physiology exam 1
The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins, and according to the central dogma, proteins are _______________________ from mRNA a. translated b. photocopied c. amino acidified d. transcribed e. elongated
a. translated
Which of the following would NOT tend to increase the conduction velocity of an axon? a. an increase in temperature b. a decrease in length of the axon c. all of these answers would increase conduction velocity d. an increase in diameter e. an increase in myelin
b. a decrease in length of the axon
The __________________________ is the part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature, thirst, urine output, and food intake. a. Thalamus b. Limbic system c. Hypothalamus d. Cerebellum e.None of these
c. Hypothalamus
We NET approximately _ ATP per NADH and __ ATP per FADH2 a. 3, 2 b. 2, 3 c. none of the above d. 2.5, 1.5 e. 1.5, 2.5
d. 2.5, 1.5
The somas (cell bodys) of ___________________are outside of the central nervous system a. All of these b. interneurons c. two of these d. afferent neurons e. efferent neurons
d. afferent neurons
Which of the following would likely decrease the rate of net diffusion the most? a. An decrease in surface area b. A decrease in distance c. A lower in molecular weight d. An increase in concentration gradient e. A decrease in lipid solubility
e. A decrease in lipid solubility
PFK catalyzes the rate limiting step of which of the following processes? a. None of the above b. Glycogenolysis c. Glycogenesis d. Gluconeogenesis e. Glycolysis
e. Glycolysis
water is _____tonic relative to our body fluids.
hypo
make myelin in the central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
Which of the following is/are NOT true about osmosis? A. The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane is by osmosis B. If a cell's membrane had aquaporins in it, the water movement across the membrane could be greater C. Osmotic pressure is the main force that promotes osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane D. Water will tend to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration E. All of the above ARE true
D. Water will tend to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
make myelin in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
Which of the following is NOT a role of the cerebellum a. All of these ARE roles of the cerebellum b. None of these ARE roles of the cerebellum c. Coordination of skilled voluntary movement d. Maintenance of balance and control of eye movements e. Regulation of muscle tone
a. All of these ARE roles of the cerebellum
Which of the following is/are NOT true about myelinated neurons? a. action potentials spread down myelinated axons via contiguous conduction b. action potentials spread down myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next c. action potentials spread down myelinated axons via saltatory conduction d. two of these answers e. action potential conduction velocity is faster in myelinated neurons
a. action potentials spread down myelinated axons via contiguous conduction
What type of intercellualar communication works slowly and over long distances with longer lasting effects? a. endocrine b. temporaroy cell-cell linkup c. autocrine d. paracrine e. neural f. gap junctions
a. endocrine
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject accidentally consumed the boulinum toxin, they would likely experience ______________ a. flacid paralysis b. spastic paralysis c. tetanus
a. flacid paralysis
In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of actin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length. a. I band b. two of these answers c. H Zone d. A band e. between the H zone and the Z line
c. H Zone
Perceiving sensory signals from across the body is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. frontal b. cerebellum c. parietal d. occipital e. temporal
c. parietal
Which of the following is an enzyme that promotes glylcogenolysis? a. glycogen b. glucagon c. phosphorylase d. insulin e. glycogenesis f. glycogen synthase g. phosphofructokinase
c. phosphorylase
Which of the following is/are NOT true about properties of carrier-mediated transport? a. Specificity b. saturation c. All of these ARE true d. competition e. it always requires energy
e. it always requires energy
What type of communication do we call it when a cell secretes an extracellular messenger that acts on neighboring cells? a. autocrine b. neural c. endocrine d. gap junctions e. temporary cell-cell linkup f. paracrine
f. paracrine
Match the following anatomical structures with the best description of its function: 1. bring information towards the soma 2. the cell body of a neuron 3. where action potentials start 4. brings information away from the soma 5. make myelin in the central nervous system answer choices: A.oligodendrocytes B.soma C.Axon D.Schwann Cells E.synaptic knob F.axon hillock G.Dendrites H.Synaptic cleft
1. G.Dendrites 2. B.soma 3. F.axon hillock 4. C.Axon 5.A.oligodendrocytes
Put the following events in the cAMP second messenger system in order: a. hormone binds with receptor b. activation of adenylyl cyclase c. specific proteins get phosphorylated d. activation of G protein e. ATP converted to cAMP f. activation of protein kinase A
1st: a. hormone binds with receptor 2nd: d. activation of G protein 3rd: b. activation of adenylyl cyclase 4th: e. ATP converted to cAMP 5th: f. activation of protein kinase A 6th: c. specific proteins get phosphorylated
