PLSO FINAL EXAM
List the 4 environmental factors that affect growth and development:
-Light -Temperature -Water -Gasses
Most weed-control programs use one or more of the following three strategies:
-Prevention (Restricting introduction or expansion of the weed problem) -eradication(complete elimination of weed plants or seeds from an area) -reduction of weed plants and seed to a tolerable level.
factors affecting seedling depth include:
-Seed size -type of emergence(hypogeal or epigeal) -soil - seedbed conditions -date of planning -favorable moisture supply
List the categories in which symptoms can generally be placed(7 listed)
-abnormal tissue coloration -wilting -tissue death -defoliation -abnormal increase in tissue size -dwarfing -replacement of host plant tissue by tissue of the infectious organism (p.322-324 for examples)
some important commercial uses of auxins are:
-adventitious root initiation -weed control -inhibition of stem sprouting -tissue culture
List four principal functions of the roots of higher Plants
-anchoring and supporting the plant -absorbing water and mineral nutrients -conducting water and mineral nutrients into the plant body -in some plants, the roots act as a storage organ for photosynthesized food
cultivated plants are grouped in the six categories. List of six categories and examples of each.
-cereal crops: wheat, oats, barley, maze, etc. -roots and tubers: potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassavas -Oil crops: soy beans, corn, peanuts, palm, coconut, olive, etc. -sugar crops: sugar cane and sugar beets -fruit crops: bananas, oranges, apples, pears, etc. -vegetable crops: tomatoes, lettuce, carrots, melons, asparagus, etc.
List several examples of cultural weed control:
-crop rotation: because the weeds that are most prevalent in a crop often have the same lifecycle as the crop, a perennial-annual crop rotation like short-term hay crops with a row crop can serve to disrupt weed lifecycles and the establishment of large weed populations. -(PEST CONTROL-)Several cultural practices can be used to change the environment in which plants are grown and they can severely influence pest and pathogen activity. These practices include: 1.)tillage practices, 2.)water management, 3.) fertility, 4.)crop rotation, 5.) sanitation(cleaning or removal) of equipment and diseased or infested plant material.
List and describe the three groups in which higher plant parasites can be placed:
-epiphytes: do little or no harm to their host plants, using them merely for physical support and protection(ex:Spanish Moss grows on tree limbs) -hemiparasites: A.k.a. water parasites; do injure their host plants, absorbing water and mineral nutrients from them. However, they possess chloroplasts and can manufacture their own carbohydrates by photosynthesis(ex:Mistletoe) -True parasites: lack chlorophyll and depend on their hosts for nourishment, carbohydrates, minerals, and water.(ex:Dwarf mistletoe)
In contrast to some of the other plant hormones, ethylene and ethylene-releasing chemicals have several valuable commercial applications:
-fruit ripening -flower initiation -changing sex expression -degreening oranges, lemons, and grapefruit -harvest aids -growth regulation.
List the four classifications of plant cuttings:
-stem cuttings -Leaf cuttings -leaf bud cuttings -root cuttings
name and describe the three soil horizons:
-surface layer: "A horizon"- varies in depth and contains most of the plants roots. This Leach zone often lacks some of the important mineral nutrients, but it does contain the largest amount of organic matter. The organic matter makes the a horizon permeable and dark colored and the A horizon is normally the zone of the greatest biological activity in the soil profile. -below A horizon is the B horizon-zone of accumulation; plant nutrients, silts, clay, and other materials from the upper layer are reached into you and accumulate in this horizon. The color is generally lighter than A because less organic matter is present -C horizon consists of unweathered to slightly weathered material from which the A ans B horizons are formed. It can also include accumulated calcium carbonates or other salts.
The keys to developing a successful production system are:
1) recognizing and understanding the types of interactions that occur among production factors, as well as various yield limiting factors 2) developing management systems that maximize the beneficial aspect of each interaction.
List the six environmental factors influencing seed germination:
1. Adequate moisture 2.Proper temperature 3. Good aeration 4.Light(in some cases) 5. Freedom from pathogenic organisms 6.Freedom from toxic amounts of salt
List the five step approach referred to on page 333 available for diagnosing plant disorders. Be familiar what takes place in each step.
1. Define the problem- determine that a problem actually exists. Start by correctly identifying the host plant and by being familiar with its normal or healthy state and characteristics. Make sure to take seasonal effects into account. Know your hosts and how they change with the seasons only then you can determine that a problem exists. 2. examine the entire plant community: take stock of the entire plant community. Note light intensities, wind direction, slope of the land, air movement, and so on. Take time to develop an overview of the situation at hand because this approach often provides many valuable clues about the situation. Then focus your attention on the affected plant(s) or area. Look at the entire plant first before jumping directly to any signs or symptoms that might be present check out the leaves, stems, roots, and fruits or flowers if appropriate. 3. look for patterns: is only a single plant affected? is the potential disorder restricted to a certain area or single species? are the symptoms randomly distributed, or can you see any distinct patterns or clear lines of demarcation between healthy and effective plants? Random patterns are often indicative of disorder is caused by pathogen's or insects, whereas uniform damage such as streaks or lines or damage over a large area is indicative of an abiotic culprit. 4.Consider how the damage developed over time: did the damage of your suddenly or overtime? Has the damage spread or stayed in the same location? Progressive development and spread overtime often indicates damage caused by pathogens and insects. In contrast, damage that does not spread and which occurs suddenly is typically caused by an abiotic factor. 5. ask questions, gather information, and determine causes of plant damage. Gather as many clues as possible about the crop and determine cultivar a variety, age of the stand which is especially important with perennial crops, recent fertilizer or pesticide applications, cultural practices implemented, recent weather trends, irrigation practices, history of the site or stand, and how the damage progress over time. Look for key diagnostic signs or symptoms indicative of plant pathogen's or insects. After you gathered sufficient background information and nothing strikes you as being obvious, such as chemical misapplication or hail damage, and you've eliminated the possibility of pathogen and insect pests, retrace your steps and focus your diagnosis on abiotic factors. Whenever possible, include photographs or digital images to aid the diagnostician in the task.
3 ways herbicides are broadly classified as:
1. Grass killers 2. Broad-leaf killers 3. Nonselective killers(kills both grasses and broad leaves)
the sequence of events during seed germination:
1. Imbibition of water by seeds 2.Activation of hormones/enzymes 3.Embryo growth/ development
2 ways insecticides are classified as:
1. Inorganic compounds 2. Organic compounds
The three essential parts of a seed are:
1. The embryo, which develops into the new plant 2. food storage material, which is available to nourish the embryonic plant. This may be either endosperm tissue or the fleshy cotyledon(s), part of the embryo itself. 3. seed coverings, which are usually the two seed coats but may include other parts of the ovary wall. Coverings protect the seed and may help control seed dormancy.
List the six environmental factors influencing seed germination:
1. adequate moisture 2. proper temperature 3. good aeration 4. Light(in some cases) 5. freedom from pathogenic organisms 6. freedom from toxic amounts of salt
The four principle functions of roots in higher plants are:
1. anchoring plants in the soil, 2. absorbing water and mineral nutrients, 3. conducting water and dissolved minerals, as well as organic materials to other parts of the plant., 4. storing food materials, for example, in plants such as sweet potatoes, sugar beets, and carrots.
be able to list examples of the five methods for managing plant pests from the text
1. cultural practices that focus on water management such as drainage, irrigation, and other specialized practices such as syringing on golf courses, are another group of cultural practices that can be used to manage important pests and diseases(certain pests and diseases only grow well with certain soil moisture or lack thereof). Crop rotation is a simple but effective means of controlling many pests because if the same annual crop is grown year after year on a given plot of land, a particularly serious pest may keep increasing year after year, overwintering in crop residues, until it reaches such overwhelming populations that the crop cannot be produced on that piece of land but by rotating the crop in a one to several year rotation with other non-susceptible crops, the pest population, lacking A crop host for many years may decline significantly. 2. An example of chemical applications include the use of pesticides like all of those listed previously to suppress or inhibit pest/pathogen activity. 3. An example of biological control includes the use of compost amended potting mixes to suppress Pythium damping off and root rot in greenhouses and nurseries. 4.An example of government regulatory measures: certain plants or plant products are forbidden entry into the country or areas of the country and agricultural inspectors check luggage for such outlawed products. For example, mangoes, guavas, and passion fruit from Hawaii are not permitted entry into the US mainland because they may be carrying the Mediterranean fruit fly which is widespread in Hawaii but absent on the mainland. If introduced to California the fly could 5. Genetic host resistance: The development of rust-resistant wheat cultivars has added food for untold millions of people.
Fruit and seed production involves several phases:
1. flower induction and initiation 2. flower differentiation and development 3. pollination 4. fertilization 5. fruit set and seed formation 6. growth and maturation of fruit and seed 7. fruit senescence
List in order the five methods for managing pests :
1. genetic host resistance: use of genetically resistant plants to minimize or avoid losses caused by insect pests and pathogens 2. cultural practices: use of agronomic or horticultural practices that favor plant development and minimize pest or pathogen activity 3. Chemical applications: use of pesticides such as herbicides for weeds, insecticides for insect pests, miticides for mites, antibiotics for bacteria, fungicides for fungi, and nematicide's for nematodes to suppress or inhibit pest/pathogen activity 4.Biological control: the use of beneficial or antagonistic organisms that kill or otherwise suppress plant pests or pathogens 5.Government regulatory measures: the use of quarantines and pest eradication programs to stop the introduction or spread of deleterious plant pests and/or pathogens
List the environmental factors influencing The rate of photosynthesis:
1. light quality(wavelength) 2. light intensity(amount of incident light energy absorbed by the leaf) 3. carbon dioxide concentration 4. heat 5. water availability 6. plant development and source sink relationships
soil's consist of four components, list each component and define/describe each:
1.) A solid fraction; that is, rock fragments and minerals. 2.) in organic fraction; decaying and decayed residues of plants, microbes, soil, and animals. 3.) A liquid fraction; includes water and dissolved minerals. 4.) A soil atmosphere or soil air.
List, describe, and give examples of the three types of rocks.
1.) igneous rocks(lava/magma) formed from the hardening of various kinds of molten rock material and are composed of minerals such as quartz and feldspar. 2.) sedimentary rocks generally unconsolidated and composed of rock fragments that have been transported and deposited by wind, water, or glaciers. Examples are limestone, sandstone, and shale 3.) metamorphic rocks from igneous/sedimentary rocks subject to sufficiently high pressures and temperatures to change their structure and composition. Examples are slate,gneiss, marble,etc.
List the 4 sides of the ecological paradigm of scientific study in the agricultural sciences.
1.)Production efficiency 2.) Economic viability 3.)Environmental compatibility 4.) Social responsibility
Define and list the four classes of seeds in agronomic crops(just list for final)
1.Breeder seed: This is produced only in small amounts and is under the control of the plant breeder. It is planted to produce a foundation seed. Breeder seed is labeled with a white tag. 2. Foundation seed: This is multiplied from breeder seed; it is available only in limited amounts and is planted to produce registered seeds. It's controlled by public or private foundation seed stock organizations. Foundation seed is also labeled with a white tag. 3. Registered seed: This is the seed source for growers of certified seed and is under the control of the registered seed producers. It's the progeny of either breeder or foundation seed. It's labeled with a purple tag. 4. Certified seed: This seed is available in large quantities and is sold to farmers for crop production. It's labeled with a blue tag. Certified seed is of known genetic identity and purity.
The 4 "timings" that herbicides can be classified as and their description:
1.Burn-down herbicides: herbicides that are applied to remove existing weeds in the field and thus prepare a clean seedbed for planting. 2.Pre-plant herbicides: herbicides that are applied before the crop is planted. 3.Preemergence herbicides: herbicides that are applied to soil after crop planting but prior to the emergence of the weeds, the crops, or both. 4.Postemergence herbicides: herbicides that are applied directly to foliage after weed emergence
what are the phases of development that a seedling will undergo?
1.embryonic growth 2.juvenility 3.a transition stage, which in plants is called phase change 4.maturity or an adult phase 5.senescence 6.death
seed germination occurs in three stages. What are they?
1.imbibition (water uptake) 2.activation of hormones/enzymes 3.radicle(root) and shoot emergence
stages of development include:
1.seed germination 2.growth of vegetative organs and tissues 3. initiation and maturation of reproductive organs and tissues 4.fertilization 5.seed development and maturation 6.senescence 7. death
Agriculture accounts for only about ______________ of US energy use, so it can make only a _________________________________.
2 percent; a minor contribution to energy consumption
Agriculture accounts for only about ________ of _______________ in North America and Europe
2%; energy consumption; 10%
About ________ of pharmaceuticals are _______________________________, and the rest are produced ________________.
25 percent; based on plant products; synthetically
The United States has about __________________ as China but _____________.
2x as much crop land; 1/5 of its population.
Humans as a race appeared around _____________________ years ago and modern man, homo sapiens, appeared about _______________ years ago.
