Physiology chapter 15
Which of the following blood cells mature in the thymus? A. T lymphocytes B. megakaryocytes C. B lymphocytes D. erythrocytes
A. T lymphocytes
Which of the following sets of measurements from Harold's CBC does his doctor use to evaluate the health of his immune system? A. WBC, neutrophil, basophil count B. hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC count C. WBC, hematocrit, platelet count D. neutrophil, basophil, platelet count
A. WBC, neutrophil, basophil count
The blood sample from which of the following had the highest hematocrit? A. a healthy male living in Denver B. a healthy male living in Boston C. a healthy female living in Denver D. a healthy female living in Boston
A. a healthy male living in Denver
__________ is defined as a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. A. anemia B. polycythemia C. leukopenia D. erythropoietin
A. anemia
ESR is useful in distinguishing between _______. A. angina and a myocardial infarction as well as acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy B. rheumatoid arthritis and bone cancer C. acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy D. angina and a myocardial infarction E. All of the above are correct.
A. angina and a myocardial infarction as well as acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably? A. antigen and agglutinogen B. agglutinogen and agglutinin C. antigen and antibody D. antigen and agglutinin
A. antigen and agglutination
LDLs contain _______. A. cholesterol and protein B. cholesterol C .cholesterol, protein and steroid hormones D. steroid hormones E. protein
A. cholesterol and protein
What causes a vascular spasm? A. damage to the vascular wall B. overly constricted blood vessels in response to the fight-or-flight response C. insufficient oxygen supply to the vascular cells D. platelet activation
A. damage to the vascular wall
What is the function of leukocytes? A. Defend the body against invading microorganisms and other foreign materials. B. Transport gasses from within the blood vessels to the working tissues. C. The leukocytes use their nuclei and mitochondria to provide energy for the erythrocytes because the red blood cells have neither of these organelles. D. Cells that possess granules containing a variety of substances that participate in the formation of a blood clot.
A. defend the body against invading microorganisms and other foreign materials
The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is evaluated using _______. A. hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements B. cholesterol measurements C. hematocrit measurements D. hemoglobin measurements E. hematocrit measurements and cholesterol measurements
A. hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements
Two categories of anemia caused by increased destruction of red blood cells are __________ anemia and __________ anemia. In an anemia due to increased destruction, the reticulocyte count will generally be elevated. Generally 0.5% to 2.5% of red blood cells in the circulation are reticulocytes. This number will generally be elevated above normal in anemias that are due to increased destruction. A. hemorrhagic; hemolytic B. aplastic; renal C. nutritional; renal D. nutritional; pernicious
A. hemorrhagic; hemoytic
A test tube of Maggie's blood goes unused in the lab, and the stagnant blood coagulates. This is due to which pathway of blood clotting? A. intrinsic pathway B. extrinsic pathway
A. intrinsic pathway
Which of the following leukocytes is an agranulocyte? A. monocytes B. basophils C. eosinophils D. neutrophils
A. monocytes
A person with type O blood has _______. A. neither A nor B agglutinogens B. O antigens C. neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinins D. O agglutinins
A. neither A nor B agglutinogens
Which leukocyte (white blood cell) is the most abundant? A. neutrophils B. monocytes C. basophils D. eosinophils
A. neutrophils
__________ anemia is caused by a deficiency of certain nutrients important in the production of red blood cells. A. Nutritional B. Hemolytic C. Aplastic D. Renal
A. nutritional
Anemia caused by decreased production of red blood cells includes nutritional anemia, pernicious anemia, __________, and __________ anemia. In an anemia due to decreased production, the reticulocyte count will generally be below normal or very low normal. Generally 0.5% to 2.5% of red blood cells in the circulation are reticulocytes. This number will generally be decreased below normal in anemia that is due to decreased production. A. renal anemia; aplastic B. hemolytic anemia; hemorrhagic C. hemorrhagic anemia; aplastic D. polycythemia; renal anemia
A. renal anemia; aplastic
Where are the majority of erythrocytes broken down? A. spleen B. liver C. within the circulation D. kidney
A. spleen
Which of the following explains the result for the individual with sickle cell anemia? A. The shape of the red blood cells prevented them from settling. B. The shape of the red blood cells allowed them to settle faster. C. The lack of iron in the red blood cells allowed them the settle faster. D. The lack of iron prevented the red blood cells from settling.
