Physiology Lab Exam

14. In the data posted on Canvas, you are provided with the pre-exercise pulse wave velocities (PWV) of BIO 270 students (average age = 20 years) and the PWV of subjects 65 years and older. Perform a t-test to determine whether age significantly affects PWV.

4.01E-07

IIIa. What were the means and standard deviations?

49.3% ± 6.6; 57.1% ± 8.4

12. For temporal summation, based on the data provided, what was the stimulation frequency when temporal summation "definitively" occurred?

6.25 stim/s

2. If arterial blood pressure is 110/50, the pulse pressure is __________________ mm Hg.

60

7. In the Circulation lab demonstration video, you were asked to determine the blood pressure of a 75 year-old woman complaining of lethargy. Enter her diastolic pressure (mmHg) in the box below (do not enter units).

62 (with margin: 4)

3. If arterial blood pressure is 110/50, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is __________________ mm Hg.

70

IVbii. What is the mean score for the Lecture group?

71.0%

10. Report your p-value from your t-test to determine whether PQ interval is significantly different after exercise.

8.11e-8

6. In the Circulation lab demonstration video, you were asked to determine the blood pressure of a 75 year-old woman complaining of lethargy. Enter her systolic pressure (mmHg) in the box below (do not enter units).

80 (with margin: 4)

5. In the Circulation lab demonstration video, you were asked to determine the blood pressure of a ten year-old girl brought to the clinic by her mother. Enter her diastolic pressure (mmHg) in the box below (do not enter units).

96 (with margin: 4)

1. In the macroscopic observations portion of the experiment, what was your measurement for the following characteristics of the urine sample? Color: Light/medium yellow This finding is: Normal Turbidity: Slightly cloudy This finding is: Normal Odor: Nutty This finding is: Normal

<<<< those are the answers

15. Perform a t-test to determine if there is a difference in breath-hold time after exercise. Report your p-value. Include a conclusion based on your statistical data. Additionally, provide a physiological explanation for the observed effect of exercise. p-value: 1.13E-18 Conclusion: Exercise significantly decreases breath-hold time. Physiologic explanation: The increased metabolic rate associated with the increased muscle activity during exercise produces more CO2, which increases the stimulus to breathe resulting in a significantly shorter breath-holding duration.

<<<< those are the answers

11. A physiologic explanation of the p-values calculated in the previous question is a s follows: Tidal volume increased after exercise because CO2 production increased owing to the increased metabolic rate of exercising skeletal muscle. This change in CO2 stimulated the central chemoreceptors resulting in faster and deeper breathing. As a result of the tidal volume increasing, inspiratory and expiratory volumes both significantly decreased while vital capacity did not significantly change . Since total lung capacity is equal to the vital capacity plus residual volume (which is a constant), total lung capacity did not significantly change .

<<<<< those are the answers

Isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

5. Osmotic pressure is the driving force for the influx of water into the dialysis bag and, by extension, the force that drives the sucrose solution up the tube. As the solution height increases, the weight of the column of solution also increases, resulting in a downward force; this is the hydrostatic pressure. What effect does the hydrostatic pressure have on the movement of sucrose up the tube?

As the hydrostatic pressure increases, the speed of the solution movement up the tube decreases.

13. Based on the data posted on Canvas, would you say the atria or ventricle take longer to depolarize? Why?

Atria take longer to depolarize; the average length of the P wave is longer than the average length of the QRS complex

IIIe. State your conclusion (not a statistical inference) based on your statistical output.

City kids scored higher than country kids

2. Look up the molecular weight of eosin and blue dextran. Match their molecular weights below.

Eosin = ~650 g/mol (~0.65 kDa) Blue dextran = ~2,000,000 g/mol (~2000 kDa)

5. Provide a conclusion based on your p-value calculated in the question above.

Exercise significantly increases heart rate.

1. Based on the data posted on Canvas, the following figure accurately represents the data for pre- and post-exercise heart rates using good graphing technique. https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/103188102/preview?verifier=yW6aj8eHf8DIp5xPXgWrSjlJestljDNRZaGhj2hk

False

3. An experimental "control" and a "controlled" variable are the same thing.

False

4. The attraction (or repulsion) between two or more molecules in a solution is an example of an intramolecular force.

False

7. Which of the following captions best describes the figure below comparing exercise and PQ interval? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/103191120/preview?verifier=neK1PXmfA58fDF44F7pAP8DoGMXjexpKZ0qJeOd7

Figure 2. The effect of exercise on PQ interval.

15. Which of the following captions best describes the figure below comparing exercise and caloric expenditure? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105703001/preview?verifier=mRdVyMPQQEqCgBdNE2JjxsANquwPQFNifS4Tl62m

Figure 2. The effect of exercise on caloric expenditure.