This question is about excitatory synapse function. Put the following events in order 1st-5th: (note: some events have been skipped) a. calciuim enters synaptic knob b. neurotransmitter binds with neurotransmitter receptor on post-synaptic cell c. post-synaptic cell has IPSPs d. desmosomes allow vessicles to fuse with the synaptic knob membrane e. opening of chloride ion (Cl-) channels f. V snares on vessicles fuse with T snares on the inside of the synaptic knob membrane g. Action potential spreads to synaptic knob h. post-synaptic cell has EPSPs
1st: g. Action potential spreads to synaptic knob 2nd: a. calciuim enters synaptic knob 3rd: f. V snares on vessicles fuse with T snares on the inside of the synaptic knob membrane 4th: b. neurotransmitter binds with neurotransmitter receptor on post-synaptic cell 5th: h. post-synaptic cell has EPSPs
This question is about inhibitory synapse function. Put the following events in order 1st- 5th: (note: some events have been skipped) a. V snares on vessicles fuse with T snares on the inside of the synaptic knob membrane b. post-synaptic cell has EPSPs c. tight junctions allow vessicles to fuse with the synaptic knob membrane d. post-synaptic cell has IPSPs e. opening of chloride ion (Cl-) channels f. opening of calcium channels g. neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis h. Action potential spreads to synaptic knob
1st: h. Action potential spreads to synaptic knob 2nd: f. opening of calcium channels 3rd: a. V snares on vessicles fuse with T snares on the inside of the synaptic knob membrane 4th: g. neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis 5th: d. post-synaptic cell has IPSPs
Palmitic acid is a commen fatty acid in foods that we eat and it is 16 carbons long. If Palmitic acid were broken down via beta oxidation, how many molecules of AcetylCoA would be produced?
8
Which is NOT true about the cAMP 2nd messenger system? A. after a hormone or neurotransmitter binds with a receptor, a G protein activates the enzyme that makes cAMP B. the enzyme that makes cAMP from ATP is phospholipase C C. the enzyme that makes cAMP from ATP is adenalyl cyclase D. cAMP activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates other proteins E. A & D F. B & C
B. the enzyme that makes cAMP from ATP is phospholipase C
Which of the following statements is/are NOT true regarding osmosis, water movement, and cell shape? A. If a red blood cell was placed in an isotonic solution the cell would retain its normal biconcave disc shape B. If your patient was experiencing hyponatremia, their red blood cells would likely be swollen C. If a red blood cell was placed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, more water would leave the cell than enter it D. If your patient was severely dehydrated and their body fluids became hypertonic, their red blood cells would likely shrink (crenate) E. Three of the above
C. If a red blood cell was placed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, more water would leave the cell than enter it
At the onset of exercise, the rate of ATP use increases dramatically. Which of the following is/are true about meeting muscular ATP demands at the onset of activity? a. resting muscle ATP concentrations are sufficient to meet the needs of the 1st minute of exercise B. resting muscle ATP concentrations are low, so we need a rapid mechanism of increasing ATP production C. the phosphocreatine system helps the muscle meet the high ATP demand at the start of exercise D. aerobic metabolism is able to increase its activity to meet the ATP demand within the first few seconds of exercise E. A & C F. B & C
F. B & C
From one of our look up of the days, which of the following is/are true about pufferfish toxin? A. it is called oabain B. it is called tetrodotoxin C. it impairs the function of the sodium potassium pump D. it impairs the function of voltage gated sodium ion channels E. A & C F. B & D
F. B & D
Which of the following statements best explains the Warburg effect? A. it relates to the greater use of fats by cancer cells B. it relates to the reduced use of glucose by cancer cells C. it relates to the elevated use of glucose and glycolysis in cancer cells D. it relates to increased production of lactate by cancer cells E. A & B F. C & D
F. C & D
Which of the following is/are NOT true about EPSPs? a. EPSPs can spead down long axons to cause the release of neurotransmitters b. it stands for excitatory post-synaptic potential c. it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold d. it is a type of graded potential e. 50 or more EPSPs are commonly required to cause an action potential in the post synaptic cell
a. EPSPs can spead down long axons to cause the release of neurotransmitters
Which of the following statements is not completely correct? a. Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs b. The tRNA anticodon for the methionene start codon is UAC c. three of these answers d. Human's 20,000 genes constitute < 2% of the 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome e. during translation peptide bonds are formed between amino acids f. It is possible to get more than one protein from a gene due to alternative splicing; not all exons may be translated into a protein
a. Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs
Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest capillary density? a. I b. IIA c. IIC d. IIX e. IIAX
a. I
Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest mitochondrial volume? a. IIX b. IIC c. IIA d. IIAX e. I