A. the shape of the red blood cells prevented them from settling
Based on Harold's history of gastritis, his doctor ordered a blood test in order to measure his levels of vitamin B12. Which of the following explains why his doctor would take this action? A. The stomach makes intrinsic factor, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. B. Gastritis is an inflammatory condition, and inflammatory cells destroy vitamin B12. C. High levels of circulating vitamin B12 can cause gastritis. D. The stomach makes vitamin B12 and damage could lead to less being made.
A. the stomach makes intrinsic factor, which is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine
Assuming all of the following fluid-replacement options are equal (with respect to risks, availability, and cost), which would be the most optimal for Maggie when you consider her significant blood loss? A. whole blood (blood that is the normal consistency of blood in the body) B. packed cells (concentrated RBCs with most plasma removed) C. free water (no added solutes) D. normal saline solution (no RBCs, just water and NaCl that is the approximate consistency of plasma minus the proteins)
A. whole blood (blood that is the normal consistency of blood in the body)
If Maggie needed a blood transfusion immediately upon her arrival to the ED, before her blood type could be established, what type could be safely transfused? A. No blood type can be safely transfused into every person. B. O- C. AB- D. O+
B. O-
Given in low dosages, aspirin inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2. Which of the following is a result of this? A. the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B. a decrease in platelet aggregation C. inhibition of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways D. a decrease in the formation of prostacyclin
B. a decrease in platelet aggregation
Which of the following is the most abundant protein in plasma? A. globulins B. albumins C. regulatory enzymes, proenzymes, and hormones D. fibrinogen
B. albumins
Antithrombin is produced by the liver and inactivates thrombin. It can also be used therapeutically. What type of patient might benefit from antithrombin? A. an individual susceptible to thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) B. an individual susceptible to clot formation C. an individual with an immunodeficiency disorder D. an individual susceptible to infections
B. an individual susceptible to clot formation
Who might benefit from taking an anticoagulant? A. an individual with excessive inflammation B. an individual with coronary artery disease C. an individual with hemophilia D. an individual with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
B. an individual with coronary artery disease
With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are __________ different blood types. A. ten B. eight C. four D. six
B. eight
Which of the following stimulates the production of red blood cells? A. colony-stimulating factor B. erythropoietin C. interleukins D. fibrinogen
B. erythropoietin
What is the hematocrit? A. Hematocrit is the fractional contribution of plasma to the blood. B. Hematocrit is the fractional contribution of erythrocytes to the blood. C. Hematocrit is the fractional contribution of leukocytes to the blood. D. Hematocrit is the fractional contribution of hemoglobin to the blood.
B. hematocrit is the fractional contribution of erythrocytes to the blood
__________ anemia is caused by increased destruction of red blood cells. It is due to a person having an external or internal bleed. A. Hemolytic B. Hemorrhagic C. Pernicious D. Aplastic
B. hemorrhagic
Which of the following does NOT result in an increase in hemoglobin levels? A. living at high altitudes B. hyperthyroidism C. congestive heart failure D. polycythemia
B. hyperthyroidism
Which of the following would indicate a worsening of the disease? A. decreased ESR with angina B. increased ESR with rheumatoid arthritis C. decreased ESR with acute appendicitis D. decreased ESR with pelvic inflammatory disease
B. increased ESR with rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following statements about diabetes is NOT true in regard to cardiovascular disease? A. Diabetics are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. B. Only elderly diabetics are at risk for cardiovascular complications. C. Diabetics have higher blood cholesterol levels. D. Diabetics have a higher risk for stroke.
B. only elderly diabetics are at risk for cardiovascular complications
There are many different types of anemia. Based on the evidence in this case, what type of anemia does Harold likely have? A. iron-deficient anemia B. pernicious anemia C. hemolytic anemia D. hemorrhagic anemia
B. pernicious anemia
Which of the following ratios is correct for the composition of blood plasma? A. Plasma is 55% water, 1% leukocytes, and 44% red blood cells. B. Plasma is 90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% electrolytes and other solutes. C. Plasma is 60% albumin, 36% globulin, and 4% fibrinogen and other proteins. D. Plasma is 90% serum, 8% proteins, and 2% electrolytes.
