Physiology Final Exam

What is a zymogen/proenzyme?

A group of proteins that display no catalytic activity but can be transformed into active enzymes with an organism. An inactive precursor, require a biochemical change, such as the change of configuration of a hydrolysis reaction to reveal the active site, to become an enzyme.

The partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and oxygen (pO2) in the atmosphere at sea level are 0.3 mmHg and 160 mmHg respectively, but the partial pressures of these gases in blood leaving the lungs are 40 mmHg (pCO2)and 95 mmHg (pO2). What factor most likely accounts for this difference?

CO2 is more soluble in the blood than O2

Septic shock is a serious condition resulting from the body's response to systemic bacterial infections, which may impair oxygen uptake and delivery. What physiological change may result from septic shock which would decrease the ability of hemoglobin in the alveolar capillaries to become fully saturated with oxygen?

Increased capillary blood flow

One of the many functions of the liver is to break down old, worn out red blood cells. What cells of the liver have this function? a. Kupffer cells b. hepatocytes c. sinusoid cells

a. Kupffer cells

The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the ____. a. adenohypophysis b. thyroid gland c. adrenal gland

a. adenohypophysis

Which of the following hormones causes the kidneys to absorb sodium ions into the bloodstream, reducing the loss of sodium ions to the urine? a. aldosterone b. adrenaline c. atrial natriuretic peptide

a. aldosterone

Pepsin is the enzyme in the stomach that digests protein. Pepsin is the active form of pepsinogen. What cells of the stomach release pepsinogen? a. chief b. parietal c. enteroendocrine

a. chief

Which fo the following digestive hormones stimulate the release of bile from the gallbladder? a. cholecystokinin b. gastrin c. secretin

a. cholecystokiniin

Which of the following digestive hormones causes the hepatopancreatic sphincter to open and allow bile and digestive enzymes to enter into the duodenum? a. cholecystokinin b. gastrin c. secretin

a. cholecystokinin

Which of the following digestive hormones stimulates the pancreas to produce and release digestive enzymes into the duodenum? a. cholecystokinin b. gastrin c. secretin

a. cholecystokinin

In the proximal tubule, the reabsorption of Na+, amino acids, and glucose causes (before water moves): a. decreased osmolarity of the tubular fluid but increased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid b. decreased osmolarity of the tubular fluid and interstitial fluid c. increased osmolarity of the tubular fluid but decreased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid d. increased osmolarity of the tubular fluid and the interstitial fluid e. no changes in osmolarity

a. decreased osmolarity of the tubular fluid but increased osmolarity of the interstitial fluid

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that will digest _____. a. fats b. proteins c. carbohydrates

a. fats

The highest concentration of solutes is associated within which region of the nephron loop? a. in the actual loop portion of the nephron loop b. in the ascending limb of the nephron loop c. in the descending limb of the nephron loop

a. in the actual loop portion of the nephron loop

The hypothalamus produces hormones and is connected to the pituitary gland via the ______. a. infundibulum b. neurohypophysis c. diencephalon

a. infundibulum

Which of the following hormones target the skeletal muscle cells? a. insulin b. adrenaline c. parathyroid hormone

a. insulin

Lysozyme is an enzyme in the mouth that ______. a. kills bacteria b. breaks down saliva c. digests carbohydrates

a. kills bacteria

Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of Henle) of a healthy adult nephron? a. large molecular weight protein b. amino acids c. glucose d. electrolytes

a. large molecular weight protein

Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type? a. macrophage b. T cell c. B cell d. Neutrophil

a. macrophage

Which of the following is FALSE about filtration at the Bowman's capsule? a. over 75% of substances is filtered out of the glomerulus b. glomerular capillaries are fenestrated c. podocytes help filter substances out of the glomerulus d. large proteins and cells stay within the glomerulus e. the concentration of ions and water is equal in the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule after filtration occurs

a. over 75% of substances is filtered out of the glomerulus

Which of the following is considered to be an accessory organ of digestion? a. pancreas b. stomach c. small intestine

a. pancreas

The ____ produces chemicals that will stabilize the pH of the contents within the ______. a. pancreas; small intestine b. stomach; small intestine c. pancreas; stomach

a. pancreas; small intestine

Digestive enzymes are produced by exocrine cells within the pancreas called ____. a. pancreatic acini b. pancreatic islets c. alkaline cells

a. pancreatic acini

Which of the following is the term that refers to the movement of food through the digestive system via the action of smooth muscles? a. peristalsis b. ingestion c. defecation

a. peristalsis

Which of the following hormones is involved in maintaining pregnancy? a. progesterone b. glucocorticoid c. follicle stimulating hormone

a. progesterone

As glomerular filtrate moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute, why? a. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water b. the ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water and ions c. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water and ions d. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not to ions

a. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water

Which of the following statements is correct? a. the liver produces bile and the gallbladder stores bile b. the gallbladder produces bile and the liver stores bile c. the gallbladder produces and stores bile

a. the liver produces bile and the gallbladder stores bile

Which of the following statements about the liver is correct? a. the liver stores glycogen b. the liver stores glucose c. the liver stores glucose and glycogen

a. the liver stores glycogen

Inhibitory and releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and function to control the ______. a. hypophysis b. adenohypophysis c. neurohypophysis

b. adenohypophysis

Which of the following is true of aldosterone? a. aldosterone increases the number of Na+/K+ ATPase on the apical membrane of distal tubule cells b. aldosterone increases the number of open Na+ channels on the apical membrane of distal tubule cells c. aldosterone is secreted by the macula dense d. aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretions e. aldosterone binds to a G-protein coupled receptor

b. aldosterone increases the number of open Na+ channels on the apical membrane of distal tubule cells

