Physiology Exam 1, Old Exam Questions

specialized pancreatic cells produce insulin. how do you think the cells would secrete this product so that it can be used throughout the body? -phagocytosis -pinocytosis -endocytosis -exocytosis -osmosis

exocytosis

cell types with an abundance of smooth ER include _______________. -neurons -schwann cells -astrocytes -oligodendrocytes -schwann cells and oligodendrocytes contain abundant smooth ER

-Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

The Na+/K+ pump operates by pumping _______________ ions out of the cell while pumping ___________ ions into the cell. -3 NA+, 2K+ -2 Na+, 2 Cl+ -1 Na+, 3 K+ -3 K+, 2 Cl- The correct answer is not listed above

3 Na+, 2 K+

three drugs are injected into the same thigh muscle. Drug A is commonly used, and known drug and has a molecular weight of 150 g/mol. Drug B is another commonly used and widely used drug that has a molecular weight of 600 g/mol. Drug C is an unknown and experimental drug and has a molecular weight of 850 g/mol. which drug will diffuse into the blood the quickest? -drug A -drug B -drug C -both drug A and drug B will diffuse at the same rate, but drug C will be slower -all drugs will diffuse at the same rate.

Drug A (Not sure if this is correct)

which of the following is typically used in a second messenger system? -G protein associated with the cell membrane -glycocalyx -glycoprotein in the ICF -Cholesterol -Na+/K+ pump

G protein associated with the cell membrane

_______________ is the view that not everything about na organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; pr, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts: -Naturalism -Reductionism -Holism -Materialism -Science

Holism

which of the following statements best describes homeostasis? -Keeping the body in a fixed and unaltered state -dynamic equilibrium -maintaining a near constant internal environment by responding to stimuli -altering the external environment to accommodate the body's needs -none of the above states

Maintaining a near constant internal environment by responding to stimuli

when an ECF chemical (like a hormone) binds to a membrane receptor, causing specific ion channels to open, this is an example of use of: -a voltrage gated channel -a chemicaly gated channel -a mechanically gated channel -a thermally gated channel -all of the above, the type of gate is irrelevant

a chemically gated channel

a neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next? -a local potential develops -threshold is reached -hyperpolarization of the membrane -repolarization of the membrane -a resting membrane potential is established

a local potential develops

use of anabolic steroids by adolescent athletes can cause: -an extremely tall adult -a short adult stature -an abrupt end to osteoclast activity -increased activity of osteogenic cells -none of the above disorders would be caused by anabolic steroid use by adolescent athletes

a short adult stature

which of the following would most increase there rate of osmosis? -adding more cholesterol to the cell membrane -adding more aquaporins to the cell membrane -decreasing the concentration of the cytoskeleton -increasing the complexity of the glycocalyx -decreasing the concentration of peroxisomes

adding more aquaporins to the cell membrane

a triggering event: -may open sodium channels -is usually chemical or mechanical in nature -may change the permeability of the plasma membrane to sodium -can be binding of a chemical messenger to a membrane receptor -all of the above

all of the above

glucose is usually reabsorbed from the filtrate in the kidney back into the blood through carrier proteins, hence, glucose in the urine is considered abnormal. What condition below might result in glucose in the urine? -High levels of glucose in the blood -transport maximum for renal glucose reached -excess consumption of glucose -competitors for glucose carriers -all of the above

all of the above

mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as: -intramembraneous ossification -endochondral ossification -interstitial growth -appositional growth -metaphysical growth

appositional growth

when does most endochondral ossification end? -after the skeleton is formed during fetal development, but before -directly following birth -at puberty, once sex hormones are being released in larger quantities -at the end of puberty, late teens to early 20s -endochondral ossification does not end, it is an ongoing process

at the end of puberty, late teens to early 20s

in most neurons, the action potential of a nerve is generated at the: -nucleus -axon hillock -axon terminal -neurosoma -synaptic terminal

axon hillock

what do myelin sheath membranes lack that makes the good insulators? -lipids -carbs -carriers and channels -membrane protein -both C and D are absence in most myelin sheath membranes

both C and D are absence in most myelin sheath membrane

what do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common? -both involve transport of a solute with its concentration gradient -both involve transport of a solute against its concentration gradient -both involve the use of energy provided by ATP -neither require ATP to function -both are examples of carrier-mediated transport

both are examples of carrier mediated transport

in a neruon, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to: -repolarization of the cell membrane -hyperpolarization of the cell the membrane -depolarization of the cell membrane -drifting of the cell membrane voltage toward a more negative value -cell membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential

depolarization of the cell membrane

a cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in ______________. -secretion -storage of glycogen -manufacturing ATP -movement -detoxification

detoxification

local potentials are _________, meaning they cary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus: -stabile -graded -self propogating -nondecremental -rested

graded

in endochonral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone: -embryonic mesenchyme -fibrous membranes -hyaline cartilage -transitional epithelium -fibrocartilage

hyaline carilage

which decrease the rate of diffusion for a substance through a membrane? -Increasing the concentration gradient -increasing the molecular weight of the substance -increasing the permeability of the membrane -increasing the surface area of the membrane -opening the channels in the membrane

increasing the molecular weight of the substance

why is the axolemma a specialized cell membrane? -it contains more cholesterol than other cell types -it contains more peripheral proteins and CAMS than other cell types -it contains more sodium and potassium channels than other cell types -it contains hydrophobic phosphate heads -all of the above are specializations to the axolemma

it contains more sodium and potassium channels than other cell types.