3 million; 28,000
The pH drops to ______________, inhibiting spoilage bacteria and enzyme action, thus _____________________.
4.2 or below; preventing deterioration
what soil mixture produces a loam soil ?
40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay.
About ________ of the worlds population relies on ______________ as his primary energy source, but the same people are mostly in _________________ and consume ________________________ by US standards.
40%; biomass; undeveloped countries; very little energy
The distribution gap which indicates access to food is projected to rise from _________ to more than ___________.
44 million tons (2007), 57 million tons (2017)
most plants will grow within the pH range of:
5 to 7
The combined value of the ornamental crops is about __________ of the value of corn.
50 %
A productive soil has:
50% pores that will drain water quickly after a thorough watering and 50% that hold water through capillary forces.
cities can be as much as:
5° Celsius warmer than the surrounding countryside
The estimated ____________ people living in the world depend on cultivated plants __________________________________. The global population ______________________________.
6.5 billion; for nourishment into provide quality to their lives.; Cannot survive as hunters and gatherers.
by __________ years ago, crops were being grown in Europe and Mexico.
6000-5000
dry air meaning the absence of water vapor is comprised of:
78% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.037% of carbon dioxide the rest is all other gases.
after two centuries of exponential growth, world population show signs of stabilizing at about _________________.
9 billion in 2050.
nearly all of the worlds water,__________, is in the ___________ ans much of the remainder, ____________, is ____________.
97.6%; oceans; 21%; frozen
define eutrophication
A buildup of plant nutrients in a body of water that increases plant growth, especially algae, and often results in hypoxia (reduced oxygen) that is needed for aquatic animals to survive. Hypoxia results from the respiration of the densely growing plants, especially at night when they are not photosynthesizing, and decomposition of the plants when they die.
define anthocyanin
A class of water soluble pigments that accounts for many of the red to blue flower, leaf, and fruit colors. Occur in the vacuole of the cell.
Define liane .
A climbing or twining plant, usually woody
An ecosystem consists of ________________________.
A community of organisms in a physical environment.
Define chlorophyll.
A complex organic molecule that traps light energy for conversion through photosynthesis into chemical energy.
Define starch
A complex polysaccharide carbohydrate; The form of food commonly stored by plants.
hydrolysis is the reaction between:
A compound and water to form a more soluble product.
Define nucleus
A dense body in the cytoplasm essential for cell development and reproduction.
define pistillate flower
A flower having pistils but no statements
Define staminate flowers.
A flower having stamens but no pistils
define tissue
A group of cells with similar structure that perform a special collective function
Define protein.
A group of nitrogen containing compounds that yield amino acids on hydrolysis and have a high molecular weight. They're essential parts of living matter and are one of the essential food substances of animals.
What's the androecium?
A group/whorl of stamens.
What is soil degradation?
A loss in the quality of soil, typically by either a loss of organic matter or through extensive erosion.
Define apical meristem
A mass of undifferentiated cells capable of fighting at the tip of the root or shoot. The cells multiply by dividing allowing the plant to grow in depth or height.
define Vascular Cambium.
A meristem that produces secondary xylem, and secondary Phloem, Phloem cells; is formed in annuals and perennials.
define deoxyribonucleic acid.
A molecule composed of repeating subunits of ribose, phosphate, and the nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. genes, the fundamental units of inheritance on chromosomes, or sequences of DNA molecules.
when is a plant light saturated?
A plant is said to be saturated when further increases in light intensity increase photosynthesis little or not at all.
define long day plant
A plant that flowers when the light period Is greater(dark period is shorter) than a critical duration.
define salicylic acid
A recently identified plant hormone that plays a role in a plant's response to pathogen attack. Salicylic acid is also the active ingredient in aspirin
Define phytochrome
A reversible protein, red/far red light sensing pigments occurring in the cytoplasm of green plants. Associated with the absorption of light that affects growth, development, and differentiation of a plant independent of photosynthesis.
leaves are usually classified as simple, having a ____________________ or compound,:
A single leaf; having one with three or more leaflets.
simple fruits have:
A single ovary formed from one flower
Define stomata
A small opening, bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems, through which gases, including water vapor, pass.
The disease triangle concept consists of three things:
A susceptible host, A virulent pathogen, and environmental conditions
Components of the disease triangle:
A susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and environmental conditions.
give an example of how plant roots can physically break down paren rocks.
A tree root growing into a crack in a rock can ultimately fracture the rock.
Define Cyme
A type of inflorescence that has a broad, more or less flat topped determinate flower cluster, with a central flower opening first.
Define weed:
A weed can be defined as a plant out of place, growing where it is not wanted, that interferes with human activities or attempts to grow other plants.
Give one example of a plant disease symptom:
An example of a plant disease symptom is defoliation. As the infectious disease progresses, the plant may lose all its leaves and sometimes drop its fruit.
Define pasture
Area of domesticated forages, usually improved on which animals are grazed.
nearly all of the earths nitrogen is in the:
Atmosphere(77.5%) or in the lithosphere/ rock and soil (22.4%) .
which of the following is a warm season grass: a. chicory b. white clover c. tall fescue d. bermuda grass e.N/A
Bermuda grass is a warm season grass
in addition to causing loss of soil, the dust cloud can:
Block sunlight, clog the stomates in plant leaves and create a general nuisance for people .
Also called __________ and __________ applies seed directly to existing vegetation.
Broadcast seeding; oversowing, Frost seedling
Examples of cold-induced processes include:
Cold induced flowering called vernalization
______________________ make up the dominant vegetation in this boreal forest, or ____________, and plant diversity is _________________________________.
Coniferous trees; taiga; much lower than in the temperate and tropical forests
_________________ allow for the comparison needed to ___________________________.
Control; draw conclusions about treatment effects.
The ___________________ produces bark, the protective covering of old stems and roots.
Cork Cambium
_________________ occurs commonly in the bark of maturing stems, the trunks of trees, and:
Cork tissue; potato skins.
Some of the earliest products of the industrial revolution were farm implements for ____________________________________.
Crop cultivation
_______________________ have one or a few species that do not ___________________________________.
Crop ecosystems; exploit all of the resources of the environment
_____________________ are chemicals or materials that can cause insects to lose water faster than they can replace it.
Dessicants
Odum's concept of embodied energy, or _________, Is the amount of solar energy represented in the resource or commodity.
Emergy
A single layer of inner-cortical cells forms the _____________________, a tissue found only in the route and not the stem.
Endodermis
_________________________ , the study of plant usage by _____________________________________________, has become an important branch of plant science.
Ethnobotany; indigenous cultures and the preservation of that knowledge about plants,
2 considerations cropping sequences are based on:
Field crops are produced using different cropping sequences based on agronomic and economic considerations.
define forb.
Flowering herbaceous plants that are not grasses, sedges, or rushes
The most expensive and most reliable establishment option of forage crops is ________________. it involves destruction of the__________________ by mechanical or chemical means, a mechanical operation to __________________, mechanical treatment of the soil to establish a _______________________.
Full cultivation; existing vegetation; buried vegetation; fine and firm seedbed (by disking and rolling)
The term _____________________ (GMO) is used to describe genetically engineered plants,but ______________________ is a more accurate term.
Genetically Modified Organism; genetically engineered
herbicides are often broadly classified as:
Grass killers, broadleaf killers, or nonselective(kills both grasses and broad leaves).
Conserved forages also provide a useful function by providing forage during periods when __________.
Grasslands might be dormant or not growing rapidly enough to support livestock needs
How is plant variety chosen prior to planting?
Growers need to choose the highest yielding varieties that are maturity adapted to their growing region. Maturity, yield potential, and insect and disease resistance are important factors to consider in variety selection for all crops.
_______________________ are a way to measure heat accumulation.
Growing degree days (GDD)
during reproduction the new cell receives ___________________________________________ resulting in genetic segregation.
Half of its chromosomes from the male parent and half of its chromosomes from the female parent.
to overcome excessive fruits set ___________________________________, either by hand thinning, machine shaking, or chemical sprays
Half or more of the fruits are removed at a very early stage
______________________________(HID) lights are the only type of artificial light source currently available that ____________________________________________________.
High intensity discharge; can be used in greenhouses to promote growth of high-value crops when natural light intensity is too low.
The world's terrestrial ecosystems can be divided into three broad groups ________________________________________________________________.
High, intermediate, and low photosynthetic productivity
what determines a micro climate?
Hills and valleys or small depressions and heavy old, proximity to a large body of water as well as a small body of water, presence of large land masses or buildings(warmer or colder than the climate in general).
___________ is the zone of accumulation; plant nutrients, soils, clays, and other materials that are leached from the upper layer(s) are leached into and accumulate in this horizon.
Horizon B
A ___________________ is a distinct layer of soil having ________________________________ differences resulting from soil forming processes as seen in a vertical cross-section.
Horizon; physical and or chemical
Define grazing land.
Land that is susceptible for use as pasture for animals though it may not be suitable for growing other crops.
They studied ______________________________ in developed ways of managing or monitoring those factors to ____________________________.
Light, soil, water, and temperature, influence or predict plant growth
At low light levels, temperature has ___________________ on the rate of photosynthesis because light is the __________________________.
Little effect; limiting factor.
Long day vs. Short day vs. Day-neutral plants
Long-day plants must be exposed to light periods longer than some critical length for flowering to occur; Short-day plants must be exposed to light periods shorter than some critical length for flowering to occur; Day-neutral plants flower without regard to daylength.
under conditions of _______________________________________, plants often lose water through transpiration faster than their roots can absorb it. This causes the _________________ to close and the leaves to ______________________.
Low soil moisture(drought), and hot, drying winds; stomates; wilt temporarily.
heliotropic movements are also used to:
Lower the amount of light absorbed by reducing the angle of incidence of sunlight on the leaf when overheating might occur.
which is not an example of cultural weed control: a. N/A b.Flooding c.Crop row spacing d.Modification of crop planting date e.Crop rotation
N/A
each thin-walled endodermal cell is completely encircled by a:
Narrow, thickened band of waterproof material known as the Casparian strip.
What has to happen to allow the family farm to remain viable?
New uses for old crops and production strategies for new crops will have to be developed.
Describe the two main types of biofuels
Oil from soybeans and other crops like canola is extracted to be used for bio diesel fuel; starches and sugars from corn and switchgrass can be used to produce ethanol
The stem develops from three primary tissues produced by the apical meristem:
Protoderm, ground meristem, and the procambium
What is one aspect of climate that can be and is modified on a large scale?
Providing water in order to grow crops where natural precipitation is inadequate during some or all of the growing season.
large areas of land have been damaged by ___________________ as a result of ____________ in many parts of the world.
Salinization; irrigation
_____________________ or the _________________ is the systematic approach to understanding in solving a problem.
Scientific inquiry or the scientific method
what is the USDA plant hardiness zone map and how is it useful for anyone who wants to grow plants?
The USDA plant hardiness zone map shows the minimum temperature that are expected to occur throughout the country. We can match Plants to zones and generally be confident of their survival. The plant hardiness zone map shows normal minimum temperatures, occasional extreme temperatures can still result in plant death.
Define spongy mesophyll parenchyma cells:
The cell layer and a leaf located between the palisade parenchyma and the lower epidermis these cells have thin cell walls and are loosely packed.
define Palisade parenchyma cells:
The cell layer in leaves immediately below the upper epidermis; it's packed with chloroplasts. Found in dicots but not in monocots.
what functions can the cell wall perform?
The cell wall protects the protoplast, provides an external structure, and then some tissues(bark and wood) may act as a strong support for the plant.
both gymnosperms and Woody perennial angiosperms grow in girth each year when:
The cells of the vascular Cambium diving forming annual rings of xylem.
define shade avoidance response.
The change and growth in response to overcrowding among plants, most notably an increase in stem length, thinner stems, as well as longer, thinner leaves.
many seeds can be planted only after __________________________, and spring flowering perennials can be _________________________.
The danger of frost has passed; injured by late frosts.
what is the most common maturity rating system in the United States?
The days to maturity system
how has the reduction in the number of farms affected the vitality of many rural communities? what has helped those communities survive in states with large metropolitan areas?
The decline in rural population is associated with a loss of economic and cultural vitality in rural communities, these towns are more likely to survive if there is a large town that provides economic stimulus to the surrounding areas. Surviving farms can market directly to surrounding population and families can take trips to the farm to buy or pick their own produce to maintain contact between the mass of the population and the few remaining farmers
Difference between a sign and a symptom:
The difference between as sign and a symptom is that a sign is when the pathogen or part of the pathogen is observed in or on the affected plant vs symptoms are visual or otherwise detectable reactions or alterations of a plant as a result of disease or injury.
define determinate growth
The flowering of plant species uniformly within certain time limits, allowing most of the fruit to arrive in about the same time.
define indeterminate growth
The flowers of plants are borne on lateral branches, the central stem continues vegetative growth, with blooming continued for a long period.ex:alfalfa
what is the first step in the development of soil?
