PLP2000 EXAM 3 GIANT SET

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The kind of fungus that can eat nematodes

nematophagus

As early as the 1600s, people were starting to recognize that saltpeter was beneficial to plants; during late 1700s to early 1800s, the benefits of saltpeter were finally traced to this important element, which it contains:

nitrogen

A society organized at the band level is:

nomadic, with only a few dozen people

Prior to the Columbian Exchange, ...

non-density dependent diseases occurred on both land masses, but crowd diseases only occurred in the Old World.

Leprosy is an example of a ____ disease, because ____.

non-density dependent; it has a long incubation period and a low rate of transfer among humans

Leprosy is an example of a ___ disease, because _______.

non-density dependent; it has a long incubation period and a low rate of transfer among humans.

Lyme disease is an example of a ___ disease, because _______.

non-density dependent; it is normally found in other animals, and spreads to human hosts by insect bites.

Mycoproteins have _______ % of trans fats.

none of the above

number of years to be a scribe

The seat of power for the Roman Republic was located:

on the Tiber River

The earliest known examples of Chinese writing are found on:

oracle bones

A disease of animals that is widespread or global

panzootic

The Egyptians received many crop plants from the Fertile Crescent, and added this unique plant resource, useful for both food and fiber:

papyrus

The Egyptians received many crop plants from the fertile crescent, and added this unique plant resource, useful for both food and fiber:

papyrus

Harappan civilization

peas*, sesame*, dates, cotton* (new crops) c. Indus River i. Seasonal cycles ii. Flooding 1. Major monsoons iii. Changes in course

Coloni were:

peasant families that were legally bound to a plot of land for life

Coloni were:

peasant families that were legally bound to a plot of land for life.

In the Roman Empire, the coloni were:

peasant families that were legally bound to a plot of land for life.

"Non-target effects" are a major sustainability problem with which component of the Green Revolution?

pesticides

This component of the Green Revolution can be directly harmful to mycorrhizae and plant pollinators; the phenomenon is called "non-target effect."

pesticides

The algal partner in a lichen.

phycobiont

The earliest Sumerian writing form was:

pictographic

the earliest Sumerian writing form was:

pictographic

This bacterial disease jumped into human populations from rats, by means of fleas; once in the human population, strains developed that were also able to spread directly from person to person.

plague

This limiting factor in agricultural production is increasing in prevalence, due to increased globalization and changing climate patterns:

plant disease

This feature would tend to make a plant more difficult to domesticate:

plants are not self-fertile (must be outcrossed)

Which of the following technologies did the hunting-and-gathering Natufians NOT possess before domesticating their first plants?

plow blades

This viral disease is spread through close contact or fecal contamination, and has a paralytic form that can cause limbs to atrophy and shrivel.

polio

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

population decreased by 75%, labor shortage

The first major crop domesticates in the Americas were:

potatoes and maize

The first major crops domesticated in the Americas were:

potatoes and maize

Which of the following would be the highest-ranking social class in the Sumerian theocracy:

priests

In Egyptian society, which of these classes was the highest-ranking:

priests, after pharaoh

Charcoal is a biological resource; it is ...

produced by heating wood in the absence of oxygen

Some of the indirect mechanisms of interaction between fungi and nematodes include the following.

production of mycotoxin, destruction of feeding sites, and improvement in plant health via mycorrhizae

Thomas Malthus is famous for his Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he:

proposed that the human population is likely to grow beyond the planet's capacity to support us

Thomas Malthus is famous for his Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he:

proposed that the human population is likely to grow beyond the planet's capacity to support us.

This is a factor that can make a plant less suitable for domestication

requires outcrossing (not self-fertile)

This is a factor that can make a plant less suitable for domestication.

requires outcrossing (not self-fertile)

Shifting from hunting and gathering to agriculture...

results in an increased volume of food returned

Carl Linnaeus is most famous for:

revamping the system for grouping and naming living organisms.

This plant disease contributed to resource problems in the late Roman Empire; Rome was unable to maintain their supply of grain to urban populations, or to supply soldiers in distant outposts.

rust

The Egyptian irrigation system directed river water through canals to flood the fields at peak river flow, and then allowed the excess water to drain back into the river, as the water level receded. The technique helped the Egyptians to avoid this problem:

salination

This problem caused the loss of productive farmland that crippled the Sumerian civilization, and is still causing degradation and loss of farmland today; it is a result of problems with the quality of water available for irrigation.

salination

European colonies in the Americas initially relied upon slave labor ...

seized from local (naive) populations

When a hunter-gatherer collects edible fruits or seeds with desirable characteristics, and leaves behind those with undesirable characteristics, he or she is already doing something "agricultural," which changes the predominance of certain genes in the plant population. This process is called:

selective gathering

The Harrapans received the wheat and barley package from the Fertile Crescent, and added this crop, useful for both food and oil:

sesame

The Harrapans received the wheat and barley package from the fertile crescent, and added this crop, useful for both food and oil:

sesame

A society organized at the tribe level is:

settled, with several hundred people in one village

coloni (colonus)

sharecropping 1. Peasants become bound to their land 2. Families given plot of land to farm a. Can't leave b. Can't be removed iv. Some tradesmen also bound to trade

This is a factor that can make a plant less suitable for domestication

shattering seed dispersal

This is a factor that can make a plant less suitable for domestication.

shattering seed dispersal & required outcrossing (not self-fertile)

Wild wheat had only two characteristics that made it unsuitable for domestication, and there was enough variability in the wheat population that both traits were easily selected out by early farmers. One of those traits that had to be overcome was:

shattering seed heads

Paracelsus was most famous for:

shifting medical thinking towards chemistry, and noting that "the dose makes the poison."

One characteristic of a density dependent disease is:

short severe outbreaks with high mortality

Which areas of the human body are fungi most associated with disease?

skin, respiratory tract, eyes

In the early 1800s, new textile machinery spurred rapid growth in the textile industry, especially in England. Textile factories could produce cloth faster than cotton could be supplied, causing demand for cotton to increase. The increased demand for cotton then caused an increased demand for:

slave labor in the southern U.S.

Which of the following factors makes an animal unsuitable for domestication?

slow growth rate

The virus that causes this severely disfiguring disease is closely related to a virus that infects cattle; it was the first disease for which a vaccination was developed, and it was officially declared eradicated in 1977.

smallpox

This disease is closely related to a cow disease, and inoculation of humans with the cow version of the pathogen became the first known successful vaccination; symptoms typical of this disease can be seen on the mummy of Ramses V.

smallpox

The decline of the Sumerian civilization is largely attributed to:

soil salination

No archaeological evidence has been found yet confirming the presence of this class of people in the Harrapan civilization; its absence is unusual for a state-level civilization.

soldiers

The Nile River is characterized by:

stable river bed with a predictable flood season

The Huang River is characterized by:

steep river valleys and severe, unpredictable floods

Which of the following is NOT an architectural feature that has been found in Harrapan city sites:

temples

In shaft mining during the industrial revolution, the fireman's job was to

test for flammable gasses by walking through the mine shafts with a torch on a long stick.

In shaft mining during the industrial revolution, the fireman's job was to:

test for flammable gasses by walking through the mine shafts with a torch on a long stick.

The Swing Riots were started by peasant farmers who had lost their livelihoods. Which of the following was NOT one of the targets of the rioters? (Hint: think about who they were and why they were angry!)

textile machinery

The region known as the "powder keg of Europe" was made up of states that had recently gained independence from this empire; one of the states remained allied with its former imperial ruler, while others formed alliances with, or became absorbed by other powerful nations.

the Ottoman Empire

In the 1830s, agricultural workers in England were losing their jobs to newly invented machines. Some of them began attacking and destroying these machines in what became known as:

the Swing Riots

The "spark" that set off the Great War (WWI) was:

the assassination of Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne

Confucius was a philosopher writing during a period of instability at the fall of the Zhou dynasty. His political philosophy emphasized:

the filial relationship between citizens and their rulers

This machine allows a single operator to spin multiple threads at once; it greatly increased the efficiency of textile production:

the jenny

Among other explanations for the plague, some blamed this group of people, claiming that they had poisoned the wells. It didn't seem to matter that they were suffering the effects of the plague, right along with everyone else.

the jews

Each Sumerian city was build around a ziggurat, which housed

the patron god of the city

Each Sumerian city was built around a ziggurat, which housed

the patron god of the city

This industrial revolution machine increased the efficiency of planting crops:

the seed drill

This machine separates grain from chaff; before its invention, people had to beat the grain heads manually to free the edible portions from the inedible:

the thresher

Shifting from hunting and gathering to agriculture generally increases ...

the volume of food returned

Shifting from hunting and gathering to agriculture generally increases...

the volume of food returned

The Egyptian social organization was

theocratic

The Sumerian social organization was

theocratic

Bejel and Yaws are caused by Treponema bacteria; they qualify as non-density dependent, because:

they are spread by prolonged, direct contact, so they rely on their host to survive in order to spread.

One characteristic of a density dependent disease is:

they often show a pattern of short but severe epidemics, with high mortality.

At this societal level, it is common for a member of the society to take on a leadership role, but the leadership is not passed on to the person's heirs, nor does it come with extra luxuries or privileges.

tribe

This level of societal organization is characterized by having hundreds of people in one fixed settlement. The society is organized by kinship-based clans, but there is no bureaucracy.

tribe

These are the largest societies in which membership in the society is still defined by kinship. Once a population exceeds this level of complexity, bureaucracy is required in order to manage conflicts and resource distribution.

tribes

In nature, animal populations typically grow beyond their own carrying capacities, then "crash" to a lower level, due to starvation, disease, or waste build-up.

true

Mycoproteins have all nine essential amino acids.

true

Quorn is pbtained from Fusarium venenatum.

true

Which of the following diseases killed the largest number of people in English cities during the industrial revolution (including 1/3 of all British deaths between 1800 and 1850)?

tuberculosis

In the early 1900s, Mary Mallon became the first person recognized as an asymptomatic carrier of a disease. The disease that she carried, without showing symptoms, was this fecal contamination-associated bacterial disease:

typhoid fever

The fifth type of taste category and describes the "savory" flavor

umami

The United States loses over an acre of agricultural land per minute to this factor, which often takes high quality land out of production; in a single 25-year span, an area the size of Illinois and New Jersey was converted.

urbanization

Vesalius was most famous for:

using human autopsies to study anatomy, thereby correcting many previous misconceptions

Vesalius was most famous for:

using human autopsies to study anatomy, thereby correcting many previous misconceptions.