If the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked in a resting neuron (but all other channels/pumps are unaffected), what would happen to its resting membrane potential? -it would become more positive -it would become more negative -the RMP would be unaffected -it would hyperpolarize -it is unable to determine the outcome on RMP as there is not enough information given

it would become more positive

microglial would have an abundance of: -mitochondria -centrioles -microtubules -lysosomes -nuclei

lysosomes

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of: -negative feedback -positive feedback -dynamic equilibrium -integration control -set point adjustment

negative feedback

which of the following statements accurately defines ribosome? -group of membrane-bounded sacs; modifies and packages proteins for export or use in the cell -organelle involved in protein synthesis -control center of the cell; contains the cell's DNA -organelle which contains enzymes that detoxify chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide -region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane that contains the cytosol and organelles

organelle involved in protein synthesis

which of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? -osteoblasts -osteoclasts -osteocytes -osteogenic -all bone cells would shave the same concentration of lysosomes

osteoclasts

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but is low for an adult male: this is an example of: -Cellular adaption -Holistic medicine -physiological variation -Anatomical variation -error in the scientific method

physiological variation

which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave the cell? -Active transport -exocytosis -simple diffusion -an antiport system -pinocytosis

pinocytosis

what occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane? -sodium ions are entering the cell -sodium ions are leaving the cell -potassium ions are entering the cell -potassium ions are leaving the cell -both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell

potassium ions are leaving the cell

when the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts fro +35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is: -depolarizing -repolarizing -hyperpolarizing -reaching the threshold potential -exiting the threshold potential

repolarizing

which organelle is associated with both the cytosol and ER? -centriole -glycogen inclusion -ribosome -microfilament -all of these organelle are associated with the cytosol and ER

ribosome

permeability of which ion is affected by a positive feedback mechanism once threshold is reached: -sodium -potassium -calcium -chloride -protein

sodium

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called: -selectivity -specifity -efficacy -saturation -holism

specificity

Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) ____________ and the process is called ______________. -symport; cotransport -symport; countertransport -antiport; countertransport -antiport; cotransport -uniport; facilitated diffusion

symport; cotransport

which of the following statements accurately defines sympathetic nervous system? -the branch of the ANS that adapts to the body for stress exercise -the branch of the ANS that adapts the body for emotion -the branch of the ANS that adapts the body for rest and digestion -the branch of the PNS that provides control over skeletal muscle contractions -the branch of the CNS that involves the integrating centers for homeostasis.

the branch of the ANS that adapts the body for stress and exercise

What would result from inhibition of a neurons sodium-potassium pump? -The membrane would lose its polarity -potassium would undergo a net movement to the cell's interior -cytoplasmic anions would diffuse out of the cell -sodium would accumulate outside of the cell -B and D would occur

the membrane would lose its polarity

which of the following statements accurately defines osmosis? -the movement of solute from a high conc. to low conc. -the movement of water from a solution with a higher solute conc. to a solution with a lower solute conc. -the movement of water from a solution with a lower solute conc. to a solution with a higher solute conc. -the comparative measure of the osmotic pressure of two solutions -none of the above are accurate descriptions of osmosis

the movement of water from a solution with a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration.

a threshold potential is: -the potential achieved when two opposing forces acting upon an ion (electrochemical gradient) achieve a state of equilibrium -the peak potential achieved during an action potential -the point at which there is an explosive increase in membrane permeability to Na+ -the potential at which K+ permeability of a membrane increases -all of the above

the point at which there is an explosive increase in membrane permeability to Na+

which of the following is not an example of physiological gradient? -electrical -tissue -pressure -thermal -concentration

tissue

colostrum, the first milk that a mother produces, contains an abundance of antibodies. antibodies are very large protein molecules. these maternal antibodies help protect infants from infections. until the babies are the capable of producing their own antibodies. by what means would you suspect these maternal antibodies are transported across the cells lining the newborn's digestive tract into the bloodstream? -vesicular transport -simple diffusion -freely, without the use of receptors and/or carriers -osmosis -by the use of competitor molecules in the blood

vesicular transport

Action potential propagation along an axon is primarily associated with: -graded potentials -chemically gated potassium channels -hyperpolarization -voltage-gated sodium channels -All of the above

voltage-gated sodium channels

channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except: -chemical messengers -ligands -changed in the electrical potential (voltage) across a cell membrane -physical deformation of a cell membrane -water concentration changes in the ECF

water concentration changes in the ECF