a. IIX
Which of the following cell types produce myelin? a. Oligodendrocytes b. Interneurons c. Astrocytes d. Microglia e. Satellite cells f. Schwann Cells
a. Oligodendrocytes f. Schwann Cells
In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction. a. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. Dihyrdopyridine receptors release calcium e. Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid
a. Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
In class we discussed multiple functional regions of each cortex of the cerebrum. Which region is NOT matched with the appropriate cortex? a. Somatosensory cortex: frontal lobe b. Auditory cortex: temporal lobe c. Visual cortex: occipital lobe d. Two of the above e. Pre-motor cortex: frontal lobe
a. Somatosensory cortex: frontal lobe
_________________________ refers to a single presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters rapidly and repeatedly, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached. a. Temporal summation b. End plate potentials c. Frequency coding d. Spatial summation e. Population coding
a. Temporal summation
Which of the following is/are true regarding the nervous system? a. The afferent nervous system brings information towards the central nervous system b. all of these c. two of these d. the sympathetic nervous system always stimulates, and the parasympathetic nervous system always inhibits e. The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control
a. The afferent nervous system brings information towards the central nervous system
Which of the following is/are true about potassium (K+) and nerve cells? a. all of these answers are true b. only two of these answers are true c. K+ is found in higher concentrations inside the cell d. at rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium than sodium e. if potassium ion channels open, we would expect K+ to leave the cell
a. all of these answers are true
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the potassium equilibrium potential (Ek)? a. during the depolarization phase of an action potential, the membrane potential is moving towards Ek b. in most neurons it is close to -90 mV c. it can be calculated using the Nernst equation d. at Ek the membrane potential would be at a point where the concentration and electraical gradients for K+ were equal and opposite and there would be no net movement of K+ e. the resting membrane potential is closer to Ek than the Na+ equilibrium potential (ENa) because at rest the memrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
a. during the depolarization phase of an action potential, the membrane potential is moving towards Ek
Which of the following would help us to determine if a perceived sensation was stronger or weaker (e.g. stronger taste/weaker tase, dim light/bright light, soft sound/loud sound)? a. frequency coding b. spatial summation c. law of specific nerve energies d. temporal summation e. law of adequate stimulus f. law of projection g. population coding
a. frequency coding g. population coding
Which of the following enzymes is matched with the wrong metabolic pathway/process? a. hexokinase: citric acid cycle b. two of these answers c. Complex IV: electron transport chain d. ATP synthase: oxidative phosphorylation e. phosphofructokinase: glycolysis f. citrate synthase: citric acid cycle g. isocitrate dehydrogenase: citric acid cycle
a. hexokinase: citric acid cycle
The type of graded potential that occurs in sensory recpetors is called a __________________________________ potential a. receptor potential b. pacemaker potential c. end plate potential d. excitatory post-synaptic potential e. action potential
a. receptor potential
You put a red blood cell on a microscope slide, and you put a drop of 3.2% NaCl solution on the drop of blood. The temperature in the room and the fluids is 22 degrees Celsius. Which of the following is/are true about this scenario? a. we would expect to see the cells crenate b. we would expect to see the cells swell or lyse c. equal amounts of water would enter and leave the cell d. water would be expected to be leaving the cell e. water would be expected to be entering the cell f. the cells would retain their size, shape and function
a. we would expect to see the cells crenate d. water would be expected to be leaving the cell
If we made 10 NADH through a metabolic process, how many ATP would we get as the electrons from these reducing equivalents are used in the electron transport chain? a. 2.5 b. 25 c. 15 d. none of these e. 1.5
b. 25
Hydrogen ions will go down their concentraiton from the intermembranous space to the matrix of the mitochondria through the _____________________, whcih synthesizes ATP from ADP a. Complex IV b. ATP synthase c. uncoupling proteins d. cytochrome C oxidase e. Na+-H+ exchanger
b. ATP synthase
The parasympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic b. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic c. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic d. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic e. two of these
b. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic
Which of the following are NOT true regarding refractory periods in neurons? a. The absolute refractory period occurs because after opening, Na+ channels become inactivated b. All of the above ARE true about the refractory periods c. The relative refractory period occurs because after an action potential, the membrane is transiently hyperpolarized d. The refractory periods ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials e. Only two of the above are NOT true about the refractory periods