He built one of the first good microscopes, observed microorganisms through it and called them "animacules."

van Leeuwenhoek

He built one of the first good microscopes, observed microorganisms through it, and called them "animacules."

van Leeuwenhoek

Name four methods for detecting mold contamination in buildings.

visual observation, air testing, humidity testing, swabbing

vladik

Shifting from hunting and gathering to agriculture generally increases ...

volume of food produced

This environmental shift in the Fertile Crescent led to an increase in annual grasses, such as wild wheat and barley:

warming trend with long, dry summers

When a hunter-gatherer removes unusable plants from an area, and leaves the useful ones to grow with less competition, he or she is already doing something "agricultural," which changes the predominance of useful plants in the landscape. This process is called:

weeding

This is the most efficient (cheapest) means of acquiring oil, and also has the lowest environmental impacts; however the resources that can be obtained with this method are already diminishing, as demand is increasing, so use of the more difficult, expensive, and destructive methods is increasing.

wells

Oracle bones

were used to advise leaders about battles and other events during the Shang Dynasty

Like many human parasites, this plant disease requires two hosts to complete its life cycle; when people discovered that the disease was associated with barberry plants (the other host), they were able to reduce the disease in their crops by removing barberry from around their fields:

wheat rust

Norman Bourlag became famous for developing several disease resistant plant varieties; his early work was done in Mexico where a plant disease was wiping out 50% of a major crop each year, causing food shortages and famine. What was the plant disease?

wheat rust

Rome

where was there a malaria epidemic?

Which of the following lists shows the correct order of resources from lowest to highest energy density (amount of energy per unit weight of the resource)?

wood < charcoal < coal

Marmite is a dark brown British food paste made from ______ products.

yeast

After about two decades of little or no increase in global per capita food production (through the 1980s and 90s), production has begun inching upwards again. Much of this increase is attributed to:

yield increases, due to technological advanced such as GMO breeding techniques

After about two decades of little or no increase in global per capita food production (through the 1980s and 90s), production has begun inching upwards again. Much of this increase is attributed to:

yield increases, due to technological advances such as GMO breeding techniques

The architectural pinnacle and seat of power in a Sumerian city was the:

ziggurat

Mini ice age

(1000-1300) b. Population decreases c. Labor technology i. Water wheel power mills

Qin

(opposite of Confucius) a. Reunification and expansion i. Military conquest ii. Got rid of middle levels of bureaucracy b. Philosophy, Legalism i. Utilitarian ii. Book burning c. Advances i. Currency ii. Strong military iii. Efficient bureaucracy iv. Civil projects 1. The great wall 2. Roads 3. Lingqu canal

This plant disease contributed to resource problems in the late Roman Empire; Rome was unable to maintain their supply of grain to urban populations, or to supply soldiers in distant outposts

(wheat) rust

Sumerian time

1. 24 hours / day 2. 60 minutes / hour 3. lunar calendar

Galen

1. Medical research 2. Animal dissections

middle ages

1. Resources (900-1300) a. Growing regions shift i. Increase in central-northern Europe ii. Decreases in Mediterranean b. Longer growing season c. Population growth in Europe d. Agriculture advances i. Moldboard plow ii. Crop rotation iii. Horse collar

Sumerian math

1. Sexagesimal (60 based)

Egyptian Medicine

1. Surgery rise a. Sutures b. Circumcision c. Skull injuries d. Tumor removal 2. Splints 3. Anesthesia a. Opium b. Belladonna c. Willow bark 4. Antiseptics a. Bread mold b. Honey

Sumerian law

1. Written code of law 2. Prescribed payments and punishments a. Adultery, divorce, disowning b. Slavery c. Agriculture and property 3. Retribution a. Centralized b. Codified

Diseases introduced from Eurasia to the Americas reduced the population of Native Americans to about ___% of its former size, which made it much easier for the colonists to establish control.

Mushrooms are approximately _______ % of dry weight protein.

Which of the following would be an example of an organism creating a positive feedback interaction with its environment?

A bacterium has a mutation that causes it to produce a new antibiotic, which diffuses into its environment. The antibiotic kills many of the other bacteria around it. The nutrients from the dead bacteria become available, and so does the space that they were occupying, and the antibiotic-producing bacterium uses the nutrients to grow, reproduce, and take over those spaces. It continues producing the antibiotic, killing more of its neighboring bacteria.

Which of the following would be an example of an organism creating a negative feedback interaction with its environment?

A fungus has a mutation that causes it to release a hormone into its environment. At low concentrations, the hormone has no apparent effect on either the fungus or its neighbors; however at high concentrations, the hormone inhibits the growth of the fungus that is producing it.

The decline of the Harrapan civilization is currently attributed to several factors, the predominant one being:

A shift to a drier climate, with reduced monsoon rains

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the Black Plague on Europe was:

A shift to a monetary economy, as former serfs began charging money for their labor

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

A shift to a monetary economy, as former serfs began charging money for their labor

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

A shift to a monetary economy, as former serfs began charging money for their labor.

The Nile River is characterized by:

A stable river bed, with a highly predictable annual flood cycle

What are fungi?

Achlorophyllous, typically filamentous organisms who gain nutrients through absorption, reproduce via spores, have walls of chitin, and are haploid for most of their lives

Shang dynasty

After Xia Dynasty Lasted around 600 years writing on oracle bones Hierarchical 1. Millet and rice 2. Wheat and barley 3. Soybean Domesticated silk worms Bronze age

Who were the two persons associated with the discovery of hallucinogenic compounds in ergot and the popularization of LSD in the 60's.

Albert Hoffman, Timothy Leary

This Greek noble from Macedon inherited his father's kingdom at a young age, and went on to conquer the entire Persian Empire, thereby creating the Greek empire.

Alexander

This Greek noble from Macedon inherited his father's kingdom at a young age, and went on to conquer the entire Persian Empire, thereby creating the Greek empire.

Alexander (the Great)

During the Roman Empire, a great effort was made to not only generate knowledge, but also to collect knowledge from all the conquered areas. A famous library built in this city became home to a vast collection of writings, and also provided a place for scientists and writers to work.

Alexandria

Carrying capacity...

All of these responses are correct

What effect(s) do plant diseases have on you?

All of these responses are correct.

What have plants ever done for you?

All of these responses are correct.

-cultural and intellectual stagnation or decline in affected areas

All the responses are correct

The following four animals were native in the Americas, and might make useful domesticated livestock, if they met all the criteria for being domesticable; which of them was actually domesticated?

Alpaca

The Roman writing system is characterized as:

Alphabetic

Which four genera of Ascomycetes are most known for the production of mycotoxins?

Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium

Most fatal mushroom poisonings are caused by this mushroom.

Amanita phalloides

What are the two genera of mushrooms most often associated with visions, spirit quests, and religion, followed by two toxins associated with these fungi, from either genus.

Amanita, Psilocybe, amatoxin, psilocin

Disease is:

An abnormal (and suboptimal) physiological state

The majority of wheat consumed in Rome was imported from three of the following locations. Select the one that was not a major wheat-production region.

Antioch, at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean sea

This scientist proved that the "fungus," Phytophthora infestans, cased late blight disease of potato; it was the first time anyone had demonstrated that a microorganism could cause disease in a plant.

Anton De Bary

This scientists proved that the "fungus," Phytophthora infestans, caused late blight disease of potato; it was the first time anyone had demonstrated that a microorganism could cause disease in a plant.

Anton De Bary

Anton de Bary

These tribal raiders were united under a religious leader; though his own unification efforts were limited, his successors managed to unite much of the former Eastern Roman Empire under an empire of their own:

Arabs

This Greek thinker described the mathematics behind levers, as well as calculating pi and inventing a screw pump mechanism. On his work with levers, he is famously quoted as saying, "give me a place to stand on and I will move the Earth."

Archimedes

This Greek thinker made popular the idea that knowledge should be gained through observation and experimentation, rather than conceptualization. He gained knowledge of animal anatomy and development through observations of marine animals, birds, and ruminants, and introduced an early version of the genus and species concepts.

Aristotle

This Greek thinker made popular the idea that knowledge should be gained through observation and experimentation, rather than conceptualization. His observations led him to provide a complete description of the hydrologic cycle, and to proclaim that sea levels change over time.

Aristotle

The disease "thrush" is caused by fungi in this Division.

Ascomycete

The fungus used in the production of Quorn, a source of mycoprotein, is a member of this Division

Ascomycete

Brewer's yeast is from this fungal Division.

Ascomycetes

The fungus responsible for the respiratory disease Valley Fever is in this fungal Division.

Ascomycetes

Fumonisins as well as many of the mycotoxins found in food are produced by this group of fungi

Ascomycota

Fungi responsible for most skin diseases in humans are from this fungal Divison

Ascomycota

Most animal pathogens are in this group for fungi

Ascomycota

Professor Pryor works primarily on a genus of plant pathogenic fungi in this Division

Ascomycota

The common yeast found on humans, Candida, is from this fungal group

Ascomycota

The disease responsible for widespread die-off of bats is caused by a fungus in this Division

Ascomycota

The fungal partner in lichens is usually from this fungal group

Ascomycota

What are the five primary Divisions (Phyla) of Fungi

Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota

The anticholesterol drug Lovastatin was originally isolated from fungi in this Division

Ascomycota??

Plague arrived in Europe along trade routes; it likely originated in:

Asia

Which of these crops moved from Eurasia to the Americas as part of the "Columbian Exchange":

Bananas

Historically, this pejorative term has been used to refer not to a specific culture, but to anyone from outside the bounds of the Greek/Roman Empire:

Barbarian

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are mostly from this fungal Division.

Basidiomycetes

Most fungi cultivated for food by insects are from this fungal Division

Basidiomycota

Psilocin is produced by several species of fungi in this Division

Basidiomycota

Psilocybe cubensis is from this fungal group

Basidiomycota

Most of the fungi humans traditionally eat for health are from this fungal group

Basidiomyocta

The venereal disease syphilis is closely related to this Old World Disease, which spreads through other forms of direct contact.