B. plasma is 90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% electrolytes and other solutes
What is the first stage of hemostasis in which platelets play a key role? A. vascular spasm B. platelet plug formation C. thrombus formation D. clot formation
B. platelet plug formation
Which patient sample(s) tested in the borderline elevated range? A. samples 2 and 4 B. sample 4 C. sample 3 D. sample 2 E. sample 1
B. sample 4
Which blood sample contained the universal recipient? A. sample 2 B. sample 5 C. sample 1 D. sample 4 E. sample 3
B. sample 5
Which patient sample(s) tested in the desirable range? A. sample 3 B. samples 1 and 3 C. sample 1 D. sample 4 E. sample 2
B. samples 1 and 3
Which of the blood samples tested could donate to a person with type A+ blood? A. samples 2 and 3 B. samples 1 and 4 C. samples 1 and 2 D. samples 3 and 4
B. samples 1 and 4
Though there are __________ general categories of anemia, all anemia can be divided into two very broad categories. One broad category is termed decreased production of hemoglobin and/or red blood cells, in which red blood cells are not produced properly in the bone marrow. The other broad category is increased destruction, in which the red blood cells are improperly loss or destroyed. A. three B. six C. seven D. four
B. six
What determines if a hematopoietic stem cell will become an erythrocyte, leukocyte, or platelet? A. Stem cell differentiation is governed by the location of differentiation (that is, the bone marrow versus the thymus). B. Stem cell differentiation is governed by hematopoietic growth factors. C. Stem cell differentiation is governed by colony stimulating factors. D. Stem cell differentiation is governed by erythropoietin.
B. stem cell differentiation is governed by hematopoietic growth factors
Release of which of the following hormones results in higher levels of erythrocytes? A. estrogen B. testosterone and erythropoietin C. testosterone D. estrogen and erythropoietin E. erythropoietin
B. testosterone and erythropoietin
Which of the following were disposed of in the biohazardous waste disposal? A. the lancet and the cholesterol strip B. the alcohol wipe, the lancet, and the cholesterol strip C. the lancet and the alcohol wipe D. the cholesterol strip and the alcohol wipe
B. the alcohol wipe, the lancet, and the cholesterol strip
Recall that the normal range for the hematocrit for a female is 37 - 47%, and the normal range for the hemoglobin level for a female is 12 - 16 g/100 ml. Describe hemoglobin and hematocrit values for the female with iron-deficiency anemia. A. The hemoglobin was normal, and the hematocrit was below normal. B. The hemoglobin was below normal, and the hematocrit was normal. C. They were both normal. D. They were both below normal.
B. the hemoglobin was below normal, and the hematocrit was normal
A person with type AB blood has _______. A. neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies B. anti-A and anti-B antibodies C. A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies. D. A and B antigens
C. A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Harold's doctor noted that he was experiencing a mild tachycardia. Which of the following best explains why Harold would be experiencing tachycardia in this case? A. Harold has lost a significant amount of blood volume. The elevated heart rate helps to compensate for this problem. B. The elevated heart rate is causing his gastritis because inflammatory cells are being delivered to his stomach at a faster-than-normal rate. C. Harold is showing signs and symptoms of having trouble oxygenating his tissues. The elevated heart rate helps to compensate for this problem. D. Harold is showing signs and symptoms of having a clotting disorder. The elevated heart rate helps to compensate for this problem.
C. Harold is showing signs and symptoms of having trouble oxygenating his tissues. The elevated heart rate helps to compensate for this problem
The blood sample(s) from which of the following displayed polycythemia? A. a healthy male living in Boston and a healthy male living in Denver B. a healthy female living in Denver C. a healthy female living in Denver and a healthy male living in Denver D. a healthy male living in Boston E. a healthy male living in Denver
C. a healthy female living in Denver and a healthy male living in Denver
The infusion of mismatched blood causes a "transfusion reaction" in which the infused RBCs go through __________. A. excessive coagulation B. inflammation-induced anticoagulation C. agglutination and hemolysis D. erythropoiesis
C. agglutination and hemolysis
The hematocrit for the female with iron-deficiency anemia was _______. A. normal B. above normal and indicative of polycythemia C. below normal D. indicative of polycythemia E. above normal
C. below normal
Where does erythropoiesis occur? A. erythropoietin B. spleen C. bone marrow D. plasma
C. bone marrow
Doctors have determined that Harold is anemic. Which of the following pieces of evidence directly supports this diagnosis? A. tachycardia, headaches, and elevated neutrophil count B. dizziness, difficulty breathing, and elevated basophil count C. fatigue, dizziness, and low hematocrit D. nausea, elevated WBC, and low RBC
C. fatigue, dizziness, and low hematocrit
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry ______________ oxygen molecule(s). A. one B. three C. four D. two
C. four
Oxyhemoglobin _______. A. has a dull, brick-red color and has oxygen attached to the iron atom B. has a dull, brick-red color and has oxygen attached to the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin C. has oxygen attached to the iron atom D. has oxygen attached to the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin E. has a dull, brick-red color
C. has oxygen attached to the iron atom
Which of the following sets of measurements from Harold's CBC does his doctor use to evaluate his body's ability to oxygenate his tissues? A. neutrophil, basophil, platelet count B. WBC, neutrophil, basophil count C. hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC D. WBC, hematocrit, platelet count
C. hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC
Which of the following describes the blood sample for the female Olympic athlete? A. Her hemoglobin level, her hematocrit and her PCV to Hb were above normal. B. Her PCV to Hb was above normal. C. Her hemoglobin level and her hematocrit were above normal. D. Her hemoglobin level was above normal. E. Her hematocrit was above normal.
