POB Test 3

A normal male marries a color-blind woman. What percent of their female children will be color-blind? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

0%

What are the chances that two individuals with wavy hair (an incomplete trait) will have a curly-haired child? Curly hair and straight hair exhibit incomplete dominance. 25% none 75% 50%

25% (Given that WW = curly hair, ww = straight hair, and Ww = wavy hair, if both parents have wavy hair then their genotype is Ww. A cross of Ww × Ww would yield a 25% chance for WW (curly,) a 50% chance for Ww (wavy), and a 25% chance for ww (straight), The ratio would be 1:2:1.)

What will the genotypic ratio be of a monohybrid cross of two individuals who are both heterozygous for a trait? 50% homozygous dominant, 50% homozygous recessive 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive 100% homozygous dominant

25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive (Two heterozygous individuals would have the genotype of Aa and they could donate either of these allelic choices to a gamete that was created. This would lead to 25% as homozygous dominant (AA), 50% heterozygous (Aa), and 25% homozygous recessive (aa). The phenotypic ratio would be 75% showing the dominant trait and 25% showing the recessive.)

The four o'clock flower is an example of incomplete dominance: R = red, r = white, and Rr = pink. If two hybrids are crossed, what are the chances that an offspring will have pink flowers? 0% 50% 100% 75% 25%

50% (Rr × Rr will produce RR, Rr, and rr flowers. Since the parents have both alleles, they have the ability to pass both on to their offspring. This is the cross that Mendel made when he crossed the F2 with itself. We can calculate that the offspring's genotypes will be 25% RR, 50% Rr, and 25% rr.)

If a woman is a carrier for the color-blind recessive allele and her husband has normal vision, what are their chances that a son will be color-blind? None, because the father is normal. 50%, since the mother is only a carrier. 100% because the mother has the gene. 25% because the mother is a hybrid. None since the son will also be just a carrier.

50%, since the mother is only a carrier.

In guinea pigs, B = black, b = brown, S = short hair, s = long hair. Two heterozygous individuals reproduce. The expected results are 9 black short hair, 6 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 black short hair. 9 black long hair, 3 black short hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 brown short hair. 9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair. 9 brown short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown long hair, 1 black short hair

9 black short hair, 3 black long hair, 3 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair. (For a dihybrid cross, the parents would need to be heterozygous for both of two traits. BbSs × BbSs would produce BBSS, BBSs, BBss, BbSS, Bbss, bbSS, bbSs, or bbss as genotypes. The phenotypes of these would be 9 dominant for both traits (black and short hair) to 3 recessive for the first trait and dominant for the second trait (brown with short hair) to 3 dominant for the first trait and recessive for the second (black with long hair) and 1 recessive for both traits (brown with long hair).)

In humans, aniridia, a type of blindness, is due to a dominant allele A. Migraine headaches are due to another dominant allele M. If a man who suffers from both conditions (AaMm) marries a woman who suffers from both (AaMm), what are the chances of an offspring expressing both traits. 9/16 3/16 1/2 1/16

9/16 (The man is AaMm and he marries a woman who is AaMm. This is a dihybrid cross and would produce AAMM, AAMm, AAmm, AaMM, Aamm, aaMM, aaMm, or aamm as genotypes. The phenotypes of these would be 9 dominant for both traits to 3 recessive for the first trait and dominant for the second trait to 3 dominant for the first trait and recessive for the second and 1 recessive for both traits.)

When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times, thereby losing the majority of genotypes in the next generation, it is called a bottleneck effect. a founder effect. industrial mechanism. natural selection.

A bottleneck effect.

A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called a basidiospore. an ascospore. a mycelium. a conidia.

A conidia.

During allopatric speciation gene flow continues between subpopulations. reproduction between all subpopulations is impossible. a geographic separation occurs between subpopulations. wide phenotype differences appear between subpopulations. subpopulations are still able to interbreed.

A geographic separation occurs between subpopulations.