Bejel

One of the main problems limiting the use of biofuels is:

Biofuel production competes directly with agricultural production for land use

One of the main problems limiting the use of biofuels is:

Biofuel production competes directly with agricultural production for land use.

This energy source has high CO2 emission, but the CO2 comes from short-term storage (renewable); production sites compete directly with food production sites.

Biofuels

One of the following statements is true, and the other is false. Select the true statement.

Buildings designed specifically for grain storage appear in the archeological records long before evidence that wheat plants had become fully domesticated.

He is the father of modern taxonomy, and developed the binomial (genus & species) naming system.

Carl Linnaeus

Which of the following statements are true about carrying capacity? (Select all that are true.)

Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a particular organism that a given habitat can support., Human activities can increase the carrying capacity of a specific area., Human activities can decrease the carrying capacity of a specific area.

His De Medicina is the only volume remaining from what was a set of encyclopedias; this volume gives us detailed descriptions of medical knowledge and practices in the Roman Empire.

Celcus

Of the Africans who were sold into slavery outside of Africa, where were the majority sold?

Central & South America

Of the Africans who were sold into slavery outside of Africa, where were the majority sold?

Central and South America

If your society is settled in one or more villages with limited bureaucracy and some luxuries reserved for those at the top, and membership is based on residence but stratification is based on kin, what kind of society do you live in?

Chiefdom

These are the smallest societies in which membership in the society is defined by class and residence, rather than by kinship (though kinship may still help determine position within the society). Once a population reaches this level of complexity, bureaucracy is required in order to manage conflicts and resource distribution.

Chiefdoms

In America today, we typically use a single word to describe two completely unrelated edible plants, thanks in large part to Christopher Columbus; he intentionally used the name of a known valuable plant to describe one that he encountered in the New World, in an effort to convince his sponsors of its value. What was the New World plant that he erroneously described?

Chilies

Crowding and lack of adequate sewage handling or treatment contributed to making this water-borne disease "king" in industrial revolution era cities

Cholera

Crowding and lack of adequate sewage handling or treatment contributed to making this water-borne disease "king" in industrial revolution era cities.

Cholera

This is a bacterial disease that spreads by fecal contamination and causes severe diarrhea

Cholera

This is a bacterial disease that spreads by fecal contamination and causes severe diarrhea.

Cholera

This water-borne disease was highly feared in industrial revolution era cities, due to its high mortality rate; while it wasn't ultimately responsible for the largest number of deaths in Britain, there was typically a major outbreak each decade, and only 50% of those who became ill survived.

Cholera

Causal agent for the current panzootic disease of amphibians is in this fungal Division

Chytridiomycota

Harappan urbanization

Cities 1. Municipal planning 2. Sanitation system 3. Bath houses 4. Neighborhoods by trade Civilization 1. No palaces, temples, monuments 2. No standing military

This Greek noble devised the first state-level democratic system; most governance issues would be decided by an assembly, which was open to all citizens.

Cleisthenes

This New Wold technological advance left later new world civilizations with very few large animals, and it turned out that almost none of those remaining were domesticable.

Clovis-style stone spear tips

This New World technological advance left later new world civilizations with very few large animals, and it turned out that almost none of those remaining were domesticable.

Clovis-style stone spear tips

This term describes a political structure in which states control and extract resources from distant lands, not just lands adjacent to them, as was previously common practice:

Colonialism

There are many ways in which living organisms may interact with one another. This term describes an interaction in which one organisms benefits, and the other is not directly affected by its presence. An example would be the relationship between humans and many of the bacteria living on our skin.

Commensialism

This Chinese thinker and leader espoused the idea that proper social order relies upon both piety from subjects and responsibility from rulers.

Confucius

This Roman emperor had a religious vision which inspired him to convert to Christianity; he built a new capitol in Byzantium to rival the old one in Rome, a move which divided the empire and is often cited as a starting point for its decline and fall.

Constantine

Galileo built on this person's model of the solar system, in which the earth travels around the sun, and was convicted of heresy for spreading such "lies."

Copernicus

____ played an important role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade; without their impacts on labor, the mass exportation of Africans to the Americas might never have happened

Crowd diseases

_______ played an important role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade; without their impacts on labor, the mass exportation of Africans to the Americas might never have happened.

Crowd diseases

This famous leader conquered the Median kingdom, united Persia, and expanded the Persian empire to include all of the fertile crescent area; it eventually stretched from the Indus valley to Egypt.

Cyrus

Harappan advancements

Dentistry 1. Flint drills Writing 1. Script from 3000 BCE 2. Not deciphered Canals and tidal locks Drainage & flood controls

He was a physician and botanist, and wrote a pharmacopeia (De Materia Medica) that became standard text for herbal medicine for 1600 years.

Dioscorides

This famous Roman Empire thinker is most famous for producing a comprehensive pharmacopeia, essentially an encyclopedia of herbal medicines in use at the time; it became a standard text for physicians.

Dioscorides

In this figure, "t" represents the:

Doubling time

This metric defines the shape of an exponential population curve; it can be calculated from any part of the curve and will result in the same number.

Doubling time

He was appointed by the Athenian king, Areopagus, to develop new strict laws in order to keep the lower classes under tight control. His laws were perhaps too strict, as they led to revolt rather than control, and his name has become synonymous with excessive harshness.

Draco

He was appointed by the Athenian king, Areopagus, to develop new, strict laws, in order to keep the lower classes under tight control. His laws were perhaps too strict, as they led to revolt rather than control, and his name has become synonymous with excessive harshness.

Draco

On the following map, which of the encircled areas shows the location of the Harappan civilization?

When the Lapita arrived on this island in ~400-700 CE, the island had plants suitable for construction, fuel, fiber, and food, as well as edible birds and offshore seafood resources. Within 1,000 years, the population had outgrown the resources, the island was deforested, cultural icons were being destroyed, and the inhabitants were resorting to cannibalism.

Easter Island

When the Lapita arrived on this island in ~400-700 CE, the island had plants suitable for construction, fuel, fiber, and food, as well as edible birds and offshore seafood resources. Within 1000 years, the population had outgrown the resources, the island was deforested, cultural icons were being destroyed, and the inhabitants were resorting to cannibalism.

Easter Island

Which of our original three state-level civilization areas were contained within the first Persian Empire? (select all that apply)

Egyptian (Lower Nile), Sumerian (Lower Tigris-Euphrates), Harappan (Indus)

This person is known as the Founder of Modern Mycology.

Elias Fries

This Greek thinker is famous for having calculated the circumference of Earth with less than 2% error, using only the length of shadows in two different locations, measured at noon on the solstice.

Eratosthenes

Many devastating plant diseases have had deities or saints dedicated to them; Saint Anthony is associated with this one:

Ergot

The cold wet weather during the "Little Ice Age" caused increases in ____, a plant disease contributed to the black plague by impairing human immune systems and killing rats.

Ergot

The cold wet weather during the "Little Ice Age" caused increases in ______, a plant disease contributed to the black plague by impairing human immune systems and killing rats.

Ergot

This plant disease doesn't destroy crops, but the pathogen does produce toxins that cause illness in humans; the human disease is known as "St. Anthony's Fire," due to the burning sensation in the limbs of its victims

Ergot of Rye

Malthusian limits

Essay on the principle of population 1. We're no different than other animals 2. Food is necessary 3. Sex happens 4. Earth's resources are limited 5. If population isn't checked, limits will be surpassed

This Greek thinker is commonly considered the "father of geometry." His Elements text was standard up to the 20th century, and is still influential today

Euclid

This Greek thinker is commonly considered the "father of geometry." His Elements text was standard up to the 20th century, and is still influential today.

Euclid

Sumer

Euphrates river Barley, wheat, flax, dates, apples, plums, grapes i. Irrigation 1. Water from river to crops ii. Plow iii. Monoculture 1. Growing a single crop in one plot iv. Writing ~3,200 BCE 1. First: pictograph

Which of the following statements best describes the acquisition of African slaves by European traders?

European traders took advantage of inter-societal conflicts among tribes and chiefdoms within Africa; they provided a market for slaves but did not participate in the raiding themselves. They simply set up shop on the coast and offered valuable goods in exchange for humans.

Exam

"Dry" alcoholic beverages have very little alcohol content.

False

Aflatoxin was discovered after it had poisoned thousands of turkeys in Italy in 1960.

False

All insect pathogenic fungi belong to the fungal Division Ascomycota.

False

All yeasts reproduce by fission.

False

Ambrosia beetles transport Basidiomycetes to new tree hosts and the larvae will eat the fungus when it colonizes their galleries.

False

Fungal endosymbionts of insects are mostly harmless to their insect hosts.

False

Lignin is the most abundant macromolecule on Earth.

False

Mound building termites cultivate Ascomycetes in gardens and leaf cutter ants cultivate Basidiomycetes in gardens, both used as food sources.

False

There are many members of the Basidiomycetes well known for producing toxic secondary metabolites, some of which are hugely important in medicine.

False

Typically, when an animal population starts to approach its carrying capacity, population growth begins to slow, and then levels off when it is in "balance" with its resources

False

Typically, when an animal population starts to approach its carrying capacity, population growth begins to slow, and then levels off when it is in "balance" with its resources.

False

Unlike other well-known medicinal mushrooms, Reishi is produced on the cadavers of insects.

False

Natufians

Fertile crescent 12,500-9,000 BCE Environmental shift Stone sickles for harvesting domesticated deer, boar, goats, sheep, gazelle

During Peter the Great's campaign to the Black Sea in 1695, both the soldiers and the horses were affected by locoweed poisoning.

Flase

This city is considered the "birthplace of the Renaissance." With increased resources and social mobility after repeated waves of the plague, it emerged from the middle ages with a thriving textile industry and a new banking industry.

Florence

Julius Caesar conquered the area known as Gaul, bringing it into the Roman Republic, and then turned his loyal and successful troops against Rome itself, seizing power over the Republic in 49 BCE. Which modern country is located in the area formerly known as Gaul?

