

there are knowable moral truths

Which TWO characteristics of classical epic poetry are shared by Homer's Odyssey and Virgil's Aeneid? t

they explore the complex relationship between humans & the gods they present the hero as a model of the ideal man in Greek & Roman culture

Art and architecture during the Middle Ages served two distinct purposes:

to communicate religious ideals & to honor members of the royal, ruling class.

Linear perspective

to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface through the use of line and one or more vanishing points*.

Sirani and Gentileschi helped to establish women as skillful, insightful, and business-saavy professionals. They painted in the style of Caravaggio.

to establish women as skillful, insightful, and business-saavy professionals. They painted in the style of Caravaggio.

The Renaissance Period's focus on science and the human form has led

to markedly more successful medical practices and other scientific advancements.

Strauss' Also Sprach Zarathustra falls under which musical genre?

tone poem

Due to improvements in ___________ technology, Romantic writers, artists, and musicians traveled through the East in search of new inspiration.

transportation

Grammar, logic, and rhetoric formed the foundational subjects of higher education in the Middle Ages and were known collectively as the _______.

trivium, In medieval universities, grammar, logic, and rhetoric were known as the trivium.

roving musician and poet throughout the Medevil period.

troubadours

In ancient Greece, there was no such thing as separation of church and state, as religion was intrinsically tied to both public and private affairs.

true

Renaissance painters often employed scientific principles when creating works of art. True or False?

true, Artists applied scientific principles to solve problems of perspective and devised new techniques for representing light and shade.

If it were not for J.R.R. Tolkien, "fantasy" would not be a genre of literature. True or False?

true, Before Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, fantasy was not its own genre of literature.

Dies Irae is a poem about the day of judgement. True or False?

true, Dies Irae is a 13th-century Latin poem describing the "day of judgment."

The Romantic Period themes of exoticism and nationalism were emphasized by the cultural exchange and diversity of the era. True or false?

true, Europeans in particular became fascinated with the "exotic" cultures of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa, and both European and American artists and musicians displayed their nationalism in their works.

The scene we see occuring in both medieval literature and the Western movie is the "arming" scene. True or False?

true, In medieval literature, there are lines and lines of poems dedicated to describing the knight putting on his armour before a battle, and in the Western movie, there is always a scene of the sheriff loading his gun and donning his hat and badge.

Lange was hired by the Farm Security Administration with the task of drawing attention to the impact of the Great Depression in hopes of convincing the federal government to provide aid. True or False?

true, Lange was hired by the Farm Security Administration to photograph the devastating working and living conditions of the rural poor. Almost immediately after her photographs were published, the government agreed to provide aid.

Medieval society was divided roughly into three classes. True or False?

true, Medieval society was divided roughly into three classes: the peasantry, those who labored, the clergy, those who prayed, and the nobility, those who defended and ruled society.

Monasticism first appeared in the sixth century. True or False?

true, Monasticism, a religious movement where individuals separated themselves from "worldly pursuits" and lived in disciplined communities first appeared in the sixth century.

Middle English literature emphasizes chivalry, and this emphasis can be seen in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. True or False?

true, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight exemplifies the emphasis on chivalry and courtly love found in Middle English literature

The Book of Kells is an example of an illuminated manuscript. True or False?

true, The Book of Kells is an example of an illuminated manuscript; it is known for being written in black, red, purple, and yellow ink and decorated on vellum.

The Renaissance began in Italy and later spread throughout Europe. True or False?

true, The Renaissance began in Italy and later spread throughout Europe

Romantic music was less restrained and more expressive than the classical style of the early 18th century. True or False?

true,The more expressive style of Romantic music was inspired by heroic and nationalistic themes as well as an appreciation of nature. Symphonies performing romantic music put on more emotional and large-scale productions than their classical predecessors did.

counterpoint

two melodic lines played against each other) and improvisation

Since the beginning of the 20th century,

two new schools of printmaking have flourished in Japan. The sōsaku hanga, or "creative prints," movement was a shift away from traditional collaborative printmaking, while the shin hanga, or "new prints" movement refocused on it.

Renaissance Themes

urbanization, rebirth of classicism, Humanism, Rationalism/Science Expansion, University system, Individualism/Self fashioning, Reformation

Which of the following is NOT true of spirituals, or slave songs?

using musical instruments, Spirituals were usually performed a cappella, or without instrumental accompaniment.

Renaissance Music

viola de gamba, madrigal

René Descartes

was a French philosopher, writer, and mathematician. From his "first principle," his Cogito ergo sum—"I think, therefore I am"—Descartes was able to deduce, at least to his own satisfaction, the existence of God, albeit a Deist God, neither interested in human affairs nor endowed with human character. Wrote Mediations on First Philosophy , in which the narrator meditates upon the nature of knowledge and human existentence.

Robert Smithson

was a Postmodern American writer and artist who worked in multiple mediums, including photography and sculpture, and is best known for leading the environmental art movement in the 1960s and 70s. Working directly with nature, Smithson used soil, sand, and rock to created large-scale sculptures.