In peas, yellow is dominant over green in seeds. With which of these is it best to cross a yellow-seeded pea plant to determine whether it is homozygous or heterozygous? a green-seeded plant a pure yellow-seeded plant a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant or a pure yellow-seeded plant a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant

A green-seeded plant (Where Y = yellow and y = green, in a testcross a known genotype must be used to cross with the unknown genotype. In this case it would be yy for green seeds since this is the recessive trait. Depending on the genotype, the organism with the dominant characteristic would be either (YY × yy) 100% dominant phenotype or (Yy × yy) 50% dominant phenotype and 50% recessive phenotype.)

The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called an ascospore. a basidiospore. a conidium. a hypha.

A hypha. (Fungi have a filamentous body; an individual filament is called a hypha, while the collective mass of filaments is called a mycelium.)

The location of a gene on a chromosome is called a linkage group. a linkage map. a locus. an allele.

A locus.

A pheasant breeder starts with two birds in the P generation, one of which is AA and the other is aa. If he takes two of the birds from the F1 generation and breeds them together, what can he expect in his F2 offspring? Aa only. AA, Aa, and aa. AA and Aa. Aa and aa.

AA, Aa, and aa. (If the parents (P generation) are AA and aa, then all of the F1 offspring must be Aa because they will get one allele from each parent, and each parent only has one allele choice to give. When the F1 Aa individuals are crossed, the F2 generation will have the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa.)

Some plants fail to produce chlorophyll, due to a recessive trait. If we locate a pea plant that is heterozygous for this trait, self-pollinate it, and harvest the seeds, what are the likely phenotypes of the resulting offspring? About one-fourth will be green and three-fourths white since it is similar to a monohybrid cross. About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross. About one-half will be green and one-half white since that is the distribution of the genes in the parents. All will be green with chlorophyll since that is the dominant trait.

About one-fourth will be white and three-fourths green since it is similar to a monohybrid cross. (Where g = no chlorophyll and G = chlorophyll, a heterozygote would have the genotype Gg. If the plant self-pollinates, then the genotype for ova production is Gg and the genotype for pollen production would be Gg. This monohybrid cross would yield the 1:2:1 ratio (25%, 50%, 25%), typical of such a cross.)

A color-blind (recessive trait) woman will pass the allele to her sons only. all her children. her daughters only. none of her children. her husband.

All her children.

Amoebae have pseudopodia. have a nucleus are heterotrophic. all of the above are true. Only A and C are true.

All of the above are true.

Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called phenotypes. incomplete dominance. genotypes. alleles.

Alleles. (Genotype describes the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotype describes the appearance of the individual based on which allele is expressed. Codominant and incomplete dominance describe instances where one allele is not completely dominant over the other.)

What are alleles? alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes the locations of genes on a chromosome genes for different traits, such as hair color and eye color recessive forms of a kind of characteristic carried by genes

Alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes (Genes may have more than one form such as hair color, eye color, or length of fingers; these alternate forms are called alleles. The gene is located at a specific point on a particular chromosome and the alternate forms are located on homologous chromosomes. One form may be expressed in preference to the other; this is termed the dominant trait.)

Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia? trypanosome Paramecium caudatum Amoeba proteus Chlamydomonas

Amoeba proteus (Pseudopods are projections of the plasma membrane formed through cytoplasmic streaming. The process allows some protists to move and to engulf food. The movement is sometimes called amoeboid movement. Organisms that use this form of movement include Amoeba proteus.)

The fin of a tuna and the flipper of a dolphin are reciprocal structures. analogous structures. homogeneous structures. homologous structures.

Analogous structures.

A new classification by domains separates prokaryotes into Archaea and Bacteria. autotrophs and heterotrophs. photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.

Archaea and Bacteria.

What is the evolutionary relationship among archaea, bacteria, and eukarya? Bacterial ancestors gave rise to both archaea and to eukaryotes as two separate side branches. All three domains are equally distant from the most primitive common ancestor, a protocell. Archaea and eukarya share nucleic acid similarities, so eukarya split off from archaea. Since archaea are the most primitive, archaean ancestors gave rise to bacteria that in turn gave rise to eukaryotes.

Archaea and eukarya share nucleic acid similarities, so eukarya split off from archaea.

