physiology chapter 16
A(n) ________ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow. A) spirometer B) X-ray C) electroencephalogram D) electrocardiograph E) ratiometer
a
As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure ________ and air moves ________ the lungs. A) decreases : into B) increases : into C) increases : out of D) decreases : out of E) does not change : neither into nor out of
a
As the volume of the lung increases, atmospheric pressure A) will not change. B) will follow the ideal gas law. C) will follow Starling's law. D) increases. E) decreases.
a
At rest, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________. A) passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals B) active : contraction of the internal intercostals C) passive : relaxation of the internal intercostals D) active : the contraction of the diaphragm E) active : relaxation of the diaphragm
a
How do tractive forces affect the airways during inspiration? A) decrease in airway resistance B) bronchodilation C) increase in compliance D) increase in airway resistance E) decrease in compliance
a
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the total lung capacity? A) 5800 B) 1700 C) 2200 D) 2800 E)1300
a
In an obstructive disease, the lungs can become overinflated because the difficulty in ________ tends to ________. A) expiration : increase residual volume and total lung capacity B) inspiration : increase total lung capacity and vital capacity C) expiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity D) inspiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity E) expiration : increase vital capacity
a
The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration is called A) vital capacity. B) tidal volume. C) inspiratory reserve volume. D) expiratory reserve volume. E) inspiratory capacity.
a
The volume of air in the lungs at rest, between breaths, is called A) functional residual capacity. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) inspiratory capacity. D) vital capacity. E) tidal volume.
a
The volume of air in the lungs following a maximum inspiration is called A) total lung capacity. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) inspiratory capacity. D) vital capacity. E) tidal volume.
a
What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract? A) terminal bronchioles B) bronchi C) secondary bronchi D) tertiary bronchioles E) respiratory bronchioles
a
What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone each minute? A) alveolar ventilation B) minute ventilation C) tidal volume D) pulmonary ventilation E) total lung capacity
a
What is the thin barrier (0.2 μm) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called? A) respiratory membrane B) type I alveolar cell C) type II alveolar cell D) alveolar macrophage E) endothelial cell
a
What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume called? A) vital capacity B) functional residual capacity C) inspiratory capacity D) inspiratory reserve volume E) tidal volume
a
What is the volume of the respiratory pathway that is NOT able to exchange gases (conducting pathway) called? A) anatomical dead space B) residual volume C) functional residual volume D) dead volume E) functional dead space
a
Which of the following has the difference between its pressure and atmospheric pressure driving the air into and out of the lungs? A) intra-alveolar pressure B) intrapleural pressure C) transpulmonary pressure D) atmospheric pressure E) rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
a
Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways? A) asthma B) pulmonary fibrosis C) tuberculosis D) pulmonary edema E) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a
Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles? A) cartilage B) macrophages C) smooth muscle cells D) type II alveolar cells E) goblet cells
a
Which of the following is responsible for changes in airway resistance that occur in a single breath? A) passive forces exerted on the airways B) contractility of smooth muscle cells C) sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to allergens D) autonomic nervous system E) surrounding atmospheric pressure
a
Which of the following occurs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure? A) Air moves out of the lung. B) Intrapleural pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure. C) Air moves into the lung. D) The lung collapses. E) The lung must be expanding.
a
Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A) pulmonary ventilation B) internal respiration C) respiration D) expiration E) secondary ventilation
a
Which pressure is the distending force on the lungs? A) transpulmonary pressure B) rebound pressure (elastic recoil) C) intrapleural pressure D) atmospheric pressure E) intra-alveolar pressure
a
A normal vital capacity is approximately ________ mL. A) 500 B) 4500 C) 9000 D) 100 E) 1000
b
As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n) A) increase in atmospheric pressure. B) increase in transpulmonary pressure. C) increase in intrapleural pressure. D) decrease in transpulmonary pressure. E) decrease in intra-alveolar pressure.
b
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the residual volume? A) 1300 B) 1700 C) 2800 D) 2200 E)600
b
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the vital capacity? A) 1300 B) 4100 C) 2800 D) 1700 E)2200
b
The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is A) atmospheric pressure. B) transpulmonary pressure. C) zero. D) approximately 100 mm Hg. E) the driving force for air flow into and out of the lungs.