b. All of the above ARE true about the refractory periods
Which of the following axons is likely to have the slowest conduction velocity? a. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC b. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC c. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 37ºC d. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 25 μm at 37ºC e. A myelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC
b. An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC
In class we discussed cystic fibrosis (CF). In these individuals, lack of functioning CFTR results in an inability to form and regulate________________. This results in thick sticky mucous that can result in several problems including an increase in risk of infection. a. Sodium channels b. Chloride channels c. Calcium channels d. Myelin e. Nicotinic receptors
b. Chloride channels
___________________________ are spinal cord tracts involved in voluntary control of movement that go from the cortex down the spinal cord to stimulate motor neurons. a. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts b. Corticopsinal tracts c. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system d. vesibulospinal tracts e. efferent nervous system
b. Corticopsinal tracts
In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubles it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the release of calcium. a. Ryanodine receptors, voltage sensors b. Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors c. SERCAs, Calcium pumps d. Dihyrdopyridine receptors, calcium channels e. IP3, Calcium release signal
b. Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors
Proprioceptive information is brought up the spinal cord via ascending spinal cord tracts called the ____________________________ a. Corticospinal tracts b. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system c. Pyramidal tracts d. Afferent nervous system e. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts
b. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system
Which of the following are NOT true about fat metabolism in our cells? a. The breakdown of fatty acids to make energy takes place in the mitochondria; unlike glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm b. Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle c. All of these ARE true d. Two of these e. The process by which we break down fatty acids to make energy is called beta oxidation
b. Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle
The sympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic b. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic c. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic d. two of these e. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic
b. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic
Which of the following is/are true regarding refractory periods in neurons? a. The refractory periods are good because they prevent an action potential from responding too quickly b. The absolute refractory period occurs because after an action potential, the Na+ channels become inactivated c. Three of these answers ARE true d. The relative refractory period occurs because too much Na+ has entered the cell e. The absolute refractory period occurs because Na+/K+ pumps pump 3 Na+ into the cell for every 2+ they pump out of the cell
b. The absolute refractory period occurs because after an action potential, the Na+ channels become inactivated
Which of the following is/are NOT completely true regarding resting membrane potential? a. Two of these b. The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out c. A common value in neurons would be around -70mV d. The resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than to the sodium equilibrium potential e. At rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium and thus positive charges are leaking out, making the inside of the membrane seem relatively more negative
b. The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out
The primary types of tissues do NOT include which of the following a. two of these are NOT primary tissue types b. cardiac c. epithelial d. nervous e. connective
b. cardiac
regarding cell death, which of the following is/are true? a. apoptosis is a programmed type of cell death (cell suicide) b. only two of these are true c. caspases are a group of enzymes that can initiate killing the cell from within d. necrosis is a programmed type of cell death (cell suicide) e. all of these are true
b. only two of these are true
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system? a. All of these ARE true b. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers c. parasympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers d. sympathetic nervous system has short pre-ganglionic nerve fibers e. Three of these are NOT true f. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord at the lumbar and Thoracic levels
b. sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers
Which of the following is/are related to the activity of the electron transport chain? a. it is how we break down fatty acids to AcCoA b. the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space c. it is how we make NADH and FADH2 d. Three of these answers e. it is how we break down glucose to pyruvate and make ATP
