Plant Propagation

____________ refers to buds which are inhibited from growing and elongating via apical dominance of more distal buds in current season wood.

Quiescent (Quiescence)

A ________ is a planting used in forestry or in fruit tree nurseries to maintain seed sources either as seedling populations of selected seed families or of a clone (fruit and nut trees) or collections of clones (forestry).

Seed orchard

____________ is a controlled hydration seed treatment that induces faster, uniform germination. This effect is most noticeable when seeds are sown in less than favorable environments. They are most often used in greenhouse bedding plant production to shorten the time to produce seedling plugs.

Seed priming / primed seed

_____________ are used most often for field-seeded crops that are prone to insect and disease attack. Early season plantings that are slower to emerge because of cool soils benefit from them.

Seed protectants

A group of plants propagated from seed originating from the same parental source is the ________.

Seedling population

A breeding system in which the plant flower is pollinated by itself because of flower structure or isolation is called _____________.

Self-pollination

______ is a type of clonal propagation that utilizes detachable structures on the plant as propagules.

Separation

This is the annual harvesting and rooting of cuttings from previously rooted, containerized plants to help maintain a high rooting potential from generation to new cutting generation and is called _________________.

Serial propagation

A type of layering in which a horizontal shoot or vine is covered at individual nodes for rooting is called a ____________.

Serpentine layer

_____ is partial reduction of light to 100% light exclusion that can occur during stock plant manipulation and/or propagation.

Shading

Regions in the plant where mitosis takes place as part of the growth of the plant body...

Shoot tip, root tip, cambium.

Advantages of cutting propagation.

Technically simple. Efficient use of space. Usually least expensive method. Avoids graft incompatibilities. Uniform crop.

What are the attributes of good seed for commercial purposes?

True-to-name and true-to-type. Free of other crop and weed seeds. Free of pathogens.

T/F : A centripetal type fog system utilizes rotating nozzles and forced air.

True.

T/F : A high C:N improves rooting of most species; therefore, stock blocks should be fertilized at moderate rated of nitrogen fertilizer that promote moderately vigorous growth.

True.

T/F : Broad-leaved evergreens often root best when they are timed to episodic growth.

True.

T/F : During epigeous germination, the hypocotyl elongates, forms a hypocotyl hook, and raises the cotyledons above the ground.

True.

T/F : Gibberellin is the endogenous growth substance (hormone) that commonly promotes germination in dormant seeds.

True.

T/F : Indolebutyric acid (IBA) is the most commonly used auxin to enhance rooting of cuttings.

True.

T/F : Leaf cuttings must form adventitious buds and adventitious roots.

True.

T/F : Line or genetic line is a population of seed-propagated plants in which genetic variability is controlled.

True.

T/F : Mist systems minimize the vapor pressure of leaves through evaporative cooling, which reduces the leaf to air vapor pressure gradient.

True.

T/F : Nontranslocatable is a specific type of graft incompatibility which a mutually compatible inter stock overcomes the incompatibility between a scion and a rootstock.

True.

T/F : Physiological maturity is the point during seed development when the seed has reached maximum dry weight.

True.

T/F : Preformed or latent root initials generally lie dormant until stems are made into cuttings and primordia subsequently emerge as adventitious roots.

True.

T/F : Seeds that tolerate desiccation during the maturation stage of development are called orthodox seeds, whereas seeds that cannot tolerate drying are called recalcitrant seeds.

True.

T/F : The correct order for the three stages of seed development is embryo differentiation; cell expansion; maturation.

True.

T/F : The interstock is a piece of stem inserted by means of two graft unions between the scion and the rootstock.

True.

T/F : The most important factors that affect seed longevity during storage are seed moisture content and storage temperature.

True.

T/F : The seedling cycle has four basic phases of development, which are the embryonic, juvenile, transitional, and adult (mature) phases.

True.

T/F : The three phases of germination are: imbibition, lag phase, and radicle development.

True.

A special kind of swollen modified stem with nodes and internodes that functions as a storage structure as well as an organ of vegetative propagation is a ________.

Tuber

_______ are small aerial tubers produced in the leaf axils of certain plant species.

Tubercles

A special swollen root system that is attached to the crown in specific herbaceous perennials is the _________.

Tuberous root

A type of bulb scale characterized by concentric layers of fleshy tissue is called the ___________.