Lichens thrive in areas of high pollution. are a symbiotic relationship between an alga and fungus. are important in making bread. cause the flavors in blue cheese.

Are a symbiotic relationship between an alga and fungus.

Diatoms are unicellular algae with glassy cell walls. have pseudopodia. are excavates. all of the above are true. Only A and B are true.

Are unicellular algae with glassy cell walls.

The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a mature capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is biosynthesis. assembly. uncoating. budding.

Assembly.

Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell? release stage penetration stage biosynthesis stage attachment stage

Attachment stage

The process of bacterial reproduction is referred to as mitosis. binary fission. meiosis. budding.

Binary fission.

You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers. A cross between these two roses yields a bush with white flowers that have red splotches. What condition does this demonstrate? codominance incomplete dominance environmental effects polygenetic inheritance monohybrid inheritance

Codominance (Codominance occurs when the heterozygote shows both of the parental phenotypes equally. Incomplete dominance is when the organism can express three different variations for a particular trait. Environmental effects is when the environment influences traits. Polygenic inheritance is when two or more genes regulate a trait. Monohybrid inheritance is when a trait has a dominant and recessive variation.)

Which of these is a correct description of a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria? Transformation occurs when a bacteriophage carries a bit of DNA from a previous host cell to a new host cell. Transduction occurs when a live bacterium picks up DNA from dead bacteria that have shed it into the environment of the living cell. Crossing-over occurs between paired chromosomes in meiosis. Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.

Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.

Fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster are an important model organism for eukaryotic genetics. The genes for olive body color and purple eye color are on the same chromosome. Consider an organism with the chromosomes in the diagram above. What process is capable of producing a gamete with the alleles "pO"? Mitosis Independent Assortment Nondisjunction Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Which refers to the loss of a portion of a chromosome? translocation deletion duplication inversion

Deletion

Which is an example of an alga? slime molds ciliates diatoms amoebae

Diatoms (The algae include green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, and brown algae. Sporozoa, zooflagellates, slime molds, and ciliates are protists but fall under other classifications than algae.)

Louis Pasteur did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation. invented the idea of spontaneous generation. improved microscope lenses to allow him to see tiny organisms he called animalcules. tested theories about how organic molecules could form without the presence of life.

Did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation.

Which type of natural selection increases the frequency of one extreme phenotype? directional nonrandom disruptive stabilizing

Directional

Cyanobacteria do photosynthesis similar to green plants. split hydrogen sulfide. have a nucleus and chloroplast. are heterotrophs.

Do photosynthesis similar to green plants.

Which refers to the addition of a repeat segment of a chromosome? inversion deletion translocation duplication

Duplication

The innermost core of a virus's structure is made up of a protein spore coat. a protein capsid. a membranous envelope. either DNA or RNA.

Either DNA or RNA.

Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil it has blue flowers. If the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of incomplete dominance. polygenetic inheritance. codominance. environmental effects.

Environmental effects. (Codominance occurs when the heterozygote shows both of the parental phenotypes equally. Incomplete dominance is when the organism can express three different variations for a particular trait. Since the phenotype of the flowers depends on an external condition, this is an example of environmental effects on gene expression. Polygenic inheritance is when two or more genes regulate a trait. Monohybrid inheritance is when a trait has a dominant and recessive variation.)

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows? ciliates-cilia amoeboids-pseudopodia Euglena-pseudopod Paramecium-cilia

Euglena-pseudopod (All phases of sporozoa are generally nonmotile and are either internal or external parasites.)

A man with AB blood type can have a child with type O. True False

False

All cases of Down syndrome are caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. True False

False

The first membranes that formed before full cells were likely made of phospholipids. RNA. fatty acids. proteins.

Fatty acids.

Which evidence for evolution uses impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock? biogeography comparative biochemistry comparative embryology fossil record

Fossil record

At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory? Fungi have flagella at some stage, providing mobility that plants never have. Plants store glycogen, while fungi store starch. Plants are multicellular and fungi are unicellular or multinucleated noncellular plasmodia. Fungi attack and engulf food for internal digestion. Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose.

Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. (Since plants and fungi have two different molecules that serve as the major structural component of their cells walls as well as two different methods of obtaining food, it is unlikely that one arose from the other.)

____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. Protozoans Algae Ciliates Fungi

Fungi (Fungi are strict heterotrophs that release their digestive enzymes into the environment and digest their food outside of their bodies. This makes any unused nutrients available to other organisms in the ecosystem.)

The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients. Plantae Fungi Archaea Animalia Protista

Fungi (Fungi have a filamentous body; the individual filaments are called hyphae, while the collective mass of filaments is called a mycelium.)

Movement of alleles between populations such as by the migration of breeding individuals is called nonrandom mating. gene flow. genetic drift. natural selection.

Gene flow.

A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant of the gene is allele frequency. gene frequency. gene mutation. disruption.

Gene mutation.

A population of mice live in a grassy area near a stream. Some individuals have alleles that give them white fur while other have alleles for brown fur. One day the stream floods killing a higher percentage of mice wtih the brown alleles basically at random. This changes the genetic makeup of the population and a higher percentage of the next generation of mice have white fur. This is an example of Gene Flow Mutation Natural Selection Genetic Drift

Genetic Drift

The _____ indicates the gene combination of an individual. loci phenotype genotype homozygous

Genotype (Refers to the genetic makeup of the individual. Remember that some traits can be dominant and some recessive; recessive traits do not show in the individual if a dominant allele is present, but the recessive allele can still be passed on to offspring. The phenotype of an individual refers to the visible characteristics of the organism; this could be physical appearance or behavior.)

The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants. green brown pink red

Green (Green algae are thought to be the most closely related to plants because they share these characteristics: a cell wall composed of cellulose; chlorophylls a and b; and the storage of starch as a reserve energy source.)

Which of the following sex-linked diseases is characterized by the absence of a clotting factor? hemophilia Duchenne muscular dystrophy None of the answer choices is true. color-blindness

Hemophilia

In a testcross, an organism with a dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype is crossed with which of the following to establish its genotype? homozygous dominant heterozygous dominant homozygous recessive heterozygous

Homozygous Recessive (In a testcross, a known genotype must be used to cross with the unknown genotype. The only sure genotype would be an organism that showed the recessive trait, which would have to be homozygous recessive. Depending on the genotype, the organism with the dominant characteristic would be either (AA × aa) 100% dominant phenotype or (Aa × aa) 50% dominant phenotype and 50% recessive phenotype.)

You have two true-breeding rose bushes, one with red flowers and one with white flowers. A cross between these two roses yields a bush with pink flowers. What condition does this demonstrate? incomplete dominance polygenetic inheritance environmental effects codominance

Incomplete dominance (Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygote does not show the phenotype of either parent. The combination of red and white flowers leading to pink flowers would be an example of this. Incomplete dominance is when the organism can express three different variations for a particular trait. Environmental effects is when the environment influences traits. Polygenic inheritance is when two or more genes regulate a trait. Monohybrid inheritance is when a trait has a dominant and recessive variation.)

What is the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment? It created the hypothesis that membrane-like structures could form in the absence of life. It demonstrated that new cells can only come from pre-existing cells. It created the hypothesis that the atmosphere of the early earth had a lot of oxygen. It demonstrated that the monomers of life could have been formed from chemical processes in the absence of life.

It demonstrated that the monomers of life could have been formed from chemical processes in the absence of life.

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning the law of independent assortment? Each pair of factors separates independently. All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes. It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg. It is based upon the process of meiosis.

It follows the observation that all maternal chromosomes end up in the egg. (Independent assortment occurs because homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis I. This separated the alleles that are contained on these chromosomes. Because the probability of either allele ending up in the gamete is equal, then all possible combinations of alleles from the parents is equally likely. Mendel discovered this law through his experiments using monohybrid crosses. Only half of the chromosomes from the mother end up in the egg.)

Which of the following is true about genetic drift? It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population. It increases the number of heterozygotes in a population. It increases the level of rare alleles in a population. It reduces the chances of mutation in a population.