b
The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs? A) intrapleural and intra-alveolar B) atmospheric and intra-alveolar C) central venous and intracoronary D) pulmonary venous and atmospheric E) atmospheric and intrapleural
b
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting inspiration is called A) inspiratory capacity. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) vital capacity. D) expiratory reserve volume. E) tidal volume.
b
The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for which of the following? A) vital capacity B) residual volume C) functional residual capacity D) functional residual volume E) tidal volume
b
What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma? A) They induce bronchoconstriction. B) They reduce inflammation of the airways. C) They increase blood flow to the airways. D) They decrease mucus secretion into the airways. E) They induce bronchodilation.
b
What happens to the inner diameter of the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone? A) no change B) decreases C) thickens D) increases E) thins
b
What is the function of alveolar pores? A) allow for nutrients to reach the alveolar cells B) equalize pressure in the lungs C) a portal for diapedesis D) speed the rate of diffusion E) allow for exhalation of H2O formed during cellular respiration
b
Which cells engulf foreign particles that reach the lungs? A) type II alveolar cells B) alveolar macrophages C) type I alveolar cells D) ciliated cells E) goblet cells
b
Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance? A) norepinephrine B) histamine C) bronchodilators D) epinephrine E) carbon dioxide
b
Which of the following is TRUE when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity? A) Intra-alveolar pressure is less than intrapleural pressure. B) The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall. C) Intrapleural pressure is zero. D) Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. E) Intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
b
Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration? A) the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood B) the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism C) the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow D) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion E) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion
b
A healthy person can normally exhale what percentage of his or her vital capacity in one second? A) 10 B) 20 C) 80 D) 100 E) 50
c
A normal tidal volume at rest is approximately ________ mL. A) 1000 B) 10,000 C) 500 D) 100 E) 5000
c
Functional residual capacity is comprised of which of the following? A) tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume B) vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume only C) residual volume and expiratory reserve volume only D) tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume only E) tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume only
c
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the expiratory reserve volume? A) 600 B) 2800 C) 2200 D) 1300 E)1700
c
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the inspiratory capacity? A) 1700 B) 1300 C) 2800 D) 600 E)2200
c
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the inspiratory reserve volume? A) 2800 B) 600 C) 2200 D) 1300 E)1700
c
The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in ________ for a given change in ________. A) lung volume : airway resistance B) intra-alveolar pressure : lung volume C) lung volume : transpulmonary pressure D) airway resistance : lung volume E) lung volume : intra-alveolar pressure
c
The intra-alveolar pressure is determined by what two factors? A) functional residual capacity and elastic recoil B) elastic recoil and intrapulmonary pressure C) quantity of air in the alveolus and volume of the alveoli D) dead air space and atmospheric pressure E) perfusion pressure and elastic recoil
c
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting expiration is called A) inspiratory reserve volume. B) functional residual capacity. C) inspiratory capacity. D) tidal volume. E) vital capacity.
c
The muscles of respiration are A) skeletal muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. B) smooth muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. C) skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system. D) smooth muscle, without innervation. E) smooth muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.