The formation and accumulation of material by chemical and physical weathering of parent rocks.
describe the difference between a plants genotype in a plants phenotype and how they're related to each other:
The genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual and influences the plant's phenotype, or its external physical appearance and behavior, and chemical properties.
The key to a meaningful controlled experiment is to be sure that ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
The only factor affecting the outcome is the factor we sat out to study
in the warmer tropical and subtropical climate, the planting days are often determined by:
The onset of rains
One of the most important aspects of growing field crops is:
The order in which crops follow one another(sequence) either during the same growing season or through consecutive seasons.
The data must be analyzed statistically to see if ______________________________________________.
The original hypothesis is supported or not.
what are stomates ?
The outside layer of the leaf is largely made up of epidermal cells. This epidermal layer contains openings or pores called stomates each is surrounded by two guard cells. Gas exchange and water vapor can enter and exit through the stomates.
define exfoliation.
The peeling of the outer layers of rocks caused by differential rates of construction and expansion that in turn are caused by temperature changes.
define field capacity:
The percentage of water remaining in a soil 2 to 3 days after having been saturated and after tree drainage due to gravity has practically ceased.
what is the pericarp and what are some fruit structures that develop from it?
The pericarp is the ovary wall, which can develop into different structures. for example, the peel of an orange is part of the pericarp, and the pod of a pea, or the shell of a sunflower seed, the skin, flesh, and pit of a peach are all derived from the ovary wall or pericarp.
physical weathering is:
The physical breakdown of large pieces of rock into smaller and smaller pieces.
define climate:
The prevailing weather conditions of an area
Define photosynthesis
The process in green plants of converting water and carbon dioxide into sugar with light energy, accompanied by the production of oxygen
define relative humidity (RH)
The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air compared to what the Aircon hold at that temperature.
define carbon cycle
The recycling of carbon through the process of photosynthesis and respiration
although the winds move air masses between different latitudes, _________________________________________________ via the Coriolis effect.
The rotation of the earth gives them an easterly or westerly shift
When the desert is irrigated, _________________________________________________.
The salts are left behind after the water evaporates from the soil or through plant transpiration
Desert soil's are difficult to manage in the long term because _____________________________________.
The salts tend to accumulate to levels that inhibit the growth of plants
what are two ways we manipulate photoperiod In a greenhouse to control flowering in photoperiodic plants?
The sensing of light for photoperiodic plants occurs at much lower light intensities than is the needed by most plants for photosynthesis.One way to manipulate the photoperiod in a greenhouse is to use lower intensity artificial lights to promote flowering in long day plants or prevent flowering in short day plants. it's also possible to use shade to control the photoperiod, but it's important to avoid accidental light exposure by using opaque material.
define morphology.
The study or science of the form, structure, and development of plants.
Define climax community
The theoretical end point of succession, community of plants and animals that results from a complex community replacing simpler ones. also defined as: A group of species within the broad structure of a biome thats appropriate to the climatic conditions of the area.
define dependent variable
The variable being measured or evaluated as the result of a change in another variable in the experiment
Define independent variable
The variable in an experiment that's manipulated to evaluate its affect on the dependent variable
define pore spaces:
The voids found between the solids
Ecosystem components diagram
Top arc of circle says"physical" bottom arc of circle says"environment" and the middle says "community of plants, animals and other organisms"; an ecosystem consists of a community of organisms in a physical environment. The community consists of populations of individual species; different kinds of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, etc.
_____________ are long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through______________ and contribute significant:
Tracheids; pits; strength and support systems of gymnosperms.
Name the structurally complex tissue that conducts water and mineral nutrients from the roots to all parts of the plant:
Xylem
many kinds of plants are cultivated for their fibers which are used to make__________________________ and hundreds of other products.
Yarn, fabrics, rope, paper, insulation, raw cellulose
soil's without well-developed horizons are classified as_________________________ even though the parent material:
Young soils; may have been present for many centuries.
Define biome
a collection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic,soil and plant composition.
When the people of a country become more affluent, they want and can afford to purchase ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
a greater proportion of their protein requirements in the form of more palatable animal products( like steak eggs chops and more processed meats and dairy products).
hydration adds molecular water to another compound form:
a hydrated material more vulnerable to pulverization.
plant development is:
a plant's progress through its life cycle
Niches exist when _____________________________________________________.
a resource is portioned so that different portions of it are accessible to only certain species.
Define organelle
a specialized region in a cell, such as mitochondria that's bound by a membrane.
define soil profile:
a vertical section of the soil extending through all its horizons from the surface to the parent material.
what are the six common functional groups for grasslands? give examples for each
a. C3: cool season grasses. name for this functional group results from the photosynthetic pathway the species used for fixing carbon dioxide. ex: largest and most important group of forages and include species such as perennial ryegrass, orchard grass, Timothy, Kentucky blue grass, tall fescue, reed canary grass, etc. b. Legumes. ex: alfalfa, red clover, white clover, birdsfoot trefoil,etc. c. C-4: warm season grasses. Ex: Bermuda grass, big bluestem, switchgrass d. Forbs: this is a largely maligned Group of species often regarded as weeds and pastors. We now realize that the species might provide useful functions including filling vacant spaces, protecting bear soil, and providing forage often with high nutrient value to livestock. ex: chicory and plantain e. annual species. Annual forages are used at two extremes of forage production: -in intensive systems, annual forges such as cereal rye, wheat, oats,etc. can be used for short term forge production. In these cases, use of these species is often in rotation of traditional forage crops. -in extensive systems, annual forages such as subterranean clover an annual bromegrass can also provide significant short term forge production. This land often include stress environments that encounter low fertility, drought, and cold winters. Perhaps the most common species worldwide is Poa annua f. shrubs: shrubs can occur in some grasslands such as the tropical grazing systems and range lands, but they are not common in intensive grasslands in the United States.
environmental and plant growth factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are:(she'll ask which isn't one)
a. Light Quality (wavelength) b. Light intensity (The amount of incident light energy absorbed by the leaf) c. Carbon Dioxide concentration d. heat e. water availability f. Plant development and source sink relationships
List the management practices for controlling insect pests and give examples of each when appropriate.
a. The use of cultural practices( timing of plant, tillage, crop rotation) b. seed, soil, foliar applied insecticides c. biological control: reducing pest populations through use of natural predators d. insect resistant crops(varietal/hybrid tolerance to insect pests)
what are the three methods of herbicide application?
a. pre-plant(applying before the crop is planted) b. pre-emergence(after the crop is planted but before before crop emergence) c. post-emergence (after crop emergence)
The two terms often used when discussing plant disease and injury are:
abiotic(nonliving source of continual irritation) or biotic(continual irritation caused by pathogen(s))
land plants account for __________________________, which keeps the balance between ____________________________.
about 60% of global photosynthesis; oxygen and carbon dioxide at about 600 : 1
roots are responsible for:
absorbing and conducting water and minerals and nutrients and for anchoring and supporting the plant.
The two major processes in soil formation are:
accumulation and transformation of the parent material.
Air tends to move:
across the top of the canopy not through it.
they produce energy rich compounds such as:
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
The ____________ and ________ use of plant is important and urban and suburban areas.
aesthetic and recreational
These crops with purely ____________________ are produced in about 6,800 hectares of ____________________ and 280,000 hectares of ______________, which corresponds to about _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________.
aesthetic value; greenhouses; open area; 0.15 percent of the U.S. crop area, or about 1 percent of the area used for corn.
tomatoes grown for processing and turf grass are examples of crops that can be designated ________ or ________.
agronomic or horticultural.
in woody perennial plants, both the shoot and the root system remain _____________________, each growing to the ultimate size for the particular plant as programmed by:
alive indefinitely; it's gene complement and the environment in which it's growing
A single species cannot utilize ____________________________________________.
all of the resources or the whole of any one resource in the environment.
Genes are termed ____________ to each other if they occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and affect the same trait.
alleles
define emergy
amount of solar energy represented in a resource or commodity
define inflorescence
an axis bearing flowers, or a flower cluster.
__________ reproduce by seed only and complete their lifecycle within one year
annuals
winter temperatures are relatively unimportant for _________________, which survive the winter season _______________________.
annuals; as seeds
Define Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
any organism that's the product of genetic recombination, includes almost all organisms except those produced clonally or parthenogenically. sometimes different species, such as plant and bacteria, can exchange genetic material, for example, wheat. Includes, but is not limited to, genetically engineered organisms.
once flowering is induced for whatever reason, there is a change in the:
apical meristem from vegetative(producing shoots and leaves) to reproductive(producing floral parts).
A population can be defined _________________________________________.
as all of the individuals of a species that inhabit a particular environment.
Forages are conserved in two primary forms:
as dry hay or as moist silage
The sensing of light for photoperiodic and other photomorphogenic responses occur :
at much lower light intensities's that are needed by most plants for photosynthesis.
The intensity of solar radiation's is highest ____________________ and decreases at __________________ for two reasons, both relating to the _________________________________.
at the equator; higher and lower latitude; angle at which the radiation is received.
define microclimate
atmospheric environmental conditions in the immediate vicinity of the plant, includes inner changes of energy, gases and water between the atmosphere and the soil.
define microclimates.
atmospheric environmental conditions in the immediate vicinity of the plant, including interchanges of energy, gases, and water between atmosphere and soil.
heterotrophs must consume ___________________________________ in order to get the energy releasing carbohydrates.
autotrophs or other heterotrophs that have fed on autotrophs
organisms such as plants and the bacteria that can photosynthesize are called _______________ because:
autotrophs; they can synthesize the compounds that release energy during respiration
_______________ were the first group of plant hormones to be discovered
auxins
there are five traditionally recognized groups of plant hormones:
auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid(ABA)
plant stems generally produce buds on the:
axils of leaves at the nodes or terminally on shoots.
What is the most abundant soil organism?
bacteria
________________ are microscopic, single celled organisms.
bacteria
what is the most abundant soil organism?
bacteria
_______________ involves introduction of a living organism, often a natural pest or disease, to control a weed species.
biological weed control
_____________________ in a broad sense, can be defined as the management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity.
biotechnology
Define bio technology
biotechnology is defined as the management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity.
__________________________________ is a recent, but major threat to agriculture.
bioterrorism
What are the signals that trigger the activation of the regulatory genes ?
biotic signals are believed to include plant hormones, certain inorganic ions, coenzymes, and other metabolites.
___________ are highly compressed underground stems to which________________________________. list examples
bulbs; numerous storage leaves are attached; hyacins, lilies, onion, and tulips.
A ________________ is applied to remove all existing weeds in the field thus preparing for a clean seed bed for planting.
burn down herbicide
_____________________________ in preparation for agriculture or other developments also contributes to __________________.
burning forests and other natural vegetation; airborne particulates.
families can enjoy your visit to the local farm to ______ or ______ their own produce. This interaction may help maintain ______________________.
buy or pick; contact and understanding between the mass of population and few remaining farmers.
what is the term for the sepals collectively?
calyx
meristematic tissue are found in woody perennials as cylinders in the shoots and roots, also known as the:
cambium layer
Define obligate parasite
can grow only in the host.
Temperate oil crops, such as ___________________________ are used in the manufacturing of _______________________________________.
canola and soybean; lubricants and plastics.
plants help to prevent runoff and encourage infiltration partly by:
capturing water on their surface, slowing the passage of the water to the soil.
A healthy diet requires an energy source such as:
carbohydrate or fat, protein, Linoleic acid, as well as various vitamins, minerals, and water
The radiant energy is used to synthesize carbon-based molecules called ____________ from _____________ and ________________, releasing _____________ in the process.
carbohydrates, carbon dioxide (Co2), water (H2O), oxygen
The __________________ ratio is nearly constant at about ________________ of carbon to ______________ nitrogen, worldwide .
carbon: nitrogen (C: N); 12 parts; 1 part
Each ovary develops into a fruit, called a ___________________, which:
caryopsis; encloses the true seed .
The ___________ is a spike with only pistilate or staminate flowers.
catkin
The ______________ protects the protoplast, provides an ___________________ and in some tissues may act as a:
cell wall; external structure; strong support for the plant.
what happens in the zone of elongation?
cells expand in length, new protoplasms form and the size of the vacuoles increase.
______________ is the basis of many of the fibers that we use for clothing, rope, and the like.
cellulose
it may be necessary to use _________________________________________________________________________________.
chemicals, introduce predators or parasites(biocontrols), or other means to control slugs, insects, rodents ,birds,or deer.
The spongy mesophyll parenchyma contains the:
chlorophyll for photosynthesis, surround these veins.
The ________________ contain pigments capable of intercepting light and converting electromagnetic energy into the chemical energy necessary to drive the photosynthetic processes.
chloroplasts
photosynthesis occurs in:
chloroplasts
Chromoplasts with chlorophyll are called ____________________ and are responsible for:
chloroplasts; photosynthesis in leaves and stems.