France

Mycotoxins are toxins produced by:

Fungi

This Roman Empire scientist was actually Greek, and hailed from Turkey. He studied anatomy by conducting dissections of pigs and primates, mapping out circulatory and nervous systems, and unfortunately became a proponent of bloodletting as a therapeutic treatment

Galen

Copernicus put forth a model of the solar system in which planets orbited the sun; this man was convicted by the Roman Inquisition for declaring it to be true.

Galileo

The Roman Empire faced constant raids from these "barbarians" (tribe and chiefdom level societies outside their borders). One of the fateful decisions in the late Roman Empire was the hiring of warriors from among them to serve as Roman soldiers. Rather than serving Rome, many of the new soldiers began sacking and claiming Roman territories for themselves.

Germanic tribes

The Great War (WWI) ended with the Treaty of Versailles, which dismantled the empires of the defeated states, and required Germany to pay reparations to the victors for damages done to their resources during the war. Which country did not have any representatives present during the negotiation and signing of this treaty?

Germany

Endomycorrhizal fungi are in this fungal Division.

Glomeromycota

In the reading from "Collapse," Jared Diamond gives several examples of how interconnected we are around the world, with both resource benefits and negative environmental impacts often occuring at distant locations from the source. One example was the negative impacts of chemical production and use: the highest blood levels of mercury and PCBs are found among native residents in ______, even though they themselves produce none of these chemicals.

Greenland and Siberia

In the reading from "Collapse," Jared Diamond gives several examples of how interconnected we are around the world, with both resource benefits and negative environmental impacts often occurring at distant locations from the source. One example was the negative impacts of chemical production and use: the highest blood levels of mercury and PCBs are found among native residents in ________, even though they themselves produce none of these chemicals.

Greenland and Siberia

This civilization occupies one half of an island, with another state-level civilization on the other half. The island once had forest resources throughout, but this civilization severely deforested their half of the island, resulting in massive erosion; this in turn caused loss of agricultural productivity, landslides, and increased catastrophic flooding events.

Haiti

Egyptian irrigation

Have canals that come from river, fan out across fields, then excess water connects back to river

Which of the following is a correct description of one of Julius Caesar's famous governmental reforms?

He instituted a census, so that he could keep an accurate count of citizens and allocate resources accordingly

Which of the following is a correct description of one of Julius Caesar's famous governmental reforms?

He instituted a census, so that he could keep an accurate count of citizens and allocate resources accordingly.

Columbus was rejected by several monarchies, because their advisors found serious errors in his calculations of how long the voyage would be. Which of the following was one of Columbus's errors?

He overestimated the size of Eurasia, expecting it to cover about 2/3 of the planet

Columbus was rejected by several monarchies, because their advisors found serious errors in his calculations of how long the voyage would be. Which of the following was one of Columbus's errors?

He overestimated the size of Eurasia, expecting it to cover about 2/3 of the planet.

This Greek scientist developed a theory of medicine called humorism, wherein illness was explained as an imbalance among the body's four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. This theory prevailed in western societies until the 19th century.

Hippocrates

Which of the following Greek thinkers first associated particular human diseases with distinct sets of symptoms?

Hippocrates

This philosophy is related to the move towards representative government, and proposes that all citizens should receive a general education in topics like grammar and history

Humanism

This philosophy is related to the move towards representative government, and proposes that all citizens should receive a general education in topics like grammar and history.

Humanism

These nomadic herders and warriors were united under Atilla; the united clans pushed westward from the Eurasian steppes into Europe, forcing many of the resident Germanic tribes to flee into former Roman Empire territories

Huns

This energy source has little or no operational CO2 emissions and produces no toxic waste, but available production sites are limited, and environmental impacts to the sites are significant, with habitat destruction over a potentially large area; failure events can cause extreme but localized damage.

Hydroelectric

This famous Roman was head of the Platonist School at the Great LIbrary; her brutal murder by a Christian mob is often cited as one of the major events in the fall of Rome. Although she was not a politician, her death represented the loss of peace and order within a major Roman city, and perhaps a diminishing respect for the pursuit of knowledge.

Hypatia

This famous Roman was head of the Platonist School at the Great Library; her brutal murder by a Christian mob is often cited as one of the major events in the fall of Rome. Although she was not a politician, her death represented the loss of peace and order within a major Roman city, and perhaps a diminishing respect for the pursuit of knowledge.

Hypatia

China had tremendous technological advantages over Europe in the early 1400s, but did not become the first Eurasian empire to re-discover and colonize the New World. Which of the following was a major factor in China's decision to halt further exploration efforts in the early 1400s?

Implementation of fiscal austerity measures

Constantine was famous for dividing the Roman Empire and moving the seat of power out of Rome, a risky move with heavy political consequences. Where did he build his own new capital city?

In the north eastern part of the empire, in modern day Turkey

This American civilization reached state level but left no evidence of a true writing system; they did, however, use a system of knots on colored string to convey important information.

Incan

This civilization did not decline due to a loss of resources; instead, they were wiped out by Spanish conquerors, or more specifically, by the diseases that the conquerors brought with them.

Incan

This was the earliest known agricultural civilization in the Americas; they farmed maize, beans, squash, chiles, and cotton, but had no domestic animals. Despite their agricultural prowess, they were named for their production of rubber, harvested from wild (not domesticated) rubber trees.

Incan

One outcome of the "Columbian Exchange" was:

Increased carrying capacity on both land masses

What effect did the inventions of the cotton gin and jenny have on the demand for slaves in the United States?

Increased demand, because faster processing increased the demand for raw cotton

What effect did the inventions of the cotton gin and jenny have on the demand for slaves in the United States?

Increased demand, because faster processing increased the demand for raw cotton.

Diseases are a constant companion to war. Which of the following diseases caused a major epidemic at the end of the Great War, killing ~50 million people?

Influenza

The Great War (WWI) ended under a pandemic of this deadly disease. It may have played a role in the outcome of the war, and it certainly contributed to great suffering in the war's aftermath:

Influenza

This viral disease is spread by both airborne particles and surface contamination; closely related strains affect pigs and waterfowl, and new strains of the virus often arise from co-infection of human and non-human strains within pigs, where bits of the genetic material from different strains can recombine

Influenza

The plant disease, late blight swept through Europe in the mid-1800s; although it destroyed crops across the entire continent, it was most devastating in this country, where it was responsible for over a million deaths, and another 1.5 million emigrations

Ireland

This plant disease, late blight swept through Europe in the mid-1800s; although it destroyed crops across the entire continent, it was most devastating in this country, where it was responsible for over a million deaths, and another 1.5 million emigrations

Ireland

What constitutes a Schedule I drug?

It has a high potential for abuse and has no medical value

In the reading from "Collapse," what does Jared Diamond say about the statement that "technology will solve our problems"?

It is based on the assumption that technological advances solve existing problems without creating new ones.

Which of the following was NOT a medieval explanation for the plague?

It was caused by rats that came in trading caravans

By 1942, this empire spanned most of the Asian coastline, from modern-day Russia to Burma, including nearly all the islands of the south Pacific. Its ruling nation was on the losing side of WWII, the conclusion of which reduced it to its current boundaries.

Japan

Considered the father of epidemiology, he figured out that cholera is spread through contaminated water and halted an epidemic.

John Snow

Which of the following scientists was the first to identify the source of a Cholera outbreak, and to successfully halt an epidemic?

John Snow

This man promoted antiseptic surgical techniques, after observing that surgeons could transmit disease-causing germs from one patient to another.

Joseph Lister

This is a metric based upon how toxic a substance is.

LD50

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

Labor became more valuable, and laborers could start charging money for their services

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

Labor became more valuable, and laborers could start charging money for their services.

This plant disease is caused by a stramenopile, not a true fungus; the pathogen and its host crop are both native to South America, but both the crop and the disease now occur worldwide.

Late Blight of Potato

This utilitarian political philosophy was employed under the Qin dynasty; it emphasized the rule of law and rejected any notions that a ruler should be accountable to the citizens

Legalism

One of the agricultural advances that fed the industrial revolution was the expanded use of legume crops in rotation with grain crops. This increased productivity, because

Legume plants house bacteria in their roots that convert nitrogen into a usable form

This surgeon noticed that child births with attending midwives were less likely to result in deadly infections than childbirths attended by surgeons. He correctly concluded that washing hands and sterilizing equipment between patients could prevent the spread of infectious germs.

Lister

Long and variable dormancy period.

Francesco Redi had already disproved the spontaneous generation of flies in 1668; this man used a very similar experiment to show that bacteria are not spontaneously generated from sterile broth.

Louis Pasteur

This Roman scientist hit on the idea of natural selection (only the most fit creatures survive), but did not propose that new species could arise over time:

Lucretius

This Roman scientist hit on the idea that matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles that are in perpetual high-speed motion; i.e., atoms:

Lucretius

Which of the following commondities were commonly shipped from the Americas to Europe as part of the "triangular" slave economy?

Lumber and tobacco

This disease probably jumped to early humans from chimpanzees; although the pathogens are found in many animals, strains that affect humans are most closely related to the ones that affect chimpanzees.

Malaria

This mosquito-borne disease often spreads with military troops; it was particularly problematic in the trench warfare of WWI, because the trenches flooded with water, forcing the combatants to live directly in perfect mosquito breeding habitats.

Malaria

Which disease was NOT associated with crowding and unsanitary conditions in urban tenements?

Malaria

This Chinese political philosophy gave support to a theocratic government system by arguing that the king's ability to overthrow the previous ruler proved that the gods favored him and supported his authority.

Mandate of Heaven

In 1453, the city of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. What effect did this have in Florence, Italy?

Many scholars moved there from Constantinople, increasing their reputation as a seat of knowledge and culture.

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

Many small towns were abandoned, because there were not enough people left to sustain them.

His "Ninety-Five Theses" launched the Protestant Reformation, which eventually reduced the political power of the Roman church in Europe.

Martin Luther

Pythagoras

Math and astronomy Head of religious sect pythag

Carrying capacity

Maximum number of individuals that a given habitat can support

When this civilization expanded in Central America ~250-900 CE, they shifted from slash and burn to terraced and raised-bed agriculture. By 800 CE, the population had deforested all their land for agriculture; when the climate shifted to a dryer period, they were unable to sustain the population, and wars broke out among the city-states

Maya

These people in Central America inherited the maize agricultural package from their neighbors, and developed a much larger civilization around it; as their populations grew, they eventually shifted from the slash-and-burn agricultural practices that the inventors of the maize package were using to longer-term terraced and raised-bed fields.

Mayan

The virus that causes this airborne disease is closely related to the cow pathogen that causes Rinderpest; the earliest description is from Persia around the year 900, and most of us are still routinely vaccinated against it.

Measles

The Green Revolution was launched by an American scientist working in this country, where a plant disease was wiping out 50% of their primary grain crop each year, causing food shortages and famine.

Mexico

In the early 1400s, this political unit commanded the world's largest fleets of ships for exploration; they were far more advanced in naval technology than the Europeans who "discovered" the new world, but they shifted their priorities away from exploration and so did not become the first to reinitiate contact with the Americas.

Ming Dynasty

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These nomadic herders and warriors from Central Asia were united under Genghis Khan; they raided along the trade routes that comprised the "silk road," eventually commanding much of China, Russia, and Persia under their own empire.

Mongols

Some components of the Green Revolution are criticized for being unsustainable. This component can increase problems with many plant diseases, by allowing rapid spread of the pathogens.

Monoculture

This agricultural practice can increase problems with plant diseases, because it creates a dense population of plants with no barriers to disease spread; the effect is similar to concentration of humans in urban populations

Monoculture

Which of the following stages in Greek history describes the era of the earliest state-level societies?

Mycenaean

This ideology was not very common up to the Renaissance period; it became more common during the industrial revolution and intensified during and after WWI:

Nationalism

Relative to other fossil fuels, this one has a much wider range of uses; in the US, nearly equal amounts are used for electricity generation, industrial processes, and residential and commercial heating and cooking. Smaller quantities are also used in transportation.

Natural Gas

This major wheat-producing region remained productive, even as deforestation and erosion led to declines in other Roman production regions:

Nile Valley

One of the agricultural advances that fed the industrial revolution was the discovery and better utilization of this important element. It can be found at high concentrations in guano (bird or bat droppings).

Nitrogen

One of the agricultural advances that fed the industrial revolution was the discovery and increased utilization of this important element. It can be found at high concentrations in guano (bird or bat droppings).

Nitrogen

Prior to the Columbian Exchange,

Non-density dependent diseases occurred on both land masses, but crowd diseases only occurred in the Old World

Leprosy is an example of a ____ disease, because ____.

Non-density dependent; it has a long incubation period and a low rate of transfer among humans

He is credited with launching the Green Revolution and saving a billion people from starvation.

Norman Borlaug

This energy source has little or no operational CO2 emissions, but a big waste disposal problem; risk of failure is low, but failures have both extreme and long-lasting consequences

Nuclear

This energy source has little or no operational CO2 emissions, but a big waste disposal problem; risk of failure is low, but failures have both extreme and long-lasting consequences.

Nuclear

Harappan Decline

Old version: Aryans invade from north and killed the Indus people. (bs, story made in WW2) ii. Current version: 1. Climate shift: drier, reduced monsoon rains 2. Deforestation: erosion and flooding, decreased rainfall 3. Egypt/Mesopotamia collapsed

Olmec

The Egyptians received many crop plants from the Fertile Crescent, and added this unique plant resource, useful for both food and fiber:

Papyrus

This man shifted medical thinking towards chemistry (balancing chemicals, rather than humors), and is credited with the idea that "the dose makes the poison."

Paracelsus

There are many ways in which living organisms may interact with one another. This term describes an interaction in which one organism benefits, and the other is harmed. An example would be the relationship between Plasmodium and humans.

Parasitism

When Augustus took over the Roman Empire after Julius Caesar's death, he initiated a period of expansion and of stability within the empire, which later became known as the:

Pax Romana

This food was not found in Europe or Asia before the 1500s:

Peanuts

Which of these crops moved from the Americas to Eurasia as part of the "Columbian Exchange":

Peanuts

Remember:

People should be educated in both sciences and humanities.

Some components of the Green Revolution are criticized for being unsustainable. This component is produced, shipped, and applied using fossil fuels; it is also hazardous to humans and other "non-target" organisms.

Pesticide

The earliest Sumerian writing form was:

Pictographic

This bacterial disease jumped into human populations from rats, by means of fleas; once in the human population, strains developed that were also able to spread directly from person to person

Plague

This bacterial disease jumped into human populations from rats, by means of fleas; once in the human population, strains developed that were also able to spread directly from person to person.

Plague

This limiting factor in agricultural production is increasing in prevalence, due to increased globalization and changing climate patterns:

Plant disease

He compiled an encyclopedia of natural history (Naturalis Historia), and now has a beer named after him.

Pliny the Elder

He compiled an encyclopedia of natural history (Naturalis Historia), and now has a beer named after him.

Pliny the elder

This viral disease is spread through close contact or fecal contamination, and has a paralytic form that can cause limbs to atrophy and shrivel.

Polio

Xia Dynasty

Pre-1600 BCE 1. Before ii. Yu vs. the River 1. Flood diversion canals

In Egyptian society, which of these classes was the highest-ranking:

Priests

large tree-like fossils thought to be primitive fungi from the Devonian Age

Prototaxites

This famous thinker was the head of a religious sect, which used mathematics as a path to enlightenment; along the way, they described a theorem relating the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the length of its other two sides.

Pythagoras

This Chinese ruler espoused "legalism," the utilitarian philosophy that stressed rule of law and the "mystery of authority."

Qin

Rome

Republic i. Monarchy overthrown ii. Constitutional government 1. Unwritten 2. Senate 3. Legislative assemblies b. Roman empire i. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul ii. Resource management 1. Census, reduction in grain dole 2. Luxury purchases restricted iii. Unification 1. Incentivized large families 2. Banned most professional guilds iv. Augustus 1. Pax romana a. Expansion

Density dependent

Requires dense population of its host

This is a factor that can make a plant less suitable for domestication.

Requires outcrossing (not self-fertile)

Population growth

Resources run out Waste builds up Density dependent diseases sigmoid curve

Rise of conservative Confucian rulers who believed that exploration was immoral

He recorded his observations of the microscopic world in the illustrated book, Micrographia, and was the first to use the term "cell" to describe the units that make up living things.

Robert Hooke

This scientist is most famous for his work in microscopy, but he also made great contributions in the studies of pendulums, elasticity, combustion, and fossilization:

Robert Hooke

He showed that bacteria caused anthrax in cattle and tuberculosis in humans.

Robert Koch

The impact of wheat rust on the Roman Empire was so severe that they erected a god of wheat rust, named ____, and held annual festivals to offer him sacrifices in hopes of avoiding this devastating disease

Robigus

The impact of wheat rust on the Roman Empire was so severe that they erected a god of wheat rust, named _____, and held an annual festival to offer him sacrifices in hopes of avoiding this devastating disease.

Robigus

Lucretius

Roman 1. Worldly events are caused by natural phenomena 2. Atoms a. Matter cannot be created or destroyed b. Matter is made of minute, physically indivisible portions c. Atoms are in high-speed perpetual motion 3. Biological progressions a. Innumerable creatures born from young earth b. Most didn't survive (natural selection)

Celsus

Roman wrote Encyclopedias

This plant disease contributed to resource problems in the late Roman Empire; Rome was unable to maintain their supply of grain to urban populations, or to supply soldiers in distant outposts.

Rust

Wheat was one of the earliest plants domesticated, but even wheat did not start out with all of the ideal characteristics for domestication. Which two of the following criteria did wheat fail to meet?

Seeds retained on plant (mature seeds can be harvested), Short dormancy (will germinate consistently when planted)

Shattering seed heads

Most of the wheat needed to feed Rome came from:

Sicily, North Africa, and Egypt

During the 1400s, this commodity was being exported from Europe to Asia:

Silver

Cortes tried twice to conquer the Aztecs. The second time was successful, thanks to this unintentional ally:

Smallpox

Europeans quickly noticed that their own common diseases were far more deadly to Native Americans. Although the introduction of crowd diseases to the Americas was entirely unintentional, there is at least one case in the 1760s in which the British military appears to have used this disease in an early attempt at biological warfare. We have letters detailing their plot to transfer contaminated blankets to a tribe that they were fighting, in order to infect and wipe out the tribe.

Smallpox

This Old World crowd disease (density-dependent) was one of the most devastating diseases introduced to Native Americans:

Smallpox

Cortés tried twice to conquer the Aztecs. The second time was successful, thanks to this unintentional ally:

Smallpox, transmitted to the Aztecs by one of Cortés's original soldiers

Cortés tried twice to conquer the Aztecs. The second time was successful, thanks to this unintentional ally:

Smallpox, transmitted to the Aztecs by one of the Cortes's original soldiers

This energy source has little or no operational CO2 emissions, but equipment production requires high energy inputs and toxic compounds; site availability is also limited and subject to uneven production, which then requires expensive energy storage technologies.

Solar electric

Columbus spent several years searching for a sponsor to pay for his first voyage across the Atlantic ocean; despite initial rejection, this monarchy eventually gave him financial backing:

Spain

Zhou dynasty

Stayed around for 800 years a. Theocracy b. Claimed moral authority for Shang overthrow c. Mandate of heaven If they defeat Shang it's because God was on their side, gives them moral authority Said Shang was morally corrupt, greedy, selfish and squandered resources

The Huang river is characterized by:

Steep river valleys and severe, unpredictable floods

Which of the following commodities were commonly shipped from the Americas to Europe as part of the "triangular" slave economy?

Sugar and cotton

Which of the following was NOT part of the original "Green Revolution" agricultural package?

Sustainable tillage practices

This human disease was present in the Americas before the 1500s, and there is some evidence that explorers took the American pathogen back to Europe with them, causing the outbreaks that occurred there over the following several centuries.

Syphilis

Which disease likely moved from the Americas to the Old World as part of the "Columbian Exchange":

Syphilis

Which of the following diseases likely moved from the Americas to the Old World as part of the "Columbian Exchange"?

Syphilis

This airborne bacterial disease infects the lungs and is spread by coughing; caused the deaths of many famous people in Western culture.

Which of the following would be an example of an organism creating a positive feedback interaction with its environment?