c
What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs? A) macrophages B) goblet cells C) type I alveolar cells D) type II alveolar cells E) type III alveolar cells
c
What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone? A) increases B) hypertrophies C) decreases D) no change E) thickens
c
What happens to the amount of cilia lining the inner walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone? A) atrophies B) increases C) decreases D) thickens E) no change
c
What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura? A) trans-alveolar pressure B) positive pressure in the intrapleural space C) surface tension of the intrapleural fluid D) the mesothelia are one and the same E) spider web-like processes extending from the outer covering
c
Which cells form the mucus escalator? A) goblet cells B) type II alveolar cells C) ciliated cells D) alveolar macrophages E) type I alveolar cells
c
Which cells secrete mucus? A) type I alveolar cells B) ciliated cells C) goblet cells D) alveolar macrophages E) type II alveolar cells
c
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? A) vocalization B) heat loss C) electrolyte balance of blood D) enhancing venous return E) acid-base balance of blood
c
Which of the following is a measure of the distending force across the lungs? A) intrapleural pressure B) atmospheric pressure C) transpulmonary pressure D) intra-alveolar pressure E) difference between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure
c
29) What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)? A) zero B) residual volume C) tidal volume D) functional residual capacity E) total lung capacity
d
An ex-smoker with emphysema has a pulmonary erosion into his intrapleural space. What ] life-threatening condition is he at imminent risk of developing? A) bacterial pneumonia B) adhesions to the parietal pleura C) pulmonary fibrosis D) pneumothorax (air leaking into the intrapleural space) E) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
d
Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following? A) air moving into the lungs B) restrictive pulmonary disease C) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D) a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse) E) air moving out of the lungs
d
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the functional residual capacity? A) 2200 B) 2800 C) 1700 D) 3000 E)1300
d
Mycoplasma tuberculosis, the causative agent in tuberculosis, primarily infects the alveolar macrophages and is therefore very fortunate in its size. Why is this statement true? A) It is just small enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the alveoli to infect macrophages. B) It is just large enough to land in the respiratory bronchiole, where it migrates to the alveoli. C) It is just small enough to land in the bronchi, where it is absorbed by alveolar macrophages. D) It is too small to be caught in the mucociliary ladder and too large to be immediately exhaled, thereby landing it in the alveoli. E) It is just large enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.
d
The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells? A) ciliated B) goblet C) type I alveolar D) type II alveolar E) type III alveolar
d
What are the primary inspiratory muscles? A) diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals B) external and internal intercostals C) diaphragm and abdominal muscles D) diaphragm and external intercostals E) diaphragm and internal intercostals
d
What does contraction of the diaphragm cause? A) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure B) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra-alveolar pressure C) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra-alveolar pressure D) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure E) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in atmospheric pressure
d
What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli? A) It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed. B) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them. C) It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out. D) It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed. E) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.
d
What is the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume called? A) inspiratory reserve volume B) inspiratory capacity C) tidal volume D) functional residual capacity E) vital capacity
d
What is the significance of the respiratory membrane to facilitate gas exchange? A) It is covered with surfactant to accelerate gas exchange. B) Its thickness prohibits the alveoli from pulling away from the capillary. C) The surface area is increased with this membrane. D) Epithelial and endothelial cells share a common basement membrane. E) All three surfaces are kept moist through interstitial fluid exchange.
d
What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume called? A) inspiratory reserve volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory capacity D) total lung capacity E) tidal volume
d
When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to A) transpulmonary pressure. B) intrapleural pressure. C) end-diastolic pressure. D) atmospheric pressure. E) systolic blood pressure.
d
Which cells secrete surfactant? A) ciliated cells B) type I alveolar cells C) alveolar macrophages D) type II alveolar cells E) goblet cells
d
Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response? A) increased airway resistance B) increased inflammatory response C) increased secretion of mucus D) increased release of corticosteroids E) increased histamine release
d
Which of the following varies rhythmically with respiration? A) atmospheric pressure only B) intrapleural pressure only C) intra-alveolar pressure only D) both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure E) both atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure
d
Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration but is always negative? A) atmospheric pressure B) rebound pressure (elastic recoil) C) transpulmonary pressure D) intrapleural pressure E) intra-alveolar pressure
d
Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration from a negative value during inspiration and a positive value during expiration? A) transpulmonary pressure B) rebound pressure (elastic recoil) C) intrapleural pressure D) intra-alveolar pressure E) atmospheric pressure
d
Which pressure is created by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall? A) transpulmonary pressure B) intra-alveolar pressure C) exhalation pressure D) intrapleural pressure E) atmospheric pressure
d
Why are alveoli arranged in small grape-like clusters? A) increase tidal volume B) increase chest volume and elasticity (resilience) C) maximize density and volume D) maximize surface area and minimize thickness E) maximize surface area
d
A decrease in ________ is indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease. A) tidal volume B) minute ventilation C) forced expiratory volume D) residual volume E) vital capacity
e
A decrease in ________ is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease. A) tidal volume B) minute ventilation C) forced vital capacity D) residual volume E) forced expiratory volume
e
In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the tidal volume? A) 2800 B) 1700 C) 2200 D) 1300 E)600
e
The COPD called emphysema forces the afflicted to exhale through pursed lips to maintain intrabronchial backpressure, thereby preventing A) surface tension decrease. B) decreased traction. C) the use of secondary breathing muscles. D) mixing of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood. E) airway collapse.
