physio test 1
What compound receives electrons from NADH? a. FMN b. ubiquinone c. cytochrome c1 d. oxygen
FMN
If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 64
16
How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
3
If the sequence of the 5'-3' strand is AATGCTAC, then the complementary sequence has the following sequence: a. 3'-AATGCTAC-5' b. 3'-CATCGTAA-5' c. 3'-TTACGATG-5' d. 3'-GTAGCATT-5'
3'-TTACGATG-5'
Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. S
G1
Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation? a. Heating up dinner in a microwave b. Solar panels at work c. Formation of static electricity d. None of the above
None of the above
AB→A+B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange
decomposition
A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer
salt
Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions into or out of a cell? a. Ions are too large to diffuse through the membrane. b. Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. c. Ions do not need ion channels to move through the membrane. d. Ions bind to carrier proteins in the bloodstream, which must be removed before transport into the cell.
Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
The binding of ________ is required for transcription to start. a. a protein b. DNA polymerase c. RNA polymerase d. a transcription factor
RNA polymerase
What phase of mitotic interphase is missing from meiotic interkinesis? a. G0 phase b. G1 phase c. S phase d. G2 phase
S phase
What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? a. The molecules bind to the extracellular domain. b. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane. c. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells. d. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding.
The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.
They are all polymers of protein subunits.
Which of the following is not true about enzymes? a. They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze. b. They are usually made of amino acids. c. They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. d. Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.
They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze.
What do the electrons added to NAD+ do? a. They become part of a fermentation pathway. b. They go to another pathway for ATP production. c. They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle. d. They are converted to NADP.
They go to another pathway for ATP production.
Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range
Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.
Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion
active transport
The Flavr Savr Tomato: a. is a variety of vine-ripened tomato in the supermarket b. was created to have better flavor and shelf-life c. does not undergo soft rot d. all of the above
all of the above
Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are involved in post-transcriptional control? a. control of RNA splicing b. control of RNA shuttling c. control of RNA stability d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are true of epigenetic changes? a. allow DNA to be transcribed b. move histones to open or close a chromosomal region c. are temporary d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
amino
What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group? a. oxygen b.ATP c. B vitamin d. carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. cell molecule organ tissue
cell
What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents? a. fetal stem cells b. embryonic stem cells c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth d. hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells
cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth
At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures? a. chiasmata b. recombination nodules c. microtubules d. kinetochores
chiasmata
Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness
differentiation
In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix
double helix
The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is ________. a. meiosis I b. anaphase I c. meiosis II d. interkinesis
meiosis II
The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty
specificity
If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have? a. 54 b. 27 c. 100 d. 108
54
During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs? a. ATP is used up. b. Fructose is split in two. c. ATP is made. d. Glucose becomes fructose.
ATP is made.
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.
________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
Which of the following is not true in regard to crossover? a. Spindle microtubules guide the transfer of DNA across the synaptonemal complex. b. Non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material. c. Chiasmata are formed. d. Recombination nodules mark the crossover point.
Chiasmata are formed.
Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? a. DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil b. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars d. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded
DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars
A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above
any of the above
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
breaking down stored energy
The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration
down; concentration
Binding of an RNA binding protein will ________ the stability of the RNA molecule. a. increase b. decrease c. neither increase nor decrease d. either increase or decrease
either increase or decrease
The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of _______________. a. autocrine signaling b. paracrine signaling c. endocrine signaling d. direct signaling across gap junctions
endocrine signaling
Meiosis produces ________ daughter cells. a. two haploid b. two diploid c. four haploid d. four diploid
four haploid
What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol
glucose
A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution
has both polar and nonpolar regions
Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? a. endothelial b. epithelial c. hematopoietic d. mesenchymal
hematopoietic
In eukaryotes, what is the DNA wrapped around? a. single-stranded binding proteins b. sliding clamp c. polymerase d. histones
histones
Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells ________. a. for molecular cloning b. by PCR c. of tissues to cure inheritable disease d. all of the above
of tissues to cure inheritable disease
How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle? a. one b. two c. three d. four
three
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
hexose monosaccharide
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
nucleic acids
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system
skeletal system
Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium
hydrogen and hydrogen
Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond? a. hydrogen bond b. atomic bond c. covalent bond d. nonpolar covalent bond
hydrogen bond
What will result from the binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer region? a. decreased transcription of an adjacent gene b. increased transcription of a distant gene c. alteration of the translation of an adjacent gene d. initiation of the recruitment of RNA polymerase
increased transcription of a distant gene
The key components of desmosomes are cadherins and __________. a. actin b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. microtubules
intermediate filaments
Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER
mitochondria
Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. a. nucleus; cytoplasm b. nucleolus; nucleus c. nucleolus; cytoplasm d. cytoplasm; nucleus
nucleus; cytoplasm
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system
organ
CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal
organic
Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy
osmosis; pinocytosis
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water
oxygen
Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. a. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency b. pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency c. oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy
potential energy
Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a. production of proteins b. detoxification of certain substances c. synthesis of steroid hormones d. regulation of intracellular calcium concentration
production of proteins
Post-translational modifications of proteins can affect which of the following? a. protein function b. transcriptional regulation c. chromatin modification d. all of the above
protein function
The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a. Golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. proteins
ribosomes
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes
saliva contains enzymes
What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes? a. stop all cells from dividing b. stop certain cells from dividing c. help oncogenes produce oncoproteins d. allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cell cycle
stop certain cells from dividing
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above
stores energy for use by body cells
GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of ________. a. isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate b. succinyl CoA into succinate c. fumarate into malate d. malate into oxaloacetate
succinyl CoA into succinate
What structure is most important in forming the tetrads? a. centromere b. synaptonemal complex c. chiasma d. kinetochore
synaptonemal complex
DNA double helix does not have which of the following? a. antiparallel configuration b. complementary base pairing c. major and minor grooves d. uracil
uracil
Bt toxin is considered to be ________. a. a gene for modifying insect DNA b. an organic insecticide produced by bacteria c. useful for humans to fight against insects d. a recombinant protein
an organic insecticide produced by bacteria
At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? a. prophase I b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. anaphase II
anaphase II
Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins
integral proteins
GMOs are created by ________. a. generating genomic DNA fragments with restriction endonucleases b. introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means c. overexpressing proteins in E. coli. d. all of the above
introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means
Insulin produced by molecular cloning: a. is of pig origin b. is a recombinant protein c. is made by the human pancreas d. is recombinant DNA
is a recombinant protein
Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called ________. a. ions b. neutrons c. neutral atoms d. isotopes
isotopes
Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles? a. lactic acid fermentation b. alcohol fermentation c. mixed acid fermentation d. propionic fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration? a. shells 1 and 2 are full, and shell 3 has nine electrons b. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has three electrons c. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron d. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and no other electrons are present
shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron
Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells
sodium ions and chloride ions
Metabolism can be defined as the ________. a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension
suspension
The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange
synthesis
What are epigenetic modifications? a. the addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA b. the removal of nucleosomes from the DNA c. the addition of more nucleosomes to the DNA d. mutation of the DNA sequence
the addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA
Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals because ___________. a. the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances b. the target and signaling cells are close together c. the ligands are degraded rapidly d. the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transport
the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances
Chemiosmosis involves ________. a. the movement of electrons across the cell membrane b. the movement of hydrogen atoms across a mitochondrial membrane c. the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane d. the movement of glucose through the cell membrane
the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
Which of the following is not made out of RNA? a. the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand b. the ribosome c. the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis d. the intron
the ribosome
Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. a. the walls of the pool b. the chlorine c. the flotation toys d. the water
the water