1. For questions #1-4, refer to the "Normal lung volumes" experiment of the demo video. What is the spirogram's red line measuring? What is the spirogram's blue line measuring?

Flow (L/sec) Volume (L)

1. Generate a hypothesis about the migration rate of the two dyes through the agar. Remember how to formulate a hypothesis from the Scientific Method lab.

If the molecular weight is greater, then the diffusion rate will be slower.

13. Explain the mechanism of temporal summation.

Increasing the frequency of stimuli results in less time for Ca2+ to be returned to the lateral sacs and when the following stimulus occurs, the Ca2+ released from the lateral sacs is added to the remaining Ca2+ in the cytosol which results in more cross-bridging and a greater contraction force.

3. Enter the inspiratory and expiratory flow rates during normal tidal breathing to the nearest hundredth (two numbers after decimal; do not enter units).

Inspiratory flow rate: 0.44 L/sec Expiratory flow rate: -0.21 L/sec

7. Why is protein not found normally found in the urine?

It is too large to be filtered

8. Table 1 in the data provided on Canvas shows the effect of different body postitions on blood pressure and heart rate. Perform the following calculations rounded to the nearest whole number (do not enter units).

Lying: Average systolic pressure: 123 mmHg Average diastolic pressure:80 mmHg Average heart rate: 70 bpm Sitting: Average systolic pressure: 106 mmHg Average diastolic pressure: 71 mmHg Average heart rate: 80 bpm Standing: Average systolic pressure: 106 mmHg Average diastolic pressure: 71 mmHg Average heart rate: 80 bpm

9. For questions #9-11, refer to the "Effect of exercise" experiment of the demo video and the provided Respiration lab data posted on Canvas. Construct Figure 1 describing the effect of exercise on TV, IRV, ERV, VC and TLC. Does the following figure accurately represent these data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/103657710/preview?verifier=DSvp7ip42TPO23X8L6i7vJBjMwYhIrJZURxh9Rq6

No

2. Using the data on Canvas, perform a t-test to determine whether heart rate is significantly different after exercise. Will you use a paired or unpaired t-test?

Paired

8. Using the data on Canvas, perform a t-test to determine whether PQ interval is significantly different after exercise. Will you use a paired or unpaired t-test?

Paired

IIa. Do you use a paired or unpaired comparison? Why?

Paired because it is the same subject before and after.

6. For this question, refer to the "Obstructed pulmonary function" experiment of the demo video. Match each measurement to the corresponding value.

Peak expiratory flow (L/sec) --> -2.30 Vital capacity (L) --> 5.02 FEV1 (L) --> 1.77 FEV1/VC (%) --> 35.3

5. For this question, refer to the "Normal pulmonary function" experiment of the demo video. Match each measurement to the corresponding value.

Peak expiratory flow (L/sec) --> -9.95 Vital capacity (L) --> 4.78 FEV1 (L) --> 3.84 FEV1/VC (%) --> 80.3

3. In the microscopic observations portion of the experiment, what was your measurement for the following characteristics of the urine sample?

Red blood cells > 5/HPF This finding is Abnormal White blood cells > 1/HPF This finding is Abnormal Microorganisms/bacteria Positive This finding is Abnormal Cancer cells Negative This finding is Normal

2. In the Chemstix urinalysis portion of the experiment, what was your measurement for the following characteristics of the urine sample?

Specific gravity 1.025 This finding is Normal pH 7.5 This finding is Normal Protein Negative This finding is Normal Glucose 1000 This finding is Abnormal Ketones Large This finding is Abnormal Nitrites Positive This finding is Abnormal Blood Moderate (non-hemolyzed) This finding is Abnormal Bilirubin Negative This finding is Normal Leukocytes Moderate This finding is Abnormal Urobilinogen 1 This finding is Normal

5. What would you suspect if the urine was positive for ketones and everything else measured was within normal limits?

Starvation

4. Do the data support or refute your hypothesis?

Support

15. How does your body mimic the same effect of increasing stimulation frequency?

Temporal summation

14. Since your body operates by means of action potentials, which are all-or-none, how does your body mimic the same effect of increasing current?

Temporal summation Spatial summation By firing more neurons --> Two of the above are true

10. State the dependent variable of the experiment.

The drop diameter

9. State the independent variable of the experiment.

The solutions

IVaiv. What can you conclude from the results?

There was no sampling bias

10. Perform six t-tests to determine if there is a difference in the TV, IRV, ERV, VC, TLC and RR before and after exercise. Match the proper lung volume with the p-value from each t-test.

Tidal volume=5.32E-10 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = 1.49E-6 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)= 1.04E-4 Vital capacity (VC)= 2.38E-1 Total lung capacity (TLC) = 6.03E-1 Respiratory rate (RR)= 6.14E-9

15. A physiologic explanation for the observed effect of age on pulse wave velocity would be the following: PWV velocity is directly correlated with vascular stiffness. As one ages, the vessels progressively become "stiffer" due to things like arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis which increases the velocity of the pulse wave.