Tunicate

A good way to select juvenile plant material for propagation is _____________.

to propagate consecutively from the base of the plant.

Generally, endogenous rooting promoters (especially auxin) improve rooting when....

transported to the basal end of cuttings.

An external symptom of graft incompatibility is...

yellowing foliage in the later part of the growing season, followed by early defoliation.

Primary endogenous dormancy release of seeds with non-deep and intermediate physiological dormancy involves...

changes in the restraint of the seed coverings and an increase in embryo growth potential.

A _____ is when the scion and rootstock are from a different cultivar or species.

heterograft

Cuttings taken from stock plants exposed to ______ photoperiods frequently have enhanced rooting, which is due in part to hight endogenous levels of the photo hormone ________.

long-day, auxin

Asexual or vegetative seed production is called ________.

Apomixis

A ______ is a horticultural term applied to potato tubers when used for propagation

"Seed" potato

The ___________is a physiological condition of the buds of many woody perennial species beginning shortly after the buds are formed. While in this condition, they will not expand into flowers or leafy shoots even under suitable growing conditions.

"rest period"

_________ are somatic embryos enclosed in an artificial seed coat. This may be a way of sowing somatic embryos for mass propagation.

Synthetic seeds

The selection of a seed source based upon the phenotypic appearance of the seedling progeny is _____________.

Genotypic selection

_________ is a phytohormone or plant growth regulator that can stimulate cuttings to root. Commercially used compounds include: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA).

Auxin

______________ are preformed roots and are not desirable and are selected against in modern apple rootstock breeding programs. Though rooting of cuttings is easier, clusters of these structures can later girdle the stem.

Burr knots

____________ is a form of natural layering in which the stem tip of some species of Rubus form roots when inserted into soil.

Tip layering

Which environmental factor is the most important when considering the overall germination process of seeds? A) water B) light C) temperature D) gases

C) Temperature

_____ results from cell division in non-differentiated parenchyma cells.

Callus

_________ are composed of parenchyma cells and is a response to wounding; its development is important in graft union formation.

Callus

____ is assessed in a seed lot by a certified seed analyst. It involves meticulous evaluation of a seed lot for any foreign material including other seeds.

Purity

Why would it likely be better to utilize seed from a source that had been obtained by genotypic selection?

Genotypic selection requires seedling progeny tests, which shows the genetic potential of offspring.

Gene pairs predominately different on homologous chromosomes are _____________.

Heterozygous

___________ is a horticultural term that refers to the mounding of soil or other media around the base during layering.

Hilling up

Gene pairs predominately the same on homologous chromosomes are ___________.

Homozygous

A term used to designate a population of seedling plants whose genotype is maintained to a specific standard in consecutive generations is ___________.

Line

A________ is a lined-out seedling or clonal rootstock in a nursery field row which is used for budding.

Liner

_________ are small plants produced from rooted cuttings, seedlings (plugs) or tissue culture.

Liners

A specialized leafy plant stem that develops from the base of many monocotyledonous plants and is used for propagation is an ___________.

Offset / Offshoot

Bulblets grown to full size are called ________.

Offsets

Seeds that tolerate maturation drying and survive at less than 10 % moisture are considered _____________.

Orthodox

________ is growth is upright, allowing production of symmetrical plants.

Orthotropic

_____ are clusters of shoots that emerge when a stem is cut to its base.

Suckers

An _______ plant on its own root system as a rooted cutting, as opposed to propagating the cultivar on a grafted rootstock.

Own-rooted

_________ involves tissue culture of immature embryos that require controlled conditions to complete development. It is most commonly used by plant breeders for embryo rescue of genetic crosses that would not form seed on the plant.

Embryogenesis

__________ has been used historically to indicate any change that occurs in seeds leading to release from endogenous physiological dormancy. However, it is more appropriately used to describe changes that occur in seeds during dry storage that leads to dormancy release.

After-ripening

A type of layering in which an aerial stem is girdled and covered with rooting media to produce rooted layers in upper part of plant is a(n) ______________.

Air layer

___________ is the use of tent-type poly structures to enclose a mist propagation bench to minimize environmental fluctuations during rooting of cuttings.