b. the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space
Aldolase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which of the following statements is/are most likely to be true? select all that apply a. the enzyme would normally be found in an organelle b. the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm c. it would be translated by ribosomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum d. it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm e. if a person had a mutation in the gene encoding for this enzyme, they would likely have elevated cellular levels of pyruvate
b. the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm d. it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and membrane excitability? a. only two of these are true b. there is a greater concentration of K+ inside the cell c. All of these are true d. Na+ ions would move into the cell if the membrane became permeable to Na+ e. there is a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell
c. All of these are true
Who was the first physiologist to suggest that our internal environment (milieu interior) was tightly regulated and subject to physiological regulation? a. August Krogh b. Louis Pasteur c. Claude Bernard d. John Haldane e. Walter Cannon
c. Claude Bernard
The _______________________ is an organelle that processes raw proteins into their finished products and sorts and directs these products to their final destinations. a. Vaults b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi Complex d. Rough endoplasmic reticulum e. Nucleus
c. Golgi Complex
The ___ is an organelle that plays an important role in protein breakdown. This protein degradation is catalyzed by ____ (a type of enzyme found in this organelle). a. Ubiquitin, calpains b. Lysosomes, oxidative enzymes c. Lysosomes, cathepsins d. Mitochondria, proteolytic enzymes e. Peroxisomes, oxidative enzymes
c. Lysosomes, cathepsins
After an action potential reaches the synaptic knob, the next event leading to neurotransmitter release is a. Release of acetylcholine vesicles b. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter c. Opening of calcium channels d. Activation of snare proteins e. None of the above
c. Opening of calcium channels
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with death of cells in parts of the brain; especially in the _____________ a. none of these b. thalamus c. basal nuclei d. motor cortex e. medulla oblongata
c. basal nuclei
Which of the following types of cell adhesion molecules allows transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another? a. tight junctions b. two of these c. gap junctions d. sodium channels e. none of these f. desomosomes
c. gap junctions
Which of the following metabolic processes/pathways does NOT take place in the mitochondria? a. citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) b. beta oxidation c. glycolysis d. electron transport chain e. oxidative phosphorylation
c. glycolysis
Which of the following association areas (cortices) of the cerebral cortex is most likley to be associated with memory, motivation, and emotion? a. prefrontal association cortex b. parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex c. limbic association cortex d. posterior parietal cortex
c. limbic association cortex
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thus prevents breakdown of acetylcholine a. Black Widow Spider Venom b. Curare c. organophosphates d. botulinum toxin e. Myasthenia Gravis
c. organophosphates
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with organophosphates, they would likely experience _____________________ a. fatigue b. flacid paralysis c. spastic paralysis
c. spastic paralysis
Hearing, speaking and language functions are especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. occipital b. frontal c. temporal d. parietal e. cerebellum
c. temporal
Which of the following is NOT true regarding cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Chloride ion channels are not formed and regulated correctly b. it is due to a mutation in the CFTR gene c. the main problem in CF is that the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized d. All of these ARE true about CF e. 3 of these are NOT true about CF f. CF patients have a lot of thick sticky mucous in the lungs & pancreas
c. the main problem in CF is that the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized
Which of the following is/are true about how extracellular messengers (1st messengers like hormones or neurotransmitters) signal changes in target cells? a. once a Tyrosine kinase receptors bind with the 1st messenger they phosphorylate themselves b. Two of these answers c. steroid hormones act via intracellular receptors that can bind DNA and initiate transcription of specific genes d. All of these answers e. 1st messengers can activate the cyclic AMP and IP3 second messenger systems are by binding with G protein coupled receptors f. Some neurotransmitters bind with receptors channels (chemically gated channels) and cause changes in the target cell by allowing selective movement of ions
d. All of these answers
Which of the following would likely increase the rate of net diffusion the most? a. a higher molecular weight b. A decrease in lipid solubility c. An increase in distance d. An increase in surface area e. A decrease in concentration gradient
d. An increase in surface area