Within the nucleus are the ___________________, long lengths of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA).
chromosomes
what is the rural urban interface?
citizens of urban areas became less aware of how plants the used are produced, as urban areas spread out in a way rural areas were forced to move out words as well
__________________ is the main influence on the type of ___________ that develops.
climate; vegetation
Cultivars originating from a single plant or plant part ans maintained in this manner by vegetative propagation are:
clones
Tropical oil crops, such as ___________________________________ are the main sources of oils used in _________________________________________.
coconut and oil palm; soaps and detergents
The emerging plumule is protected by a sheath like leaf the ____________________ that:
coleoptile; envelops The main stem as it grows upwards through the soil.
________________________ give support to young stems, petioles, and the:
collenchyma; veins of leaves.
A more general term for a mutually beneficial association between organisms is ________________________________.
commensalism
all plant populations within a given habitat and are usually considered to be interdependent are known as the
community
In the desert, fertilizers must be used to ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________.
compensate for the low fertility of the soils
what are the four parts that can be found in flowers? What is a complete flower? A perfect flower?
complete flowers usually have four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils which are usually borne on a receptacle. flowers with both stamens and pistils are called perfect flowers.
tissues of various types combine to form_____________________ such as:
complex plant organs; leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, and roots
Plants are essentially the only terrestrial organisms that:
convert inorganic carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,nitrogen, and sulfur to organic forms through photosynthesis.
soil bacteria, both free living and in association with plant roots,:
convert nitrogen to ammonia
photosynthesis is the process of:
converting light (radiant) energy to chemical energy in the form of reduced carbon compounds
Define phellogen:
cork cambium, a cambium layer giving rise externally to cork and in some plants, internally to phelloderm.
A _________ is a short underground organ having a basal plate stem tissue with fleshy leaf scales surrounding a growing point.
corm
A collective term for petals is:
corolla
this is the principal tissue of the cylindrical zone under the epidermis extending inward to the phloem is a region called the:
cortex
what is the most important and best known plant fiber crop?
cotton
soil fragments vary in size from:
course rock fragments(>2mm) to those so small (<0.002 mm) to those that an electron microscope is needed to observe them.
increase food production must come primarily from:
crop plants with high caloric input per unit area of land.
Détritivores and saprophytes may be less important in crop ecosystems than in nature because ____________________________________________.
crops and crop residues are removed and the nutrients are replaced by synthetic fertilizers.
Agricultural research made new cultivars or _____________ of high-yielding __________, and other crops available to highly populated developing countries.
cultivated variety; wheat, rice, corn
___________________ describes any method of crop production that enhances the capacity of a crop to compete with weeds.
cultural weed control
A ________________ is a piece of vegetative tissue, that when placed under the proper environmental conditions, regenerates the missing parts, roots, shoots, or both and develops into a self-sustaining plant.
cutting
which group of plant hormones primarily promote cell division but also participates in a great many aspects of plant growth and development?
cytokinins
___________________ is the branch of biology involved in the study of the components of cells and their functions.
cytology
The _____________________ is a viscous fluid composed of matrix proteins, bounded by the semi permeable plasma membrane.
cytoplasm
moving towards the poles, the angle approach _________________________________________________________________. The result is tgat the ______________ at noon at 40° N is ____________________________.
decreases towards zero so that the light travels further through the atmosphere and spreads over a wider surface area.; Intensity; about 60% of the value at the equator
in the United States even though the number of farms is _______________, the size of farms is _______________.
decreasing; increasing
The demand for food and fuel is leading to _____________________ in many tropical countries.
deforestation
Define sink
depository; tropical forest are a major sink for carbon dioxide we generate through fossil fuel consumption
what is the largest biome
desert
in fleshy fruits the entire pericarp and accessory parts
develop into succulent tissue
buds can be defined as ___________________________ largely composed of meristematic tissue, and generally protected by:
developed shoot or flower; modified leaf scales.
___________ is the temperature at which water vapor condenses in the air.
dew point
winds are driven by _________________________ resulting from corresponding differences in the:
differences in air pressure; input of solar energy
________________refers to two sets of chromosomes.
diploid
light intensity is:
directly related to plant photosynthetic rates
A ________________ is defined as sub optimal plant growth brought about by continuous irritant such as a pathogen or via chronic exposure to less than ideal growing conditions.
disease
Chemical weathering entails four distinct processes. What are they?
dissolution, hydration, hydrolysis, and oxidation.
The _________________________ of herbivores emphasize the importance of ___________________.
diversity and large numbers; plants as a food source in terrestrial ecosystems.
A ________________ gene is one that causes a certain characteristic to be expressed.
dominant
If a seed must be scarified and stratified it is said to have ____________________.
double dormancy
If light is not limiting, the rate of photosynthetic activity ___________________ for each ____________ increase in temperature for many plant species, up to a point.
doubles, 10 degrees Celsius (18 degrees F)
GMO's have been created that _______________________________.
dramatically reduce the need for pesticides and field tillage.
Forest clearance tends to lead to____________________________.
drier climates
Plants are the source of many:
drugs and medicines
in dry fleshy fruits, some parts of the pericarp become:
dry and other portions remain succulent
The short melt period In the summer allows only a low vegetation of ___________________________________________________.
dwarf shrubs, sedges and grass is to develop
The major energy input for the Earth comes as........
electromagnetic radiation from the sun
what are the three basic parts of the seed?
embryo, food storage Tissue (endosperm/cotyledon/perisperm), and sees coats.
The __________ is a miniature plantlet formed within:
embryo; the seed from the union of the male and female gametes during fertilization
proteins are synthesized on the surfaces of the ________________________________, on small discrete structures called:
endoplasmic reticulum(ER); ribosomes.
Much of our footprint is related to _________________________.
energy use
stem tubers are the __________________________ underground underground stems. Examples:
enlarged, fleshy, terminal portions of; white potato
it is important to supply water efficiently so that __________________________ and as little as possible as lost through:
enough reaches the plants roots; evaporation, runoff, or drainage.
_________________ is the study of insects
entomology
_____________________________________________, (EPA) data imply that _______________________________________________________.
environmental protection agency; more pesticides, mostly herbicides, are applied to lawns than to agronomic crops.
The stem region just above the cotyledons and below the first trifoliate leaves is called the:
epicotyl
root hairs, which are an extension of the ___________________ are the site of:
epidermal cells of young roots; most water and nutrient absorption
The _______ is a single layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers, and roots.
epidermis
The ________________ is a single exterior layer of cells to protect stems, leaves, flowers and roots.
epidermis
The Protoderm gives rise to the _____________; The ground meristem gives rise to the ___________; The procambium give rise to the:
epidermis; cortex; Vascular Cambium.
At the ___________________, The angle of the sun is always close to ___________________________. The radiation travels _______________________ through the atmosphere and reaches the ___________________________.
equator; 90° relative to earths surface; the least distance; minimum surface area.
Some organic farming practices, such as _____________________ may have _________ environmental impact.
erosion from soil cultivation; negative
________________ is the yellowing or whitening of a plant due to the absence of light.
etiolation
_________________________ are made up of compartments bounded by membranes, with specialized structures and functions.
eukaryotic cells
evaporation from plants involves the process of moving water through the plant and:
evapotranspiration or transpiration which cools the plant keeping it from overheating
In healthy, natural ecosystems,_______________________, and consequently,___________________________. it is difficult for a new species to colonize the environment because _______________________________ and the result is called _______________.
every available niche tends to be filled; resources are fully exploited; lacks open niches or unexploited resources;exclusion.
loams are usually:
excellent soils's for crop production.
Which one of the following is not one of the four distinct processes of chemical weathering: -exfoliation -hydrolysis -hydration -dissolution
exfoliation
relative humidity ________________________ relative to the maximum amount that the air can hold _______________________, which is known as the __________________________.
expresses the actual water content; at a given temperature; saturated vapor pressure (SVP)
economists call costs and benefit that are not included in the price ___________.
externalities
Parasites that can grow outside the plant are called ________________________.
facultative
accelerated erosion removes soil __________________________________, reducing the depth of the:
faster than the new soil can be formed; productive topsoil.
________________ is the union of an egg and sperm(gametes) to form a zygote
fertilization
only about 2.5% of crop land is devoted to _____________________, both in the United States and worldwide.
fiber crops
The quality of forage is affected primarily by the amount of _____________ it contains and it's____________________.
fiber; digestibility.
surface fibers are those in which the ___________ are produced on the________ of the plant in association with_______________. examples:
fibers; surface; floral structures.; Cotton and Kapak
what are the two types of roots in plants
fibrous roots don't have a dominant taproot and the roots branch out in many directions. Taproots develop down words with limited lateral growth(think carrots).
each stamen consists of a ___________________; The ______________ produces the pollen; the ______________ supports the anther.
filament and anther; anther; filament
how can land be desalinated?
flooding with water and leaching the salts downwards through the soil profile.
Numerous aspects of plant growth and development are controlled by photoperiod including ______________________.
flowering, induction of bud dormancy in woody species, and the formation of vegetative propagules such as bulbs, tubers, corms, and runners(stolons)
What are perfect flowers?
flowers with both statements and pistils
what are the reproductive parts of the plant?
flowers, fruits, and seeds
if a plant is self fertile, it produces _________________________________.
fruits and seed with its own pollen, without the transfer of pollen from another plant.
it is important for spring planting that the soil should be:
fully charged with water but waterlogged conditions are harmful for most crops.
The roots of nearly all plants in the wild are associated with mycorrhiza which are:
fungi that assist in plant uptake of nutrients and water.
The ____________ is the ultimate hereditary unit that functions as a certain part of a chromosome determining the development of a particular characteristic.
gene
___________ are still in control of the plants characteristics, Even if environmental factors drastically alters the phenotype.
genes
________________________ are transcribed from the DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins on the______________________________.
genetic codes; ribosomes.
when a gene is introduced into a species that otherwise does not have that gene, it's called
genetic engineering
___________________ complements but does not ______________ traditional breding techniques
genetic engineering; replace
define écotypes
genetic variants within a species that's adapted to a particular environment yet remains interfertile with all members of the species.
A _______________________ is one that is derived through the use of molecular biology techniques
genetically modified organism
What does GMO stand for?
genetically modified organism
The term _____________ refers to the genetic make up of a plant
genotype
A side effect of the ______________ of trade is that _____________ are spread around the world more easily. A recent example is the introduction of the ________________ into the _____________________ from wooden pallets, carrying goods from _____________ to the port of Detroit.
globalization; pests and diseases; emerald ash bore; Great Lakes region; China
after the forest is cleared, ___________________________________________________________.
good crops can be raised for a year or two but the nutrients or soon exhausted.
when a compatible graft fails for any reason, it is labeled as a an
graft incompatibility ?
The art of joining parts of plants together so they will unite and continue their growth as one plant is termed _______________.
grafting
economic losses resulting from sudden outbreaks of pest activity can be prevented if:
growers are aware of the biology of the various crop pests, monitor fluctuations in pest population activity, and implement timely corrective action
our major food, fiber, wood, and ornamental plants belong to two main classes: the ________________________, represented mainly by the ______________________________-___________; and the ______________________________, usually ______________________________________.
gymnosperms; narrow leaved evergreen trees; angiosperms; broadleaved flowering plants.
Annuals, which are _______________ complete their life cycle (seed to seed) in ___________________.
herbaceous(non-woody); only one growing season
Crop ecosystems are usually more vulnerable to _____________ because the number of _______________________________________________________.
herbivory; predators is low or nonexistent
The productivity of ecosystems is an indication of _______________________________________________.
how much we can expect to harvest from them without causing loss of species or collapse of a whole ecosystem
_____________ seed produces the F1 generation from a cross of two different yet homozygous parents.
hybrid
ground water and the surface freshwater supply are replenished through the ____________________, which is driven by the input of _________________, both directly as ______________ that promotes ________________ and indirectly through air currents that move _________________________.
hydrologic cycle; solar energy; radiant heat; evaporation of water; water vapor from one area to another.
List the steps to scientific inquiry.
identify the problem or question and make a hypothesis about the cause of the problem or questions; test the hypothesis with experimental study; check and interpret results; report results
The designation as a long or short day plant is not based on the absolute length of day, but rather
if the photoperiodically controlled process is induced only at day lengths longer or shorter than the specific critical day length(CDL).
Define bio technology
in a broad sense ,The management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity; any product produced frim raw materials with the aid of living organisms
Plant scientists studied ways to improve crop productivity ________________.
in a cost effective way
define vascular system:
in seed bearing plants, the system consists of the pericycle, phloem, vascular Cambium, xylem, pith rays, and pith.
vernalization is any cold temperature treatment that:
induces or promotes flowering
In most if not all developed countries, farmland is being lost forever to _________________________________________.
industrial, residential, or recreational development.
Parasitoids can be helpful in crop ecosystems when they __________________________________________.
infect herbivorous insects such as caterpillars.
when rain hits the ground, it can penetrate pores in the soil through the process of ________________ or it can __________________.
infiltration; runoff.