True

8. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are quite common in cases of glycosuria because bacteria, especially e-coli, survive by fermenting the residual sugar left behind in the urinary tract.

True

IVai. The appropriate statistical test is ___________________.

Unpaired t-test of computer vs lecture on pretest scores.

4. Considering all measurements entered above, what disease(s)/condition(s) do you think the patient who provided the urine sample may be dealing with? Select all that apply.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) Diabetes mellitus Ketoacidosis

5. Which of the following molecules is the is the most polar?

Water (H2O)

11. Table 2 in the data provided on Canvas shows pressure and heart rate changes after exercise. Plot this post-exercise data as systolic pressure & diastolic pressure and heart rate vs. exercise recovery time. Place the heart rate on a second y-axis, as described in the Lab Manual (page 53) in the Appendix of the Circulation background reading. Does the following figure accurately represent the data in Table 2 using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/103449955/preview?verifier=0BI2MN4cVsAva4GwHtkYQ0WXPL11rITYeoSh86oW

Yes

12. For questions #12-15, refer to the "Breath-holding" experiment of the demo video and the provided Respiration lab data posted on Canvas. Construct Figure 2 describing the effect of hyperventilation duration on breath-hold time. Does the following figure accurately represent these data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/103660596/preview?verifier=WEHHkjNyWaKUTgYXDDpJh1jkB7CLnuF6KgrFGWmq

Yes

14. Construct Figure 3 that describes the effect of exercise on breath-hold time. Does the following figure accurately represent these data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/103762247/preview?verifier=vlo4jVWkkX9pE1Q7drEXt6YGk1Goz1MSX7Xn4QKY

Yes

13. The longer the subject hyperventilated, the longer they could hold their breath because hyperventilation (removed) (carbon dioxide) from their blood, thus removing the stimulus to breathe.

answers are in parenthesis

2. To measure expiratory reserve volume (ERV), the Point Selector should be placed (at the valley of a tidal expiration) and the Marker should be placed (at the valley of the maximal expiration).

answers in parenthesis

4. Based on the values measured above for normal tidal breathing, inspiratory flow is (faster than) expiratory flow. This is because muscular effort is used only for (inspiration) at rest; conversely, (expiration) is passive recoil/relaxation of the diaphragm. Further, due to the flow rates above and the fact the volume inspired is equal to the volume expired, inspiratory time is (less than) the expiratory time.

answers in parenthesis

7. Using the data in the previous two questions, you can see the vital capacity didn't significantly change because of the obstruction while peak expiratory flow (decreased). Due to this change in flow, the total amount of time required to expire the entire volume of the vital capacity (increased) as a result of the obstruction. Also as a result of the obstruction, FEV1 (decreased), which, in turn, (decreased) the FEV1/VC ratio.

answers in parenthesis

8. The FEV1/VC ratio is clinically significant because it is an indicator of (airway resistance). A healthy individual's FEV1/VC ratio is near (80%), while an individual with an obstructive lung disease will likely have a FEV1/VC ratio of less than (50%) because of a (collapsing) of the small airways.

answers in parenthesis

10. The pressure change in the previous question is detected by the (baroreceptors) in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch which then initiate (fewer) impulses sent to the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata. As a compensatory response to the pressure change, the cardiovascular control center increases (sympathetic) and decreasing (parasympathetic) firing. This will (increase) heart rate, which will (increase) cardiac output and constrict arterioles, (increasing) total peripheral resistance. these mechanisms will collectively (increase) the mean arterial pressure..

answers to the blanks are in ( )

IVbi. The appropriate statistical test is ___________________.

c) Unpaired t-test of computer vs lecture on post-test scores.

3. A nomogram is used to determine _______________.

human surface area

6. Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus, where it enters the tubule of the nephron. However, all of the glucose entering the nephron is normally reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule via the sodium-glucose co-transporter, which also reabsorbs Na+. Glucose is not secreted into the nephron tubule. Because of this, no glucose is excreted in a healthy individual.

the answers are already filled in

1. The sounds of Korotkoff are produced by

turbulent blood flow.

9. Now, perform a t-test to determine whether resting metabolic rate in mice is significantly greater than humans. Will you use a paired or unpaired t-test?

unpaired

IId. Is there a significant difference between these two sets of scores?

yes

IIc. p = __________?

0.003

IIId. p = __________?

0.04

13. Using Table 3 that you have completed, select the solutions where hemolysis occurred (select all that apply for full credit).