___________________________ are spinal cord tracts involved in voluntary control of movement that go from the cortex down the spinal cord to stimulate motor neurons. a. Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system b. vesibulospinal tracts c. efferent nervous system d. Corticopsinal tracts e. Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts
d. Corticopsinal tracts
Which of the following are NOT true about fat metabolism in our cells? a. The process by which we break down fatty acids to make energy is called beta oxidation b. Two of these c. The breakdown of fatty acids to make energy takes place in the mitochondria; unlike glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm d. Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle e. All of these ARE true
d. Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle
________________________ is a transcription factor that promotes production of the hormone erythropoietin. a. RNA polymerase b. Cyclic AMP c. Ribosomes d. Hypoxia inducible factor e. Vaults
d. Hypoxia inducible factor
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ binds with nicotinic receptors and thus prevents acetylcholine binding a. Curare b. botulinum toxin c. organophosphates d. Myasthenia Gravis e. Black Widow Spider Venom
d. Myasthenia Gravis
The sympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs. a. Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic b. Epinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic c. Acetylcholine, nicotinic cholinergic d. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic e. two of these
d. Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic
Our nervous system's ability to determine the exact nature of a stimulus (the intensity, location, and type of sensation) is truly incredible. _______________________ explains how the Central Nervous System is able to perceive the type of stimulus; no matter how the receptor is stimulated, the perceived sensation will always be what the receptor was meant for. a. The Law of Adequate Stimulus b. The Law of Projection c. None of the above d. The Law of Specific Nerve Energies e. Thalamic Relay
d. The Law of Specific Nerve Energies
Which of the following is/are true regarding the nervous system? a. all of these b. the sympathetic nervous system always stimulates, and the parasympathetic nervous system always inhibits c. two of these d. The afferent nervous system brings information towards the central nervous system e. The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control
d. The afferent nervous system brings information towards the central nervous system
Some sensory receptors may stop having receptor potentials even though the stimulus is still present. This means the subject will not perceive the stimulus even though it is present. This is the principle of __________________________, which happens in receptors that are classified as _______________________. a. projection, mechanoreceptors b. adaptation, tonic receptors c. threshold, exteroreceptors d. adaptation, phasic receptors
d. adaptation, phasic receptors
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in initiating and planning voluntary activity? a. none of these b. supplementary motor area c. vestibulocerebellum d. cerebrocerebellum e. spinocerebellum
d. cerebrocerebellum
Voluntary control of movement is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal e. cerebellum
d. frontal
Which of the following is/are NOT true about glycolysis? a. All of these ARE true about glycolysis b. under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis nets only 2 ATP c. glycolysis is the catabolism of a 6C glucose to two 3C pyruvate molecules d. hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis e. Only two of these answers (are NOT true about glycolysis)
d. hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis
The __________________________________________________ states that no matter where along a sensory pathway you stimulate, the perceived ssensation will always be in the location of the receptors a. law of specific nerve energies b. Weber-Fechner law c. adequate stimulus d. law of projection
d. law of projection
What type of intercellualar communication is fast and works over long distances? a. paracrine b. gap junctions c. autocrine d. neural e. endocrine f. temporaroy cell-cell linkup
d. neural
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? a. complex II b. cytochrome c oxidase c. Hydrogen ions d. oxygen e. ATP synthase
d. oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a property of hormonal (endocrine) communication? a. specificity is based on what cells are responsive to the hormone (e.g. have receptors for that hormone) b. has a longer lasting signal than neural communicaiton c. hormones can communicate over long distances in the body d. specificity is based on location; only works on neighboring cells e. is slower than neural communication
d. specificity is based on location; only works on neighboring cells
Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter involved in autonomic nervous system function. Which are true about its roles: a. all of these answers b. it is released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers c. it is released from only sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers d. two of these answers e. it binds with muscarinic receptors on effector organs
d. two of these answers
(1) are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS, and one their functions include (2) a. 1) oligodendrocytes, 2) immune defense b. 1) microglia, 2) making CSF (cerbrospinal fluid) c. none of these d. 1) Astrocytes, 2) making myelin e. 1) Astrocytes, 2) establishing the blood brain barrier