Define corymb
inflorescence with outer flowers having longer stems than the inner flowers, resulting in a flat topped appearance, for example, candytuft.
Carbon dioxide absorbs _______________ from the earth so that ________________________________. This phenomenon is loosely referred to as:
infrared radiation; heat is retained in the atmosphere.; Greenhouse effect.
_______________ is loss of plant vigor resulting from an instantaneous event such as a lightning strike, hail damage, chemical burn or mechanical damage.
injury
pollen is the transfer from the anther to the stigma, principally by:
insects
__________________ are active tissues that have been separated from the apical meristem by regions of more mature or developed issues.
intercalary meristems.
___________________ consists of simultaneously producing two or more crops in the same field.
intercropping
what causes soil horizons?
intersections between biological and chemical agents reacting with parent material over long periods of time differentiate into soil horizons.
The term_________________________ is used to classify species that are particularly aggressive, regardless of their lifecycle
invasive weed species
________________ has a long history and allows us to grow many ___________________________________________.
irrigation; crops in areas that otherwise would have been unsuitable for growing.
and dry fruits (papery or Stoney), the entire pericarp:
is dry at maturity
The _____________________________ manufacture food, which is transported to the roots, flowers, and fruits through the:
leaves, and herbaceous green stems; Phloem.
The ____________________ includes many important crops such as ____________________________.
legume family; beans, peas, and alfalfa
________________ is the stages an organism goes through from fertilization to death
lifecycle
The light intensity at which photosynthesis and respiration rates are equal is called the:
light compensation point.
it also affects the amount of __________________ and available for absorption by __________________.
light entering the leaf; chlorophyll
What is the advantage of plant fats over animal fats in the human diet?
many health problems are associated with the consumption of animal fats partly because they tend to be saturated fats which lack double bonds in their fatty acids. Plants make poly unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid which we need to make hormones like prostaglandin
____________________________________ can be used to decide when to sow seeds and to select areas suitable for fruit production. Other maps can show the:
maps showing expected dates of last frost; expected dates of the first frost in the autumn.
Surviving farms can __________________ directly to the surrounding population.
market
The most important objective in grazing is to:
match the supply of forage production to the nutritional requirements of livestock.
The fruit is a ________________________; it is generally a ____________________, but there are _______________ fruits that are seedless.
matured ovary plus associated parts; seed bearing organ; parthenocarpic
______________________________________ are important factors to consider in variety selection for all crops.
maturity, yield potential, and insect and disease resistance
The organelles of the plants cell are contained within a ____________________________, which in turn is encased within a:
membrane bound protoplast; cell wall
____________________ or ___________________ is comprised of actively dividing cells that develop and differentiate into yet other tissues and organs.
meristem; meristematic tissue
Companion cells aid in _____________________ and are closely associated with sieve tube members.
metabolic conduction
_________________________ is the rapid multiplication of plants by using small pieces of tissue and placing them on a specific type of medium in petri dishes or clear jars.
micropropagation (tissue culture)
US plant hardiness zones are defined according to the:
minimum temperature that can be expected.
______________________ are sites of respiration and are also involved in protein synthesis.
mitochondria
___________________ is growing the same crop in a field continuously over a period of years
monoculture
plants having both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant are called ____________________. if the pistilate and staminate flowers are borne on separate individual plants, the species is called:
monoecious; dioecious.
Competition occurs when ________________________________________.
more than one organism draws on a resource that's in short supply.
When fires sweep through grassland, ______________________________, but grasses and herbaceous perennials, __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________.
most trees are killed; which have their growing points at or below the soil surface, typically survive
heat transfer by convection (_______________________) is an important factor in both:
movement by a carrier; weather and climate.
in soils largely composed of very fine clay particles:
movement of both air and water can be limited.
With so many cells being involved in the reproduction process, errors can and do occur. When they do they are called _____________________.
mutations
Because the crops used are often food crops, using them for fuel ____________ ______________________________________________. Even if they are not food crops, they may _______________________________________________.
negatively affects the food supply for humans and domesticated animals; occupy land that was formerly used for food crops
simple, microscopic, multicellular animals typically containing 1000 cells or less are:
nematodes
soil animals include:
nematodes, mollusks (slugs and snails), annelids(includes earthworms), fungi, and anthropods (mites, insects, millipedes, spiders, etc.)
Other classes of parasites include _______________ and some ____________ ______________, particularly those that form ___________________________.
nematodes; insects and mites; galls on leaves and stems
A plants survival depends on temperatures:
never falling below the minimum that it can tolerate.
____________________ plants are important for maintaining the nitrogen supply in natural ecosystems.
nitrogen fixing
define rhizobium
nitrogen fixing bacteria that has a symbiotic relationship with the plant.
Even though cytokinins are strongly involved in plant growth regulation, _____________.
no important agricultural uses have been developed for them
without fertilization,____________________________; therefore, parthenocarpic fruits are:
no seeds are produced; seedless
___________________ involves pasture establishment without tillage of the soil.
no-till planting
The cell wall is ______________ made up of _______________________.
nonliving; cellulose, pectic substances, and lignins.
Although usually constant for a given species the ___________, ______________and ______________________ of chromosomes vary considerably between different plant species.
number, size, and appearance
_______________________________________________ provide the plants for urban development.
nurseries, greenhouses, and sod farms
because of high rate of growth, ________________________________ so rainforest soils contain little in the way of free nutrients.
nutrients are rapidly taken up by plants and rapidly recycled from dead organisms.
The leaves contain only a fraction of the ___________________________, and trees managed to withdraw much of the ________________________ from their leaves before they are shed. So forest soils ____________________ and tend to have only __________________.
nutrients locked up in the permanent structure of the tree; nitrogen and phosphorus; develop slowly; a thin organic rich layer .
____________________ are passed continuously from one organism to another along with the ______________________________ that sustain the whole ecosystem and that ____________________.
nutrients; energy and carbon compounds; originally came from plants.
ecological research is
often descriptive of the situation within an area that represents the larger ecosystem.
this often leads to an _____________________________________ and an __________________________________ in the evening .
onshore breeze towards the land in the morning; offshore breeze in the evening
this often leads to an _____________________________________ and an __________________________________ in the evening .
onshore breeze towards the land in the morning; offshore breeze towards the land in the evening
The guard cells, which occur in pairs on both sides of the stomata, control the ___________________ through which carbon dioxide ________________ and oxygen:
opening and closing the stomata; enters the plant; (product of photosynthesis) is released.
________________ does not allow the use of ___________ and certain types of ___________________.
organic farming; GMO's; chemicals for pest control and fertilization.
Which of the following does not make up soil texture: -clay -organic matter -sand -silt -N/A
organic matter
Anywhere _______________ exist is, in a strict sense, _______________.
organisms; an ecosystem
How can arid lands be turned into desert? ____________________________
overgrazing and soil erosion as a consequence of attempted cultivation
oxidation reactions form:
oxides of parent material by reactions with oxygen.
After the __________ in the mass of tightly packed chopped material is used up by plant respiration, __________ and act on the carbohydrates in the plant tissue to form __________, which essentially __________ the plant material.
oxygen; anaerobic bacteria multiply; lactic acid; ferments
_______________ are organisms that derive their nutrition by ____________________________, often _________________________ such as swellings or discolored tissue.
parasites; living in or on the tissues of another organism; producing symptoms of disease
_________________ is a long term relationship between _____________________________, in which the host _________________________________.
parasitism; a host and a pathogen; doesn't usually die because this would entail the death of the pathogen.
________________________ is made up of living thin walled cells with large vacuoles and many flattened sides.
parenchyma tissue
Soils are produced from ____________________________________________ __________________________________________.
parent material, such as rock, by the interaction of climate and organisms
Fiber in forage can be present as __________.
pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin.
Most forage and rangeland species are __________ and part of __________.
perennial plants; year-round production systems.
Sepals and petals are collectively called
perianth
The ovary wall, which is called the _____________, can develop into:
pericarp; Different structures
In the tundra, the ground is __________________________________________ ___________________________________.
permanently frozen except for a surface layer throughout the year
________________ can interfere with an insects normal nervous system functions
pesticides
the "particles" also move around the world causing:
pests and disease outbreaks on plants and allergic reactions in humans .
The ____________ are the next whorl of floral leaves:
petals; inwards from the sepals.
_______________ refers to the plants appearance, behavior, and chemical and physical properties.
phenotype
The chemicals that insects normally use to communicate with each other are called:
pheromones
________________ are thick walled cells that provide:
phloem fibers; stem support.
unlike xylem , which is mostly made up of hollow tubes created from dead cells,:
phloem is made up of living cells
____________ conducts food and metabolites from:
phloem; the leaves to stems, flowers, roots, and storage organs.
For most plants, ________________ cannot occur without simultaneous ______________________.
photosynthesis; transpiration.
The primary function of leaves is _________________; The secondary function is:
photosynthesis; transpiration.
some roots act as storage organs for:
photosynthesized food.
Phototropin is responsible for ________________________ which is movement ______________________________.
phototropism; in response to light
A compound leaf resembling a feather is termed_______________; One resembling the palm of the hand is:
pinnate; palmate.
The carpel, also called the ____________ is the ___________ component of the flower.
pistil; female
The channels around plasmodesmata are called _______________.
pits.
Increasing the use and efficiency of _____________ and ____________ would be a way to utilize photosynthetically captured energy.
plant biomass and bio based fuel
defined day neutral plant
plant capable of flowering under either long or short daylengths
describe the difference between plant growth and plant development
plant growth is size increase by cell division and enlargement, including the synthesis of new cellular material and organization of subcellular organelles whilst plant development is a Plants progress through its lifecycle
plant growth regulator's include ________________-________________- as well as other chemicals not found naturally in plants but that when applied to plants, influence their growth and development.
plant hormones- natural and synthetic
adventitious roots can arise from:
plant parts other than stems, such as leaf petioles or leaf blades or even from old root pieces.
The Study of plant disease is termed
plant pathology
Define photomorphogenesis.
plant shape determined by light quality particularly through relative amounts of red, far-red, and blue light.
_______________ are the key components of the ______________ and influence ___________________________________.
plant; soil ecosystem; all of the other organisms present.
for greenhouse plants, why is it beneficial to provide physical stimulation by creating air movement with fans or brushing the foliage on a regular basis?
plants are mostly adapted to grow with a certain amount of disturbance by wind and without it they tend to become tall and weak stemmed.
We have learned the hard way that _____________________ and what we do to help in one aspect of plant growth ____________________________.
plants do not grow in isolation ; May have detrimental consequences elsewhere.
Define photoperiodism
plants that flower in response to day length.
Define short-day plants
plants that initiate flowers only under short day(long night) conditions
________________ are consumed by a wide range of animals, which we call _________________.
plants; herbivores.
the plasma membrane, also called the _______________________, is a _______________________________ surrounding the cytoplasm.
plasmalemma; lipid bilayer.
individual cells in the tissue are connected to one another via strands of cytoplasmic material, called_________________________, which extend through_____________________________.
plasmodesmata; the plasma membrane.
A multitude of other uses include the manufacture of:
plastics, paint, varnishes, lacquers, soaps, detergents, inks, cosmetics, lubricants, medicines, fabric, and paper.
fruit, grain, and seed formation starts with ________________,which is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma in angiosperms
pollination
fruit develops after :
pollination and fertilization
A condition in which individual plants have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in their somatic cells is termed:
polyploidy
The ______________ is an indeterminate branching raceme.
ponicle
Define hypocotyl
portion of a stem that's located above the root and below the cotyledon.
___________________ are applied directly to foliage after weed emergence.
post-emergence herbicides
__________________ are applied to soil after crop planning but prior to the emergence of weeds, crops, or both.
pre-emergence herbicides
___________________ are applied before the crop is planted.
pre-plant herbicides
List the categories of organisms found in all terrestrial ecosystems.
primary producers(mainly plants), herbivores, parasites, commensals, détritivores in saprophytes.
The oil seed meal from crops __________________ and the ______________________ from ethanol production can be used as ____________________________.
process for biodiesel; fermentation residue; animal feed.
it is not known if organic farming has the capability to _________________________________.
produce the quantities of crop products needed in today's world..
in herbaceous monocotyledons, plant stem growth originates from an apical meristem that:
produces vascular bundles scattered throughout the parenchyma.
_________________________ have no separate sub cellular units. Ex: _____________________________
prokaryotic cells; nuclear material isn't enclosed by a membrane
The process of increasing plant numbers is called
propagation
The production of adventitious roots is the basis for:
propagation by stem cuttings.
The amount of infiltration and runoff is determined by the
properties of the soil surface, and the amount of slope and the degree of saturation of the soil with water.
define seedcoat or testa
protective coat derived from the integuments that cover a seed.
The _______________ is a single elongated indeterminate arrangement of stalked flowers.
racme
what are the two growing points of the embryo?
radicle(embryonic root); and plumule(embryonic shoot)
germination begins with the emergence of the ____________________ or the primary ___________ and the ________________ or the primary ________________.
radicle; root; plumule; shoot
The ridge on the seed is the:
raphe
Anyone who works with growing plants for a living has to be able to ___________________________________________________.
read and interpret the scientific and trade literature of the discipline.
