Physio exam 2

secretin

A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning (attention) and mood regulation, temperature, and pituitary PNS effects- sym

Which of the following events depolarize the neuronal cell membrane?

A. Ca2+ enters the cell B. Na+ enters the cell

pepsinogen vs pepsin

Pepsinogen- released by the gastric glands unactivated, activated by eating, so it won't digest the gastric gland cells that produce it Pepsin- activated by HCl to break down proteins into polypeptides, decrease ph in stomach

trochlear nerve

Eye movement (superior oblique muscle) Damage causes double vision

K cells (duodenum, jejunum)

GDIP

G cells of the stomach secrete

Gastrin

parietal cells of stomach

HCL and IF

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Release triggered by a by a meal that has carbohydrates and fats entering the intestine; causing the pancreas to release insulin, while inhibit activity of the stomach , and inhibiting glucagon release; known to be associated with the sensation of being full

Secretin

Released when chyme arrives in the duodenum; increases secretion of bile (by the liver) and of buffers (by the pancreas) and reduces gastric motility and secretory rates

duct cells of pancreas

Secret HCO3- to neutralize acid coming from stomach

Gastrin

Secreted (when stimulated by the vagus nerve or when food arrives in the stomach) and by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum (when exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins); promotes increased stomach motility and stimulates production of gastric acids and enzymes

Carbohydrate digestion begins when the complex carbohydrate starch is broken down into maltose. Which enzymes catalyze the breakdown of maltose into monosaccharides, and where are the enzymes found?

disaccharidases located on the intestinal brush border

conduction

electricity (brain sends electrical signals into chemical)

Ribonuclease

enzyme that breaks down RNA

lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat

amylase

enzyme that breaks down starch

Acetylcholine

excitatory neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers CNS- facilitates nerve impulses PNS- muscle contraction, glandular, parasym

trigeminal nerve

facial muscles, face sensations, chewing

alpha cells of pancreas

glucagon

axon hillock

has highest sensitivity to ap, trigger zone

Microglial cells (CNS)

help with macrophages (immune cells) in CSF

Ependymal cells (CNS)

helps with BBB, and circulates CSF

HCL is stimulated by?

histamines, H2 receptors

Gastrin

hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates secretion of HCl and increases gastric motility, acidic

CCK cells (small intestine)

hormone, bile

Somatostatin

inhibits gastrin

beta cells of pancreas

insulin

Satellite cells (PNS)

interneurons, release neurotransmiters (chemical signal)

Which of these white matter tracts (above) is utilized to convey sensory action potentials related to temperature, pain and coarse touch sensations to the brain? C

lateral spinothalamic pathway

tonic contractions

long

Elevated levels of potassium in extracellular fluid (blood, interstitial fluid, and plasma) is called hyperkalemia. How would this effect neuronal function?

lowers stimulus threshold / increases sensitivity

neural convergence

many to one

abducens nerve

moves eye laterally

Spinal Accessory

moving head and shoulders

myenteric plexus

muscle contraction

oliogendrocytes

myelination of axons in CNS, involves many cells

action potential

nerve impulse, signal nerve sends

Colinergic Receptors

nicotinic (muscle relaxor) and muscarinic both parasym

neural divergence

one to many

Transcytosis is how __________ are absorbed.

peptides

Protein digestion in the stomach is mostly done to start the process of protein digestion into large fragments called

polypeptides

Which of these is used to carry the same kinds of sensations, but more specifically related to fine touch, proprioception or vibration?

posterior column pathway

Schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS

chief cells of the stomach

release pepsinogen and gastric lipase

ECL cells

secrete histamine

S cells of duodenum

secretin

Submusocal plexus

secretions

olfactory nerve

sense of smell

phasic contractions

short

D cells of the stomach

somatostatin

GDIP

stimulates release of insulin

trypsin inhibitor

stops with protein digestion, protects pancreas

In the ascending pathways noted above the second order neurons end where?

thalamus

auditory nerve

the cranial nerve that carries sound from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain

Action Potentials can not travel backwards because

the long refractory period

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain, eyesight

neurotransmitter re-uptake

the recycling of neurotransmitters where the synaptic vesicle reabsorbs the neurotransmitter following its release

vagus nerve

the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas PS nerve

Axonal transport refers to

the use of microtubules to send secretions from the cell body to the axon terminal.

hypoglossal nerve

tongue movements for speech, food manipulation and swallowing

Glossopharyngeal nerve

- swallowing -salivation - gag reflex - sensation from tongue to ear PS nerve

oculomotor nerve

-eye movement -opening of eyelid - constriction of pupil -focusing PS nerve

Which of the characteristics listed are associated with graded potentials ?

A. can be summed B. amplitude decreases with distance C. has no threshold

Interneurons are

A. found only in the CNS B. signal "gate keepers"

Sodium ion channels in the neuron cell membrane are

A. not permeable to potassium B. voltage gated C. mechanically gated

Colinergic Synapses

Ach

Astrocytes (CNS)

BBB, structure and support, pick up K+ and H2O

emulsification

Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles. Bile salts like soap breakdown barrier of lipids

A patient took high doses of antibiotics to help fight a bacterial infection. However, this treatment also killed helpful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following would you expect?

Decreased digestion of complex carbohydrates and decreased vitamin K, leading to clotting problems

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Is secreted when fats and carbohydrates (especially glucose) enter the small intestine; inhibits gastric activity and stimulates insulin release at the pancreatic islets; also stimulates duodenal gland activity and lipid synthesis in adipose tissue, and increases glucose use by skeletal muscles

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Secreted when chyme arrives in the duodenum, especially when the chyme contains lipids and partially digested proteins; increases the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum; in high concentrations, inhibits gastric activity and appears to have CNS effects that reduce the sensation of hunger

Motilin and (VIP)

Stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach. Motilin is also co-secreted during fasting periods at 1.5 to 2 hr. intervals to trigger sweeping smooth muscle contractions which clear the GI tract and help to initiate preparation for the next ingestion of a meal. Motilin release is inhibited by the ingestion of the next meal.

facial nerve

Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue); somatosensory (pressure, pain) information from ear; controls muscles used in facial expression. PS nerve

Which is the best example of a short reflex?

The gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach increases motility in the large intestine

How is iron absorption regulated?

The liver secretes hepcidin, which causes the breakdown of ferroportin.

intrinsic factor

a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed, helps with blood clotting, and makes RBC's, pernicious amenia

electrical synapse

a type of synapse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore the action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell

Trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine, inactive form tyrpsinogen, enteropeptidase activates it in bborder

adrenergic receptors

beta (increase hr, and beta blockers decrease hr) alpha (blood vessel constrict, increase bp, alpha blockers decrease bp) both sym = Nep

Which is NOT a similarity between parietal cells and chief cells

both regulate gastric acid secretion

neuroglial cells

brain cells

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

brain of the digestive system

Acetylcholinesterase

breaks down acetylcholine

pepsin

breaks down protein into polypeptides in stomach

Which enzyme helps produce bicarbonate in pancreatic acini and in duodenal cells? Hint: It is the same enzyme that is active in erythrocytes.

carbonic anhydrase

other protein enzymes

chymotrypsin carboxyopeptidase elastase aminopeptidase in bb

nuclei

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

ganglia

clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS