Physiology Unit 1 (Multiple Choice)
C
69) Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints? A) positive feedback loops B) response loops C) feedback loops D) open control loops E) feedforward control loop
B
The process of forming mRNA is called A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) ribolation. E) protein synthesis.
B
A group of tissues with a distinct structure that carries out a some specific functions is known as a A) cell B) organ C) organelle D) organism E) Impossible to tell from the information given
B
A hormone called calcitonin decreases blood calcium. Based on the principles of negative feedback systems, what would stimulate its secretion? A) a decrease in blood calcium, B) an increase in blood calcium, C) neither A or B, D) both A and B.
A
A hormone called parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium. Based on the principles of negative feedback systems, what would stimulate its secretion? A) a decrease in blood calcium, B) an increase in blood calcium, C) neither A or B, D) both A and B.
A
A lysosome is considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle B) transmembrane protein C) inclusion D) cytoskeletal protein E) glycolipid
C
Activation energy is A) the energy lost or gained in a reaction. B) the energy required for an endergonic reaction. C) the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact. D) required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
D
After forming a complex with the ribosome, mRNA interacts with a third molecule. This molecule is called A) DNA. B) an amino acid. C) rRNA. D) tRNA. E) rough ER
D
All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) proteins B) phospholipids C) steroids D) RNA
B
An exergonic chemical reaction A) converts substrates into products that have more free energy. B) releases energy as the reaction progresses. C) requires the input of energy. D) requires an enzyme in order to overcome the activation energy.
E
An osteocyte is the main cell type in which of the following? A) cartilage B) adipose C) loose connective tissue D) blood E) bone
C
Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4, 2 D) 4, 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 1, 4, 2
B
Arterial CO2 levels are regulated by a negative feedback system. If a patient's CO2 levels are chronically elevated it might indicate that: A) the system is overly-active, B) the system is not sufficiently active.
D
Arterial blood pressure is regulated by a negative feedback system. If a patient's blood pressure is chronically elevated it might indicate that: A) the system's sensors are failing, B) the system's sensors are hyperactive, C) all of the system's effectors are failing, D) all of these are true.
C
Cell membranes are said to be A) impermeable barrier. B) freely permeable barrier. C) selectively permeable barrier. D) only permeable to water soluble molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. A) hydrophilic B) a physical barrier C) structural D) selectively permeable E) metabolically active
B
Cells normally regulate the rate of an enzymatic reaction by A) raising their temperature to 110° F. B) changing the concentration of an enzyme or activating/deactivating. C) increasing reaction rate as the concentration of product increases. D) allowing all metabolic enzymes to be found throughout the cytoplasm.
C
Cells that store fat are called A) fibroblasts. B) liposomes. C) adipocytes. D) mast cells. E) melanocytes.
C
Changes in environmental pH or temperature will cause the reaction rate for an enzyme to A) increase. B) decrease. C) either increase or decrease depending upon enzyme properties. D) not change
D
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A) blood. B) epithelium. C) fat. D) bone. E) neural tissue.
C
Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue? A) cartilage B) bone C) loose connective tissue D) fat E) blood
A
Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels, and one surface of the cells faces the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.
A & D, B
During breastfeeding, neurons in the nipple are physically stimulated. These neurons communicate with the CNS. The hypothalamus responds by signaling the pituitary to release oxytocin. Oxytocin causes the mammary glands to release milk, and the baby drinks - stimulating the nipple. The above scenario is an example of ______A) negative feedback, B) dynamic constancy, C) positive feedback, D) intrinsic regulation, E) none of these. In the above example the structure that best matches the definition of an effector is/are ____. A) neurons in the nipple, B) mammary glands, C) oxytocin, D) the hypothalamus, E) the lips of the baby.
C
Each of the following is a primary (basic) tissue type EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue
D
Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.
D
Endocrine glands secrete ____ in response to specific stimuli. A) enzymes, B) water, C) mucus, D) hormones, E) various secretions.
C
Enzymes are often useful as diagnostic tools in medicine. How? A) Enzymes destroy pathogenic bacteria so blood levels of bacteria decline. B) Enzymes destroy damaged cells so X-rays reveal smaller body organs. C) Damaged cells release enzymes into the blood that can be detected. D) The liver releases enzymes that accumulate in the urine.
A
Enzymes increase reaction rate by A) lowering the activation energy of a reaction. B) increasing the free energy in the products. C) raising the activation energy of a reaction. D) converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction
C
Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia or flagella C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) vesicles
B
Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein (peptide) hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies
E
Exocrine glands A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) release their secretions into the external environment. C) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. D) may be a single cell or a multicellular organ. E) All of the statements are true.
C
Fibroblasts that secrete collagen-rich matrix dominants this tissue. A) cartilage B) bone C) loose connective tissue D) fat E) blood
E
Functions of connective tissue include A) establishing a structural framework for the body. B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. C) providing protection for delicate organs. D) storing energy reserves. E) All of the answers are correct.
D
Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT A) providing physical protection. B) controlling permeability. C) producing specialized secretions. D) storing energy reserves. E) movement.
