Poli Sci Final
The idea of negative government holds that
government governs best by staying out of people's lives.
The constitutional provision that federal judges and justices hold office "during good behavior" has
had all these effects: Federal judges and justices serve, effectively, until they die or choose to retire; they are provided the opportunity to carry out their duties without immediate fear of reprisal by the president or Congress; and presidents are able to influence judicial policy through their appointments long after leaving the White House.
The bureaucratic costs of welfare are substantially lower in Europe because most European countries
have unitary rather than federal systems.
According to the Constitution, the federal courts can issue a decision only
in response to actual legal cases.
The focus of civil liberties is the_ and the focus of civil rights is the_
individual; group
Compared with the decision in a Supreme Court case, the opinion is more significant because it
informs others of the Court's interpretation of the laws and thereby guides their decisions.
The judiciary's status as an independent branch of national government depends on judicial review, which grants the judiciary the authority to
invalidate the actions of other institutions when judges believe they have acted unconstitutionally.
A concurring opinion
is a separate view written by a justice who votes with the majority but disagrees with its reasoning.
The policy of affirmative action arose when
it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment opportunities through lawsuits that benefited single individuals only.
One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that
it is viewed as giving preferential treatment, which is unpopular, instead of simply ensuring equal treatment.
The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program was unpopular in part because of
its public perception of welfare dependency and irresponsibility.
Which legal doctrine holds that in nearly every instance, policy issues should be decided by elected lawmakers and not by appointed judges?
judicial restraint
The Supreme Court concept of suspect classifications suggests that
laws that classify people differently on the basis of their race or ethnicity are presumed to have discrimination as their purpose.
In its ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court
lifted restrictions in corporate and union spending in federal election campaigns.
The EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit) represents a reallocation of income to
lower-income working individuals.
Precedent, while not an absolute constraint on the courts, is needed to
maintain legal consistency over time, so confusion and uncertainty about the law can be avoided.
According to survey data,
most Americans believe that welfare recipients could get along without assistance if they tried.
The "federal court myth" overlooks the fact that
most cases arise under state law, not federal law; nearly all cases that originate in state courts are never reviewed by federal courts; and federal courts must normally accept the facts of a case as determined by a state court when reviewing its decision.
With regard to affirmative action, the Supreme Court in recent years has
moved to narrow its application.
The discretionary power of judges is less than that of elected officials because judges
must make decisions that can be justified in terms of existing provisions of the law.
How many states ratified the Equal Rights Amendment?
nearly three-fourths
Although federal district courts are theoretically bound by Supreme Court precedents, they sometimes deviate because
of all these factors: the facts of a case are seldom precisely the same as those of similar cases decided by the Supreme Court; federal judges may misunderstand the Court's judicial reasoning or position; and ambiguities or unaddressed issues in the Court's rulings give lower courts some flexibility in deciding cases.
A U.S. Bureau of Labor study revealed that about six out of seven workers who lost their job did so because
of either a temporary layoff or the permanent elimination of a job position.
Social insurance programs have high levels of public support because
of their self-financing feature.
The appointment of federal judges is influenced most substantially by
partisanship.
A written Supreme Court opinion that, in the absence of a majority opinion, represents the reasoning of most of the justices who side with the winning party is a
plurality opinion
Housing in America
Continues to evidence a high degree of racial segregation
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal represented the concept of ________ government.
positive
Which of the following is the only country that comes close to the United States in terms of the percentage of its citizens who are behind bars? A. Singapore B. Japan C. Great Britain D. Romania E. Russia
E. Russia
In the Johnson flag-burning case, the Supreme Court ruled that?
Flag burning, although offensive, cannot be prohibited
In applying the reasonable basis test, courts tend to
require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable
Opposition to the judiciary's creative policy-making role is a consistent tenet of judicial
restraint
The U.S. courts of appeals
review trial court decisions.
The unemployment insurance program is
run jointly by federal and state governments.
The merit plan applies to ________ in the ________ court system.
selection of judges; state
Senatorial courtesy refers to the tradition whereby
senators are consulted on the nomination of lower-court federal judgeships in their state.
________ orchestrated the Great Society programs of the 1960s.
Lyndon Johnson
Which of the following statements is true of age discrimination in the United States?
Mandatory retirement ages for most jobs have been eliminated by law.
The conviction of members of the U.S. Communist Party in the early 1950's was initially upheld as a lawful restriction of the right?
Of free speech
Since the height of the busing era, the trend in public schools has been
toward greater segregation.
According to Gunnar Myrdal, what is America's curse?
Racial discrimination
In his book, Losing Ground, Charles Murray argues that
welfare programs create a foundation for a permanent underclass of unproductive people.
Native Americans
were not given citizenship status en masse until the twentieth century.
In 2007 the Supreme Court reversed its stance on partial-birth abortion, largely due to the replacement of Sandra Day O'Connor with?
Samuel Alito
Which region of the world has the highest proportion of women serving in its national legislatures?
Scandinavia
According to the Supreme Court, prayer in public schools violates?
The establishment clause
Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights
Through struggle against entrenched interests
________ was the first black justice to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Thurgood Marshall
In 2000, ________ became the first state to legalize the civil union of same-sex couples.