A _________________ gene causes the character it controls to be expressed only if both alleles are recessive.
recessive
Define saprophyte
recycle nutrients otherwise tied up in dead organisms, they digest organic material.
when these pigments are irradiated with light containing all the visible wavelengths, they absorb mostly from the ______________________ of the spectrum and reflect or transmit much of the __________________________________.
red and blue portions; green portion which is why leaves are seen as being green.
Plants compete for light by ________________.
redirecting growth and development so that they produce leaves that are above the leaves of their neighbors
improvements in production were developed not only to ______________________________, but also to allow farmers to be ______________________________.
reduce labor and increase productivity and profit; better stewards of the environment.
dust and other pollutants generated by human activity ____________________________________________.
reduce light intensity and can increase rainfall
some plants can compensate for the ___________________________ at low solar angles through ____________________ in which leaf angles are ______________ so that the suns rays are normal or, _________________, to the leaf during most of the day.
reduced light intensity and increased reflection; heliotropic movements; adjusted; perpendicular
define vegetative growth
referring to asexual(stem, leaf, root) development in plants in contrast to sexual(flower,seed) development.
Radiation passing through the earth's atmosphere can be____________________, resulting in signification of light back into outer space and thus:
refracted or scattered; reducing the amount of light available for photosynthesis.
successful water management involves:
regulating the availability of water to meet evaporative demands.
One of the characteristics of DNA that makes it possible for the chromosomes to transmit genetic information from one cell generation to the next is the ability to ____________ itself.
replicate
___________ and ___________ landscaping is a business that generates billions of dollars annually in the United States alone.
residential and commercial
The nonliving organic components of the soil are:
residues of plants and animals.
Define Biofuel:
result from the processing of plants to produce bio diesel and ethanol for use mainly in internal combustion engines.
A ___________ is an underground stem that grows horizontally.
rhizome
A ____________ is an underground stem that grows _________________. List examples:
rhizome; horizontally; bananas, certain bamboos, certain irises, Bermuda grasses, etc.
__________________(RNA) controls the growth processes in a cell.
ribonucleic acid
soil is derived from:
rocks, minerals, and decaying organic matter
because most of the water and nutrients a plant requires enter through the _________________ a healthy actively growing __________________ that is constantly producing root hairs is necessary:
root hairs; root system; for good plant growth and development.
The lower part of the graft combination that is to become the root system is termed the
root stock or under stock
define fibrous root. List examples.
root system characterized by many multi directional branches. Examples are grasses, grain crops, and many kinds of shallow rooted trees.
in herbaceous perennials, the _______________ can remain alive _______________ but the shoot system may be killed by_______________________________.
roots and shoot; indefinitely; frosts in cold winter regions or by senescence inducing factors
what are the vegetative parts of the plant?
roots, stems, leaves
hard fibers are those that are:___________________________________. examples:
rougher, more lignified strands with veinlike bundles of phloem and xylem supporting cells primarily from leaves of monocotyledons. These are longitudinal rigid fibers. The agave plant is an important example.
What advantages are there to graze animals on land that's not suitable for other types of crop production?
ruminant animals can extract energy from plant materials that are indigestible for us, so animals feed on forge crops or are allowed to graze on pasture and can recover energy as high as 50% of what we might have obtained for human consumption .
________________(sheep, goats, and cattle) have four digestive chambers the first of which(the rumen) is filled with:
ruminants; microorganisms that digest and break down forage fiber(cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin).
irrigation adds small amounts of various _______________ to the soil. if the salts are not washed away by a ____________________________________, they can build up to concentrations that:
salts; sufficient sufficient volume of irrigation water or natural rainfall; inhibit plant growth.
The main stem and its branches are the:
scaffold of the plant, supporting the leaves, flowers, and fruits.
______________ is scratching or rupturing the surface of the seed.
scarification
The ___________ is that part of the graft combination that is to become the upper or top part of the plant.
scion
_______________________ is composed of thick walled cells found throughout the plant as fibers or:
sclerenchyma tissue; sclereids.
A________ is mature ovule
seed
The _________________ serves as the primary source of seed for annual weed infestation's in crop fields.
seed bank
________________________ and the vigor and timing of planting are major factors that need to be considered when determining the seedling rate required to achieve a target plant population.
seed germinability
The fruit protects the ___________ in some plants and helps______________.
seed; disseminate it.
what are albuminous seeds?
seeds having a large portion of their food stored as endosperm.
what are exalbumninous seeds?
seeds with no endosperm or only a thin layer surrounding the embryo
an alternative to irrigation is to:
select a crop that has a low water demand.
The control of development through _______________________ is mediated mostly but not entirely through the action of ____________________________________.
selective gene activation and deactivation; transcription factors that turn on and off genes.
flowers are _______________________ by wind or insects.
self pollinated or cross pollinated
If it is ______________, it cannot set fruit and seed with its own pollen, but instead requires pollen from _____________, usually of a different clone.
self-sterile; another plant
_______________ is considered to be a terminal, irreversible ___________________ in living organisms, leading to cellular and tissue breakdown and_______________.
senescence; deteriorative change; death.
The ________________ are the leaf-like scales that encircle other ________________, as in the:
sepal; flower parts; carnation and rose.
what are the accessory flower parts?
sepals(calyx) and petals (corolla)
complete flowers usually have four parts:
sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.
the vascular bundles of an herbaceous dicot usually remain:
separate and distinct; there are arranged in a single circle in the stem.
Leaf blades that are attached directly to the stem and lack a petiole or stipule are called:
sessile leaves
flowers and inflorescences very in ______________________________, A fact that aids and identifying a plants:
shape and form among a species; species, genus, and family.
We often think of an environment as a limited area in which the individuals _____________________________________________.
share The availible resources.
Define Coleorhiza
sheath that surrounds the radicle of the grass embryo and through which the young developing root emerges.
Hay is defined as the________________ and in some cases, The flowers, roots, and seeds, of forge plants that are preserved by _________________________________________________.
shoots and leaves; field drying, harvested, and stored for future feeding to livestock.
_______________________ Are those that flower when the light period is less than a critical length.
short day plants
_____________ members are long slender cells with ___________________ called sieve plates.
sieve- tube; porous ends.
The term______________ is used when the pathogen or part of the pathogen is observed in or on the affected plant.
sign
The root system is a ____________________________, about 1/4 to 1/3 of the total, depending on the:
significant portion of the entire driveway,; storage or fibrous nature of the root.
The tropical forests are a major ___________ depository, for carbon dioxide that we generate through our _____________________. losing that depository contributes to increasing atmospheric __________ and ____________________.
sink ; fossil fuel consumption; CO2 and global warming.
define plant growth
size increase by cell division and enlargement including the synthesis of new cellular material and organization of sub cellular organelles.
The loss of the ____________________ and the increase of the ____________________ have become a serious __________ and ____________ issue.
small family farms; corporate megafarms; social and political
Define spring ephemerals
small, flowering plants that grow in deciduous forests that start and complete the annual lifecycle in a very short time in spring before trees leaf out.
Why do malnutrition and starvation exist in both developed an undeveloped countries?
social and political issues prevent the distribution of food to those who need it.
what are the four sides of the ecological paradigm of scientific study in agricultural sciences?
social responsibility, economic viability, production efficiency, environmental compatibility; disregard one dimension we can the structure significantly and without two it would cause the whole system to collapse
____________ are those in which fibers are located in the stems or, more precisely, in the outer phloem tissues of the bark. Examples:
soft or bast fiber; flax, hemp, jute,kenaf, and ramie
A key component in the relationship between climate and vegetation is _______.
soil
define parent material:
soil component derived from the natural breakdown of rocks by physical and chemical forces.
____________________ can be a devastating consequence of attempted cultivation
soil erosion
what is the most important management tool for the control of forage production?
soil fertility
Interactions between biological and chemical agents reacting with parent material over long periods of time causes:
soil horizons
soil cultivation and major construction projects cause:
soil particles to be released into the atmosphere.
in temperate regions, the major environmental factors determining planting date are:
soil temperatures and moisture.
_______________________ is defined as the percentage of sand, salt, and clay particles in a soil.
soil texture
Leaves may be _______________ or sunburned when exposed to __________________.
solarized; high light intensities
Oil from _______________ and other oil crops such as ____________________ is extracted and processed to be used as ____________________.
soybeans; sunflower and canola; biodiesel fuel
A ___________ is a complete densely flowered structure surrounded by a spathe
spadix
define transcription factors
specialized proteins that regulate the activity of structural genes and other regulatory genes
The _____________ is an elongated, simple, indeterminate inflorescence with:
spike; sessile(no stalk) flowers.
The male part of a flower is the
stamen
what are the essential parts of the complete flower for sexual reproduction?
stamens and pistils
The _____________________ in corn and switchgrass are ____________________________________________________.
starches and sugars; fermented to produce ethanol
The pericycle and the vascular cylinder and collectively called the:
stele
The carpel or pistil is composed of three parts. List and describe each of them.
stigma - receptive surface that receives pollen.; style -connected to the stigma; ovary - attaches to the lower end of the style.
_________ are stems that grow horizontally above ground.
stolons
_______________ refers to the materials that enter the insect by mouth, and kill by being absorbed into the body through the digestive track.
stomach poison
Exposing the seeds to colder temperatures for a set amount of time is called __________________.
stratification
The _____________________ produces new cells in the region a few micrometers behind an active shoot or apical meristem.
subapical meristem
_________ are payments that are supposed to help farmers stay in business, but end up as one more factor encouraging consolidation in the industry.
subsidies
many people have criticized the aspects of ________, but it leads to new opportunities.
suburban sprawl
The change in plant communities overtime is known as _____________________________.
succession
________________ is the most common form of sugar transported in the plant and is the sweetener that we commonly call ___________________.
sucrose; table sugar.
Although __________________ are vital for plant life, ___________________ May be the most important factor in the decision about whether:
sunlight and water; temperature; a crop can be grown or when to plant a crop in a given location.
according to classical economics, the price of commodities results from the balance between the _________ of commodities and the _________ for them.
supply and demand
vegetation aids soil formation by:
supplying organic matter in the form of dying and decomposing plants
what are the three functions of roots?
support and anchor the plant stem, absorb water and nutrients, and provide storage for food reserves.
Cotton is an example of which type of fiber:
surface fibers
organic producers grow crops without the use of:
synthetic herbicides and fertilizers.
Which of the following is considered to be a cool season grass? a.Switchgrass b.Bermuda c.alfalfa d.tall fescue e.N/A
tall fescue
some plants have a dominant ________________, which _______________________ together with limited lateral root growth. Examples:
taproot; develops; carrots, beets, turnips, oaks, pecans, alfalfa, and cotton.
The annual leaf fall adds a certain amount of nutrients to the litter layer of the ________________________.
temperate deciduous forest.
urban development has a major effect on the ___________________ at all times of the year.
temperature
what is the major function of greenhouses?
temperature manipulation
The most important climatic variables are ____________________________________.
temperature, precipitation and any seasonal variation in both
___________________ strongly influences fruits set. temperatures that are ___________________ at this critical period are often responsible for_____________.
temperature; too low or too high; crop failures.
A defining feature of the climate of the temperate zone is that:
temperatures aren't conducive to plant growth throughout the year.
some plants of tropical origin may be injured at _____________________________. this is referred to as _________________.
temperatures well above the freezing point; a chilling injury
Define florigen.
term given to a stimulus(suspected of being a protein) that promotes flowering; that are typically initiated, or entertained by transitions between darkness and light, as occurs at dawn
The organisms in an ecosystem interact according to _________________________________________.
the nature of the species and their role in the ecosystem.
define Calvin cycle
the non-light requiring reaction in photosynthesis where carbon fixation occurs. The energy from the light reaction provides the energy for the Calvin cycle.
Many of the most important organisms and ecological processes in all ecosystems are invisible to us because ________________________________________________________.
the organisms are small or because they and the processes occur in the soil
Define harvest index
the percentage of a plant biomass that's incorporated into the harvestable part.
What does the vascular system of seed bearing plants consist of?
the pericycle, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, pith rays, and pith.
The seedling rate of a crop is determined by:
the plant population requirement (or plant density) to optimize yield in a particular environment.
Parthenocarpy is the formation of fruit without _______________.
the stimulation of pollination and fertilization
Parasites differ from herbivores because _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________.
they cause a disease rather than simply eating their way through the tissue
For species to coexist in an ecosystem, ________________________________.
they must occupy different niches
bodies of water affect Air circulation because:
they warm up more slowly than the land does in the daytime and cool more slowly in the night time
The leaves of some plants, such as cabbage have a ________________________________________, called the:
thick, waxy surface that greatly reduces water loss; cuticle.
The root cap is a:
thimble shaped group of cells that protect the actively dividing meristem as it penetrates the soil.