Tamarisk shrubs are highly salt-tolerant; they take up salty water, but have special glands that secrete excess salt onto their waxy leaf surfaces, thus storing it out of the way where it can't harm their cells. When the foliage falls, the salts wash into the soil, increasing the soil salinity. Over time, the salinity increases to a level that is toxic to almost any plant other than the tamarisks, which allows their offspring to grow where other plants have died.

The Luddite movement was started by urban craftsmen and skilled laborers. Which of the following was one of the major targets of these rioters? (Hint: think about who they were and why they were angry!)

Textile machinery

Which of the following commodities were commonly shipped from Europe to Africa as part of the "triangular" slave economy?

Textiles and rum

Prior to the Great War (WWI), this part of Europe was in such a state of political upheaval, that it was called the "powder keg of Europe." It was no surprise that the war started there.

The Balkan States

This British movement was set off by perceived labor abuses, including the trial, conviction, and sentencing of six men in Dorset, who swore to one another that none would work for less than 10 shillings a week. The movement focused on attaining political reforms, such as expanding voting rights, and making political ballots secret.

The Chartist Movement

Galileo made many discoveries in the field of astronomy, some of which were well-received by the government and the public. However, he was tried twice by the Roman Inquisition for this particular observation:

The Earth rotates around the sun

The conviction of this group of men on charges of swearing an oath set off a major movement for labor reforms in Britain:

The Friendly Society of Agricultural Laborers

This group refused to work for less than 10 shillings a week; they became popular heroes after they were arrested and convicted for having sworn an oath to one another.

The Friendly Society of Agricultural Laborers

In Germany, this circumstance helped Hitler build a loyal following by convincing Germans of Aryan descent (the majority ethnic background) that inferior people (including non-Aryans and the disabled) were a drain on the nation's economy and a weight that Aryan Germans were being forced to carry unfairly.

The Great Depression

The Jews

The Ming Dynasty

The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Islands provide a useful microcosm in which to study the concept of carrying capacity and Malthusian Limits. Which of the following could be observed in the case of Easter Island?

The population on Easter Island increased beyond the carrying capacity, and the carrying capacity then decreased as resources were used to extinction.

Prior to the introduction of new wheat varieties during the Green Revolution, nitrogen fertilizers were not widely used in wheat production. Why not?

The previous wheat plants would respond to high nitrogen by growing tall but weak, and would fall over before reaching maturity.

Egyptian urbanization

Theocracy 1. Pharaoh is a god Bureaucracy 1. Administrators 2. Military 3. Tax collectors Urban development

This Greek scientist studied plants and horticultural methods; he described the processes of pollination and seed germination, and provided some of the earliest clear descriptions of plant diseases

Theophrastus

This Greek scientist studied plants and horticultural methods; he described the processes of pollination and seed germination, and provided some of the earliest clear descriptions of plant diseases.

Theophrastus

Plant species that have a long dormancy period often wait in the soil through an entire season (or longer) before germinating; which of the following is true of plants with a long dormancy period?

They are less likely to be domesticable

Plant species that are self-fertile tend to retain mutations more readily than those that are obligate out-crossers; which of the following is true of self fertile plants?

They are more likely to be domesticable

Which of the following is true of animal species that live in groups with a hierarchical social order?

They are more likely to be domesticable than those who live alone or in unstructured groups

Which of the following is true of animal species that reach maturity in a very short period of time?

They are more likely to be domesticable than those who live alone or in unstructured groups

Which of the following is true of animal species that live in groups with a hierarchical social order?

They are more likely to be domesticable than those who live alone or in unstructured groups.

Which of the following is true of animal species that reach maturity in a very short time period?

They are more likely to be domesticable than those who live alone or in unstructured groups.

What have plants ever done for you?

They are the ultimate source of all the energy you get from your food, whether you eat broccoli or buffalo.

During the time that the Sumerian and Harrapan civilizations were reaching state-level, most civilizations in Persia were operating at the tribe or chiefdom level. What resource did most Persian societies lack, which was available to their neighbors on their western and eastern borders?

They had no major rivers throughout most of their territory

This Roman scientist hit on the idea that matter is made of tiny, indivisible particles that are in perpetual high-speed motion; i.e., atoms:

In the reading from "Collapse," what does Jared Diamond say about the statement that "environmental concerns are a luxury affordable just by affluent first world [citizens]"

This view is not typically held by actual third world citizens, who are usually very aware of the costs of environmental degradation; it is generally held by affluent first world citizens who are themselves sheltered from many of the problems.

Olmec

Tip of mexico b. Agriculture i. First to domesticate maize ii. Slash and burn c. Writing i. 650 BC ii. Hieroglyphic d. Advancements i. Primitive compass ii. Asphalt to seal boats iii. Built large buildings/pyramids

This food was not found in Europe or Asia before the 1500s:

Tomatoes

Which of these crops moved from the Americas to Eurasia as part of the "Columbian Exchange":

Tomatoes

During the expansion of the Arabian Empire, Islam was spread by military conquest of surrounding states; after the empire ceased expanding (~750 CE), Islam continued to spread primarily through this activity, eventually creating a vast area connected by common culture and language:

Trade along the central portion of the Silk Road

Alexander Fleming was the discoverer of penicillin, but it was Florey and Chain who brought it to commercial production.

True

Brewers yeasts can have both a haploid and diploid phase of growth.

True

In the single zone system of growing button mushrooms, the compost beds supporting the mushroom fruit are kept in the same room for the entire crop, and the room parameters change accordingly

True

Mycology is one of the most fascinating subjects to study. (There is only one correct answer here and it is worth 3 million points!!! Just kidding, only one point just like the others).

True

Nematode-trapping fungi only trap actively moving nematodes, not sedentary nematodes.

True

Plants are well known for producing a variety of natural antifungal compounds.

True

The phrase "Nature abhors a vacuum" means that wherever there is a biological void in an ecosystem, it will quickly be filled by some organism.

True

The primary symptoms of ergotism are convulsions and gangrene.

True

The toxic Amanita phalloides can easily be mistaken for edible mushrooms.

True

This airborne bacterial disease infects the lungs and is spread by coughing; caused the deaths of many famous people in Western culture.

Tubercolisis

This louse-borne disease is so commonly associated with military campaigns that one of its nicknames is "war fever":

Typhus

Urbanization

As feudal manors were subdivided into individual plots, and new inventions reduced the demand for farm labor, many rural dwellers found themselves homeless and jobless. In England, these laws were passed as a way of managing the increasing numbers of destitute rural families:

Vagrancy Laws

He studied anatomy through human autopsies, correcting many errors in earlier knowledge based on animals; he recorded his discoveries in the text, "De humani corporis fabrica"

Vesalius

He studied anatomy through human autopsies, correcting many errors in earlier knowledge based on animals; he recorded his discoveries in the text, "De humani corporis fabrica".

Vesalius

The Normandy region of France is named for the _______; they were easily able to invade and defeat local inhabitants who were suffering the effects of repeated bouts of ergotism.

Vikings

This is a factor that is typically much higher for agriculture than for hunting and gathering

Volume of food returned

Which of the following best describes the climate during the middle ages (c. 900-1700)?

Warming trend followed by a sharp cooling trend

This environmental shift in the Fertile Crescent led to an increase in annual grasses, such as wild wheat and barley:

Warming trend with long, dry summers

One of the following statements is true, and the other is false. Select the true statement.

Weeding preceded the domestication of plants; this is a common activity in pre-agricultural and non-agricultural societies for increasing the percentage of useful plants in an area.

As the Natufian agricultural package moved along ancient trading routes, which of the following best describes its early impacts?

Wheat-based agriculture was broadly adopted, but only those societies along major rivers saw rapid expansion as a result.

Which of the following lists shows the correct order of resources from lowest to highest energy density (amount of energy per unit weight of the resource)?

Wood < charcoal < coal

The predominance of colonialism and it's wide-spread empires began during the Renaissance, as nations established colonies to control and extract resources from foreign lands; it finally came to an end (mostly) after:

World War II, around 1945

This admiral commanded a large fleet of sea-faring vessels decades earlier than Columbus; had his sponsor not died, putting an end to his explorations, some wonder if he wouldn't have been the first to "discover" the new world.

Zheng He

The first king of this dynasty claimed divine authority for his rule; under the "mandate of heaven," his overthrow of the previous dynasty proved that the gods favored him.

Zhou

The fungus that is used in the production of tempeh is in this fungal Division

Zygomycota

"Koch's Postulates" are

a set of steps that are used to prove that a microorganism causes a particular disease

"Koch's Postulates" are

a set of steps that are used to prove that a microorganism causes a particular disease.

The decline of the Harrapan civilization is currently attributed to several factors, the predominant one being:

a shift to a drier climate, with reduced monsoon rains

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

a shift to a monetary economy, as former serfs began charging money for their labor

The Nile River is characterized by:

a stable river bed, with a highly predictable annual flood cycle

State

a. >50,000 b. Class and residence c. Many levels d. Villages and cities e. Classes not by kin f. Control of information

Incan

a. Agriculture i. Potato, maize, quinoa, squash, cotton ii. Llama/alpaca, b. Theocracy i. Authoritarian ii. Militaristic iii. Labor 1. Service tax- every citizen owed labor to gov't c. Decline i. Disease ii. Civil war iii. Spanish conquer

Plague

a. Bacteria b. Rodent-flea-human or airborne c. Origin in Asia d. Bubonic i. Lymph nodes e. Pneumonic i. Lungs (black plagues) f. Septicemic i. Blood

Syphilis

a. Bacterial b. Direct contact c. Relies on host survival d. Started off as Yaws, spread from Africa → Asia, new strain Bejel

Tuberculosis

a. Bacterial b. Airborne c. Origins i. Related to cow pathogen

Cholera

a. Bacterial b. Fecal contamination c. Climate factors d. Origin in India causes terrible diareah

Charlemagne

a. Brutal campaign of unification i. Germanic tribes in W. Europe ii. Moors in N. Ibera b. Becomes crowned by church c. Increased trade, population

Mayan

a. City-states b. Theocratic c. Written language i. Pictographic d. Astronomy i. Eclipse table ii. Planetary table e. Decline i. Overpopulation 1. Ran out of land for agriculture ii. Drought iii. Inter-state conflicts