C. her hemoglobin level and her hematocrit were above normal
The three types of formed elements of blood are ________. A. plasma proteins, erythrocytes, and leukocytes B. leukocytes, plasma proteins, and platelets C. leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes D. erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma
C. leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes
Hypocholesterolemia is linked to _______. A. an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis B. atherosclerosis C. low levels of serotonin D. an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
C. low levels of serotonin
What is the function of blood that cardiovascular disease compromises? A. thrombus formation B. heat transfer C. oxygen transport D. immunosurveillance
C. oxygen transport
What do eosinophils defend against? A. viruses B. inflammation C. parasites D. bacteria
C. parasites
Which patient sample(s) tested in the elevated range? A. sample 4 B. samples 2 and 4 C. sample 2 D. sample 1 E. sample 3
C. sample 2
Which of the following individuals had the highest hemoglobin level? A. the healthy female B. the male with polycythemia C. the female Olympic athlete D. the healthy male
C. the female Olympic athlete
Which of the following had the fastest sedimentation rate? A. the healthy individual B. the individual with angina pectoris C. the individual suffering a myocardial infarction D. the individual with sickle cell anemia
C. the individual suffering a myocardial infarction
Which of the following is true of the erythrocytes? A. As the principle blood cell, erythrocytes create the majority of the proteins found in blood. B. Erythrocytes carry out extensive aerobic metabolism because they have a high oxygen carrying capacity. C. They carry out little aerobic metabolism because they lack mitochondria. D. The major function of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen and bicarbonate in the blood.
C. they carry out little aerobic metabolism because they lack mitochondria
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase? A. to aid hemoglobin's role in transporting carbon dioxide B. to aid in the formation of carbon dioxide C. to aid in the transport of carbon dioxide D. to aid in the conversion of oxygen to carbon dioxide
C. to aid in the transport of carbon dioxide
In this activity, we will measure _______. A. LDL levels B. triglyceride levels C. total blood cholesterol D. HDL levels
C. total blood cholesterol
Which of the following proteins is essential in the formation of the platelet plug? A. fibrin B. erythropoietin C. von Willebrand factor (vWf) D. prostacyclin
C. von Willebrand factor (vWf)
Maggie's cuts are successfully treated, and the physician elects not to transfuse any blood products. A week later she visits her primary physician to have her sutures removed, and her hematocrit has improved. Calculate this HCT: the total volume is 5 ml, and the plasma volume is 3.4 ml. Is it normal? A. 32%. This value is normal for a woman. B. 74%. This value is high for a woman. C. 46%. This value is normal for a woman. D. 32%. This value is low for a woman.
D. 32%. This value is low for a woman
In the laboratory, the technician determines Maggie's blood type. Maggie's blood agglutinates in anti-A antibodies, but has no reaction in anti-B or anti-D antibodies. What is Maggie's blood type? A. A+ B. B+ C. B- D. A-
D. A-
What blood type(s) can Maggie safely receive? A. O- only B. A- only D. A- and O-
D. A- and O-
Which lymphocyte type produces antibodies? A. NK cells B. Antibodies are not produced by cells; they are a prescription medication used for bacterial infections. C. T cells D. B cells
D. B cells
Blood type A- would give which of the following results? A. agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies and agglutination with anti-B antibodies B. agglutination with anti-B antibodies C. agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies D. agglutination with anti-A antibodies E. agglutination with anti-A antibodies and agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies
D. agglutination with anti-A antibodies
A person with A+ blood has _______. A. Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells B. the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells C. anti-B antibodies D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Oxygen is attached to _______. A. a calcium atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin B. an iron atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin C. a calcium atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin D. an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin
D. an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin
__________ anemia is caused by a defect in the bone marrow. Because white blood cells and platelets are also produced in the bone marrow, all the blood-formed elements will generally be low. A. Pernicious B. Hemorrhagic C. Renal D. Aplastic
D. aplastic
What is one way by which diabetes can increase an individual's risk for cardiovascular disease? A. Diabetes can increase the formation of von Willebrand factor. B. Diabetes can decrease the formation of ischemia. C. Diabetes can decrease the formation of plaques. D. Diabetes can increase the formation of atherosclerosis.
