POL 300

In 1978, Congress amended the Age Discrimination Employment Act to raise the mandatory retirement age from 65 to___?

70

Which test does the Court apply in cases involving gender?

intermediate scrutiny test

According to the Constitution, a reasonable search is one where the police have obtained a(n) Blank...

warrant

The constitutional amendments and civil rights laws of the Civil War and Reconstruction era...

were of little value without federal government enforcement.

What must a judge determine before issuing a warrant?

whether probable cause exists

Many of the current areas of discrimination faced by women are the result of...

women entering more fully into public life.

What periods saw significant gains for the rights of women?

-1890 to 1920 -1960 to the present -1840 to 1875

Why does civil rights activity often focus on attempts to influence judicial bodies?

-Affected people tend to lack the appropriate political resources. -Federal judges are more insulated from public opinion.

Name 3 reasons used by those who support affirmative action?

-African Americans are not the only group to benefit from affirmative action; a wide range of disadvantaged groups are helped. -The gains for disadvantaged groups come with small costs to white males. -Merit is not always self-evident and may include subjective considerations.

Three statements about Japanese Americans during World War II...

-Japanese Americans from the West Coast were placed in internment camps. -Discrimination against Japanese Americans increased after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. -The civil rights of Japanese Americans were violated.

Which of the following did the Supreme Court rule in the Dred Scott case?

-Slaves could never be citizens and bring lawsuits in the courts. -Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in the western territories.

How did the U.S. government justify the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II?

-The Supreme Court ruled the treatment of Japanese Americans was not a civil rights violation because war involves hardship. -The Supreme Court believed that national security was at stake and that interning Japanese Americans was the least restrictive way to identify spies. -Korematsu v. United States (1944) ruled that internment was constitutional.

Which of the following advancements in the Americans with Disabilities Act has the Supreme Court passed in recent years?

-Those with AIDS were added to the list of persons covered by the ADA. -Students that require special care at school are entitled to it as long as a doctor need not deliver that care.

What 2 ways was the drive for women's civil rights different from other civil rights movements?

-Women do not comprise a minority in society. -The women's civil rights movement began at roughly the same time as the African American movement but has been thwarted by a dominant male culture.

Name two provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964...

-a ban on discrimination in public accommodations that are engaged in interstate commerce -a prohibition on discrimination in employment on the grounds of race, religion, national origin, or sex

Which of the following must exist in order for speech to qualify as libel or slander?

-a defamatory statement that is false -a defamatory statement that causes injury

Involvement in what two other movements allowed women in the early women's movement to establish communication networks, which laid the foundation for a movement focused on women's rights?

-abolition -religious revivalism

Which of the following groups have adopted laws and policies banning hate speech?

-college campuses -local communities

Which of the following are examples of material the government allows the media to publish?

-coverage of pretrial hearings -the names of rape victims -the identity of juvenile offenders

Which of the following "special rights" claimed by the media have been disallowed by the Supreme Court?

-gaining access to inmates in jail when others have been denied the right -being allowed to enter a home when the police are executing a warrant -failing to disclose the names of sources

What types of speech are not granted First Amendment protection?

-hate speech -obscene speech -defamatory speech

Which of the following have African Americans experienced as a result of historical discrimination?

-higher rates of conviction -less economic stability -lower family incomes

What were 3 goals of the Hispanic American drive for civil rights?

-increasing funding for schools in minority districts -ending employment discrimination -implementing bilingual education

How has the Supreme Court responded to the debate concerning evolution, creationism, and schools?

-invalidating state laws that require creationism to be taught alongside evolution -invalidating attempts by states to require the teaching of intelligent design alongside creationism -invalidating state laws that prohibit the teaching of evolution

The Supreme Court has afforded commercial speech less protection than other forms of speech for what reason?

-less protection. -Government has a legitimate interest in protecting consumers from deception.

False written statements about others that harm their reputation are known as (Blank) whereas false verbal statements about others are known as (Blank)

-libel -slander

The requirement that police administer Miranda rights to suspects is meant to

-prevent the police from using psychological pressure to gain confessions. -ensure that citizens are aware of their right to remain silent.

Which of the following are acceptable justifications for placing "time, place, and manner restrictions" on the right of people to assemble?