Band

a. Dozens b. Kinship c. No bureaucracy d. Nomadic

Heralides ponticus

a. Earth rotates on its axis

Euclid

a. Father of geometry b. Number theory

Ergot

a. Fungal infection in rye b. Mycotoxins cause hallucinations and stop circulation to limbs

Wheat rust

a. Fungus b. Described by Aristotle c. Spores are wind blown

Tribe

a. Hundreds b. Kinship c. No bureaucracy d. Villages

Aristotle

a. Knowledge through experience b. Logic, deductive reasoning c. Zoology d. Hydrologic cycle e. Changing sea levels

agricultural increase

a. Less use of fallows/rotation b. Depletes nutrients in soil c. Yield decreases

Archimedes

a. Mathematics of levers b. Block & tackle pulley c. Screw pump d. Estimated pi

Cahokia

a. Mississippi river b. Agriculture i. Maize ii. Adopted the crop from elsewhere c. Construction i. Built large mounds with wooden buildings on top ii. Built wooden fence around city 1. Had to rebuild 4 times from rotting

Egypt

a. Nile river i. Surrounded by desert ii. Isolated iii. Predictable flood cycle

Persia

a. No major rivers b. Cryus i. United Persian tribes ii. Let expansion of the empire iii. Formidable conqueror, humane ruler 1. Let losers keep their culture 2. Demanded a tax

The Huns

a. Nomadic herders from steppes i. Horseback warriors ii. Tribal clans b. Atila i. United clans ii. Pushed westward

Vikings

a. Northman or Norsemen i. Sea faring ii. Warriors iii. Not empire builders 1. Raid kill settle

Confucius

a. Philosophy of proper social order i. Piety ii. Responsibility iii. Believes relationship between people and gov't is like children and parents 1. Children respect parents in return for care/protection

Hippocrates

a. Physical cause of illness b. Symptoms & disease progression c. Brain as center of thoughts d. Humorism i. Body balance of 4 humors

Theophrastus

a. Plant taxonomy b. Horticultural methods i. Germination ii. Pollination iii. Plants pest and diseases

Arab conquests

a. Pre-Muhammad i. Tribal, raiding tradition b. Muhammad, 622 CE i. Theocratic state 1. War on fellow muslims forbidden 2. "People of the book" tolerate and tax 3. Others: convert ii. Not expansionist c. Post Muhammad i. Abu Bakr and Omar 1. Much more expansionist

Mongols

a. Steppes of central Asia b. Falling temperatures i. Reduced resources c. Genghis Khan i. Mission from god ii. United tribes & led conquests d. Raided trade routes

Chiefdom

a. Thousands b. Class and residence c. 0-2 levels of bureaucracy d. >1 village

Influenza

a. Virus b. Airborne & surface contamination c. Closely related strains in pigs, waterfowl

Polio

a. Virus b. Close contact, fecal contamination c. Eradication efforts launched in 1984

Measles

a. Virus b. Airborne c. Closely related to cow pathogen

Smallpox

a. Virus b. Close contact, surface contamination c. Closely related to cowpox d. First vaccination

Columbus used Alfraganus's calculations of Earth's circumference to plan his expedition; unfortunately, Alfraganus was working in Arabic miles, not Roman miles, and Columbus failed to adjust the units. As a result, he expected the total circumference to be

about 75% of the actual value

The most carcinogenic natural substrate known to man.

aflatoxin

When fertilizers run off from agricultural land and collect in lakes or estuaries, they can result in destruction of aquatic habitats because

algal blooms at the surface cut off sunlight below, and oxygen is depleted at lower depths.

When fertilizers run off from agricultural land and collect in lakes or estuaries, they can result in destruction of aquatic habitats, because

algal blooms at the surface cut off sunlight below, and oxygen is depleted at lower depths.

Children were commonly employed in both English and American factories during the industrial revolution. They were considered preferable to adult employees because

all of these reasons contributed to child labor

Children were commonly employed in both English and American factories during the industrial revolution. They were considered preferable to adult employees, because

all of these reasons contributed to child labor.

Which of the following is a common result when agriculture is interrupted?

all of these responses are correct; political instability within the society affected; conflicts and wars with surrounding societies; attempted emigration from affected areas; cultural and intellectual stagnation or decline in affected areas

The Roman writing system is characterized as:

alphabetic

Disease is:

an abnormal (and suboptimal) physiological state

Shifting from hunting/gathering to agriculture results in

an increase in the volume of food available

Uruk

ancient Sumerian metropolis population 50,000-80,000

Opium, belladona, and willow bark were all used by ancient Egyptians for this purpose; their active ingredients are still used today.

anesthetics

Opium, belladonna, and willow bark were all used by ancient Egyptians for this purpose; their active ingredients are still used today.

anesthetics

Bread mold, honey, and copper salts were all used by ancient Egyptians for this purpose; some of these ingredients (or their derivatives) are still used today

antiseptics

Bread mold, honey, and copper salts were all used by ancient Egyptians for this purpose; some of these ingredients (or their derivatives) are still used today.

antiseptics

arabs

This famous Greek Empire thinker is most famous for mathematically describing the principle of the lever and estimating the value of pi, but he also invented the screw pump, a mechanism that is still commonly used today for liquid transfer.

archimedes

Population numbers around the world

are rising faster in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

aristotle

which two enzymes important for homone regulation can be modulated through the consumption of mushrooms?

aromatase, 5 alpha reductase

Which of these crops moved from Eurasia to the Americas as part of the "Columbian Exchange":

bananas

This level of societal organization is characterized by having dozens of people in a society. All members are related by kinship, and there is no bureaucracy.

band

Historically, this pejorative term has been used to refer not to a specific culture, but to anyone from outside the bounds of the Greek/Roman Empire:

barbarian

The pathogen that causes the devastating disease, wheat rust, spends part of its life cycle on this unrelated shrubby host; eradicating this plant from around wheat fields helps reduce the disease.

barberry

Which mushroom-produced compounds have been shown to reduce cholesterol levels?

beta glucan, statin, eritadenine

This energy source has high CO2 emission, but the CO2 comes from short-term storage (renewable); production sites compete directly with food production sites.

biofuels

-can eventually decrease the local carrying capacity by removing vegetation and degrading the environment.

both given options are true

Yu is a legendary figure from the Xia period of Chinese history; he

built canal systems to divert the flow of the Yellow River

d. Power comes from those two little slits in the outlet where I plug in my laptop.

Which of the following factors makes an animal unsuitable for domestication?

carnivorous diet & fleeing when feeling threatened

The shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture increased this:

carrying capacity

Crowd diseases (density-dependent)

cause short, severe epidemics, and are often fatal

This is the name used to describe a fungus that can degrade cellulose

cellulytic

Which of the following is a correct description of one of Julius Caesar's famous governmental reforms?

census

chiefdom

This level of societal organization is characterized by having thousands of people in one or more fixed settlements (villages). There may be no bureaucracy, but there are usually 1-2 levels.

chiefdom

As part of this module, you watched a Ted Talk by Hans Rosling. In this talk, he demonstrated that population growth rates fall when this happens:

childhood survival rates increase

Crowding and lack of adequate sewage handling or treatment contributed to making this water-borne disease "king" in industrial revolution era cities.

cholera

This is a bacterial disease that spreads by fecal contamination and causes severe diarrhea.

cholera

This term describes a political structure in which states control and extract resources from distant lands, not just lands adjacent to them, as was previously common practice:

colonialism

Under this system, peasants were bound to a plot of land for life; they could neither leave of their own will nor be evicted. The effect was a stable supply of agricultural labor

colonus

A type of symbiosis in which one partner benefits and one partner has no positive or negative effect.

commensalism

This Chinese thinker and leader espoused the idea that proper social order relies upon both piety from subjects and responsibility from rulers.

confucius

Oracle bones

contain early examples of chinese script, were used to predict the outcome of certain events during the Shang dynasty, were for a while collected, pulverized, and consumed

The Harappan civilization added this important fiber to the middle-eastern agricultural package:

cotton

The Harrapans received the wheat and barley package from the Fertile Crescent, and added this important fiber crop; they were the first in the Old World to domesticate it:

cotton

The Harrapans received the wheat and barley package from the fertile crescent, and added this important fiber crop; they were the first in the Old World to domesticate it:

cotton

Which of the following was not domesticated by Native American civilizations?

cows

Sumerian writing developed into a form characterized by its wedge-shaped markings, made by pressing a stylus into clay. The name of this distinctive writing form is:

cuneiform

The Egyptians had a _____ mathematic system.

decimal (base-10)

Based on current climate models, which track trends in meteorological data to predict the general patterns expected over the coming decades, significant changes are expected to occur in growing regions by the year 2080. If these projections are correct, most of us will live to see:

decreased production in central and southern US, but increases in northern US and Canada.