Which of the following cell types of the innate system does not perform phagocytosis? a. neutrophils b. basophils c. macrophages d. eosinophils

b. basophils

Which of the following is the correct flow of bile from the liver cells to the duodenum of the small intestine? a. common bile duct, haptic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile ducts b. bile ducts, hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, common bile duct c. hepatic ducts, bile ducts, common hepatic duct common bile duct

b. bile ducts, hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile ducts

Amino acids are absorbed into the intestinal cell by: a. facilitated diffusion b. cotransport of Na+ c. dissolving through the lipid cell membrane d. counter transport of Na+ e. primary active transport

b. cotransport of Na+

Which of the following digestive hormones stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid? a. cholecystokinin b. gastrin c. secretin

b. gastrin

Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron? a. tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration b. glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion c. tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration d. glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

b. glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

When lipids are digested, they form _____. a. amino acids b. glycerol and fatty acids c. oligosaccharides

b. glycerol and fatty acids

Which of the following cells of the liver are involved in the production of bile? a. Kupffer cells b. hepatocytes c. sinusoid cells

b. hepatocytes

The pituitary gland releases many hormones; however, the _____ directs the release of the pituitary hormones. a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland

b. hypothalamus

The endocrine portion of the pancreas produces numerous hormones. What specific cells of the pancreas produce hormones? a. pancreatic acini b. pancreatic islets c. exocrine cells

b. pancreatic islets

Which of the following cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid? a. chief b. parietal c. enteroendocrine

b. parietal

Carboxypeptidase is a digestive enzyme that will digest ____. a. fats b. proteins c. carbohydrates

b. proteins

Within the proximal tubule, glucose is transported out of the tubule via: a. primary active transport b. secondary active transport c. facilitated diffusion d. endocytosis e. passive diffusion

b. secondary active transport

Which part of the nephron loop is associated with active transport of solutes out of the nephron? a. in the actual loop of the nephron loop b. the ascending limb of the nephron loop c. the descending limb of the nephron loop

b. the ascending limb of the nephron loop

What is maintained by the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? a. the countercurrent allows movement of filtrate through various section of the nephron b. the countercurrent maintains the osmotic gradient in the medulla c. the countercurrent prevents blood flow through the medulla in an opposite direction to that of the nephron d. the countercurrent allows for the movement of specific molecules to be secreted in the proximal and distal tubules e. there is not countercurrent mechanism in the nephron

b. the countercurrent maintains the osmotic gradient in the medulla

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the _____. a. bones b. thyroid gland c. pituitary gland

b. thyroid gland

Which of the following choices correctly traces the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron? a. Bowmans capsule, distal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, proximal tubule b. proximal tubule, Bowmans capsule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule c. Bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule d. Bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, distal tubule

c. Bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the ____. a. pineal gland b. adrenal gland c. adenohypophysis

c. adenohypophysis

Which of the following hormones is produced by the heart? a. epinephrine b. aldosterone c. atrial natriuretic peptide

c. atrial natriuretic peptide

Which of the following statements about bile is correct? a. bile is a chemical that will emulsify fat within the liver b. bile is an enzyme that will digest fat within the small intestine c. bile is a chemical that will emulsify fat within the small intestine

c. bile is a chemical that will emulsify fat within the small intestine

The major functions of the digestive system are to digest food and to absorb nutrients into the _____. a. stomach b. small intestine c. bloodstream

c. bloodstream

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that will digest ____. a. fats b. proteins c. carbohydrates

c. carbohydrates

Which of the following hormones causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes? a. gastrin b. secretin c. cholecystokinin

c. cholecystokinin

Which of the following has a rate of urinary excretion (units of solute per unit time) that is almost always identical to its rate of glomerular filtration in a healthy individual? a. sodium b. glucose c. creatinine d. chloride

c. creatinine

Eating too much Na+ will cause the kidneys to: a. reabsorb more total Na+ than usual from the tubular fluid b. decrease reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule c. decrease reabsorption of the Na+ in the distal tubule d. increase secretion of K+ in the distal tubule e. none of the above

c. decreased reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubule

The stomach stretches when food enters. This stretching action causes cells of the stomach to release gastrin, which causes other cells to release products used for digestion. What is the name of the cells that release gastrin? a. chief b. parietal c. enteroendocrine

c. enteroendocrine

Which of the following hormones function to ultimately cause the formation of red blood cells? a. calcitriol b. thyroxine c. erythropoietin

c. erythropoietin

Which of the following convert pepsinogen to the active form of pepsin in the stomach? a. mucus b. gastrin c. hydrochloric acid