e. 1) Astrocytes, 2) establishing the blood brain barrier
During glycolysis we form two pyruvate molecules from a single glucose molecule. Which of the following are possible fates of pyruvate? a. pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA b. lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of pyruvate to lactate c. Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates pyruvate to make pyruvate-6-phosphate d. Phosphorylase phosphorylates puruvate to make pyruvate-1,6-bisphosphate e. A & B are possible fates of pyruvate f. B & C
e. A & B are possible fates of pyruvate
Which of the following is/are NOT an event that takes place during muscle development? a. Myonuclei migrate to just below the sarcolemma as the myotube turns to a muscle fiber b. Myoblasts proliferate c. As a myotube myonuclei are centrally located d. Myoblasts fuse and form a myotube e. All of the above ARE events during muscle development
e. All of the above ARE events during muscle development
During the depolarization phase of an action potential, whitch of the following is/are NOT true? a. sodium is moving into the cell b. sodium ion channels are open c. the membrane potential is becoming less negative d. the membrane potential is moving towards the sodium equilibrium potential e. All of the above ARE true
e. All of the above ARE true
During the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential, whitch of the following is/are NOT true? a. potassium ions are leaving the cell b. potassium ion channels are open c. the membrane potential is becoming more negative d. a second action potential can occur, but only if there is an extra strong simulus e. All of the above ARE true
e. All of the above ARE true
Which of the following is/are NOT true about sodium-potassium pumps? a. they are one of the reasons why the resting membrane potential is relatively negative b. They require energy in the form of ATP in order to work c. they move 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ moved into the cell d. they are involved in active transport e. All of these ARE true
e. All of these ARE true
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ causes explosive release of all vessicles of Ach from the terminal bouton a. Curare b. organophosphates c. Myasthenia Gravis d. botulinum toxin e. Black Widow Spider Venom
e. Black Widow Spider Venom
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following statements is false? a. Curare prevents the neurotransmitter from binding with its receptor b. The Botulinum toxin prevents normal SNARE protein function and thus prevents release of neurotransmitter c. Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies are made that prevent normal function of neurotransmitter receptor d. Three of these answers e. Black Widow Spider Venom inhibits acetylcholinesterase
e. Black Widow Spider Venom inhibits acetylcholinesterase
In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length. a. two of these answers b. between the H zone and the Z line c. H Zone d. A band e. I band
e. I band
The following are parts of the cerebral cortex involved in movement. Which is matched with the wrong description? a. none of these are mismatched b. Premotor cortex - coordination of complex movements c. Supplementary motor cortex - programming of complex movements d. Somatosensory cortex - proprioreception (awareness of body position) e. Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity
e. Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity
_________________________ refers to multiple presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters at nearly the same time, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached. a. Population coding b. End plate potentials c. Frequency coding d. Temporal summation e. Spatial summation
e. Spatial summation
_________________________ refers to a single presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters rapidly and repeatedly, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached. a. End plate potentials b. Spatial summation c. Population coding d. Frequency coding e. Temporal summation
e. Temporal summation
Which of the following is/are NOT completely true regarding resting membrane potential? a. The resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than to the sodium equilibrium potential b. Two of these answers c. A common value in neurons would be around -70mV d. At rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium and thus positive charges are leaking out, making the inside of the membrane seem relatively more negative e. The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out
e. The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere? a. There would be three thick filaments around each thin filament b. It would be in part of the A band c. Two of these answeers d. There would be six thin filaments around each thick filament e. This is where we would find alpha-actinin
e. This is where we would find alpha-actinin
In skeletal muscle, in order to stimulate muscle contraction, calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm must increase. When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it binds with ______________________, this is the critical step that determines whether or not skeletal muscle contracts. a. actin b. Tropomyosin c. Ryanodine receptors d. Myosin e. Troponin
e. Troponin