Between 1790 and 1860, the number of slaves held in the US nearly tripled (from 681,777 to 1775,515, a factor of 2.6). This economic impact of slavery became one of the major arguments for abolition:

decreased value of labor

These animals were commonly hunted by the Natufians, but they did not become domesticated due to their reaction to threat; instead of herding together when threatened, they panic and flee.

deer

We examined three case studies of civilizations which surpassed their carrying capacities: two that collapsed as a result (on Easter Island and in Mayan Mexico), and one that is facing possible collapse in modern times (Haiti, on Hispaniola). What feature did all three case studies have in common?

deforestation

This factor played a role in the decline of both the Mayan and the Cahokia civilizations:

deforestation for agriculture

This term is used to describe a feature of a disease in which there is a greater or less chance of getting a disease based upon if there are more hosts or less.

density dependent

A fungal pathogen that feeds off of skin, hair, and nails

dermatophyte

reproductive structures of lichen which consist of the fungal ascospores linked to one or more accompanying algal cells so that both the fungus and algae disperse together

diaspores

He was a physician and botanist, and wrote a pharmacopeia (De Materia Medica) that became standard text for herbal medicine for 1600 years.

dioscorides

In ancient Sumer, authority of kings was considered:

divinely granted and supported by a god's authority

In ancient Sumer, authority of kings was considered:

divinely granted and supported by god's authority

There are six factors that determine whether an animal is suitable for domestication; if any one of the factors is highly unfavorable, the animal is unlikely to be domesticated. Which of the following factors did bison and most boars "fail," making them unsuitable for domestication?

docile (gentle) disposition

Most of the pathogens that cause "crowd diseases" initially entered the human population from:

domesticated livestock, like cows

This trait in plants is controlled by many genes, each of which contributes a small part toward the total characteristic; some of those genes code for signaling molecules and others for seed coat attributes. Selective gathering causes a gradual shift in the population, as alleles that contribute toward the favored form are retained, and others are left behind.

dormancy period

In this figure, "t" represents the:

doubling time

t represents

doubling time

draco

This shift from the feudal system of communal farming to individually owned farmsteads resulted in reduced resources for peasants and the displacement of many from their homes:

enclosure

A(n) _________ is an increase in occurrence of a(n) _______________, which in turn is caused by a(n) _______________. (Select the correct order of the terms to fill in the blanks.)

epidemic ... disease ... pathogen

Many devastating plant diseases have had deities or saints dedicated to them; Saint Anthony is associated with this one:

ergot

The cold wet weather during the "Little Ice Age" caused increases in ______, a plant disease contributed to the black plague by impairing human immune systems and killing rats.

ergot

The cold wet weather during the "little Ice Age" caused increases in ____, a plant disease contributed to the Black Plague by impairing human immune systems and killing rats

ergot

What plant disease has been suggested as a possible factor in the Salem Witch Trials?

ergot

ergot of rye

A disease of livestock caused by eating a grain contaminated with the toxin fumonisin

ergotism

This Greek thinker is commonly considered the "father of geometry." His Elements text was standard up to the 20th century, and is still influential today.

euclid

This phenomenon is a side-effect of agricultural fertilizer use; when excess fertilizer runs off into lakes or estuaries, it can set off a chain reaction that starts with algal overgrowth and ends with fish kills.

eutrophication

When a population is growing with no limitations on its resources, its growth curve will be:

exponential

Corn has all the essential amino acids.

false

Mycoproteins are higher in calories then meat.

false

Mycoproteins have higher cholesterol then meat.

false

Pallagre is a vitamin deficiency disease, most commonly caused by consuming mycoproteins.

false

Proteins obtained from algae are called mycoproteins.

false

Sumerians received the wheat and barley package from the western part of the Fertile Crescent region, and added this domesticated crop, useful for both food and fiber:

flax

Sumerians received the wheat and barley package from the western part of the fertile crescent region, and added this domesticated crop, useful for both food and fiber:

flax

Which of the following factors makes an animal unsuitable for domestication?

fleeing when threatened

Over 80% of our energy currently comes from

fossil fuels

Mycotoxins are toxins produced by:

fungi

Before the industrial revolution, coal was used primarily for large-scale pubic projects (e.g. bath houses) and industrial processes (e.g. iron smelting). In the US today, over 90% of coal is used for this purpose:

generation of electricity

Before the industrial revolution, coal was used primarily for large-scale public projects (eg., bath houses) and industrial processes (eg., iron smelting). In the US today, over 90% of coal is used for this purpose:

generation of electricity

germanic tribes

Egyptians exported a lot of ________, but had to import _________.

grain ... wood

Egyptians exported a lot of ________, but had to import _________.

grain... wood

Egyptians exported a lot of _____, but had to import _____.

grain; wood

Which of the following "New World" animals had traits amenable to domestication and became a domesticated food source?

guinea pigs

Which of the following commodities were commonly shipped from Europe to Africa as part of the "triangular" slave economy?

guns and rum

Worldwide per capita food production (kg/person/year) between 1960 and 2010:

has slightly increased on average, but not all regions have seen an increase.

This Greek thinker proposed that the earth doesn't sit still, but rotates on its axis from east to west, once each 24 hours. His ideas didn't catch on, and most people continued to believe that the earth stands still and the celestial bodies all rotate around it.

heraclides

There are six factors that determine whether an animal is suitable for domestication; if any one of the factors is highly unfavorable, the animal is unlikely to be domesticated. Which of the following factors did deer and gazelles "fail," making them unsuitable for domestication?

herding as a reaction to threat

hippocrates

Which are the 3 most common respiratory diseases caused by fungi

histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis

Which of the following was not domesticated by Native American civilizations?

horses

The value of this biological resource increased dramatically in Europe after successive epidemics of the "black plague," but it plummeted with the onset of the industrial revolution.

human labor

This energy source is considered "clean," because it has little or no operational CO2 emissions and produces no toxic waste. However, it does have significant negative environmental and resource impacts; in the Pacific Northwest, for example, the fishing industry is highly threatened by this production system, and is pressuring political leaders to reduce its use.

hydroelectric

Sumerian decline

i. "Samana disease" ii. Salt from river made land unfertile

Mycenaean Greece

i. 1600-1100 BC ii. Wheat & barley

Zhou advances

i. Book binding ii. Currency iii. Roads iv. Ship building v. Increased trade

Library at Alexandria

i. Created many jobs ii. Patrons of library would confiscate outsiders' books, copy them, and keep the original iii. Destruction 1. Zenobia's Revolt

roman agricultural problems

i. Deforestation & erosion 1. Manure and fallow ii. Pests and diseases 1. Wheat rust

Athens

i. Hereditary rule, 4 ruling clans 1. Large underclass 2. Draco appointed to formulate strict laws a. Draconian 3. Salon appointed to create reforms a. Gave commoners limited representation b. Worked well under good rulers ii. Cleisthenes (father of Athenian democracy) 1. Replaced 4 ruling clans with 10 electorates 2. Most issues ruled by assembly 3. Assembly open to all citizens

Egyptian trade

i. Imports: wood, cattle, horses ii. Exports: grain, linen, papyrus

Non density dependent

i. Pathogen survives in environment for a while ii. Yellow fever iii. Lyme disease iv. Leprosy v. Humans don't have long term immunity

Hellenistic Greece (Macedonia)

i. Phillip II of Macedon 1. Conquered most of Greece ii. Alexander the great 1. Continued expansion 2. Conquered Persia

crowd diseases

i. Sedentary lifestyle 1. Human & animal waste 2. Pests 3. Habitat modification what do these lead to?

Crowd diseases

i. Short, severe epidemics ii. Often fatal iii. Density dependent

Egyptian advances

i. Writing on paper ii. Mathematics 1. Decimal base 2. Additive 3. Symbol for each power of 10

Children were commonly employed in both English and American factories during the industrial revolution. They were considered preferable to adult employees, because

if they were orphans, or if factory owners paid their parents a small sum to take them, they could be bound to the factory and treated much like slave labor.

Clovis technology

ii. 13,500-13,000 y/a 1. Sharp spear tips 2. Split wood stick around flattened spear end then glued with sinew extinction

Zhou Decline

iii. Iron made easy to make, people had iron weapons 1. Could rebel led to what?

After the Arabian Empire stopped expanding,

importation of slaves to this region increased, from both Africa and Europe

Maize (corn) was first domesticated

in Central America, by the Olmec

Maize was first domesticated

in Central America, by the Olmec

Potatoes were first domesticated

in South America, by the Incas

This civilization did not decline due to a loss of resources; instead, they were wiped out by Spanish conquerors, or more specifically, by the diseases that the conquerors brought with them.

incans

influenza

This type of immunity is our basal defense response and protects us against many pathogens and dangers.

innate

The Shang civilization raised the same domesticated mammals as the other civilizations we have examined (e.g., pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, and horses), but they added a new non-mammalian animal domestication; they are the earliest-known domesticators of a(n)

insect

Which of the following technologies did the hunting-and-gathering Natufians NOT possess before domesticating their first plants?

irrigation canals

Which of the following was NOT a medieval explanation for the plague

it was caused by rats that came in trading caravans

Skin, hair, and nails are composed of this protein.

keratin

List four safety tips that are important when collecting wild mushrooms. Tips that will help keep you from being poisoned!!

know Latin names, cut open all puffballs, make a spore print, keep all species separate

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the Black Plague on Europe was:

labor became more valuable, and laborers could start charging money for their services

Excess fertilizer run-off entering ponds and lakes can cause the "death" of the aquatic ecosystem, resulting in fish kills. When this happens, the fish deaths are due to:

lack of oxygen in the water

This is the kind of infection that initially occurs early in the season, but then becomes quiescent, only to revive and become severe as the plant matures.

latent

This utilitarian political philosophy was employed under the Qin dynasty; it emphasized the rule of law and rejected any notions that a ruler should be accountable to the citizens.

legalism

Tribes living in resource-rich areas with large quantities of food available through hunting and gathering are (more / less) likely to transition to agriculture.

less

White rot fungi are able to degrade this compound but brown rot fungi cannot

lignin

This climatic shift happened after a period of rapid population growth in Europe; it caused crop failures and livestock deaths, and also increased demand for forest resources:

little ice age

This climatic shift happened after a period of rapid population growth in Europe; it caused crop failures and livestock deaths, and also increased demand for forest resources;

little ice age

The liverstock disease caused by eating infected locoweed, which is a legume of arid regions that contain a toxic endophtytic fungus.

locoism

long and variable dormancy period

This is a factor that can make a plant less suitable for domestication.

long dormancy period

Climate change during the first part of the Middle Ages, up to about 1300 CE, caused:

longer, warmer growing seasons in Europe

Climate change during the first part of the Middle Ages, up to about 1300 CE, caused:

longer, warmer growing seasons in Europe.

This Roman scientist hit on the idea of natural selection (only the most fit creatures survive), but did not propose that new species could arise over time:

lurcretius

malaria

mandate of heaven

After the initial waves of disease had passed, one impact of the black plague on Europe was:

many small towns were abandoned, because there were not enough people left to sustain them

The first major crops domesticated in Asia were:

millet & rice

The first major crop domesticated in Asia were:

millet and rice

Plant species that are self-fertile tend to retain mutations more readily than those that are obligate out-crossers; which of the following is true of self-fertile plants?

more likely to be domesticatable

Silk is a biological resource that comes from a domesticated

moth

List 3 toxic metabolites produced by Penicillium species.

muscinol, ibotenic acid, muscarine

A type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from the association.

mutualism

There are many ways in which living organisms may interact with one another. This term describes an interaction in which both organisms benefit. An example would be the relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and plants in the legume family.

PLP2000 EXAM 3 GIANT SET

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