Physiology Ch.1
What are the general functions of extracellular matrix?
(1) It provides a scaffold for cellular attachments; and (2) it transmits information in the form of chemical messengers to the cells to help regulate their activity, migration, growth, and differentiation.
What are the four major categories of cells? Four major tissue types?
-epithelial, muscle, neurons, and connective tissue cells -muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissue
Approximately what fraction of body weight is comprised of water?
55%-60%
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
positive feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes. Neurons relay information from skin temperature-sensitive neurons to your brain.
Afferent pathway
What fraction of total-body water is extracellular? Assume that water constitutes 60% of a person's body weight. What fraction of a person's body weight is due to extracellular body water?
Approximately 1/3 of total-body water is in the extracellular compartment. If water makes up 60% of a person's body weight than the water in the extracellular fluid compartment makes up 20% of their body weight.
Which pair has the most similar composition? a) Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid b) interstitial fluid and plasma c) intracellular fluid and plasma
B)
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes. Neurons reach smooth muscles in your skin blood vessels and skeletal muscles.
Effectors
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes. Neurons relay command signals away from your brain.
Efferent pathway
T/F: Homeostatic control of blood glucose control ensures that there is no variation in the concentration throughout the day
False
T/F: Most physiological variables in the extracellular fluid vary widely with changes in external environment.
False
T/F: Saying that a variable such as blood glucose is "homeostatic" means that is has a constant value over a long period of time.
False
T/F: Several physiological variables undergo circadian rhythms, which cycle approximately once a week
False
T/F: Steady state is defined as no net charge occurring in a system where no energy input is required.
False
T/F: The intercellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical in composition
False
T/F: When a variable such as blood pressure increases above normal, homeostatic mechanisms generally overcompensate and make the variable become below normal.
False
Plasma
Fluid portion of blood (20-25% of body fluids)
If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?
Increase the amount of sodium in blood
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes. Specific neurons in your brain alter their rates of firing.
Integrating center
What are tight junctions?
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together to create a nearly water tight barrier, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes. Decreased heat loss and increased heat production oppose the initial change, which was a decrease in body temperature.
Negative feedback
If a person rapidly ingested 1 liter of water, it would distribute freely between the body's three major fluid compartments. How would it fill each compartment (by percent)?
Plasma: 7% Interstitial: 26% (extracellular: 1/3 of fluid) Intercellular: 67%
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes: Temperature-sensitive neurons within your skin detect the temperature change and increase their signaling rate.
Receptors
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes. Blood vessel constriction decreases heat loss, and skeletal muscle contraction induces shivering which produces heat.
Response
Label each statement with the correct general component of the reflex arc that the statement describes: You entered a heavily air-conditioned room on a hot summer day, and your body temperature decreases.
Stimulus
correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc?
Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector
What does the extracellular matrix consist of?
The ECM consists of a mixture of proteins; polysaccharides (chains of sugar molecules); and, in some cases, minerals, specific for any given tissue.
A homeostatic control system is_____________
The activities of cells, tissues, and organs must be regulated and integrated with each other so that any change in the extracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change.
What is the basolateral side?
The side of the cell anchored to the basement membrane; faces towards interstitial fluid
T/F: Acclimatizations are usually reversible
True
T/F: Equilibrium is defined as no net change occurring in a system in which no energy input is required.
True
T/F: Homeostasis is a dynamic process and not a static process
True
T/F: Most body cells come in contact with interstitial fluid
True
T/F: Most physiological variables are maintained within a normal range of cells that favors the survival of body cells
True
A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be?
a hormone
Which of the following are components of extracellular fluid? Proteins Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides
a mixture of proteins, polysaccharides and minerals make up the extracellular matrix
dynamic constancy
a way of describing homeostasis that includes the idea that a variable such as blood glucose may vary in the short term but is stable and predictable when averaged over the long term
* Molecule that have properties of both polar and nonpolar are called?
amphipathic molecules (ex: phospholipid bilayer)
A/An ____________ is a chemical messenger secreted by a cell into the extracellular fluid, which then acts on the cells that secreted it.