-protecting the flow of commerce -keeping the peace

Historically, the Supreme Court is willing to limit the freedom of speech for which reasons?

-public order -national security

What were barriers established in southern states to prevent African Americans from voting?

-the grandfather clause -poll taxes -literacy tests

Which of the following reasons were used by the Supreme Court to support the establishment of a guarantee to counsel?

-the growing complexity of the legal system -the increased complexity of criminal laws

Which of the following standards are included in the three-part obscenity test defined by the Supreme Court in Miller v. California?

-the material patently offensive? -Does the average person applying contemporary standards find that the work appeals to the prurient interest? -Does the work as a whole lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value?

Miranda rights are based on which of the following protections?

-the right not to self-incriminate -the right to an attorney

What are not considered protected by the right to die?

-the right to commit suicide -the right to assist in another person's suicide

What events helped to propel the women's suffrage movement during the 1880s and 1890s?

-the temperance movement -concern for women's working conditions

According to Justice Powell's decision in the Bakke case,

-the university's use of racial quotas was impermissible. -affirmative action programs in admissions are permissible so long as they use race as just one of many factors.

Which of the following have the Supreme Court declared forms of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment?

-wearing armbands -burning flags

The Eighth Amendment protects

Against cruel and unusual punishment.

The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as the

Bill of Rights

Which was the first "test case" filed by the NAACP as a challenge to the legality of segregation in the South?

Brown v. Board of Education

What was a result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Chávez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

What is true about civil rights?

Civil rights require positive government action to protect disadvantaged groups from discriminatory action.

Which influential figure began his civil rights work organizing strikes to help attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

César Chávez

What standard does the Supreme Court use to evaluate whether symbolic speech can be constitutionally suppressed by the government?

Does doing so serve an important purpose other than the suppression of unpopular speech?

What Amendment was the proposed constitutional amendment that would have prohibited national and state governments from denying equal rights on the basis of sex?

Equal Rights

True or false: Although both freedom of speech and freedom of the press deal with expression, very different principles underlie them.

False Similar principles underlie the two freedoms.

True or false: Despite the fact that federal troops had pulled out of the South, effectively ending Reconstruction, most northern whites remained intensely interested in civil rights for freed African Americans.

False: Sadly, once federal troops pulled out, most northern whites lost interest in civil rights, and the former slave states went back to business as usual.

True or false: Due to the efforts of women's rights groups, workplace discrimination is no longer an issue.

False: Workplace equity remains a major focus for women's rights groups.

The purpose of the Miranda rights statement is to remind suspects of their

Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.

Which amendment grants citizens the rights to gather and engage in politics?

First Amendment

In the case of Engel v. Vitale, the Court declared that compelling students to recite a twenty-two-word prayer violated which amendment?

First amendment

From which amendment does the Supreme Court interpret the concept of equality?

Fourteenth Amendment

Gratz v. Bollinger challenged the University of Michigan's affirmative action program in undergraduate admissions, while ______ challenged the university's law school admissions policies.

Grutter v. Bollinger

Which minority group has had the greatest population increases since the 1990s?

Hispanics

Which of the following best describes the Court's attitude on the special rights of media?

In most instances, the U.S. Supreme Court has looked unfavorably on claims for special rights.

In Roberts v. United States Jaycees, the Supreme Court ruled that the freedom of association

Is not an absolute right.

Which of the following describes the standard that the Supreme Court uses with regard to religious displays on government property?

It is unconstitutional if its effect is to endorse religion.

Name one thing that is true of the decision in Obergefell v. Hodges?

It recognized same-sex marriage as a fundamental liberty under the Fourteenth Amendment.

According to the Supreme Court, which of the following statements about juries is accurate?

Jury pools must not exclude blacks or women.

In which case did the Supreme Court strike down the limits on the amount of money that an individual could contribute to a candidate or political party in a two-year cycle?

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission

Which of the following events was a direct result of Rosa Parks's conviction?

Montgomery bus boycott

What organization played a pivotal role in attempting to secure the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment?

NOW: National Organization of Women

When were Native Americans granted citizenship and the right to vote?

Native Americans were not granted citizenship and the right to vote until 1924.

Which of the following statements about Native Americans' citizenship rights is accurate?