c. hydrochloric acid

Which of the following immunity types provide short term immunity to a specific pathogen? a. primary immunity b. herd immunity c. passive immunity d. adaptive immunity e. active immunity

c. passive immunity

What type of transport is moving Na+ ions across the basolateral membrane of a distal tubule cell? a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. primary active transport d. secondary active transport e. none. Na+ doesn't cross the basolateral membrane

c. primary active diffusion

Which of the following digestive hormones stimulates the pancreas to release buffers to stabilize the pH within the duodenum? a. cholecystokinin b. gastrin c. secretin

c. secretin

Secretion is an important process of digestion. Which of the following best describes one concept of secretion in reference to the digestive system? a. secretion is the release of waste products from the action of digestion b. secretion is the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract c. secretion is the release of digestive enzymes from various organs to digest food

c. secretion is the release of digestive enzymes from various organs to digest food

Which of the following is true of parietal cells in our stomach? a. these cells directly secrete pepsin to protect from auto digestion b. these cells produce pepsinogen c. these cells contain carbonic anhydrase d. these cells produce mucus e. these cells cleave pepsinogen into pepsin

c. these cells contain carbonic anhydrase

if MAP is high, what will happen at the afferent arteriole? a. vasodilation to increase GFR b. vasoconstriction to increase GFR c. vasoconstriction to decrease GFR d. vasodilation to decrease GFR e. no change will occur at the afferent arteriole

c. vasoconstriction to decrease GFR

How might central and peripheral chemoreceptors compare with regard to their role in the detection of respiratory gases resulting from a prolonged period of hypoventilation?

central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors may both respond to the resultant increase in pCO2, but only peripheral chemoreceptors could respond to the decrease in pO2

which of the following immune cells recognize antigens and activate additional immune cells? a. macrophages b. cytotoxic T cells c. Memory B cells d. helper T cells e. plasma cells

d. Helper T cells

Your friend has type O blood and is being transfused with type AB blood. We would expect: a. no reaction because type AB is the universal donor b. a reaction because type AB blood has the antibodies to the O antigen c. no reaction because type AB blood contains no antibodies d. a reaction because type O blood has antibodies to both the A and B antigens e. no reaction because type O blood is the universal donor

d. a reaction because type O blood has antibodies to both the A and B antigens

Recognition of self vs. non-self by the adaptive immune system in humans is accomplished in which of the following ways? a. exposure of B cells to the body own antigens in the thymus b. exposure of B cells to the body own antigens in the bursa of Fabricius c. exposure of T cells to the body own antigens in the bursa of Fabricius d. exposure of T cells to the body own antigens in the thymus

d. exposure of T cells to the body own antigens in the thymus

Which of the following enzymes is/are necessary to break down glycogen into glucose monomers? Choose all that apply. a. Trypsinogen b. Zymogen c. sucrose d. maltase e. amylase

d. maltase e. amylase

Which is true about blood types? a. type O blood has no antibodies in the plasma b. type AB blood has no antigens on the red blood cell c. type A blood has antibodies to the O antigen in the plasma d. type B blood has antibodies to the A antigen in the plasma e. all of the above are true

d. type B blood has antibodies to the A antigen in the plasma

In the presence of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which of the following does NOT occur? a. aquaporins will be present ONLY in the apical membrane of the collecting duct b. ADH will bind to an ADH receptor, which is a metabotropic receptor c. adenylate cyclase will be activated, producing cAMP d. water flows down its concentration gradient, from high to low solute concentrations e. all of the above would occur

d. water flows down its concentration gradient, from high to low solute concentrations

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a set of conditions which affect the pulmonary interstitium-- the area of tissue and space which lies between the alveoli and alveolar capillaries. What factor in the setting of severe ILD, would NOT decrease the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood?

decreased interstitial thickness

Antibodies are able to dispose of antigens in which of the following ways? a. neutralization b. opsonization c. complement activation d. enhanced NK cell activity e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about the kidneys? a. the afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerular capillaries b. the efferent arteriole carries blood out of the glomerulus c. the peritubular capillaries run along the outside of the tubules d. the glomerular capillary contains fenestrations e. all of the above are true

e. all of the above are true

Which of the following is true of the liver? a. bilirubin is delivered to the liver b. the liver produces angiotensinogen c. the liver breaks down toxins d. the hepatic portal vein goes from the digestive tract directly to the liver e. all of the above are true about the liver

e. all of the above are true about the liver

Fatty acids are absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cell by: a. primary active transport b. passing through an open fact channel c. endocytosis d. cotransport with Na+ e. passing directly through the lipid membrane

e. passing directly through the lipid membrane

Alkalosis

excessive blood alkalinity caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate in the blood or loss of acid from the blood (metabolic alkalosis), or by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from rapid or deep breathing (respiratory alkalosis)

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

functions to maintain blood pressure and to act as a quality control mechanism to ensure proper glomerular flow rate and efficient sodium reabsorption. Its main components are the macula dense of the thick ascending limb, the renin-producing granular cells of the afferent arteriole, and the extraglomerular mesangial cell.