autocrine substances
What mathematical relationship describes how body temperature homeostasis is maintained?
body temperature = heat produced by cells - heat loss from the body
A collection of neurons forms nervous tissue, such as ________ or ________ _____?
brain or spinal cord
What is a nerve?
bundle of axons in PNS
The process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell is known as
cell differentiation
What are some fibers found in ECM?
collagen (strength), elastin, and carbohydrate based proteins (adhesion, communication)
Some of the proteins of the ECM are known as fibers, insoluble proteins including ropelike ______ fibers and rubberband-like _____ fibers.
collagen, elastin
_______ cells form the extracellular matrix that exists around and between body cells.
connective
These cells are characterized and named according to their unique shapes, including ______ (cube-shaped), ________ (elongated), ________ (flattened), and ciliated.
cuboidal, columnar, and squamous
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
What will happen to ATP production in response to increased ATP concentration within the cell?
decrease
Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of
dense connective tissue
What cells specialized for the selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules, and for protection?
epithelial cells
____________ fluid includes interstitial fluid and plasma that surrounds cells.
extracellular
Collectively, the fluid present in the blood and in the spaces surrounding cells is called ____________ ________, that is, all the fluid that is outside of cells
extracellular fluid
What is the basement membrane?
extracellular protein layer that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying tissues
What type of regulation anticipates change in variables and helps minimize fluctuations in level of the variable being regulated?
feedforward
Small subunits of an organ that each perform the function of a given organ are referred to as ________.
functional units
The concentration of dissolved proteins in plasma is ____________ than the concentration of dissolved proteins in interstitial fluid.
greater
A/An ____________ is a type of chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system.
hormone
Physiology is the study of
how the body functions
negative feedback
in which an increase or decrease in the variable being regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite ("negative" to) the direction of the original change.
feedforward regulation
in which changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur
When we refer to "body fluid," we are referring to a watery solution of dissolved substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and wastes. This solution is present within and around all cells of the body, and within blood vessels, and is known as the ______________ _____________.
internal environment
The body's fluid compartment that contains the largest water content is the _____________ fluid.
intracellular
The two most aqueous compartments of the body are the ____________ fluid compartment and the _________ fluid compartment.
intracellular and extracellular
intracellular fluid
is the fluid contained within all the cells of the body and accounts for about 67% of all the fluid in the body
How do you calculate the total volume of extracellular fluid?
its the sum of the plasma and interstitial fluid volumes
Interstitial fluid
liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body (75-80%)
Of the four general tissue types, the one that is specialized for generation of mechanical force is______ tissue.
muscle
After ingested glucose enters the bloodstream, hormones stimulate body cells to absorb more glucose. This is an example of what type of feedback?
negative
_______ feedback loops are more common in physiology than __________ feedback loops.
negative, positive
A cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells, sometimes over long distances?
neuron
A/An ____________ is a type of chemical messenger that is released from the endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.
neurotransmitters
Steady state differs from equilibrium ,in which a particular variable is ________ but ______ input of energy is required to maintain the constancy.
not changing but no input
Integration
organismal function is determined by multiple processes occurring at different levels of organization
A/An ____________ is a chemical messenger involved in local communication between cells.
paracrine substance
If a person rapidly ingested 1 liter of water, it would distribute freely between the body's three major fluid compartments. Drag and drop the volume of water from that 1 liter you would expect to distribute into each of the fluid compartments.
plasma: interstitial fluid: extracellular fluid:
* What is the correct description of a nucleic acid?
polymers of subunits containing glucose, a phosphate, group and an amino acid
*Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
Does vasoconstriction release or retain body heat?
retains
A homeostatic control system works to control a physiological variable toward its ___________.
set point
interstitium
space containing interstitial fluid
A system in which a particular variable is not changing, but energy must be continuously added to maintain a constant condition is said to be a ____________ state.
steady
What is the apical side?
the region of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces away from the interstitial fluid
Pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
*What is the main function of cellular tight junctions?
they form barriers that restrict the passage of materials through the extracellular space between cells