Generally, the leaves of a given plant species grow ________________________ in areas under low light intensity than under high light intensity.
thinner and longer
The level of infestation or infection below which the economic value of a plant or crop is not compromised is referred to as the:
threshold level
The basic component of a grass is the ___________- and a clump of grass is ________________________.
tiller; a collection of tilers.
worldwide, more land is devoted to grasslands than _____________________ and totals _______________________________.
to all other crops combined; 26.1% of the world land area.
my planting deep and having adventitious roots form, the young plant is much less likely:
to be damaged by wind or rain.
The ability of a plant to maintain its yield in spite of having disease or plant pressure is known as______________________.
tolerance
The membrane surrounding the vacuoles is called the ____________________ , And it serves an important role by:
tonoplast; controlling the flow of water and dissolved materials into and out of the vacuole, maintaining cell turgor and other functions.
By cultivating plants, humans reduced the need to _________________________________________________________.
travel to follow the food supply
______________ in grassland and savannah is limited to some extent by ______________________, but _____________________________________________.
tree growth; lack of H2O; fire and grazing animals are also important in maintaining these ecosystems
smaller scale irrigation for horticultural crops, including ornamental's, often aims to supply the water more directly to the plants roots through:
trickle feed pipes or spray in meters close to the soil surface.
Plant cultivation is believed to have started in ______________ and ________________ regions in the Middle East and Africa.
tropical and subtropical
A _________ is an underground stem whose terminal portion swells as it accumulates:
tubers; starches and sugars from photosynthesis in the leaves.
double cropping involves the production of:
two crops, one following another, during one growing season.
Biennials, which are herbaceous plants, require ______________ to complete their life cycle (seed to seed).
two growing seasons (not necessarily two years)
Golf alone is now equivalent to about _______________ of major crop sales and involves ______________ of the US population.
two-thirds, 12%
the _______________ is an indeterminate, often flat top, cluster flowers that are of equal length and arise from a common point.
umbel
once a disease has been identified, it's prevention and/or control depends on:
understanding: -it's cause(s) -the factors that favor the disease -which plant parts are affected -when the disease organisms are spread
The _______________ is composed of the plants that grow under the canopy layer of other taller plants.
understory
The ovary contains___________________ that are attached to a ___________________; The ovules develop into:
undeveloped ovules; placenta; seeds after pollination and fertilization
Breeding means selecting a female and male parent with _________________________________________________ and crossing them to produce offspring with both sets of desirable traits.
unique desirable traits
Define orthotropic growth.
upright growth
__________ populations have increased in every US state.
urban
A dome of warm air exists over cities, forming the so-called:
urban heat island or dome.
if the RH is less than 100%, the difference between the actual vapor pressure and the SVP is known as the:
vapor pressure deficit (VPD)
What parts make up the plant body?
various tissues united in a structured and organized pattern to form organs (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds)
organisms that carry or transport disease are called:
vectors
Air movement tends to be slow down by __________________. This effect is most noticeable under continuous:
vegetation; canopy of herbaceous or woody vegetation.
define bypass growth
vegetative growth that occurs of the switch to reproductive growth is interrupted
List and describe an example of a cold induced process:
vernalization is an example of a cold induced process and it is cold induced flowering.
______________ are long tubes made up of ____________________ that are joined end to end after the end walls of the cell:
vessel; short vessel members; have dissolved.
_____________ are intracellular pathogenic particles that infect other living organisms
viruses
Plant parasites include many kinds of __________________________________.
viruses, bacteria, and fungi
All ____________ are obligate parasites, whereas ________________________ may be obligate parasites or facultative.
viruses, fungi, bacteria
___________________ are the two carriers for:
water and air; convective heat transfer.
vacuoles serve as a storage reserve for:
water and salt, as well as for toxic products.
dissolution is the process by which the constituents of parent material dissolved in:
water or water weak, naturally occurring acids and are leached away.
large areas are often irrigated with ______________________ to some form of ________________________. This method can result in losses because the water may:
water piped under pressure; overhead irrigation.; Fall outside the crop area and a proportion evaporates before it reaches the root zone.
The outside surface of epidermal cells is usually covered with a ___________________, which reduces:
waxy substance called cutin; water loss.
Spindly growth results in a ___________________, but by rapidly growing tall, the plant can _____________________________________________.
weaker plant; become taller than its neighbors and begin to capture more light for photosynthesis and become stronger.
soil's differ around the world, but they they are basically composed of:
weathered rock, air, water, decomposed organic material, and various organisms all work together in a complex ecosystem able to support growth of land plants.
any plant out of place, growing where it is not wanted, that interferes with human activities or competes with a desired plant for water, nutrients or sunlight is a:
weed
We call the other plants __________, and their presence is _________________________________________.
weeds; a problem to the extent that their resource requirements overlap those of the crop species.
without cultivation ______________ would move in, followed by a thicket of _________________, and the process would culminate in a ______________________________________.
weeds; woody plants; forest of the longer lived tree species
All of the kinds of ecosystems that made up the biomes contained ___________ _______________________ which were often __________________________ ________________________________________________________________.
wet areas or wetlands; the most productive areas because water was permanently available and were ecological buffer zones (refuge for animals and moisture for plants during dry seasons)
One of the newest plants to be recognized for its medicinal benefits is a _______________________________, a chemical shows promise in the treatment of cancer.
yew that produces taxol; cancer
define photosynthetic active radiation
(PAR) radiation in the 400-700nm spectral waveband.
what are the agricultural uses for gibberellins?
-increasing fruit size of seedless grapes -stimulating seed germination and seedling growth -promoting male flowers in cucumbers -overcoming the cold requirement for some plants -promoting stem elongation.
Average lot sized for new homes are about ______________________________.
0.15 hectares or 0.4 acre
3 main forage establishment method options:
1. Full cultivation 2. No-till planting 3. Frost seeding
List the 5 methods for managing pests in order:
1.Genetic host resistance 2.Cultural practices 3.Chemical applications 4.Biological control 5.Government regulatory measures
The increasing combustion of fossil fuels and the clearance of natural vegetation on all continents have caused :
A 30% increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past two centuries.
define glacial till
A product of glacial weathering in which rock particles varying in size from clay to boulders are deposited by the glacier on the land surface as it melts and recedes.
__________ is the study of field grown crops such as wheat, soybeans, corn and those used for industrial purposes.
Agronomy
Silos for silage must be __________ structures and are either __________.
Airtight, vertical or horizontal
Alternation of Generations
Alternation of generations refers to the occurrence in the plant life cycle of both a multicellular diploid organism and a multicellular haploid organism, each giving rise to the other.
_____ is the group of plants to which grasses,flowers, vegetables, fruits, trees and shrubs belong.
Angiosperms
Silage is moist forage, preserved by __________.
Bacterial fermentation under anaerobic conditions
Why have grasslands been the most extensively modified biome ?
Because of their value for agriculture( now only 2% tallgrass prairie remains)
Forage crops are often __________ and fed later to livestock.
Conserved or preserved
Humans began the purposeful growing or ________________________ of plants to improve the supply of materials obtained from these plants.
Cultivation
Much of the world's best agricultural land is already under _______________________________, although there is still _________________________________________________ awaiting development in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Sudan, and Australia.
Cultivation, unused productive land
____________ is a polymer, a very large molecule made up of many repeating units, but the repeating units called ___________ can vary.
DNA; nucleotides
What is the first step in diagnosing plant disorders?
Define the problem
Wind can be a major cause of damage to crops either because of :
Direct physical damage or excessive transpiration.
Saprophytes are aided in their activity by _____________________________.
Détritivores that break up large pieces of organic matter as they consume it.
____________________ promotes stem elongation so the low ____________________________________.
Far-red light; R:FR accounts for spindly growth
define heterotrophs:
Feed off autotrophs or other heterotrophs; organism that depends on the compound synthesized by autotroph's for nourishment.
Enough food is produced globally to _______________________. However, _____________________________ exist in both developed an undeveloped countries.
Feed the worlds population; malnutrition and starvation
The word biotechnology, as generally used now means organisms developed by molecular biology and molecular genetics using advanced __________________________________________.
Genetic engineering techniques
what type of plants accumulate nutrients in the roots and stems that are renewed from year to year?
Grassland plants
define angiosperms
Group of plants to which grasses, flowers, vegetables, fruits, trees, and shrubs belong
Increases in plant population may ____________________________, thereby increasing the risk of:
Increase plant height and reduce stem and stalk strength; lodging
_________________ are applied as fumigants and inhaled as vapor or dust by the insect or mite, and the material is then absorbed through the respiratory system.
Inhalants
_____________________________________ relies on the use of several methods rather than one single means for developing an effective and sustainable pest management program.
Integrated plant health management(IPHM)
A pesticide has one or more ways in which it can get into an insect or mite. These are known as the :
Mode of entry
angiosperms are divided into two sub classes:the ______________________ or __________________, which have an embryo with _________________________ and the _________________________ or ____________________, which have an embryo with ______________________________.
Mono cotyledons's; monocots; one cotyledon; dicotyledon's; dicots; two cotyledons
apart from fiber and bio fuel, the major non-food use of crops is for ________________________________________.
Oil based industrial products.
incomplete flowers lack:
One or more of the four parts: petals, sepals, stamens, or pistils.
__________________________ contains reserves of nutrients and makes up a large part of ___________________ that are characteristic of __________________________ around the world.
Organic matter; black earths; moist grasslands
define autotrophs:
Organism that can synthesize its own food from inorganic compounds via a process like photosynthesis.
The soil component derived from the natural breakdown of rocks by physical and chemical forces:
Parent material
what factors are responsible for soil formation?
Parent material, climate, biology, topography, and time.
Most farms are run as ___________________________________________.
Part-time businesses
A disease causing organism is a:
Pathogen
both photoperiodism and shade avoidance are examples of __________________________ which means ________________________________________.
Photomorphogenesis; plant shape is determined by light quality
Hay quality is determined by (5)
Plant maturity, leafiness, color, odor, and amount of foreign material
The __________ farming has been help to some extent by _________ The uses of staple crops ( e.g., _______ and _______ from corn and _______ made from soybeans) and by adopting __________ crops,
Profitability; diversifying; ethanol and syrup; tofu; alternative
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
_________________ is a serious pathogen of several of our food crops. The potential of the fungus to ____________ those cops is the reason it has been _______________________.
Ralstonia; devestate; listed as a bioterror organism
The _____________was a very distinct line of demarcation with a defense wall separating urban from rural areas.
Rural/urban interface
______________________ determines or influences all of the other variables that make up climate.
Solar radiation
climate includes the intensity and duration of ______________________________________________ that may be expected; and how these _________________________________________.
Solar radiation- the temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction; characteristics vary according to the season.
certain fruit trees bear flowers and fruits each spring on persistent shorten stems called: _____________. list examples:
Spurs; cherries, plums, and pears.
List the 4 types of cuttings in the book: They are classified according to the part of the plant from which they are obtained.
Stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, leaf bud cuttings, root cuttings
________________ are stems that grow horizontally _____________ sometimes called _____________. examples:
Stolons; above ground: runners; Bermuda grasses, some ferns, and ajuga .
The epidermal layer contains openings or pores called _______________, each surrounded by two:
Stomates; Guard cells.
physical weathering is also caused by moving water, as in:
Stream erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, or wave action.
The idea of __________ as a guiding principle of crop production is an attempt to transcend the mindset of high-yield this year being more important than low yields in future years because of soil degradation.
Sustainability
_______________________ are materials generally act by slowing, but not stopping, cell division and elongation in subapical meristems, usually without causing stem or leaf malformations.
Synthetic growth retardants
what is the second largest biome
Taiga(boreal forest)
The distribution of different particle sizes determines:
The ability of soil's to hold and transmit water.
define buffering:
The ability of some soil components to resist change in soil pH
Define sustainability.
The ability to be maintained with little input of nonrenewable resources.
define weather
The actual values of climatic variables and is not the same as climate
net photosynthesis is the term for:
The amount of photosynthates produced above the amount required by the plant itself.
define angle of incidence
The angle at which an object intersects a surface, relative to that surface.
We can reduce our human footprint by reducing ________________________________________________.
The area or intensity of our activities.
The best test to distinguish between simple and compound leaves is to examine ________________________. A true leaf _____________________________; a leaflet:
The base of the petiole; has a bud in this location; does not.
Define plastids.
The cellular organelles in which carbohydrate metabolism is located.
Define Human Footprint.
The impact that human activity has on ecosystems in global resources. ( accounts for all space required to provide all items we use)
define photoperiod
The length of a day or period of daily illumination required for the normal growth and sexual reproduction of some plants.
define carbon dioxide compensation point.
The level of carbon dioxide available to the leaf for photosynthesis equals the amount of carbon dioxide generated by the plant's respiration. Photosynthesis cannot increase unless the amount of available carbon dioxide is increased by further respiration.
define transpiration
The loss of vapor through the stomata of leaves.
define humus
The more or less stable fraction of the soil organic matter remaining after the major portion of plant and animal residues have decomposed.