Rococo style

women became a big part of this style, salons had a lot of this in it. it was often frivoulous

Baroque Theather

women started to act onstage for the first time

William Shakespeare

would become the most famous writer in English by writing plays and poems that examine such human emotions as loyalty, ambition, love, hate, greed, and self-sacrifice. close

he two-person collective of Internet artists known as Jodi—Joan Heemskerk and Dirk Paesmans

— focuses on artistic computer game modification.

Baroque Music

•Baroque composers made heavy use of counterpoint and improvisation and generally wrote music that celebrated and praised God, in accordance with the religious undertones of the Baroque movement as a whole. •Opera during the Baroque Period demonstrated unification by combining orchestral music, singing, dancing, drama, and art. •Johann Sebastian Bach was a key Baroque composer, writing such memorable pieces as The Brandenburg Concerto, Mass in B minor, and the Goldberg Variations. •The Christmas Concerto by Corelli, The Four Seasons, The Messiah by Handel, and Canon in D by Pachelbel are all examples of major Baroque composers and works.

Baroque Theater

•During the Baroque Era, theater grew in complexity of plot, production, and treatment of theme. •The Roman Catholic Church commissioned large-scale artistic works infused with religious imagery. •Kings also commissioned extravagant works for their courts to showcase their wealth and divine right. •Because of events like the Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation, as well as groundbreaking scientific discoveries, many were questioning the order and meaning of life. As a result, plays examined order and chaos and experimented with the notion of theatrum mundi. Other themes included: ◦Fate ◦Free will ◦Reality ◦Social class

Famous playwrights included:

•Pedro Calderón de la Barca, who wrote plays with complex dramatic structure that explored themes such as reality and faith. •William Congreve, who wrote Restoration comedies that poked fun at the mannerist affectations that various social classes adopted. •Pierre Corneille, who wrote tales of heroism and honor, with Baroque themes (such as allegories that examine reality), in the underpinnings.

Key Concepts: Major Themes of the Renaissance

•Rebirth of Classicism. •Humanism •Rationalism/Scientific Expansion •Expansion of the University System •Individualism/Self-Fashioning •Reformation

Renaissance Theater

•Renaissance theater slowly evolved from the informal roving troupes that were characteristic of the Middle Ages. Patronage of the arts allowed troupes to settle into a city, build a playhouse, and take up theater as a profession. As a result, works became longer, more complex, and critically discussed period themes.

Art and Architecture in the Middle Ages

•Romanesque art*Glossary Pronunciation was the dominant art form in Europe from the 10th century to the 12th century and is remembered largely for its architecture. •Gothic art* evolved from the Romanesque style in the mid-12th century and included fresco paintings, stained glass, illuminated manuscripts, and panel paintings. Gothic architecture produced innovative arches, vaults, and flying buttresses—all which can be seen in the famous Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral. •Byzantine* art, which ranged from approximately 300-1453, featured colorful and stiff religious figures on golden backgrounds. Byzantine churches were often designed along the Greek cross plan and often featured domes.

Cultural Exchange and Diversity in the Baroque Period

•The English settled in North America, and Puritans like Anne Bradstreet (who became the first American female to publish a book) wrote about contact with new continents. •Jesuit missionaries brought Christianity to China, Africa, and the Americas. The Mesoamerican peoples, such as the Mayans, suffered large cultural losses when those same missionaries burned many of their codices. •Westerners discovered Mayan city-states, many of which included pyramids and residences that featured murals depicting the blood-letting rituals of sacrificial victims. •India and England made contact with one another and formed the East India Company. •The arts flourished in France, as Rubens, Poussin, Lully, and Molière, among many others, produced works that would influence artists, musicians, and writers around the world. •Spain's culture had a huge impact in the Americas: Lima, Peru became a fully Baroque city, and the music and art of Mexico began to reflect the European Baroque style.

Key Concepts: Medieval Influences on Contemporary Life

•The Middle Ages influenced our modern political system and many of our institutions. Themes from this era are also found in contemporary literature, film, and other forms of entertainment, such as online gaming. •The settings and images associated with medievalism have not only appeared in modern fantasy films and books, such as the works of J.R.R. Tolkien, but they have also influenced Gothic writers and the Romantics of the 19th century. •Our modern higher education system has its roots in the Middle Ages. It was in this time that universities began. Much of the academic structure, various degrees, and teaching methods we still use today can be traced back to the Middle Ages. •The majority of the nations and languages of Europe were born from the Middle Ages. In addition, the political and religious turmoil that occurred throughout the Middle Ages continues to influence the politics and attitudes found in the Middle East today.

•Famous playwrights included:

◦Shakespeare ◦Marlowe

Renaissance theater hearkened back to the Classical Era in terms of themes but explored each from a new perspective. Themes included:

◦predestination ◦truth ◦balance ◦reason ◦humanism ◦religion ◦death and the afterlife ◦social class ◦politics

•Playwrights used new literary techniques in their works.

◦soliloquy was used to provide insight to a character's thoughts ◦allegory treated abstract themes very concretely ◦comedy employed slapstick humor and sight gags ◦language, including the difference between iambic pentameter, blank verse, and prose, was used to differentiate between social classes