0.04 M glucose 0.08 M glucose 0.16 M glucose 0.04 M NaCl 0.08 M NaCl

15. What is the isotonic concentration for NaCl (the first molar concentration of the NaCl solution where hemolysis did not occur)?

0.16 M

16. What is the isotonic concentration for glucose (the first molar concentration of the glucose solution where hemolysis did not occur)?

0.32 M

10. Will your t-test to determine whether resting metabolic rate in mice is significantly greater than humans be 1-tailed or 2-tailed?

1-tailed

9. A subject determines their urine specific gravity to be 1.016. The subject then exercises vigorously, sweats profusely and drinks no extra fluids. Of the following choices, which would be the likely measurement you would expect of their urine specific gravity after this experiment?

1.027

11. Report your p-value from your t-test to determine whether the resting metabolic rate in mice is significantly greater than humans. p = ________

1.03e^-16

3. For the threshold stimulus, what was the force generated by the muscle for this weakest contraction?

12.49 mN

4. In the Circulation lab demonstration video, you were asked to determine the blood pressure of a ten year-old girl brought to the clinic by her mother. Enter her systolic pressure (mmHg) in the box below (do not enter units).

160 (with margin: 4)

11. Based on your p-value calculated in the question above, a proper conclusion would be: Exercise _______ significantly ________________ the PQ interval.

1st blank: does 2nd blank: decrease

9. Based on the Circulation lab demonstration video and your calculation in the previous question, complete the following: When a subject moves from horizontal to progressively more upright, there is a ________ in blood pressure in the upper parts of the body. This is commonly associated with a feeling of dizziness and is termed ___________ ___________.

1st blank: drop 2nd blank: orthostatic hypotension

6. A physiologic explanation for the observed effect of exercise on heart rate would be the following: Exercise-induced _________ stimulation to the _______________ cells of the SA node ____________ the permeability of the muscle cell membrane to ______ _____________ _____________ ions, bringing the membrane to threshold at a more rapid pace.

1st blank: sympathetic 2nd blank: autorhythmic 3rd blank: increases 4th blank: both calcium and sodium

12. A physiologic explanation for the observed effect of exercise on PQ interval would be the following: Increased ____________ stimulation ______________ the excitability of the AV node and thereby _____________ the length of the AV node ________.

1st blank: sympathetic 2nd blank: increases 3rd blank: decreases 4th blank: delay

3. Will your t-test to determine whether heart rate is significantly different after exercise be 1-tailed or 2-tailed?

2-tailed

9. Will your t-test to determine whether PQ interval is significantly different after exercise be 1-tailed or 2-tailed?

2-tailed

4. Report your p-value from your t-test to determine whether heart rate is significantly different after exercise.

2.06e-15

IIb. What were the means and standard deviations?

31.9% ± 5.0; 48.6% ± 7.5

IVdiv. What can you conclude from the R2 value from your graph?

35.5% of the variation in post-test scores can be attributed to age.

IIIf. p = __________?

0.08

18. Based on your answers and knowledge from the previous questions, what would you expect the isotonic concentration of iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) to be?

0.08 M

7. Using the data on Canvas (and 763 mmHg as the barometric pressure in the metabolism chamber), report the average and standard deviation of the resting metabolic rate of mice and humans to the nearest tenth (do not enter units).

1. Average metabolic rate for mice: 94.8 Cal/hr/m2 2. Standard deviation for mice: 26.9 Cal/hr/m2 3. Average metabolic rate for humans: 46.4 Cal/hr/m2 4. Standard deviation for humans: 10.5 Cal/hr/m2

1. Put the six steps of the Scientific Method in order of their occurrence.

1. Observe 2. Question 3. Hypothesize 4. Experiment 5. Interpret Results 6. Conclude

11. For temporal summation, based on the data provided, what was the stimulation interval when temporal summation "definitively" occurred?

160 ms

9. The calculated value above is much larger than the height your solution actually rose during the time allotted in the lab because under ideal conditions, ________________ doesn't exist and therefore there is no opposing force to mitigate the ________________ and stop the solution from rising up the tube.

1st blank: Gravity (hydrostatic pressure) 2nd blank: osmotic pressure

2. In order to measure the rotation angle of a reflex or reaction on LabStation, the Marker should be placed at the ______________ of the response and the Point Selector should be placed at the __________ of the response. The following tracing _____________ accurately depict the approximate locations of the Marker and Point Selector when measuring rotation. https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105803541/preview?verifier=rHPe1YbtGckud1Y7XgVdNVlkcpmgaticAKRaoM4D

1st blank: at the beginning of the response 2nd blank: at the peak of the response curve 3rd blank: does

17. The discrepancy in the molar concentrations in the previous two questions is explained by NaCl's _________________ in water. Because of this principle, there is _______ the number of osmotically active particles in solution as glucose for a given molar concentration. This increases the ___________ of the NaCl solutions, preventing water from entering the cells and lysing the cells at lower molar concentrations.