D. diabetes can increase the formation of atherosclerosis
Erythrocyte sedimentation relies upon _______. A. centrifugation B. filtration C. blood pressure D. gravity
D. gravity
__________ anemia is caused by increased destruction of red blood cells from the cells rupturing. The rupturing of red blood cells is termed hemolysis. A. Nutritional B. Aplastic C. Pernicious D. Hemolytic
D. hemolytic
Which of the following is a primary function of basophils? A. thrombocyte formation B. phagocytosis C. remembering exposure to an antigen D. inflammation
D. inflammation
In von Willebrand's disease, von Willebrand factor is deficient or defective. What would be a manifestation of this disease? A. autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis B. anemia C. immune deficiency and increased rate of infections D. insufficient blood clot formation
D. insufficient blood clot formation
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of blood? A. plasma B. erythrocytes C. leukocytes D. lymph
D. lymph
What is an activated monocyte called? A. mast cells B. neutrophil C. lymphocyte D. macrophage
D. macrophage
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are both necessary vitamins for the proper production of red blood cells. There can be several reasons for a vitamin B12 deficiency anemia; __________ anemia is a specific type of vitamin B12 deficiency in which a substance produced by the stomach, intrinsic factor, is not adequately available. This causes vitamin B12 to not be adequately absorbed in the small intestines. A. renal B. aplastic C. hemorrhagic D. pernicious
D. pernicious
What is the name of the anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12? A. hemolytic anemia B. ferropenic anemia C. hemorrhagic anemia D. pernicious anemia
D. pernicious anemia
What is the function of a neutrophils? A. immune response regulation B. antibody production C. cell cytotoxicity D. phagocytosis
D. phagocytosis
The two most abundant components of whole blood, in order of most abundant and second-most abundant, are _________. A. plasma, leukocytes B. erythrocytes, platelets C. leukocytes, erythrocytes D. plasma, erythrocytes
D. plasma, erythrocytes
__________ anemia is due to insufficient production of the main hormone involved in red blood cell production, known as __________. A. Renal; hemoglobin B. Pernicious; vitamin B12 C. Aplastic; erythropoietin D. Renal; erythropoietin
D. renal; erythropoietin
Which of the samples are from patients that suffer from a condition in which insufficient oxygen is transported to the body's cells? A. samples 3 and 4 B. samples 1 and 3 C. samples 1 and 2 D. samples 5 and 6
D. samples 5 and 6
Which type of anemia is a genetic disorder resulting in abnormally shaped erythrocytes? A. pernicious anemia B. aplastic anemia C. polycythemia D. sickle cell anemia
D. sickle cell anemia
Which sample did NOT settle at all in one hour? A. the healthy individual B. the individual suffering a myocardial infarction C. the individual with angina pectoris D. the individual with sickle cell anemia
D. the individual with sickle cell anemia
In comparing the sedimentation rate for the individual with angina pectoris with that of the healthy individual, which of the following statements is true? A. The sedimentation rate was greater for the individual with angina pectoris. B. The sedimentation rate was not measured for the individual with angina pectoris. C. The sedimentation rate was greater for the healthy individual. D. The sedimentation rates were the same for both individuals.
D. the sedimentation rates were the same for both individuals
Rouleaux formation is characterized by _______. A. a decrease in ESR B. a decrease in ESR and a decrease in fibrinogen production C. an increase in ESR and a decrease in fibrinogen production D. a decrease in fibrinogen production E. an increase in ESR
E. an increase in ESR
The cholesterol determination is _______. A. enzymatic B. colorimetric C. colorimetric and an agglutination reaction D. an agglutination reaction E. enzymatic and colorimetric
E. enzymatic and colorimetric
Which of the following blood samples did NOT have a normal ratio of PCV to Hb? A. the male with polycythemia B. the female with iron-deficiency anemia and the male with polycythemia C. the healthy female D. the female with iron-deficiency anemia and the healthy female E. the female with iron-deficiency anemia
E. the female with iron-deficiency anemia