Physiology Chapter 5 (questions)
The specific function a particular cortical region will carry out is permanently determined during embryonic development. True/False?
False
Stellate cells initially process sensory input to the cortex, whereas pyramidal cells send fibers from the cortex to terminate on efferent motor neurons. True/False?
True.
The hands and structures associated with the mouth have a disproportionately large share of representation in both the sensory and motor cortexes. True/False?
True.
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus Nerve - efferent output and afferent input for all visceral organs and for the larynx and phyarnx
Using the answer code below, indicate which neurons are being described (a characteristic may apply to more than one class of neurons): 1. Have receptor at peripheral endings 2. lie entirely within the CNS 3. lie primarily within the peripheral nervous system 4. innervate muscles and glands 5. cell body is devoid of presynaptic inputs 6. predominant type of neuron 7. responsible for thoughts, emotions, memory, etc. (a)afferent neurons (b)efferent neurons (c)interneurons
1.a 2.c 3.a,b 4.b 5.a 6.c 7.c
The major function of the CSF is to nourish the brain. True/False?
False, its major function is to cushion the brain and spinal cord.
__________ is a decreased responsiveness to an indifferent stimulus that is repeatedly presented.
Habituation
Describe the circumstances in which the default mode network is active.
Much more active during resting states such as when daydreaming.
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory nerve - smell
Define cognition.
The act or process of "knowing" including both awareness and judgement.
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear Nerve - eyeball movement and proprioception
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulochoclear - Hearing, sense of equilibrium.
Match the following: 1.consists of nerves carrying information between the periphery and the CNS 2.consists of the brain and spinal cord 3.division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals to the CNS 4.division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits signals from the CNS 5.supplies skeletal muscle 6.supplies smmoth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (a)somatic nervous system (b)autonomic nervous system (c)central nervous system (d)peripheral nervous system (e)efferent division (f)afferent division
1.d 2.c 3.f 4.e 5.a 6.b
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens Nerve - Eyeball movement and proprioception
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory Nerve - efferent output for larynx, pharynx, neck and shoulder.
Discuss the function of each of the following: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, cranium, vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
Astrocytes: star like glial cells that have the following functions: 1.) glue of the CNS 2.)Serve as a scaffold that guides neurons to their proper final destination during fetal brain development. 3.)Create BBB 4.)Transfer nutrients from blood to neurons 5.)Form neural scars to help repair brain injuries. 6.)The take up and degrade some locally released neurotransmitters, thus bringing the actions of these chemical messengers to a halt. 7.)Take up extra potassium 8.)Enhance synapse formation and modify synaptic transmission 9.)Communicate with neurons and other flial cells 10.)Glymphatic role in removing toxins. Oligodendrocytes: form myelin Microglia: immune defense cells Ependymal Cells: line the ventricles and create CSF CSF: cushions the brain and spine Blood Brain Barrier: prevents toxins from entering the brain.
Discuss the roles of Broca's area and Wernicke's area in language.
Broca's Area allows for the actual motor action of speech and Wernicke's Area allows for comprehension of spoken and written language. Wernickes plans speech and brocas programs it.
What is the reticular activating system?
Consists of a group of neurons in the brainstem that promotes cortical alertness and helps direct attention toward specific events by sending information through ascending fibers to arouse and activate the cerebral cortex.
The process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores is known as ___________.
Consolidation
Discuss what types of neuronal cell bodies are located in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns of the spinal cord.
Dorsal roots carry afferent fibers. Lateral horns carry efferent fibers Ventral horns carry somatic fibers
Afferent fibers enter through the ________ root of the spinal cord, and efferent fibers leave through the_______root.
Dorsal, ventral
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial Nerve - facial expression, secretion of tears and saliva as well as taste from the tongue.
The amygdala is the brain area where long-term potentiation and memory consolidation take place. True/False?
False
In emergencies when O2 supplies are low, the brain can perform anaerobic metabolism? True/False?
False, the brain can only function under aerobic conditions.
Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere brings about paralysis and loss of sensation on the left side of the body. True/False?
False, the brain crossovers to the other side of the body. If the left side is damaged, the right side becomes paralyzed.
The left cerebral hemisphere specializes in artistic and musical ability, whereas the right side excels in verbal and analytical skills. True/False?
False. The right side is artistic and musical and the left side excels in verbal and analytical skills.
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal Nerve - swallowing and secretion of saliva. Taste from back of tongue, somatic sensation of oral cavity, and monitoring of blood pressure.
Compare the composition of white and gray matter.
Gray Matter: Consists mostly of densely packaged neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites and glial cells. White Matter: consists of bundles or tracts of myelinated nerve fibers (axons).
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal - tongue movement
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor Nerve- eyeball and eyelid movement, pupil constriction and change of lens as well as proprioception
Distinguish between a monosynaptic and a polysynaptic reflex.
One synapse and synapse with multiple neurons.
Cranial Nerve II
Optic Nerve - vision
Compare short-term and long-term memory.
Short term memory is immediate, rapidly retrieved and lasts for seconds to hours. Long term memory must be transferred from short to long term memory, is more slowly retrieved and is relatively permanent.
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal Nerve - chewing and somatic sensations (touch, pressure, pain and temperature) of the face and mouth.