It may lead to an allele becoming fixed in a population when its alternative allele is lost from the population.

An individual who has an XXY combination of sex chromosomes is said to have _____ syndrome. cri du chat Klinefelter Turner Down

Klinefelter

Who invented the term "virus"? Stanley Miller Harold Urey Anton van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

Considering that males can have Klinefelter (XXY) syndrome, XYY, and normal XY chromosomal combinations, and females can have Turner (XO) syndrome, poly-X (XXX, XXXX), and normal XX combinations, it is obvious that femaleness results from the presence of two or more X chromosomes. maleness results from the presence of only one X chromosome. maleness results from the absence of two or more X chromosomes. maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.

Maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome.

Two species of peas are visited by the same species of bee. Each species of pea has its stamens positioned to place pollen on different parts of the bee's body. Upon visiting other flowers, the pollen from the bee can only get on the female parts of the same species. This is an example of a ___________________ isolating mechanism. temporal behavioral mechanical postzygotic habitat

Mechanical

Which type of archaean is likely to be found in the intestines of animals? Methanogen. Thermacidophile. Halophile.

Methanogen.

Which refers to the loss of a complete chromosome? translocation deletion inversion monosomy

Monosomy

A population of mice live in a grassy area near a stream. Some individuals have alleles that give them white fur while others have alleles for brown fur. One day a mouse is born in which an allele for brown fur has change and causes the mouse to be tan. This is an example of Mutation Genetic Drift Gene Flow Natural Selection

Mutation

A population of mice live in a grassy area near a stream. Some individuals have alleles that give them white fir while others have alleles for brown fur. A family of hawks move in and nest nearby. The hawks catch the white mice at a higher rate because those mice do not blend in to the surroundings so well. This changes the genetic makeup of the population and a higher percentage of the next generation of mice have brown fur. This is an example of _______. Gene Flow Natural Selection Genetic Drift Mutation

Natural Selection

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect? no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment

No evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same

When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is termed nondisjunction. linked genes. monosomy. crossover.

Nondisjunction.

Inbreeding within a population is an example of genetic drift. gene flow. natural selection. nonrandom mating.

Nonrandom mating.

Euglena is an excavate. is an Chromalveolata. has an eyespot. all of the above are true. Only A and C are true.

Only A and C are true.

Which of the following represents the physical characteristics of the individual? genotype phenotype alleles dominance

Phenotype (Refers to the visible characteristics of the organism; this could be physical appearance or behavior. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of the individual. Remember that some traits can be dominant and some recessive. Recessive traits do not show in the individual if a dominant allele is present.)

Cold weather can change the ______ of a Himalayan rabbit. sex phenotype genotype alleles

Phenotype (Environmental factors can affect the way that the genotype is expressed; it does not change the genotype itself. This means that the alleles are still the same ones that were inherited but that the phenotype is altered. The sex of the organism is also an inherited character and it is not affected by environmental factors. The rate of genetic mutations is not controlled by temperature.)

What genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine? sickle cell disease Huntington disease cystic fibrosis (CF) phenylketonuria (PKU)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) (Phenylketonuria (PKU) is associated with the lack of the enzyme necessary for the metabolism of phenylalanine. Marfan syndrome is associated with a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin. Huntington disease is caused by a mutation to the protein huntingtin. Sickle cell disease is an irregular shape of the red blood cells. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with a faulty protein channel in the cell membrane.)

Microbiology is the study of microbes. These include all but which of the following? Plants Archaea Bacteria Viruses

Plants

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance? simple Mendelian inheritance polygenic incomplete dominance codominance

Polygenic (polygenic inheritance would mean that there were multiple genes at different locations and possibly on different chromosomes all controlling one trait. Simple Mendelian genetics would indicate a simple dominant/recessive relationship, whereas codominance would be a system where alleles both show in the offspring and incomplete dominance would be a case where heterozygotes would show a different phenotype than either of the homozygotes.)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or "mad cow disease," is caused by a(n) archeon. bacterium. cyanobacterium. prion. virus.

Prion.

Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other normal proteins in the cell to also become these agents. This new disease protein agent is called a(n) prion. retrovirus. phage. cyanobacterium.

Prion.

The capsid of a virus is composed of cellulose. DNA. lipid. protein. RNA.

Protein.

Single-celled eukaryotes are Protists. animals. land plants. Archaea.

Protists. (For the most part, protists are unicellular and microscopic eukaryotes. Other than these characteristics, they are a very diverse group.)

During sympatric speciation evolution ceases for a time. wide phenotype differences disappear between subpopulations. reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs. a geographic separation occurs between certain subpopulations. mutations begin to appear, making the subpopulations distinctly different.

Reproductive isolation between certain subpopulations occurs.

An organism that will feed on dead plants, animals, and microbes are called autotrophic. parasitic. saprotrophs. heterotrophic.

Saprotrophs. (Organisms can be classified by the way that they obtain food; heterotrophs are organisms that ingest matter as a food source, parasites spend all or part of their lives feeding off of a host, and saprotrophs digest food outside their bodies, allowing any unused nutrients to be used by autotrophs, who convert inorganic energy into an organic molecule. Autotrophs can be further broken down into photoautotrophs that use the energy of the sun and chemoautotrophs that use chemical energy.)

Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells? Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Marfan syndrome Huntington disease Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (Sickle cell disease is an irregular shape of the red blood cells. Marfan syndrome is associated with a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin. Huntington disease is caused by a mutation to the protein huntingtin. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is associated with the lack of the enzyme necessary for the metabolism of phenylalanine. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with a faulty protein channel in the cell membrane.)

What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe? sexual reproduction use aerobic respiration for metabolism heterotrophic small enough that a microscope is required to see them

Small enough that a microscope is required to see them

Considering the various theories, the energy used in forming organic molecules in the primitive atmosphere could have come from all EXCEPT ultraviolet radiation. sound. heat from volcanoes. lightning.

Sound.

Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral? Euglena Chlamydomonas Spirogyra Volvox

Spirogyra (Spirogyra is a filamentous green algae in which each cell has a ribbon-like chloroplast.)

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken, a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are mycelia. sporangia. hyphae. spores. seeds.

Spores.

Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored? disruptive selection directional selection stabilizing selection genetic drift selection adaptive radiation

Stabilizing selection

Cheetahs are very genetically similar, meaning there is not a lot of genetic diversity in their gene pool. It appears that at least 2 times in the last 10,000 years cheetah populations crashed to very low numbers. The present day low genetic diversity is due to _____________. the bottleneck effect. the founder effect. natural selection. non-disjunction.

The bottleneck effect.

According to Lamarck, which variable would have the greatest influence on the evolution of an organism? the environment the genetics of the individual Both the environment and genetics are equally responsible for the evolution of an organism. Neither the environment nor the genetics of an organism play a role in its evolution.

The environment.

Which statement is NOT true about the founder effect? The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors. Founding members contain a tiny fraction of the alleles found in the original population. It produces a high frequency of some rare alleles in a small isolated population. It is a form of genetic drift.

The founder effect occurs when a population is subjected to near extinction and then recovers, so that only a few alleles are left in survivors.

Lizards on a small island are more likely to have to mate with close relatives. The form of microevolution is the founder effect. natural selection. gene flow. mutation.

The founder effect.

What evidence would NOT be studied by a biogeographer? Ocean currents and wind patterns The genetic makeup of organisms that evolved in separate but similar conditions Continental drift or the movement of tectonic plates over time Ranges of animals and ability to migrate

The genetic makeup of organisms that evolved in separate but similar conditions

A viral envelope describes the outer layer of some viruses composed of the host's plasma membrane a protein capsid. viral DNA. a prion.

The outer layer of some viruses composed of the host's plasma membrane

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that atmospheric pressure is required for life to begin. it is possible to form protocells. the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules. the earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old.

The primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.

When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell during the entry stage, the next thing it does is assemble a new virus. it immediately integrates its nucleic acid genome into the host chromosomes. the envelope is removed after the virus is inside the cell's nucleus. the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.

The protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.