Enclosed mist system

The ___________ is a special layer of cells that surrounds the endosperm in monocot seeds. It is responsible for making the enzymes used to degrade storage materials in the endosperm to be used by the embryo for germination.

Aleurone

______________ are the basic cells from which all other differentiated cells and tissues are derived, including adventitious organs.

Parenchyma cells

_______ is the formation of fruit without seeds.

Parthenocarpy

When a seedling emerges from the soil, it may use the hypocotyl hook to penetrate the soil. When the hypocotyl hook is first to emerge it is called _____ germination , while when the shoot tip emerges first it is called _____ germination.

Epigeous, hypogeous

_________ is a natural plant growth hormone involved with fruit maturity and which stimulates adventitious root initiation.

Ethylene

The response of a plant stem when light is excluded during the time the shoot is growing is __________.

Etiolation

Mechanical sowing of seeds reduces labor costs and more precisely sows seed at appropriate spacing and density. _______ have a round, uniform shape make it easier for machine sowing.

Pelleted seeds

_________ is a measure of the number of seeds that germinate, while ______ is a measure of how fast the seeds germinate.

Percentage, rate

____________ is the development of plants or plant parts in the absence of light. This results in such characteristics as small unexpanded leaves, elongated shoots, and lack of chlorophyll, resulting in a yellowish or whitish color.

Etiolation

An enlarged, special storage structure produced by many orchid species is called a _________.

Pseudobulb

An interbreeding group of phenotypically similar plants of the same kind growing in a given site is a _____________.

Pure stand

A plant patent extends protection to what type of plant propagation?

Asexually propagated plants, excluding tubers... A plant patent is a patent issued for newly invented strains of asexually reproducing plants. Tuber propagated plants or uncultivated wild plants may not be patented. (Plant Patent Act of 1930)

A plant growth hormone that has important uses in adventitious root initiation and in controlling micropropagation is __________.

Auxin

List a few effects of buds and leaves on rooting.

1. Bud removal often inhibits the rooting of stem cuttings. 2. Leaves on the cutting stimulates rooting. 3. Carbohydrates produced by leaves are translocated to the basal end of cutting. 4. Leaves and buds produce rooting promoters, especially auxin. 5. For some plants, rooting is poor when the buds are in the "rest period."

This phytohormone is produced from axillary buds, is transported basipetally down the shoot, is important in subsequent root formation at the base of a cutting, and is called ___________.

Auxin

The time that scientists estimate that humans began to domesticate plants and animals, which included plant propagation, was about how many years ago.

10.000 years ago

Which is the best overall temperature for rooting cuttings and graft union formation" A) 85 F B) 75 F C) 65 F D)55 F

75 F

____________ is caused by environmental factors such as drought, low temperature, low oxygen, and salinity which reduce growth and can sometimes kill plants.

Abiotic stress

_____________ is a plant growth hormone that plays a role in controlling water relations, embryo development, germination and dormancy conditions.

Abscisic acid (ABA)

______ is the preferred term for the process of gradually moving tissue culture grown plantlets to open-air conditions.

Acclimatization

________ arise from any plant part other than terminal, lateral or latent buds on stems.

Adventitious buds (and shoots)

______ arise from any plant part other than by the normal development and ontogeny of the seedling root and its branches; they can also be regenerated from root-pruned seedlings.

Adventitious roots

Shoots can form by axillary or adventitious patterns in vitro. ______ form from existing buds at each node on the stem. ______ arise from places where buds do not normally form, such as roots, leaves, flowers, and stem internodes.

Axillary shoots, adventitious shoots.

The ________ in grafting is composed of the tissues from the periderm, cortex, phloem and vascular cambium.

Bark

The practice of cutting into the base of a bulb to stimulate adventitious bulblet formation on the base of a scale is called ______.

Basal cuttage

The short thickened stem of a bulb is the __________.

Basal plate

____________ is when grafting procedures are done on a bench in a protected environment with rootstock that is not initially planted.

Bench Grafting (Bench Working)

_____ is a practice used during layering to place a one-year-old stem in a U shape to simulate the same effect as girdling.

Bending

________ is caused by living organisms such as insects, pathogens, nematodes, which reduce growth and can sometimes kill plants.

Biotic stress

The exclusion of light from the intact stem after it has grown is called _________.

Blanching

_______ is when a plant has strong root pressure that causes excess sap flow that can reduce grafting success.

Bleeding

__________ is the application of fertilizer to the propagation media surface of a flat or liner pot.

Broadcasting or top-dressing

___________ is a form of grafting that uses a smaller scion piece - sometimes just a piece of the stem with an axillary bud.

Budding

A _____is a specialized underground storage structure which consists of a short, fleshy axis and roots or root primordia, axillary buds and flower apices enclosed in thickened fleshy scales.

Bulb

A unique geophyte structure in which the base of the stem axis is swollen, has nodes and internodes, and is enclosed in a dry membranous tunic is called a _______.

Bulb

______ is a method of propagation in which a bulb is cut into fragments of three or four bud scales attached at the basal plate.

Bulb cutting

A ______ is a special kind of bulblike structure occurring in tulip which grows to a deeper level to start the bulb formation.

Bulbil

A ________ is a type of bulblet produced in the aerial portion of the plant and is enclosed within a dry, membranous scale.

Bulbil

A miniature bulb that forms in the axil of a bulb scale and provides a method of vegetative propagation is a ________.

Bulblet

Seeds can store food reserves as which types of compounds?

Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins.

A group of plants originating from a single source plant by vegetative propagation is called the __________.

Clonal population

______________ is the clonal multiplication of plants with propagules of stems, leaves or roots.

Clonal regeneration / propagation

When a cultivar is selected for outstanding seedling progeny characteristics and the parental source is maintained as a clone is the __________.

Clonal seed source

______________ is the ability of two different plants, grafted together, to produce a successful union and to develop satisfactorily into a composite or compound plant.

Compatibility

A _____ is when two independent growth processes are competing for the same limited metabolic resources.

Competing sink

_______ describes a continuum seen in many seeds as they cycle through periods of dormancy and non-dormancy in nature. It is detected as the seeds ability to germinate over a range of temperature.

Conditional dormancy

________ are an enclosed propagation process where cuttings are tightly covered by a sheet of poly in a propagation house under shade control.

Contact polyethelene systems

____________ are thickened, fleshy roots that function to pull the bulb to a deeper layer in the soil.

Contractile roots

A _________ is a miniature corm produced from a short stolon on the base of a corm.

Cormel

A breeding system in which the plant is pollinated by pollen from a separate genotype either because of flower structure or artifical control during pollination is called _____________.

Cross-pollination

____________ is a method of propagation in which the plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is separated into parts with stem and root material attached.

Crown division

_______ is the storage of seeds or vegetative organs at ultra low temperature. This is most common in liquid nitrogen at -198 C.

Cryopreservation

An upright flowering stem produced on a rhizome is a ________.

Culm

____________ is a group of plants which have originated in cultivation, are unique and similar in appearance and whose essential characteristics are maintained during propagation.

Cultivar

A plant growth hormone that stimulates cell division and initiates shoot sequences in tissue cultures is __________.

Cytokinin

_________ is the collective term for the process where various disease organisms cause early seedling death.

Damping-off

________________ are formed "anew" from differentiated cells that experience a stimulus, such as through wounding, to dedifferentiate into roots.

De Novo adventitious roots

___________ describes the degree that a cell is committed towards a given developmental direction at a given time.

Determinism

__________ produce seedlings with two cotyledons.

Dicots

Plants producing male and female flowers on separate plants.

Dioecious / Dicots

A type of clonal propagation that involves cutting or dividing the plant into sections with stems and roots is called ___________.

Division

_______________ refers to buds which are inhibited from growing and elongating until sufficient fall and winter chilling hours are met to overcome an internal physiological requirement.

Dormancy (Rest)

A ____ is a two-year-old bulb with two flower buds.

Double-nose

Seedling Cycle: Phase IV - Adult (or Mature)

During this phase, shoot meristems have the potential to develop flower buds, and the plant produces flowers, fruits, and seeds.

_________________ rely on environmental parameters to determine water status of cuttings and is more precise in regulating water management than static control systems.

Dynamic control systems

A genetically distinct group of plants within a species that is adapted to a specific ecological location is an __________.

Ecotype

An individual tree with outstanding phenotypic characteristics to be used as a seed source is an _________.

Elite tree

Name a type of exogenous dormancy.

Exogenous dormancy is caused by conditions outside the embryo and is often broken down into three subgroups: Physical, Mechanical, and Chemical.

An _______ is the piece of the plant used to initiate the micropropagation or tissue culture process.

Explant

T/F : Applications of ABA to seeds have been shown to release some forms of dormancy.

False... Abscisic acid (ABA) is the hormone that induces primary dormancy and inhibits germination in seeds and buds. It accumulates within seeds during fruit maturation, preventing seed germination within the fruit or before winter. ABA's effects are degraded over time, thus releasing the seeds and buds from dormancy.

T/F : Fruit growth without seed production is termed apomixis.

False... Apomixis is the development of an embryo without fertilization; hence, it is not true sexual propagation even though it produces a seed... Parthenocarpy occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature, but it is usually considered a defect, as the plant can no longer sexually reproduce, but may propagate by asexual means. The result is seedless fruit.

T/F : Dehiscent fruits have to be macerated and then fermented to extract the seeds.

False... Dehiscent fruits split open at maturity to release seed.

T/F : Almost every plant will develop seed that consist of three basic parts. These include a protective outer covering, endosperm, and an embryo.

False... Endospermic vs Embryo Dominant (non- endosperm) seeds. See http://www.seedbiology.de/structure.asp for thorough explanation.

T/F : Forced self-pollination of naturally cross-pollinated plants will produce F2 hybrids.

False... F2 hybrids are the result of self or cross pollination of F1s.

T/F : Seed priming is a vigor test for seeds with a deep, primary physiological dormancy.

False... Seed priming is a technique of controlled hydration and drying that results in more rapid gemination when the seeds are reimbibed. Germination speed and uniformity of primed seeds are enhanced.

T/F : The phenotype of plants with the same genotype will be the same regardless of the environment and propagation method.

False... The phenotype of plants with the same genotype may not have the same appearance. Expression of genes may be affected by environment, propagation method, etc.

T/F : The only source of seedling progeny variation that occurs during meiosis is through crossing-over of chromatids.

False... There are numerous factors affecting variation. In the most basic terms variation can be attributed to three sources: genetics, environment, and the interaction between genetics and environment.

T/F : The excised embryo test is most often used to test seed viability of non-dormant woody plant seeds.

False... This test is used to bypass dormancy requirements of woody plant seeds. (used on dormant seed)

T/F : Uniformity is the percentage of normal seedlings produced in a seed lot during seed testing.

False... Uniformity describes how close in time the seedlings emerge.

T/F : T-budding is the only budding or grafting technique that depends upon the bark's ability to slip.

False... While it it true that T-budding must be done then, it is not the only technique that depends on the bark's ability to slip as bark grafts and bridge grafts must also be done at this time.

T/F : A major benefit of sexual seed propagation of woody plants is the lack of genetic rearrangements making it easy to maintain desired traits.

False... Woody plants are often heterozygous and genetics are difficult to control.

________ is a period of cold temperature required by plants to induce flowering. In natural systems, these crops grow in late summer, are chilled over winter and then flower in early spring.

Fermentation

_________ is the sexual union of a male and female gamete.

Fertilization

The process of genetically stabilizing the genotype so that the cultivar will breed true from seed is called ___________.

Fixing

______ are similar to intermittent mist, except the particle size of the water applied is much finer and water does not condense.

Fog systems

_____________ is the rapid depletion of essential nutrient reserves from a cutting that is caused by intermittent mist

Foliar leaching

Definition: Change in gene frequency due to intensive roughing or environmental conditions.

Genetic Drift

A change in the frequency of specific genes as a result of environmental or other types of selection is called ____________.

Genetic drift

__________ is the total combination of genes - nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochrondial.

Genotype

Types of plants that survive part of their annual life cycle as a dormant, fleshy underground structure are ___________.

Geophytes

___________ is the committed stage of plant development following radicle emergence from the seed coverings that leads to a seedling.

Germination

__________ are based on a seed's response to available water and temperature. They are useful for determining the time required for germination to occur under variable environmental conditions.

Germination models

______________ are a class of plant growth hormones that stimulates shoot elongation and controls germination and dormancy.

Gibberellins

The practice of cutting through or removing the bark completely around the stem is called __________.

Girdling

______ is an unsuccessful graft caused by poor craftsmanship, adverse environmental conditions, disease, or graft incompatibility.

Graft failure

_______ is an unsuccessful graft caused by anatomical mismatching, poor craftsmanship, adverse environmental conditions, disease, and graft incompatibility.

Graft failure

Genetic incompatibility or biochemical reaction of the rootstock and scion.

Graft incompatibility

Which of the following propagation techniques is usually the most expensive method? A) Cuttings B) Grafting C) Seed D) Micropropagation

Grafting

_____________ is the union of a root system (understock, rootstock) with a shoot system (scion) in such a manner that they subsequently grow and develop as whole, unified plant.

Grafting

_____________ is the relative force generated by the radicle during germination. Conceptually, a seed germinates when the radicle force is sufficient to penetrate the seed coverings. This is accomplished by an increase in radicle growth potential and/or weakening of the seed coverings.

Growth potential

_________ is the stress adaptation process or acclimation that occurs as a propagule, such as a cutting, is gradually weaned from a high to a low relative humidity environment during rooting.

Hardening off

__________ is the time during seed development when the seeds can be harvested without significant reduction in seed quality for germination.

Harvest maturity

A seedling population which is produced by cross-pollinating two or more parental lines is the __________.

Hybrid line

_________ is the initial stage of water uptake in dry seeds.

Imbibition

______________ is culture of plant cells or organs in culture vessels under controlled environment and nutritive growth medium.

In-vitro

A cut made partially through the stem during layering to produce the same effect as girdling is an _________.

Incision

_________ is a thin film of water produced through a pressurized irrigation system that cools the atmosphere and leaf surface of cuttings.

Intermittent mist

_________ or _________is the bud piece or stem section between the rootstock and the scion.

Interstock, interstem

An increased vigor of shoot growth in response to pruning is called _________.

Invigoration

_______ is a cabinet that filters air through a HEPA filter to eliminate fungal and bacterial spores on the work surface for tissue culture.

Laminar flow hood

Primitive varieties that were developed and maintained before the modern era of genetics were called ___________.

Landrace

A ______ is a system of vegetative propagation where stems are rooted while still attached to the source plant.

Layer

______ are plants produced asexually from layering such as air layering or stooling.

Layers

________ is the special kind of cell division that results in sex cells which are utilized in sexual reproduction.

Meiosis

_________ is used to eliminate diseases from plants. It uses a very small piece of tissue from the shoot tip as the initial explant.

Meristem culture

____________ is composed of cells that are densely cytoplasmic, with a large nucleus relative to cell size and are primarily concerned with protoplasmic synthesis and formation of new cells by division.

Meristem tissue

___________________are any environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature, light, and gases, etc.) in the immediate vicinity of the propagule during propagation.

Microclimatic conditions

____ are small shoots grown in-vitro.

Microshoots

The special kind of cell division that results in vegetative propagation is called _________.

Mitosis

_________ is the use of environmental inputs that are recorded and than analyzed with mathematical equations. They're then developed to program computers linked to environmental sensors for more precise control of the propagation house environment.

Modeling

Plants that produce only a single modified cotyledon are ___________.

Monocots

Plants producing both male and female flowers on the same plant.

Monoecious / Monocot

Seeds with ________ have an embryo that is less than one-quarter of the size of the seed when it is shed from the plant.

Morphological dormancy

Seed dormancy condition classified by a rudimentary embryo.

Morphological dormancy.

A cluster of daffodil bulbs still attached at the basal plate is called a __________.

Mother bulb

A type of layering in which shoots on established plants are cut back to the base annually and covered with rooting media at intervals during growth to stimulate rooting is _______________.

Mound layering

A type of bulb structure in which scales are fleshy, separate and not enclosed in a membranous layer is called _________.

Non- tunicate

In a standard germination test, only seeds that meet certain standards are counted as germinated _______ .

Normal seedlings

____________ is maternal tissue where the megaspore mother cell (also called megasporocyte) undergoes meiosis and forms the embryo sac.

Nucellus

The overall appearance, performance, and adaptation of a particular plant is the _________.

Phenotype

The selection of a seed source based upon the appearance of the source tree is _____________.

Phenotypic selection

__________ is mainly controlled by factors within the embryo that must change before the seed can germinate.

Physiological dormancy

The point during development where seeds have their maximum dry weight is called _______________.

Physiological maturity

Plant hormones that are naturally occurring organic chemicals and have specific actions to regulate growth and development are ______________.

Phytohormones

___________ growth is horizontal and generally not horticulturally desirable in shade trees.

Plagiotropic

The legal protection granted by the US government for a seedling propagated cultivar to the inventor to control its propagation is called the ___________.

Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970. The PVPA gives breeders up to 25 years of exclusive control over new, distinct, uniform, and stable SEXUALLY reproduced or tuber propagated plant varieties.

______________ are any natural and synthetic chemicals that shows hormonal effects in plants.

Plant growth regulators (PGR)

_____ are small seedling plants.

Plugs

The transfer of male pollen to the female stigma is called _____.

Pollination

______________is a pre-germination treatment that enhances germination. It is a controlled hydration treatment that allows seeds to begin the germination process, but prevents radicle emergence.

Priming

What might be a way to "fix" the genetic performance of a particular cultivar?

Producing a hybrid line by crossing the parents... Growing an apomictic cultivar... Continued self-pollination of a homozygous cultivar through a series of generations.

A ________ is used for regenerating plants and can include cuttings, seeds, grafts, layers, tissue culture explants and single cells.

Propagule

A forestry term used to indicate the climatic and geographical locality where the seed originated is _____.

Provenance

The ______ is the end closest to the crown of the plant, whereas the _____ end is furthest away from the crown.

Proximal, distal

__________ seeds are dry seeds that have the ability to germinate, but are limited by their environment (i.e. temperature and water). In contrast, __________ seeds will not germinate even when the environment is suitable for germination.

Quiescent, dormant

________ seeds are unable to withstand maturation drying.

Recalcitrant

Cuttings of ______ are difficult-to-root . They lack a rooting morphogen and/or lack the cell sensitivity to respond to the morphogen, even though natural auxin may or may not be present in abundance.

Recalcitrant plants

Aseptic

Refers to growth of plant tissues under conditions free of microbial contamination.

The reversal of the phase change from mature to juvenile is called ___________.

Rejuvination

A special fleshy horizontally growing stem of specific plant species at or near the surface of the ground is called a ____________.

Rhizome

The _______ is the zone of soil immediately adjacent to plant roots in which the kinds, numbers, or activities of microorganisms differ from that of the bulk soil.

Rhizosphere

The act of removing off-type plants, weeds, plants of other cultivars in seed production fields is called _______.

Roguing

_______ is an endogenous substance that stimulates rooting. It may be auxin or a combination of substance that with auxin promote rooting.

Root morphogen

What is Adventitious Root?

Roots arising from any plant parts other than by the normal development of seedling roots. Two types: Preformed or latent root initials. Wound-induced roots.

__________, ___________, or ________ is the root system of the budded plant.

Rootstock, understock, stock

A _________ is a natural form of layering in which a specialized stem grows laterally from the crown of the plant and takes root at alternate (or other) nodes to produce a new plant that provides for vegetative expansion of the original plant.

Runner

__________ is a propagation procedure in which individual scales are removed and placed under appropriate conditions to cause the production of adventitious bulblets to form.

Scaling

The ________ is the bud piece which develops into the dominant shoot system of the budded plant.

Scion

_____________ is when adventitious roots develop from the grafted scion; this is desirable in nurse-root grafting which is a temporary graft, but problematic in other grafts where the size control or disease resistance characteristics of the rootstock may be lost.

Scion rooting

___________, ___________, or ____________ are the scion pieces from which buds are collected for budding.

Scionwood, Budsticks, Budwood

A _____ is the sexual reproductive unit in a plant.

Seed

A _______ is the next sexual generation for a plant. It consists of an embryo, food storage tissue and a protective covering.

Seed

A system of seed production utilizing pedigreed stock principles that provides for legally enforceable standards of quality and genetic purity is called ______________.

Seed certification

A naturally occurring area (forest plants) designated by elevation, latitude, and longitude that identify a specific seed is called the __________.

Seed collection zone

______ is primarily used for orchid seed germination, because the seed is so small and contains no seed storage reserves.

Seed culture

Seedling Cycle: Phase II - Juvenile

Seed germination initiates a dramatic change from the embryonic pattern to the developmental pattern of the young seedling. The juvenile period is a vegetative growth stage.