The further from the climax community we try to stay, ____________________________________________________.
The more work and inputs are required to maintain the ecosystem.
Controlled experiments are:
The most certain way of obtaining reliable information on which to base decisions.
Define histology
The science that deals with the microscopic structure of plant or animal tissues.
define dewpoint
The temperature at which water vapour in the air will condense
define integuments
The tissues covering or surrounding the ovule, usually consisting of an inner and outer layer; they subsequently become the seedcoat of the mature ovule
phytochrome is:
a light absorbing protein
The term often used when discussing the action of herbicides on biochemical processes is:
a mode of action
A plant hormone is _________________________ that acts to control plant activities.
a natural substance produced by the plant itself
Define symbiosis
a permanent and close relationship between two organisms(symbionts).
Succession begins with _______________________ that can survive under special conditions.
a pioneer species
root hairs actively:
absorb water from the soil
climate is modified by local features such as
altitude, presence of land or water, and barriers to air circulation
define human footprint
an estimate of the land area required by an individual, geographic area, Sociopolitical group or worlds population taken as a whole
Define middle lamella
an intracellular layer that contains many of the mucilaginous pectic compounds that hold adjacent cell walls together.
Parasitoids are _____________________________________________________. When they emerge as adults _____________________.
annual, often as insects that spend the juvenile phase of their lifecycle inside the tissue of another insect.; The host is killed
Define lipids
any of A group of fat, fat like compounds, insoluble in water but soluble in certain other solvents.
ground water can accumulate in natural underground reservoirs called:
aquifers
what is a micro climate?
areas warmer or colder than the climate in general. Determined by hills, valleys, depressions in a field, proximity to a body of water, or the presence of large land masses or buildings.
when light intensity is too low for adequate photosynthesis, ____________________________________.
artificial light can be used
explain microclimates
atmospheric environmental conditions in the immediate vacinity of the plant; include inter changes of energy, gas, water between the atmosphere and the soil
describe two issues associated with growing plants for Biofuel
because crops are often food crops that are used to reduce Biofuel, using them for fuel negatively affects the food supply for humans and domesticated animals even if they're not food crops they may occupy lands previously used for food crops. Energy is required to produce fuel so not gain and fuel energy may be lower than 50%
Cultivated grains and grasses, fruits, vegetables, and ornamental's have _______________________________________________.
become dependent on human intervention to survive.
A species has a minimum temperature, ________________________________; an ______________________ for growth; and a maximum temperature:
below which growth cannot occur; optimum temperature; above which injury occurs.
_____________________ Live for two years and reproduce only by seed.
biennial weeds
What is the advantage of biofuels over fossil fuels?
bio fuels are renewable and they sequester CO2 during growing cycle thereby reducing the carbon footprint.
what are the two types of biofuels?
biodiesel and ethanol
circadian rhythms are:
biological rhythms that complete one cycle in approximately 24 hours
in most dicotyledonous plants, the leaf is made up of the _________________, the _________ part; the stem like _____________, which attaches the ___________________; and in some plants the ___________ at the:
blade; flat, thin; petiole; blade to stem; stipules; at the base of the pétiole
worldwide food scarcity in the years ahead is a real possibility unless measures are taken to:
both control population increase food production.
what kind of features can modify climate in an area?
both human activity and vegetation can modify climate. A large area of forest can make the climate more moist, whereas a small group of trees may act as a windbreak and provide shade. Areas of human settlement tend to be heat islands with higher temperatures than the surrounding countryside. Forest clearance leads to drier climates and dust pollutants generated by human activity reduce light intensity and can increase rainfall.
The way that we define the environment determines the _________________________________________.
boundaries of the population
The petals are usually _______________________, and they often contain _______________________________________, which pollinate the flowers.
brightly colored with some yellow; nectaries that secrete nectar to attract insects.
in winter,___________________ to the surrounding environment. In summer, buildings and paved surfaces _________________________________________ over time.
buildings radiate heat; absorbs solar radiation and release it as so-called sensible heat
plants that have underground stems with only a small portion of the plant showing for a relatively short period in the spring are called:
bulbous plants
The oxygen in the atmosphere that we depend on for our survival is produced:
by plants and algae during photosynthesis
define community.
consists of populations of individual species
name two ways to protect crops from wind damage.
constructing windbreaks or to grow shelter belts of tall vegetation.
Most of the energy used for our food supply is ________________________________________________.
consumed after produce leaves the farm(transportation, processing, and storage).
__________________ refers to the materials that enter the insect or mite body directly through the pests cuticle.
contact poison
many soil organisms are involved in ____________________________________ in soil organic matter.
decomposition and recycling of nutrients
plant cells are
eukaryotic
__________ are thick walled sclerenchyma cells that provide support.
fibers
Most annual and biennial plants ___________________.
flower and fruit only once before dying
This shift in food consumption patterns coupled with the tremendous increase in world population, especially in developing regions, requires continuing increases in the world's _________________________________________.
food producing capacity.
Humans depend on field crops for much of their __________, and for many other industrial uses.
food, grains for animal feed, clothing, rope, biofuels,
Plant scientists have to find a way to meet our needs for ______________________ from plants without ________________________.
food,fuel, and other products and services; negatively affecting the environment.
The better-known uses of plant oils are __________.
for cooking, flavoring, margirine, and salad dressing.
The main plant factors affecting forge fiber and other quality factors are:
forage species, leaf to stem ratio, maturity, anti-quality components.
____________________ are the edible parts of the plant, primarily the ________________________ but can be fed directly or following storage to livestock.
forage, browse, or herbage; primarily the leaves and digestible stems
fertilizing bulbs in coolers and bringing them into the greenhouse where warm temperatures cause the plants to grow and flower is called
forcing
Most of our energy consumption is based on _________________, and a footprint is associated with ________________________________________________.
fossil fuels; extraction, processing, and distribution of theses fuels
growth can be measured as increases in:
fresh or dry weight or in volume, height, length, or surface area.
A far greater footprint arises __________________________________________________.
from the CO2 produced as the fuel is burned to generate energy.
after fertilization portions of the flower develop into a_________________, which bears:
fruit; a seed.
The area between the deserts in the forests consist of __________________________.
grasslands and savannas
The larger leaves allow for a ________________________________________________.
greater area to absorb light
perennial plants have two strategies for winter survival: dying down to ________________ but survive as _____________________________________________ or their stems become _________________ and acquire:
ground level; underground storage structures with buds from which new growth begins each year; dormant; a degree of cold hardiness that varies with plant species
________________ accounts for __________ of the total, while only _______ exists as _________________________.
ground water; 0.3%; 0.01%; freshwater in lakes and streams
collectively the carpels are known as the:
gynoecium
________________refers to one set of chromosomes
haploid
areas of human settlement tend to be ________________________________________________.
heat islands, with higher temperatures than the surrounding countryside.
perennials are either:
herbaceous or Woody
From the earliest history of modern humans, the shaman and wise elders of a tribe used _______________________________________________________.
herbs to treat diseases and disorders among tribal members
organisms, including humans that cannot synthesize those compounds are called:
heterotrophs
most plants do not grow well in:
highly acidic or highly alkaline soils
The scar that remains after breaking the seed from the stalk is called the _____________, in the small opening near the hilum is the:
hilum; micropyle
In each vegetative cell are pairs of each individual chromosome. These pairs are called ___________________________________.
homologous chromosomes
Define plagiotropic growth.
horizontal growth
________ is the study of crops that require more intense and constant care, from planting through delivery to the consumer.
horticulture
what is a flower lacking either stamens or pistils called?
imperfect flowers
How does cultivating crops impact our carbon footprint?
in terms of carbon fixation, croplands are usually less productive than the biomes they were place. When we change ecosystems for our own use we change the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere; carbon is returned to the atmosphere as the crop is consumed
How are biomes described?
in terms of vegetation that existed before human interference (which changed several thousand years ago to provide food for humans to eat or animals to eat)
plants can draw on a fraction of the water ___________________, but much of it is _____________________________________.
in the ground; below the depth of root penetration.
The juvenile phase is characterized by _____________________.
inability to reproduce sexually
When a plant's own pollen will not grow through the style into its embryo sac, this is called:
incompatibility
two major trends that will affect crop production and the global environment are the _____________________________________________.
increases in human population and energy use.
As the sun rises the angle of incidence _______________, light intensity _______________, so does _________________________ until the photosynthetic machinery is _______________. Then photosynthetic activity gradually ________________________________________________________.
increases; increases; photosynthetic activity; saturated; declines as the day progresses toward sunset
The yields we achieve in ____________ countries need to be achieved worldwide. The yields in turn require that _________ at least of ________________________, have to rise in other countries to match those in ______________.
industrial; inputs at least of fuel fertilizer and probably pesticides; North America and Europe.
Although the host may not die, it usually
is the weakend making it vulnerable to attacks by other organisms.
These enterprises provide __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________.
jobs for many people, from day laborers to corporate executives.
Rotating a nitrogen fixing legume crop with a non-legume on a regular basis is a common farming practice to _________________________.
keep nitrogen levels up in a field.
Ornamental crops are much more ____________________________________, accounting for nearly 20 percent of U.S agricultural labor costs.
labor-intensive than other crops
New homes are an expanding expanding market for ________________.
landscape supplies and services.
Define xeriscape
landscapes that are designed to reduce or eliminate the need for irrigation.
The pericycle is a meristematic region producing:
lateral (branch) roots that grow outwards through the cortex and epidermis.
The _____________________ which produce secondary growth, are cylinders of_________________________________ starting somewhat below the apical or subapical meristems and continuing through the plant axis.
lateral meristems; actively dividing cells
temperature is primarily influenced by _______________________________________________.
latitude and within latitude, it's influenced, by the height of the land above sea level
define cotyledon
leaf like structures at the first node of the seedling stem. And some dicots the cotyledons contain the stored food for the young plant, not able able to photosynthesize, it's own food. Often referred to as seed leaves.
transpiration helps regulate ___________________ and provides the force that:
leaf temperature; draws water in through the xylem.
define trifoliate
leaf with three leaflets attached at the same point, for example, clover.
By observing the full range of interactions and processes in natural ecosystems, we can __________________________________________________________ _____________________________.
learn how to manage crop ecosystems to achieve the goal of sustainability.
__________________ does not refer to how beneficial the light is for the plant, but rather:
light quality; the relative quantity of individual component wavelengths contained in an incident beam of light
Define visible light
light with wavelengths of 400-700 nm, which is the range visible to the human eye.
Plants require _______________________ and many may require _________________________________________.
light, water, and nutrients for growth; pollinators and dispersal agents for reproduction.
If a plant reproduces "true" by seeds with no characteristics changed the cultivar is termed a ________.
line
A fraction of the number of the particulates consist of:
living organisms, plant pollen, microbial spores, and insect eggs.
________________ is the breaking or collapse of stalks or stems usually at or near maturity
lodging
plants also encourage infiltration when they die by creating a layer of _______________________________________________________ that tends to form on bare soil.
loose, absorbent, organic debris at the soil surface rather than the smooth, non-absorbent, caked surface
soil with a high percentage of sand:
loses water quickly, retaining little for plant use.
light that is reflected from the surface of a leaf is:
lost for photosynthesis
Coniferous trees are a valuable crop for ________________________.
lumber and paper making
What are some ways that nurseries and green houses are reducing their footprint on the environment
many greenhouse and nurseries now practice water and fertilization recycling and use low environmental impact methods of pest control whenever possible.
Define pigments:
molecules that are colored by the light they absorb. Some plant pigments are water soluble and are found mainly in the cell vacuole.
as water vapor escapes through _________________________________, The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis ______________________________________________.
pores in this leaf surface called stomata; enters the leaf through the pores at the same time.
after the soil is saturated, the excess water:
runs off or drains away.
The terms often used when discussing plant disease are injury and:
sign and symptom
Because the conifers are mostly ___________________________________________________________________.
slow grazing evergreens, recycling the availability of nutrients is much slower than in the deciduous forest.
flowers borne singly on a stalk are called:
solitary
A relationship relationship between two dissimilar organisms living together for mutual benefit is called:
symbiosis.
______________ are visual or otherwise detectable reactions or alterations of a plant as a result of disease or injury.
symptoms
The plant cell is:
the basic structure and physiological unit of plants in which most reactions characteristic of life occur .
Photoperiodism is the photomorphogenic response to:
variations in day length
A leaf scar, __________________________, is visible just below each___________
where the leaf petiole has attached; bud
The balance between evapotranspiration and precipitation defines:
whether the climate is moist or dry and whether irrigation is likely to be necessary to produce crops.
The plants we cultivate for our survival and pleasure all originated from ________ plants.
wild
in contrast to many other countries, the United States has seen an overall increase in the area of _________.
woodland
_______________ is a structurally complex tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals:
xylem; from the roots to all of the parts of the plant