1st blank: dissociation 2nd blank: 2X 3rd blank: tonicity

11. In comparing the two values calculated above, these values are __________ because, by switching from 1 M sucrose to 0.5 M NaCl, the concentration of the _________ is ______________ but the number of osmotically active particles is ________________.

1st blank: equal 2nd blank: solute 3rd blank: halved 4th blank: doubled

17. The difference you calculated in the previous question indicates there is a(n) __________ in daily caloric consumption which will lead to weight ________ over the long term. Further, if the daily caloric consumption exceeds the daily caloric expenditure, ___________ will compensate for any extra calories consumed which would otherwise not be expended.

1st blank: excess 2nd blank: gain 3rd blank: exercise

13. A large bucket of water and a small glass of water are each brought to a boil in a cold room. The small glass will cool __________ due to its ___________ surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio. Its relatively __________ surface area compared to the volume facilitates convective heat __________; the bucket loses heat __________ due to its relatively _________ surface area compared to the volume. Mice have a ________ SA:V ratio than humans and therefore lose heat _________ than humans. Since mice are endothermic (warm blooded; capable of internal generation of body heat), they must generate _________ heat per m2 via metabolism than humans to prevent their body temperature from _________.

1st blank: faster 2nd blank: larger 3rd blank: large 4th blank: loss 5th blank: slower 6th blank: small 7th blank: larger 8th blank: faster 9th blank: more 10th blank: falling

14. In the solutions that that "clear" when blood is added, the red blood cells are _____________ because the cells are in placed in a ____________ solution. That is, ___________ is/are permeating the cell membranes and _____________ the intracellular volume until the cells __________. This destruction of the cells' _____________ allows light to pass straight through the solution without being refracted.

1st blank: hemolyzing 2nd blank: hypotonic 3rd blank: water 4th blank: increasing 5th blank: burst 6th blank: membranes

12. Based on your p-value calculated in the question above, a proper conclusion would be: The resting metabolic rate of mice ______ significantly _____________ than that of humans.

1st blank: is 2nd blank: greater

1. In order to measure the latency of a reflex or reaction on LabStation, the Marker should be placed at the beginning of the __________________ and the Point Selector should be placed at the beginning of the _____________. The following tracing ________ accurately depict the approximate locations of the Marker and Point Selector when measuring latency. https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105803552/preview?verifier=NA2buamPuVg78EWwMUos0n9kXOBcoeDKUzMRbs1H

1st blank: stimulus 2nd blank: response 3rd blank: does

5. Use Figures 5.2 and 5.3 in the Lab Manual to help you answer the following two true/false questions. In terms of the relationship between body size (weight) and oxygen consumption, body weight increases, O2 consumption increases . __________ In terms of the relationship between of body size (weight) and metabolic rate, as body weight increases, metabolic rate decreases. __________

1st blank: true 2nd blank: true

10. How high would the fluid rise in the tube under ideal conditions at 25° C if the solution in the bag were changed to 0.5 M NaCl? Express your answer in millimeters (mm).

252,704

8. Under ideal conditions (that is, conditions where the hydrostatic pressure is negligible, there are no wall effects, the solution is not diluted by water influx, etc.), how high would the fluid rise in the tube at 25° C ? Express your answer in millimeters (mm).

252,704

5. For spatial summation, what was the maximal force generated when all the motor units had been recruited?

27.49 mN

16. An average person consumes 2000 Cal/day from food and beverages. Calculate the calorie difference between the average resting caloric expenditure you reported above for the human subjects and the consumption of 2000 Cal/day to the nearest tenth (do not enter units).

34.5 Cal/day

2. For spatial summation, what was the smallest stimulus current required to evoke the weakest contraction (i.e., the threshold stimulus)?

4 mA

4. For spatial summation, what was the smallest stimulus current required to evoke the maximal contraction?

7 mA

Hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

3. Using the data on Canvas, report the averages ± standard deviations of the latency periods and rotation angles for each parameter tested in Table 1 below by selecting from the drop down menu the correct values for A through R in the table. The control reflex latency has been completed for you. https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105708507/preview?verifier=SFhXyogEemQQ5tpAkUPNRqTWZRd2fQJKa2zMRPGD

A= 14.49 B= 6.25 C= 0.26 D= 0.09 E= 29.80 F= 13.27 G= 0.38 H= 0.15 I= 26.24 J= 12.67 K= 0.13 L= 0.06 M= 15.67 N= 6.79 O= 0.16 P= 0.10 Q= 10.30 R= 5.05

The following is an explanation of Figure 2.