Native Americans were not granted citizenship and the right to vote until 1924.

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

In Griswold v. Connecticut the Supreme Court ruled that the right to privacy is implied through the ______ Amendment.

Ninth

What case legalized same-sex marriage in the United States?

Obergefell v. Hodges

The Supreme Court has ruled that a jury( ) may not exclude individuals based solely on their race or gender.

Pool

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The Supreme Court ruled in the ______ case that the right to privacy extends to a woman's right to have an abortion.

Roe v. Wade

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the establishment clause does not require schools to deny religious groups access to public buildings?

Rosenberger v. University of Virginia

In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first women's rights conference in ______, New York, which helped to lay the foundation for the women's rights movement.

Seneca Falls

The right to legal counsel is a ______ Amendment protection.

Sixth

Which of the following is true about Supreme Court jurisprudence on the issue of hate speech?

The Supreme Court has been reluctant to ban hate speech.

Based on the test established in Miller v. California, who is considered vital in determining what is obscene?

The average person

Which of the following is true about the government's ability to regulate the conditions of a political gathering?

The government can impose "time, place, and manner restrictions" on the conditions of a political gathering.

What was the Supreme Court's position with regard to the Nixon administration's attempt to restrain the publication of the "Pentagon Papers"?

The government may not prevent the press from exercising its right to criticize public officials.

What best characterizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Grutter v. Bollinger regarding race-based admissions at the University of Michigan law school?

The law school's admissions program was "narrowly tailored" and permitted the review of individual candidates in a non-mechanical way.

What argument can be made that a poll tax instituted in the South after Reconstruction violated the Fifteenth Amendment?

The majority of African Americans were too poor to pay a poll tax.

In the 1976 case of Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court upheld Georgia's death penalty statute based upon what grounds?

The state had implemented adequate safeguards for the defendant.

What represents a unique problem faced by groups who mobilize for political, social, and economic equality?

Those who would benefit most may lack the resources necessary to mobilize.

The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects not only the freedom of ideas, but also the vigorous advocacy of them

True

True or false: The Supreme Court has found that certain utterances are so different from most speech that they fall outside the boundaries of First Amendment protections.

True

True or false: Disagreement over the actual language of the Second Amendment is centered around whether it grants all citizens the right to bear arms or just people who are members of a government militia.

True, "a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

True or false: Rosa Parks's act of civil disobedience resulted in the first large-scale use of nonviolent protest against segregation.

True: the yearlong bus boycott demonstrated the value of nonviolent protest.

In Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia, the Supreme Court found a judge's attempt to close a trial to the media

Violated the media's right to attend trials implicit in the freedom of the press guarantee.

Who was Dred Scott?

a slave who sued for his freedom by arguing that he was emancipated as soon as his owner took him into free territory.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution...

abolished slavery

The Americans with Disabilities Act guarantees that all disabled Americans have...

access to public facilities, workplaces, and communication services.

In determining whether the government may provide financial aid to religious schools, the Supreme Court has adopted a(n) ______ approach.

accommodationist

What refers to programs that attempt to provide members of disadvantaged groups enhanced opportunities to secure jobs, promotions, and admissions to educational institutions?

affirmative action

Which programs attempt to provide disadvantaged groups with enhanced opportunities to secure jobs, promotions, and admissions to educational institutions?

affirmative action

Traditionally, broadcast media has been more heavily regulated than print media because of government's need to

allocate bandwidth due to scarcity.

In general, the Court ______ allows the government to engage in prior restraint.

almost never

Briefs that are filed on behalf of interested parties and provide additional support to the arguments supplied by a party in the case are referred to as...

amicus curiae "friend of the court"

The protections for the press in the Constitution reflect the Founders' belief that a successful democracy required

an informed public.

The right to associate by joining with like-minded individuals in the pursuit of common goals is primarily protected by constitutional protection of freedom of

assembly.

In the 1880s, the federal government adopted a program of ______ that banned native languages and rituals and required Native American children to attend boarding schools off of the reservation.

assimilation

What program benefiting Hispanic Americans was created as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

bilingual English instruction

Which element of political campaigns is central to the current controversy regarding campaign speech?

campaign contributions

In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court established the( ) and ( )( )test to determine when restrictions on speech are permissible.

clear present danger

According to the strict scrutiny test, government must prove a(n)_______government interest in order for a law to be deemed constitutional.

compelling

In a 2002 case, the Supreme Court ruled that an Ohio program that gave vouchers to parents and allowed them to select schools of their choice was

constitutional, as the program was based on private choice not government endorsement of a religious school.

