Physiology Ch 7

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects. A) faster B) slower C) equal

A

Hormones are not typically considered to be cytokines because hormones are ________ like cytokines. A) synthesized in advance and stored, not B) not peptides C) not effective in small amounts D) secreted into the blood, not E) secreted by cells, not

A

The majority of hormones in the body are A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) amino acid-derived hormones. D) neurohormones. E) All of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body.

A

The pituitary hormone that controls hormone synthesis and release from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

A

When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably A) a steroid. B) a peptide. C) testosterone. D) estrogen. E) aldosterone.

A

true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

Anterior pituitary

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell. A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus D) mitochondria E) nucleus

B

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) STH.

B

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the cell membrane becomes less permeable. B) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. C) the cell becomes inactive. D) the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. E) None of the answers are correct.

B

When adenylyl cyclase is activated, A) calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) protein kinases are metabolized. E) steroids are produced.

B

After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically A) continues to act until an opposing hormone is secreted. B) spontaneously degrades. C) is inactivated or removed from the blood. D) is absorbed by its target cell. E) is absorbed by the gland that secreted it.

C

Synergism occurs when A) one hormone triggers the secretion of a second hormone. B) one hormone inhibits the release of a second hormone. C) hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted. D) hormones working together produce a smaller effect than predicted. E) a hormone can exert its full effects only in the presence of another hormone.

C

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) thyroid hormone D) thyroid-stimulating hormone E) melatonin

D

Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones. B) Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification. C) Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. D) Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. E) Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

D

In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the A) sensor only. B) integrating center only. C) target. D) sensor and integrating center. E) integrating center and target.

D

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenylyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium.

D

The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus.

D

The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH (Vasopressin). E) MSH.

D

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are inhibited. D) gene transcription may increase or decrease. E) protein kinases are activated.

D

________ is a decrease in the number of receptors of target cells in order to dampen the effects of excess hormone.

Down-regulation

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.

E

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

E

Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action? A) control of enzymatic reaction rates B) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes C) control of electrical signaling pathways D) control of gene expression and protein synthesis

E

site of vasopressin synthesis

Hypothalamus

storage and release site for oxytocin

Posterior pituitary

________ pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a reflex.

Primary

derivatives of tyrosine

Prolactin

cannot be stored in secretory vesicles

Steroid hormones

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

adenophyophysis

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

adrenal

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

adrenal cortex

what is the source of aldosterone?

adrenal cortex

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the ________.

adrenal medulla

What is the source of epinephrine?

adrenal medulla

The adrenal cortex produces a steroid hormone called ________ that controls Na+ and K+ homeostasis and another steroid hormone called ________ that controls blood glucose levels.

aldosterone, cortisol

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

antagonists

what is the source of prolactin?

anterior pituitary

When an organ or gland shrinks due to lack of use, that condition is referred to as ________.

atrophy

A cell's or tissue's response to a hormone primarily depends on ________ and ________.

cell receptors, signal transduction pathways

A signal molecule that is secreted into the external environment, instead of into the blood, is called a(n) ________.

ectohormone or pheromone

The study of hormones is known as the field of ________.

endocrinology

The sex hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.

gonadotropins

The ________ of a hormone is an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body.

half-life

The trophic hormones reach the pituitary through the ________.

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

The hormones of the anterior pituitary are controlled by trophic hormones from the ________.

hypothalamus

Chemical signals released into the blood by neurons are called ________.

neurohormones

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ________.

neurohypophysis

what is the source of insulin?

pancreas

lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface

peptide hormone

The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called ________.

permissive

The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the ________.

pheromone or ectohormone

what is the source of melatonin?

pineal

A circulatory route that has two sets of capillaries is known as a ________.

portal system

A ________ is a problem with one of the tissues producing trophic hormones.

secondary pathology

The term for two hormones that have additive effects is ________.

synergists

what is the source of calcitonin?

thyroid

The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a ________.

trophic hormone