At time 0, the osmotic pressure was driving the movement of WATER INTO the bag and forcing the sucrose solution up the capillary tube. However, as the experiment continued, the speed of the solution rising up the tube DECREASED due to increasing HYDROSTATIC pressure. If the system were left until equilibrium was reached, eventually the HYDROSTATIC pressure would increase in magnitude such that it was EQUAL in magnitude and in the OPPOSITE direction of the OSMOTIC pressure; this would result in a flatter plateau than seen in Figure 2 resulting from the cessation of movement of the solution up the capillary tube.

14. Calculate the post-exercise metabolic rate (Cal/hr/m2) for each human subject. Using this metabolic rate data, along with the human resting metabolic rate data, calculate the total caloric expenditure per day (Cal/day) for each subject in each of these conditions by multiplying EACH metabolic rate by 24 hours and the surface area of the subject. Report the average and standard deviation for each condition to the nearest tenth (do not enter units).

Average resting total caloric expenditure: 1965.5 Cal/day Standard deviation for resting: 420.1 Cal/day Average post-exercise total caloric expenditure: 2574.3 Cal/day Standard deviation for post-exercise: 557.5 Cal/day

10. Give a physiologically sound explanation why contraction velocity is faster than relaxation velocity.

Ca2+ reuptake by the lateral sacs is active and requires the use of pumps while Ca2+ release from the lateral sacs is passive and does not require the use of pumps.

1. For spatial summation, describe the muscle contraction response as the stimulus current was increased.

Contraction force increased until reaching a plateau when all the motor units were recruited.

9. For the single twitch, use the data on the video to calculate contraction and relaxation velocities.

Contraction velocity = 161 mN/s; relaxation velocity = 49 mN/s

6. Perform t-tests to determine the validity of the hypotheses statements below. Report the p-values. Hypothesis: The latencies and rotations for control reflexes are significantly different from the latencies and rotations of control reactions. Hypothesis: The latencies and rotations for control reactions are significantly different from the latencies and rotations of distracted reactions.

Control reflex latency vs. control reaction latency p = 1.20e-14 (some versions of Excel also calculate 1.57e-14 for this; either is correct) This p-value IS statistically significant. Conclusion: Control reflex latency is SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER than control reaction latency. Control reflex rotation vs. control reaction rotation p = 1.69e-7 This p-value IS statistically significant. Conclusion: Control reflex rotation is SIGNIFICANTLY LESS than control reaction rotation. Distracted reaction latency vs. control reaction latency p = 2.76e-7 This p-value IS statistically significant. Conclusion: Distracted reaction latency is SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER than control reaction latency. Distracted reaction rotation vs. control reaction rotation p = 1.22e-1 This p-value IS NOT statistically significant. Conclusion: Distracted reaction rotation is NOT significantly different than control reaction rotation.

8. Perform t-tests to determine the validity of the hypothesis statement below. Report the p-values. Hypothesis: The latencies and rotations of the distracted reflex and hypothermia reflex are significantly different from the control reflex.

Distracted reflex latency vs. control reflex latency p = 8.66e-1 This p-value IS NOT statistically significant. Conclusion: Distracted reflex latency is NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT than control reflex latency. Distracted reflex rotation vs. control reflex rotation p = 4.33e-1 This p-value IS NOT statistically significant. Conclusion: Distracted reflex rotation is NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT than control reflex rotation. Hypothermia reflex latency vs. control reflex latency p = 2.61e-2 This p-value IS statistically significant. Conclusion: Hypothermia reflex latency is SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER than control reflex latency. Hypothermia reflex rotation vs. control reflex rotation p = 3.28e-4 This p-value IS statistically significant. Conclusion: Hypothermia reflex rotation is SIGNIFICANTLY LESS than control reflex rotation.

8. Briefly state the hypothesis that tested in this experiment. Remember that a hypothesis has to be specific, testable and refutable. Based on your background knowledge, create a hypothesis which will predict the outcome of your experiment. Include in your hypothesis a description of how intermolecular bonds explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is a good practice to state a hypothesis in the form of "If [condition], then [prediction]." For example, "If I break the speed limit [condition or cause], then I am likely to be cited by the police [prediction or effect]." Note: make the hypothesis universal, then observe how the hypothesis applies to your specific situation. Finally, be sure NOT to reverse cause and effect (e.g. "If the police give me a citation, then I will break the speed limit").

If a solution has relatively strong intermolecular forces, then it will have a relatively small drop diameter.

7. In comparing the control reflex and the control reaction, the latency of the reflex was _________ because reflexes are ____________ while reactions are _______________. In other words, reflexes send impulses across ______ synapse(s) while reactions cross __________ synapse(s). Because crossing a synapse involves converting the electrical signal (via a(n) __________ ____________ ) to a chemical signal (via a(n) _____________________ ) and back to an electrical signal (via a(n) ___________ ____________ ), more time will elapse with an increasing number of synapses to cross.