_________ is defined by the loss of vigor and viability in a seed during storage.

Seed longevity

Callus cells grown in liquid culture that is constantly agitated are called ____. Agitation breaks cells apart preventing them from forming large callus clumps.

Suspension cultures

A type of layering in which single one-year-old shoots are bent to ground, covered with soil and sometimes girdled to stimulate root initiation on the stem is called a _____________.

Simple layer

A round bulb with a single flower bud is called _______.

Single-nose

Disadvantages of cutting propagation.

Some species are difficult to root. Sometimes grafting clones onto rootstocks make a better plant.

___________ is the natural grouping of plants that have common characteristics in appearance, adaptation and breeding behavior, i.e. can freely interbreed with each other.

Species

An offset bulb when it first separates within the mother bulb is called a ________.

Split

___________ are the principal fruiting unit in apple, which may be classified as short shoots. The terminal bud of this may be either vegetative, containing only leaves, or reproductive.

Spurs

_________________ is the most common test for seed quality. It is performed according to standards set by seed testing associations often by certified seed analysts. It represents the percentage of seedlings in a seed lot that germinate normally.

Standard Germination test

_____________ rely on clocks and timers to manage intermittent mist and fog systems.

Static control systems

__________ is a Dutch term for simultaneously grafting and rooting the rootstock at the same time.

Stenting

_____ are concentrated solutions used to store inorganic and organic ingredients for tissue culture media preparation.

Stock solutions

A specialized underground stem that grows laterally from the crown of the plant to produce either another plant or a tuber is a __________.

Stolon

_________ is a form of layering in which the shoots are cut back to the ground, covered with soil, and adventitious roots are initiated on shoots while still attached to the plant. The rooted stem (layer) is than detached and becomes a separate plant on its own roots.

Stooling

___________ is the practice of cutting shoots back to the base as described for mound layering.

Stooling

The process of moist chilling used to satisfy seeds with physiological dormancy.

Stratification.

Seedling Cycle: Phase III - Transition

The vegetative transition period occurs at the end of the juvenile phase and prior to the adult, reproductive phase. Subtle changes in growth and morphology can be seen as the plant gains the ability to respond to environmental cues for flowering.

_______ is a type of secondary dormancy that prevents seeds from germinating at high temperature.

Thermodormancy

Seedling Cycle: Phase I - Embryonic

This phase begins with the formation of a zygote. This cell grows into an embryo, produced within the seed.

____________ is the process of budding an existing rootstock in the field with new scion material.

Top budding (Top-working)

______ and ______ are forms of topworking onto an established plant in the orchard.

Top-grafting, top budding

_______ is the grafting of a new cultivar onto established trees in the orchard.

Topworking

The concept that all individual cells have the necessary genes to reproduce all of the characteristics of the plant is called ___________.

Totipotency

____________ is the concept that a single cell has the genetic program to grow into an entire plant.

Totipotent

A type of layering in which the entire horizontal shoot is covered with rooting media is a __________.

Trench layer

In grafting, it is important that the ________, which is meristematic tissue, be lined-up between the rootstock and scion.

Vascular cambium

_______________ is the tissue responsible for the formation of new xylem and phloem in the development of a successful graft union.

Vascular cambium

The biological process in which flower primordia are induced by exposure to a chilling period is called __________.

Vernalization

_______ is a measure of whether the seed is alive and can germinate.

Viability

The ____ of a seed lot is an estimate of the seed's ability to germinate when the environmental conditions are not ideal for germination. Seed lots with high ____ show high germination percentage and uniform seedling emergence.

Vigor, vigor

_________ as it relates to seed germination, is a measure of the potential for a cell to take up water from its surrounding environment. Changes in the seed's water potential is the driving force behind germination.

Water potential

A term given to a shoot emerging from a latent bud on the crown or trunk of a tree is ____________.

Watersprout

_______________ reduce the surface tension of water and allows better absorption of a chemical into plant tissue or can enhance water absorption of propagation media.

Wetting agents (surfactants)

A ______ is a horticultural term used for offshoots of pineapple and used in propagation (sucker is sometimes used as a synonym).

slip

The role of cytosine in the regulation of adventitious root formation is _____________.

that the division of the first root initial cells are dependent on it.

Meiosis is _____________.

the special kind of cell division that results in sex cells which are utilized in sexual reproduction.