The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States determined that the ______ of speech determines its permissibility under the First Amendment.

context

Which of the following is the Supreme Court most concerned with when it comes to commercial speech?

deceptive advertising

The Supreme Court has ruled that an individual's right to die is

derived from their constitutional right to privacy.

The constitutional source of equality comes from the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of...

equal protection

The ______ clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from establishing a national religion, whereas the ______ clause bans the government from restricting the practice of one's religion.

establishment; free exercise

Opponents of the teaching of ______ argue that government is attempting to force the public school curriculum of secular subjects to reflect particular religious beliefs.

evolution

With what aspects of its decisions on obscene speech does the Supreme Court have the most difficulty?

how to define the meaning of obscene

When can an employer lawfully replace a worker due to his or her age?

if the employer can prove that age is a bona fide occupational qualification.

The freedom of association is considered a(n) ______ right, meaning it is not specifically outlined in the Constitution but is inferred from the language of the document.

implied

In the case of Powell v. Alabama the Court found that

in certain unusual circumstances the accused were entitled to counsel at the government's expense.

What was declared illegal by the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

literacy requirements

John Stuart Mill described a free society as one that trades in a ______ where citizens can share new ideas and confirm previous beliefs.

marketplace of ideas

Those who oppose affirmative action believe that ______ is the only fair way to distribute the benefits of society.

merit

Despite an increase in the numbers of African Americans who vote and win elected office in the South, at the ______ level they still remain largely underrepresented.

national

Libel and slander receive ______ protection under the First Amendment.

no

What term refers to the process by which candidates, parties, activists, and interest groups induce people to participate in politics?

political mobilization

The government's attempt to block the publication of material before anyone can see it is called ______ restraint.

prior

The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments

provide citizens with guaranteed procedures throughout the criminal justice system.

The drive for civil rights includes eliminating discrimination toward certain groups as well as...

providing remedies to promote equality

Laws that discriminate based on age or sexual preference will trigger the use of the ______ test.

rational basis

The women's civil rights movement has focused its efforts on three current issues: workplace and educational fairness, women's role in the military, and...

sexual harassment.

What places the greatest burden on the government to defend its law?

strict scrutiny

Nonverbal speech that is expressed through actions such as picketing or wearing an armband to signify a protest is known as ( )speech.

symbolic

When a group deliberately brings a case to court in order to secure a judicial ruling on a constitutional issue it is called a

test case.

What strategy did the NAACP pursue in the 1930s to challenge segregation?

test the constitutionality of Plessy v. Ferguson in the federal courts

Those who argue that affirmative action promotes reverse discrimination claim that any use of racial discrimination violates the Fourteenth Amendment and...

the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

What government body was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Which test did the Supreme Court use to determine whether a public display of of a nativity scene on government property was permissible under the establishment clause?

the Lemon test

The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1862 freed slaves from...

the South.

Which of the Fourteenth Amendment's protections was at the center of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case?

the equal protection clause: "separate but equal"

The first of the NAACP test cases focused on

the field of education.

The first of the NAACP test cases focused on...

the field of education.

Regarding western migration and the institution of slavery what was made most apparent by the Missouri Compromise?

the status of slavery in new states, and how that might upset the balance of slave and free states in the Union

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court applied which test to determine whether the university's admission program violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause?

the strict scrutiny test

Like the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press is essential to democracy because of its role in ______ information.

transmitting

True or false: The intellectual health of a society is dependent upon its citizens' freedom of expression.

true

True or false: The unhappiness of early Americans with the British criminal justice system is demonstrated by the fact that four of the first eight amendments in the Bill of Rights deal almost exclusively with rights of the accused.

true

True or false: To varying degrees, African Americans' struggling to secure equal rights has benefited other minority groups in the United States.

true

Which of the following is an absolute defense in a slander or libel suit?

truth

The University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions policies were overturned by the Supreme Court in Gratz v. Bollinger because they...

utilized quotas.