for EACH TURN of the citric acid cycle we: a. get 1 FADH2 b. 3 NADH c. get 1 ATP (via GTP) d. give off 2 molecules of CO2 e. all of the above d. A & B
e. all of the above
The autonomic nervous system is an important regulator of many homeostatic functions in the body. The responses of our organs and tissues to autonomic stimulation are determined by the specific neurotransmitter released and the specific neurotransmitter receptors that are found in those locations. Which of the following is/are NOT true about autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. a. muscarinic receptors bind with acetylcholine from parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers b. all of these ARE true c. Beta-1-adrenergic receptors have equal affinity for epinephrine and norepinephrine d. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine e. alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine
e. alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine
What type of communication do we call it when a cell secretes an extracellular messenger that acts on itself (the same cell that secreted the chemical messenger)? a. paracrine b. temporaroy cell-cell linkup c. gap junctions d. neural e. autocrine f. endocrine
e. autocrine
Which of the following is NOT a property of neural communication? a. specificity is based on location; signals are only sent to cells that the neuron synapses with b. the nervous system can communicate over long distances in the body c. neural signaling tends to not last as long as endocrine signaling d. is faster than endocrine communication e. electrical signals are typically passed from one neuron to another through a channel
e. electrical signals are typically passed from one neuron to antother through a channel
Which of the following is/are NOT true about the sodium equilibrium potential (ENa)? a. at ENa the membrane potential would be at a point where the concentration and electraical gradients for Na+ were equal and opposite and there would be no net movement of Na+ b. the resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equiliibrium potential (EK) than the ENa because at rest the memrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+ c. it can be calculated using the Nernst equation d. during the depolarization phase of an action potential, the membrane potential is moving towards ENa e. in most neurons it is close to -90 mV
e. in most neurons it is close to -90 mV
Which of the following is/are NOT true about IPSPs? a. it stands for inhibitory post-synaptic potential b. they are associated with hyperpolarization of the membrane potential c. if there were 50 EPSPs and 50 IPSPs the membrane potential would likely stay close to resting values d. it is a type of graded potential e. it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold
e. it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone made and secreted by the adrenal cortex. Which of the following is/are likely true? a. it would activate a tyrosine kinase receptor b. it would activate the JAK/STAT pathway c. it would activate the IP3 pathway and increase intracellular Ca2+ release d. it would activate the cAMP 2nd messenger system e. it would bind with a hormone receptor inside the cell
e. it would bind with a hormone receptor inside the cell
Which of the following is/are true regarding synapses and summation? a. Temporal summation is when two or more excitatory synapses release their neurotransmitter at nearly the same time and cause an action potential. b. GABA is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter c. two of these are true d. If the neurotransmitter Glutamate was released at a synapse, we would expect it to cause IPSPs in the postsynaptic cell e. none of these are true
e. none of these are true
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating skilled movements? a. vestibulocerebellum b. supplementary motor area c. cerebrocerebellum d. none of these e. spinocerebellum
e. spinocerebellum
Pacinian corpuscles are sensory receptors in our skin that can detect vibration and adapt fairly quickly. Which of the following is/are most likely to be true? a. they are thermoreceptors b. if you stimulated it electrically, you would feel like someone was touching you c. they are tonic receptors d. their adequate stimulus is pressure e. they are phasic receptors
e. they are phasic receptors
The central dogma of biology illustrates how our genes encode for proteins.Which words would make this phrase correct: DNA →__________→mRNA →__________→protein. Which processes by which DNA results in mRNA and mRNA results in protein are a. initiation, elongation b. mitosis, meiosis c. translation, transcription d. two of these are correct e. transcription, translation
e. transcription, translation
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating eye movements and balance? a. cerebrocerebellum b. supplementary motor area c. spinocerebellum d. none of these e. vestibulocerebellum
e. vestibulocerebellum
Speaking requires multiple parts of the brain. Which of the following are true regarding speaking and language. a. only two of these are true b. Broca's area develops a programmed sound pattern c. the sound pattern from Broca's area is sent to the primary motor cortex d. info from Wernickes area is sent to Broca's area e. Wernicke's area chooses the sequence of words to be spoken f. all of these
f. all of these
In order to make a protein DNA is first transcribed to make a strand of ______________.
mRNA