In comparing the control reflex and the control reaction, the latency of the reflex was shorter because reflexes are monosynaptic while reactions are polysynaptic . In other words, reflexes send impulses across one synapse(s) while reactions cross multiple synapse(s). Because crossing a synapse involves converting the electrical signal (via a(n) action potential ) to a chemical signal (via a(n) neurotransmitter ) and back to an electrical signal (via a(n) action potential ), more time will elapse with an increasing number of synapses to cross.

9. In comparing the hypothermia and the control reflexes, the latency of the hypothermia reflex was ___________ because the drop in temperature ___________ the kinetic energy which _________ ion movement across the muscle cell membrane, thus ____________ the speed of action potential generation in the muscle cells. In comparing the hypothermia and control reflexes, the rotation angle of the hypothermia reflex was ___________ because the drop in temperature ___________ the ATPase enzyme activity of the muscle cells, which reduces the potential force of the quadriceps muscle contraction.

In comparing the hypothermia and the control reflexes, the latency of the hypothermia reflex was longer because the drop in temperature lowered the kinetic energy which slows ion movement across the muscle cell membrane, thus decreasing the speed of action potential generation in the muscle cells. In comparing the hypothermia and control reflexes, the rotation angle of the hypothermia reflex was less because the drop in temperature reduces the ATPase enzyme activity of the muscle cells, which reduces the potential force of the quadriceps muscle contraction.

15. Of the four solutions tested, the only one that contained ion-dipole attractions was POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. The nature of these INTERMOLECULAR forces (a full ionic charge attracted to the PARTIAL charge of the dipole in water) results in the strongest intermolecular attractions (and the SMALLEST drop diameter) of the solutions tested. The other three solutions contained the relatively weaker dipole-dipole interactions, which are attractions between molecules due to two dipoles. Water had the second greatest intermolecular forces (after potassium chloride) due to the UNEVEN sharing of electrons between only oxygen and hydrogen, making the partial charge on oxygen relatively strong (compared to ethanol and isopropanol).

In ethanol and isopropanol, the partial charge on oxygen was WEAKER than water, since oxygen also has to share electrons with CARBON in these molecules. However, isopropanol's oxygen has to share electrons with THREE carbon(s) (ethanol's oxygen only shares electrons with TWO carbon(s)), further REDUCING the partial charge on isopronaol's oxygen relative to ethanol and, consequently, the reducing intermolecular forces in that solution.

2. The variable over which the experimenter has control is the __________________ variable.

Independent

6. Which of the following is the strongest intermolecular attraction?

Ion-dipole

IVbiv. What can you conclude from the results?

Lecture was more effective than computer instruction.

6. For the single twitch, where are the marker and the point selector placed to measure the force?

Marker = beginning of contraction; point selector = peak of contraction

7. For the single twitch, where are the marker and the point selector placed to measure the latent time?

Marker = beginning of stimulus; point selector = beginning of contraction

8. For the single twitch, where are the marker and the point selector placed to measure the relaxation time?

Marker = peak of contraction; point selector = end of contraction

13. Graph your results in a way which best summarizes the message that you want to convey from this experiment. Scientific experiments are set up to generate explanations about the observations that are made. Make sure that your graph conveys that explanation. Include all components of proper graphing technique you learned in Statistics and Graphing lab (axis labels, proper units, title, etc.). Does the following figure accurately represent the data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105667729/preview?verifier=lwdpUYLjm9zHw8PYm0EdSShF90EzWXIi6Lb2ROq0

No

3. Generate a figure (Figure 1) describing the diffusion data. Remember to practice correct graphing technique as learned during the Statistics and Graphing lab. Does the following figure accurately represent the diffusion data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105675995/preview?verifier=VaoAuW0hCtzOcizQnbCdoVmvv6IvgKMDKp8JdX7h

No

4. Make one column graph (Figure 1) illustrating the average latency of each parameter tested (all 5). Does the following figure accurately represent these data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105709031/preview?verifier=hfSvcG5YrxYrIRBcdYszPBA3cVlmB4HD30w9Wwni

No

IIIb. Generate a column graph (Figure 2) with standard deviation error bars to present your data. Does the following figure accurately depict Figure 2 using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105660771/preview?verifier=reF0VoQJVoTqDk4yeuzQNXLKn4mhp0TJ5ZBdODZ9

No

IVaiii. Plot the means with standard deviation error bars as Figure 3. Does the following figure accurately depict Figure 3 using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105660773/preview?verifier=sovhZj6ehZfwTNjwj3OARySNKH8yvGOwxj2QHjxI

No

IVbiii. Plot the means with standard deviation error bars as Figure 4. Does the following figure accurately depict Figure 4 using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105660777/preview?verifier=E6DhmPPrj9GKxbkPAX1uuwth1uJiIShebTQqIR4F

No

IVdi. Generate a Figure 5 (graph) which best illustrates these statistical findings. Use a linear trend line and check the box "Show R2". Does the following figure accurately depict Figure 5 using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105660783/preview?verifier=j8lOr4bkSIUVJFmprBFQSZU1NQUPnXGQ4GhZWZVS

No

IIIc. Is it appropriate to use a paired t-test for this comparison? Why or why not?