A
Glands that secrete hormones "into the blood" via tissue fluids are A) endocrine glands. B) mixed glands. C) exocrine glands. D) unicellular glands. E) None of the answers are correct.
B
Homeostasis is best defined as a state of ______ in/within the internal environment. A) negative feedback, B) near constancy, C) positive feedback, D) hormonal regulation, E) unchanging conditions.
C
Homeostasis is maintained in the body mostly due to the activity of: A) positive feedback loops, B) the nervous system, C) negative feedback mechanisms, D) endocrine regulation, E) dynamic constancy.
C
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A) prevent the external environment from changing. B) prevent the internal environment from changing. C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E) prevent excessive blood loss.
D
How would the lack of a required cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function? A) The enzyme's function would not be altered. B) The enzyme would function more slowly. C) The enzyme would function more quickly. D) The enzyme would not be able to function.
C
If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to A) synthesize lipids. B) produce enzymes. C) digest cellular wastes and bacteria. D) destroy H2O2. E) transport water-soluble molecules.
E
If the adrenal cortex produces lipid-based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? A) Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) ribosome D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A
If the enzyme RNA polymerase was completely inhibited within a cell, it could not A) form proteins. B) form complementary sequences of DNA. C) link pieces of DNA together. D) form spindle fibers. E) form a new nuclear membrane during cell division.
A
In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate A) rough endoplasmic reticulum. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D
In negative feedback systems: A) the nervous system inhibits a further change in the variable, B) the secretion of a hormone is stimulated by an increase in a variable, C) the response of the effector amplifies the original change in the variable, D) the response of the effector counteracts the original change in a variable
D
In positive feedback: A) the secretion of a hormone inhibits further secretion of the hormone, B) the secretion of a hormone is stimulated by an increase in a variable, C) the response of the effector opposes the original change in the variable, D) the response of the effector amplifies the original change in a variable.
C
Information stored in the nucleus is translated into A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) muscle C) larynx. D) tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.
D
Microvilli are found A) mostly in muscle cells. B) on the inside of cell membranes. C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. D) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption. E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.
A
Mitochondria are considered which of the following? A) membranous organelles B) transmembrane proteins C) inclusions D) cytoskeletal proteins E) glycolipids
D
Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) ribosomes. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi apparatus.
C
Nucleoli function in the production of A) peroxisomes. B) secretory vesicles. C) RNA for ribosomes. D) DNA that controls all cell functions. E) proteins
A
Of the fluid in our bodies, most of it is ______. A) intracellular, B) interstitial, C) plasma, D) lymphatic, synovial, and other fluids, E) extracellular.
B
Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? A) negative feedback B) positive feedback C) local control D) nociceptive feedback
D
Physiology is the study of A) the structure of the body. B) the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level. C) growth and reproduction. D) the normal function of living organisms. E) the facial features as an indication of personality.
D
Plasma is to blood as ________ is to cytoplasm. A) inclusion B) organelle C) protein D) cytosol E) serum
A
Substances that enters or leave the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. A) True B) False
B
The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) microvilli D) lysosomes
B
The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as A) cytoplasm. B) extracellular matrix. C) blood. D) mucous. E) micelles.
A
The control center for cellular operations is the A) nucleus. B) mitochondria. C) Golgi complex. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) ribosomes.
C
The control of hormone secretion by its own effects is specifically called ___________. A) positive feedback, B) steroidal inactivation, C) negative feedback inhibition, D) antagonist effector, E) negative feedback.
C
The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is A) that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. B) that it is always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. C) the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. D) the collagen fibers that offer support. E) All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique.
A
The endoplasmic reticulum is considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle B) adheren C) inclusion D) mitochondrial protein E) glycocalyx
B
The enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from the start codon is called A) ribonucleases. B) RNA polymerases. C) DNA polymerases. D) ATP synthases. E) lactate dehydrogenases.
D
The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be A) cuboidal epithelium. B) simple squamous epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) stratified squamous epithelium. E) transitional epithelium.
C
The femur is a (an): A) cell B) tissue C) organ D) organ system E) none of these
E
The fluid substance of blood is called A) interstitial fluid. B) cytoplasm. C) peroxide. D) endothelium. E) plasma.
C
The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is A) 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5. B) 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. C) 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. D) 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. E) 6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.
C
The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to A) increase the movement of extracellular fluid. B) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. C) increase the cell's surface area. D) increase the toughness of the cell. E) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.
D
The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is A) thermodynamics. B) bioenergetics. C) entropy. D) kinetic energy. E) potential energy.
D
The internal lining of the heart is called A) transporting epithelium. B) ciliated epithelium. C) protective epithelium. D) endothelium. E) secretory epithelium.
B
The nervous system releases neurotransmitters to control body functions or variables. This is considered __________. A) intrinsic regulation, B) extrinsic regulation, C) negative feedback, D) homeostasis, E) positive feedback.
B
The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) A) plasmalemma. B) nuclear envelope. C) cell wall. D) protein coat. E) adhesion molecule.
A
The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ the number in adipocytes. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to
B
The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum may then sent to the A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. B) Golgi complex for packaging. C) lysosome for modification. D) cell membrane for secretion. E) nucleus for cellular use.
