Physiology Chapter 17
In ventilation-perfusion matching, increased __________
CO2 causes bronchioles to dilate and decreased O2 causes pulmonary arterioles to constrict
Pick the correct sequence of changes in alveolar pressure during pulmonary ventilation, starting with inspiration (one of the answers is used twice): a)Palv < Patm b)Palv = Patm c)Palv > Patm (Palv = intra-alveolar pressure; Patm = atmospheric pressure)
a, b, c, b
Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of __________.
air into and out of the alveoli
The total lung capacity is best described by the sum of ______
all lung volumes
Pulmonary surfactant helps to ____
allow large alveoli to collapse into smaller ones increase surface tension in the water lining the alveoli decrease lung compliance
The direction and magnitude of air flow during breathing is determined by changes in __________ pressure.
alveolar
Type I alveolar cells ________
are simple squamous epithelial cells adapted for exchange
Put the following structures in the correct order, going from the outermost to the innermost structure: a)Parietal pleura b)Chest wall c)Visceral pleura d)Intrapleural space e)Lungs
b, a, d, c, e
Put the events of inspiration in the correct order: a)Pip decreases b)Transpulmonary pressure increases c)Diaphragm and intercostals contract d)Palv decreases to less than Patm (Pip = intrapleural pressure; Palv = intra-alveolar pressure; Patm = atmospheric pressure)
c, a, b, d
Arrange these airways in the order that a breath of inhaled air would encounter them: a)Larynx b)Trachea c)Pharynx d)Bronchioles e)Bronch
c, a, b, e, d
Hypoventilation is best described as ______
decreased alveolar ventilation rate
The functions of the respiratory system include _____
defense against pathogens helping to maintain blood pH enabling vocalization
Airway resistance is decreased by _______
epinephrine and elevated carbon dioxide
Treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma might include ______
epinephrine and steroids
If a person were to breathe out a normal tidal volume, and then forcefully breathe out as much air as they could, the extra volume that they breathe out (not including the tidal volume) would be the _____
expiratory reserve volume
The magnitude of lung volumes can depend on _______
gender, posture, and activity level
Structures within the conducting zone include __________
glottis and the terminal bronchioles
The pleural fluid surrounding each lung _______
helps the lungs adhere to the thoracic cage
When a person has increased his or her breathing rate and/or depth in response to an increase in metabolism, the observed change in respiration in known as __________
hyperpnea
The extra volume of air that can be brought into the lungs after an inspiratory tidal volume is taken is known as the _____
inspiratory reserve volume
If a person has increased his/her respiratory rate and/or depth without the presence of an increased metabolic rate, he/she _______
is hyperventilating
John has an upper respiratory infection (URI). This means that his infection is not in his ______
lungs or trachea
The cells and structures that defend against bacteria and foreign particles entering the lungs include the _________
mucus escalator, goblet cells, and macrophages
Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in _____
obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and emphysema
Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in _______
obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and emphysema
In a premature newborn with respiratory distress syndrome, lung compliance will likely improve with an increase in ____
the amount of surfactant inside the alveoli
Alveolar ventilation (VA) is different from minute ventilation (VE) in that _______
the equation for VA subtracts the volume of air inside the dead air space from the volume of minute ventilation
Functional residual capacity = ____
the lung volume when the intra-alveolar pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, lung volume at rest between breaths, and ERV + RV
External respiration processes do not include _________
the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
According to Boyle's law, _____
the volume of a container of gas and the pressure of the gas within are inversely related
Which of the following volumes is the volume that represents quiet breathing and normal breathing during an inspiratory and expiratory cycle?
tidal volume
Lung compliance is decreased in _____
tuberculosis and respiratory distress syndrome
The total amount of air that can be moved between the lungs and the atmosphere is known as the _____
vital capacity
Tidal volume = 400 mls Vital capacity = 4000 mls Respiratory rate = 10 breaths/minute Dead air space = 150 mls Minute ventilation = _________
4000 mls/min Minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate
Tidal volume = 500 mls Vital capacity = 5500 mls Respiratory rate = 12 breaths/minute Dead air space = 100 mls Alveolar ventilation = _________
4800 mls/min Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - dead space) × breathing rate
Which of the following statements is not correct?
Airway resistance during inspiration increases.
Which of the following terms is the best choice for "the cessation of breathing"?
Apnea
Which of the following volumes allow(s) additional lung capacity so that when experiencing an increase in metabolism, tidal volume can increase?
Inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
In an active, or forced, expiration, which of the following muscles contract?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Which of the following is the lowest pressure at rest following a quiet expiration?
Intrapleural
Which of the following characteristics apply(applies) to gas exchange surfaces in the lungs?
Large surface area, very thin membrane, and coated by surfactant
Which of the following statements about expiration is correct?
Normally, expiration is a passive process.
The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute depends on the ______
Palv, lung compliance, and the amount of surfactant in the alveoli
The lung volume or capacity that cannot be measured by spirometry is ____
RV
Which of the following is not categorized as an obstructive disease?
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Which of the following statements is false?
The primary muscles involved in passive expiration are the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles.
Which of the following best represents the inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