No, because the 2 groups are independent

IIIg. Does this unpaired comparison yield the same conclusion as the paired comparison? Why or why not?

No, because the two groups were independent.

IVdii. Is the trend positive, negative or is there no trend?

Positive

12. Using the data table you completed, calculate the averages and standard deviations for the drop diameters of each of the solutions.

Solution 1 average drop diameter = 16.3 mm Solution 1 standard deviation = 0.6 mm Solution 2 average drop diameter = 31.3 mm Solution 2 standard deviation = 1.2 mm Solution 3 average drop diameter = 12.3 mm Solution 3 standard deviation = 1.2 mm Solution 4 average drop diameter = 24.7 mm Solution 4 standard deviation = 1.5 mm

14. Based on what you know about intermolecular forces and using your data/figure, identify the the four solutions.

Solution 1: Water (H2O) Solution 2: Isopropanol (PrOH) Solution 3: Potassium Chloride (KCl) Solution 4: Ethanol (EtOH)

IIe. State your conclusion (not a statistical inference) based on your statistical output.

Test scores significantly increased following an explanation.

7. Given the following bonds between atoms... a) C - O - H b) H - O - H ...select the correct statement below.

The O in (a) will be less partially negative than the O in (b).

IVaii. The following means, standard deviations and p-value are correct: Computer 35.1% ± 2.4 Lecture 36.1% ± 3.2 p = 0.52

True

5. Make one column graph (Figure 2) illustrating the average rotation of each parameter tested (all 5). Does the following figure accurately represent these data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105709132/preview?verifier=dKcacL8efQJFvpSY0GR6kuexuD62DI9XrLZxBJVt

Yes

6. Generate a figure (Figure 2) to illustrate your results of the osmotic/hydrostatic pressure experiment. Does the following figure accurately represent the osmotic pressure data using good graphing technique?

Yes

8. Construct a figure to report your average resting metabolic rate data for mice and humans. Does the following figure accurately represent these data using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105697410/preview?verifier=T4BwlRZbnoN2N8tWEnsn2r5U6VXxbIuV1cx6gHIa

Yes

V. As you can see I am not very organized, so you need to arrange these data into a clear, concise and understandable table (Table 1) that allows the reader to quickly comprehend what I have done. Also, somehow denote, within the table, the statistically significant comparisons using 0.05 as the point of significance. Generally, the independent variable is used to label rows and the dependent labels columns. Does the following table accurately depict Table 1 using good technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105661515/preview?verifier=5LpW3glbYjIfo4DRKnqSpFRkXzmmDUBeSBDlO5dT

Yes

4. Soda lime is placed in the mouse metabolism chamber to _______________.

absorb carbon dioxide

11. Of the following, which was not a controlled variable in the experiment?

angle of the microscope slide the height from which the solution was dropped the flatness of the microscope slide *All of the above were controlled variables

6. Given your answers from the previous question, humans should have a higher resting metabolic rate than mice because they have _______________.

humans should not have a higher resting metabolic rate than mice

12. The fluid in the body's capillaries has a greater concentration of protein than does the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillaries. The capillary wall is freely permeable to water, but impermeable to protein. In what direction will water move in this system? Select all that apply for full credit.

into the capillaries out of the interstitial fluid

2. A MetaCheck machine is an instrument used to _______________.

measure human oxygen consumption

1. In this lab, metabolic rate is measured indirectly using _______________.

oxygen consumption

IIf. Generate a column graph (Figure 1) with standard deviation error bars to present your data. Does the following figure accurately depict Figure 1 using good graphing technique? https://canvas.jmu.edu/users/4594820/files/105660764/preview?verifier=PpKP94tkwmsPRRYjWTvrZkc8ShoBICFGj1AZvAXw

yes

For the next five questions, use the information provided here: We typically measure osmotic pressure indirectly by determining the pressure required to stop osmosis. Osmotic pressure can be calculated using the following equation:

π = iRT(ΔC) where, π = osmotic pressure (mm H2O) i = number of osmotically active particles resulting from dissociation of each molecule in solution (refer to Appendix A, page A8 in Sherwood). R = gas constant (848 L-mm H2O/mol-degree) T = temperature (K) ΔC = sucrose concentration difference of solute on the two sides of the membrane (Cinside - Coutside)