Disruptive selection is described in the text with the case of British land snails. In the grassy fields, the light-banded snails escape bird predators. In the darker forest, the dark snails survive and the light-banded snails are eaten. As long as the snails continue to cruise across the British landscape mating at the same season and having access to each other, why doesn't this "disruptive selection" eventually lead to two separate species? There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow. They are already two separate species and the intermediate forms are hybrids. The color forms are probably not genetically determined. There must be some unknown factor producing an equal stabilizing selection "to hold the species together." This will result in the formation of two species if given long enough time.

There is no reproductive isolation to prevent gene flow.

In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria? They are both eukaryotic. They are both photosynthetic and thus are producers. They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems. They both produce gametes. They both have cell walls of the same material.

They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems. (Fungi are strict heterotrophs that release their digestive enzymes into the environment and digest their food outside of their bodies. This makes any unused nutrients available to other organisms in the ecosystem. Heterotrophic bacteria obtain nutrients in the same way.)

Which statement is true about bacteria? They usually lack a cell wall. They lack ribosomes. They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material. They contain a nucleus.

They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.

When he arrived at the Galápagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galápagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore, which of the following is NOT true? Young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population. There must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants each generation. It is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically.

This "learned" behavior will not lead to evolutionary change in the woodpecker population.

Which type of genetic exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a virus? transduction budding conjugation transformation

Transduction

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium pieces that were released from dead bacteria in a process called transformation. transduction. conjugation. replication.

Transformation.

Which refers to the movement of a piece of one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome? inversion translocation deletion duplication

Translocation

A person who has an extra copy of a chromosome is said to have monosomy. duplication. nondisjunction. trisomy.

Trisomy.

A person with an XO genotype is classified as having Klinefelter syndrome. Turner syndrome. a poly-X state. Down syndrome.

Turner syndrome.

In which kind of cross could you expect to find ratios of 1:1:1:1 among the offspring? one-trait test cross monohybrid cross two-trait test cross dihybrid cross

Two-trait test cross (The 1:1:1:1 ratio is expected when an organism heterozygous for two traits is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for both traits. This is also a test cross that is frequently used to determine the genotype of organisms that show the dominant traits.)

Which of the following conditions does NOT contribute to evolution? mutations unchanging environmental conditions genetic drift gene flow

Unchanging environmental conditions

Which features set most of the members of Protista apart from the rest of the kingdoms? multicellular and microscopic unicellular and microscopic photosynthetic and unicellular None of the answer choices is correct.

Unicellular and microscopic (Protists are often unicellular and microscopic. While some of them are photosynthetic, heterotrophic, and even multicellular these are not traits unique to the protists. Animals, plants, and fungi all share some of these traits as well.)

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in a similar group are termed analogous. sympatric. vestigial. homologous.

Vestigial.

Which of the following is considered to be acellular? fungi algae viruses protozoans bacteria

Viruses.

The above pedigree pertains to colorblindness (image of a unaffected [white] circle connected to a unaffected [white] square that produced an affected [yellow] square). What is the genotype of the individual indicated by the asterisk? Xb Xb XB XB XB Y XB Xb

XB Xb

Generally, it is not possible to determine whether nondisjunction failed to occur in oogenesis or spermatogenesis. However, it is possible to assert that _____ resulted in nondisjunction in ____. XXY; spermatogenesis XYY; spermatogenesis XXY; oogenesis XXX; oogenesis

XYY; spermatogenesis

Common fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, have been used as model organisms to study inheritance in animals for many years. Flies with the yellow body phenotype make no melanin. Look at the image above to see diagrams representing the "wild-type" and "yellow body" flies. In an experiment, Karen crossed a true-breeding line of wild-type flies with yellow body flies. All the offspring of those crosses were wild-type. Then Karen crossed the offspring with each other. She got 328 yellow body flies and 1014 wild-type flies. What is the probably inheritance pattern for the yellow body allele? Wild-type and yellow body are codominant. Wild-type and yellow body are incompletely dominant. Wild-type is recessive to yellow body. Yellow body is recessive to wild-type.

Yellow body is recessive to wild-type.