plsc 014 quiz 4

Civil political rights

(sometimes called negative rights) include what are considered traditional Western rights such as free speech, freedom of religion, equal protection under the law, and freedom from arbitrary imprisonment. These are rights generally thought to be best guaranteed by limiting the power of governments over their people.

Economic social rights

(sometimes called positive rights) include rights to good living conditions, food, health care, social security, and education. These rights are often held to be best promoted by the expansion of governments to provide minimal standards to their people.

hegemons

Most powerful states, especially ___, have great influence on the rules and values that have become endorsed over time in a body of international law (for example, the principle of free passage on the open seas is now formally established in international law.

African Union

The ___ helps to support the African Human Rights Commission, but the commission has been hampered by its lack of monetary and political support from African states.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The ___ is a global, multilateral IGO that promotes, monitors, and adjudicates international trade.

1. Religion 2. Political revolutions in the 18th century (such as the American and French Revolutions 3. political and legal philosophy for centuries that discussed the idea of natural law and natural rights

The concept of human rights arises from three sources:

Amnesty International

The leading organization pressing this struggle is___, an NGO that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of human rights.

relativism

The other approach to human rights is called ___. According to this idea, local traditions and histories should be given due respect, even if this means limiting rights that others outside that local context find important.

Industrial policy

___ - the strategies by which a government works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.

mercantilism

___ generally shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests at the expense of others - not relying on international organizations to create a framework for mutual gains.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD

___), more commonly called the World Bank, is a source of loans that was used to reconstruct the Western European economies after the war and to help states through future financial difficulties.

Doha Round

___- a series of negotiations under the World Trade Organization that began in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and has focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual property, and other issues.

Responsibility to protect (R2P)

• A major summit of world leaders in 2005 endorsed the concept of the___, which holds that governments worldwide must act to save civilians from genocide or crimes against humanity perpetrated or allowed by their own governments.

Crimes against humanity

• Because the Nazi murders of civilians did not violate German law, the Nuremberg Tribunal treated them as a new category, ___, conceived as inhumane acts and persecutions against civilians on a vast scale in the pursuit of unjust ends.

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

• In Latin America, the ___ has had some success in promoting human rights, yet it has also been limited by state refusal to abide by its decisions.

Market imperfections

• In addition, the willingness of participants to deal with each other should not be affected by personal (or political) preferences but should be governed only by price and quality considerations. Deviations from these conditions, called___, reduce efficiency. Most political intrusions into economic transactions are market imperfections.

Free-trade areas

• In regional ___, groups of neighboring states agree to remove most or all trade barriers within their area.

International Criminal Court (ICC)

• Following up on the UN tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, in 1998 most of the world's states signed a treaty to create a permanent___.It hears cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity from anywhere in the world (the ICC is simply a permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

• In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted what is considered the core international document concerning human rights: the ___.

International political economy

• Scholars of___ study the politics of international economic activities; especially trade, monetary relations, and multinational corporations.

World Intellectual Property Organization

• The international community has developed an extensive IGO with 184 member states, the ___, which tries to regularize patent and copyright law across borders.

the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

• The laws of war reserve a special role for___.The ICRC provides practical support - such as medical care, food, and letters from home - to civilians caught in wars and to POWs (exchanges of POWs are usually negotiated through the ICRC).

The end of the Cold War, shifts in terms of economic prominence between many regions and states, and the effects of technological change in creating a smaller world.

• Three factors combined to shake up international norms in the post-Cold War era:

Uruguay Round

• ___ - a series of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that began in Uruguay in 1986 and concluded in 1994 with agreement to create the World Trade Organization. The Uruguay round followed earlier GATT negotiations such as the Kennedy Round and the Tokyo Round.

Bilateral agreements

• ___ covering trade are reciprocal arrangements to lower barriers to trade between two states.

Economic liberalism

• ___ generally shares with liberal internationalism the belief in the possibility of cooperation to realize common gains.. It holds that, by building international organizations, institutions, and norms, states can mutually benefit from economic exchanges.

Bretton Woods system

• ___- a post WWII arrangement for managing the world economy, established at a meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944. Its main institutional components are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

protectonism

•___ - when states try to manipulate international trade to strengthen one or more domestic industries and shelter them from world markets.

universal

○ One approach argues that human rights are ___. No matter where a person resides; no matter his or her ethnic nationality; and no matter his or her religious and ethnic traditions, that person has certain rights that must be respected.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

○ The WTO is the successor organization to the ___which was created in 1947 to facilitate freer trade on a multilateral basis.

Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

○ The WTO oversees the world's most important agreements on intellectual property, called ___.

1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) 2. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1976).

○ Two key treaties are the ___ and the ___. Both of these treaties codify the promises of the UDHR while dividing the list of rights in the UDHR into civil-political and economic-social rights, respectively. (These two covenants, along with the UDHR, are often called the International Bill of Human Rights).

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

○ ___coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments, and national accounts.