A
The rate of product formation by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction would be increased by A) adding more substrate molecules. B) adding more product molecules. C) reducing the number of enzymes. D) reducing the number of substrate molecules.
B
The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called A) basolateral epithelium. B) endothelium. C) luteal cells. D) the vasa recta. E) None of the answers are correct.
D
The study of body function in a disease state is A) necrology. B) physiology. C) microbiology. D) pathophysiology. E) histology.
A
The study of tissue structure and function is called A) histology. B) plasticity. C) differentiation. D) physiology. E) remodeling.
D
The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are called ________ tissue. A) muscle B) neural C) epithelial D) muscle tissue and neural E) muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial
D
The vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following? A) neural control B) intrinsic control C) reflex control D) extrinsic control E) hormonal control
C
The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) cytoplasm. E) plasma
C
This is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes
B
This modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes
D
This organelle is the site of most ATP synthesis in the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes
D
This tissue is made up of adipocytes. A) cartilage B) bone C) dense, irregular connective tissue D) fat E) dense, regular connective tissue
E
This type of epithelia has cells that produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or into the blood. A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory
A
This type of epithelia is composed of thin, flattened cells that allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 in and out of the lungs and of certain blood vessels. A) simple squamous B) stratified squamous C) simple cuboidal D) simple columnar E) pseudostratified columnar
D
This type of epithelia is found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, and these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces. A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory
A
Transcription occurs in the ________ of the cell. A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) Golgi apparatus D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) plasma membrane
A
Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence ATC yields and RNA sequence of _____ A) UAG. B) TAG. C) UTC. D) ATC.
E
What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? A) the absorption of fats only B) the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only C) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only D) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only E) the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins
B
When a person has not eaten for a while (hours/days/ or even weeks) adipocytes generally: A) are themselves broken down for energy B) are stimulated to breakdown their triglycerides and release glycerol and fatty acid
C
When an enzyme is working as fast as it can because its active site is continually refilled with substrate, the condition is referred to as A) allosteric modulation. B) equilibrium. C) saturation. D) the Ricardo-Mertz phenomenon. E) specificity.
E
When an enzyme's activity is destroyed by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be A) broken. B) toxic. C) conjugated. D) tertiary. E) denatured
B
When energy is released during a reaction that breaks down a molecules, it is temporarily trapped in high energy bonds or electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying energy? A) ATP B) DNA C) NADH D) FADH2
C
Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell because it produces most of the ATP? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) mitochondria D) nucleus E) ribosome
B
Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of BOTH types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the A) synthesis of biomolecules. B) storage of genetic material for the cell. C) transport of biomolecules. D) storage of biomolecules.
A
Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus
E
Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma membrane proteins? A) respond to extracellular molecules B) creating junctions between cells C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy
C
Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) testosterone B) steroids C) proteins D) lipids E) All are synthesized in the SER.
A
Which of the following is an example of a membranous (membrane-bound) organelle? A) lysosome B) cilia C) centriole D) ribosome E) cytoskeleton
E
Which of the following is not regulated by negative feedback? A) stomach pH, B) breathing rate, C) blood pressure, D) body temperature, E) uterine contractions during childbirth.
E
Which of the following is regulated by positive feedback? A) stomach pH, B) breathing rate, C) blood pressure, D) body temperature, E) uterine contractions during childbirth.
D
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mitochondria? A) The outer mitochondrial membrane is responsible for its shape. B) The intermembrane space is used in the production of ATP. C) Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. D) Mitochondria can replicate themselves only when directed by the cell's nuclear DNA. E) Mitochondria are responsible for providing energy to the cell.
A
Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) a cell wall B) a cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct.
D
Which structure is a lipid bilayer that limits which molecules can leave or enter the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) nucleus D) plasma membrane E) ribosome
A
With respect to cells, the term secretion refers to A) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space. B) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. C) the manufacture and assembly of a material. D) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. E) None of the answers describe secretion.
C
You are looking at a slide of an organ that has an empty lumen with stratified squamous epithelium contacting the lumen. Deep to the epithelium is a basement membrane and then two layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following organs would this most likely belong to and why? A) The intestines because they need to move food along and absorb digested products. B) The liver because it secretes enzymes and bile and needs to move them to the gallbladder. C) The esophagus because it is a passageway that needs to move but not absorb food products. D) The urinary bladder because it needs to stretch and constrict to store and eliminate urine.
C
________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________. A) Setpoints, regulated variable B) body variables, steady state C) Regulated variables, setpoint D) body variables, lowest value E) Steady state values, integrating center
B
________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another. A) Endothelium B) Neural tissue C) Connective tissue D) Exocrine tissue E) Epithelia tissue
B
________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. A) Nuclear B) Transmembrane C) Cytoskeletal D) Peripheral E) Glycolipid
A
________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. A) Endocrine B) Exocrine C) Mucous D) Serous E) Ribosomal
D
________ secretions are released onto an epithelial surface. A) Nuclear B) Hormonal C) Microtubular D) Exocrine E) Endocrine