e
The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and A) transpulmonary pressure. B) volume. C) airway resistance. D) intra-alveolar pressure. E) surface tension.
e
The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a resting expiration is called A) vital capacity. B) tidal volume. C) inspiratory reserve volume. D) inspiratory capacity. E) expiratory reserve volume.
e
The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following? A) total lung capacity B) residual volume C) vital capacity D) functional residual capacity E) inspiratory capacity
e
The transition from the conducting to the respiratory zone in the lungs occurs at the A) tertiary bronchi. B) terminal bronchioles. C) alveolar ducts. D) alveoli. E) respiratory bronchioles.
e
The volume of air exchanged with the environment during an unforced breath is called A) inspiratory reserve volume. B) vital capacity. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) inspiratory capacity. E) tidal volume.
e
The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximum expiration is called A) inspiratory capacity. B) tidal volume. C) vital capacity. D) inspiratory reserve volume. E) residual volume.
e
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is called A) vital capacity. B) functional residual capacity. C) inspiratory reserve volume. D) tidal volume. E) inspiratory capacity.
e
What happens to a dust particle that is too small to fall from the inspired air and land in the alveoli? A) It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed. B) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize it. C) It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled. D) It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out E) It is inhaled and then exhaled.
e
What happens to the amount of smooth muscle found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone? A) no change B) thins C) increases D) It is not found in the conducting zone. E) decreases
e
What happens to the number of goblet cells found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone? A) no change B) thickens C) increases D) changes to ciliated pseudostratified epithelium E) decreases
e
What is the function of ciliated cells in the conducting zone? A) engulf foreign material that has been trapped within the mucus B) provide the rigid support that keeps the conducting zone open C) produce a viscous solution called mucus D) move macrophages down the conducting zone toward the respiratory zone E) propel mucus containing trapped particles toward the glottis
e
What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract? A) the absence of cartilage B) the presence of macrophages C) the presence of smooth muscle and the absence of cartilage D) the absence of goblet cells E) the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces
e
What is the term for the volume of air moved into the lungs every minute? A) alveolar ventilation B) total lung capacity C) tidal volume D) pulmonary ventilation E) minute ventilation
e
What is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing called? A) minute ventilation B) functional residual capacity C) vital capacity D) total lung capacity E) tidal volume
e
Which cells form the lung tissue component of the respiratory membrane? A) alveolar macrophages B) goblet cells C) type II alveolar cells D) ciliated cells E) type I alveolar cells
e
Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)? A) type I alveolar cells B) cartilage C) goblet cells D) cilia E) smooth muscle
e
Which of the following is NOT involved in altering the resistance of the airway to air movement? A) secretion of mucus into the airway B) tractive forces exerted on the airway by surrounding tissue C) contractile activity of bronchiolar smooth muscle cells D) transpulmonary pressure E) pulmonary surfactant concentration
e
Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer? A) inspiratory capacity B) tidal volume C) inspiratory reserve volume D) vital capacity E) residual volume
e
Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration? A) intra-alveolar pressure only B) transpulmonary pressure only C) intrapleural pressure only D) both intra-alveolar and transpulmonary pressures E) both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures
e
Which pressure equals atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax, causing the lungs to collapse? A) rebound pressure (elastic recoil) B) atmospheric pressure C) intra-alveolar pressure D) transpulmonary pressure E) intrapleural pressure
e
Which pressure is constant during the respiratory cycle? A) intra-alveolar pressure B) transpulmonary pressure C) intrapleural pressure D) rebound pressure (elastic recoil) E) atmospheric pressure
e