Vermont
The Supreme Court upheld the use of tax-supported vouchers to attend private or parochial school in?
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
The term stare decisis refers to
adherence to precedent.
With regard to public opinion, the Supreme Court
attempts to stay close enough to public opinion so as to avoid outright defiance of its decisions.
The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act
authorizes states to deny marital rights to a same-sex couple that has been granted these rights by another state.
Of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals,
eleven have jurisdiction over a "circuit" comprised of the district courts in anywhere from three to five states.
The Social Security benefits that today's retirees receive are funded primarily by
payroll taxes on people who are currently working.
A recent poll determined that most Americans believe which of the following is the second costliest federal program?
public assistance programs
The term means test refers to
whether an applicant's income is low enough to qualify for public assistance.
What are the two broad groups that individual-benefit programs fall into?
social insurance and public assistance
More than 90 percent of the funding for K-12 public education comes from
state and local governments.
The Supreme Court has ruled that
states are obliged to give all children an "adequate" education.
The term entitlement refers to a program
that requires the payment of benefits to any individual who meets the eligibility criteria.
De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are
the Brown decision (de jure), and affirmative action (de facto).
Women in America obtained the right to vote in national elections in ________.
1920
Which of the following statements is true?
About one in three single-parent families that are headed by women live below the poverty line.
Which of the following is true of discrimination against the disabled in the United States?
Before 1975, four million children with disabilities were getting either no education or an inappropriate one.
Which of the following amendments contains a due process clause? A. First B. Tenth C. Third D. Fourteenth E. Twenty-first
D. Fourteenth
The famous speech featuring the words "I have a dream" in the civil rights movement was delivered by
Martin Luther King Jr.
Like all other rights, the right of free expression is?
Not absolute
Which of the following is a true statement about the visibility of poverty in American society today?
Poverty is less visible in the suburbs than in inner cities or rural areas.
Roughly a third of all U.S. executions in the past quarter-century have taken place in?
Texas
The Lawrence v. Texas decision in 2003 involved
the Supreme Court invalidating state laws.
Equality of result policies are primarily directed at ________ discriminatory effects.
de facto
All of the following are true of the Head Start program EXCEPT that it
is fully funded at the present time.
Welfare policy in the United States
is often an issue that divides the two political parties.
The Supreme Court's decision in the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case
upheld the principle of affirmative action.
The major reason social security is likely to be the topic of reform is because
the number of workers may not bring in enough money to cover the benefits of a growing number of retirees.
The poverty line in 2009 was set at roughly ________ for an urban family of four.
$22,000
Fewer than ________ percent of the cases heard by federal appeals courts are later reviewed by the Supreme Court.
1
Today, women currently hold about ________ of the seats in Congress.
1 in 6
Native Americans were made "official" citizens of the United States in ________.
1924
The modern civil rights movement had a peak moment with the March on Washington in?
1963
The child poverty rate in the United States is about
20 percent.
In ________, Congress added a prescription drug benefit to Medicare.
2006
Asian Americans account for about ________ percent of professionals and technicians in the United States.
5
The average pay for full-time female employees is about ________ percent of that for full-time male employees.
80
About ________ percent of the nation's legal cases are decided in state court systems.
95
Regarding Supreme Court procedures, which one of the following statements is NOT accurate?
A concurring opinion is a view written by a justice who votes with the majority and agrees with its reasoning.
What is the greatest restriction on appeals in the United States?
A federal law that bars in most instances a second federal appeal by a state prison inmate
Which of the following is correct with regard to obscenity and the law? A. Obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment B. Obscenity is never unlawful C. Child pornography is protected by the First Amendment D. Obscenity has been easy for courts to define with precision E. Obscenity is protected under the Ninth Amendment
A. Obscenity is not protected by the first amendment
________ was terminated in 1996.
AFDC
The individual freedoms in the Bill of Rights were extended by the Fourteenth Amendment to include protection from deprivation of due process rights by?
Actions of state and local governments
Which of the following would be considered the worst setback by affirmative action proponents?
Adarand v. Pena
The Supreme Court halted the general use of quotas in the granting of federal contracts in the 1995 case of
Adarand v. Pena.
When can police legally begin their interrogation of a suspect?
After the suspect has been warned that his or her words can be used as evidence
What Illinois policy did the Supreme Court invalidate with its decision in Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968)?
Allowing the prosecution an unlimited number of challenges in capital cases
The inevitable discovery exception?
Allows the use of evidence that would have been discovered regardless by other means or through other forms of evidence
Which of the following statements is true concerning American public opinion on school vouchers?
Americans are divided in their opinions on school vouchers.
To what was political scientist Robert Lane referring when using the term "market justice"?
Americans prefer that society's material benefits be allocated through the economic marketplace rather than through government policies.
The term civil liberties refers to specific individual rights that?
Are constitutionally protected from infringement by government
Which of the following is true about the Sedition Act of 1798? A. The Act of prohibited malicious newspaper stories about the president B. The Supreme Court ruled the Act unconstitutional C. The Senate voted it down, while the House passed it D. Thomas Jefferson strongly supported it E. All forms of political dissent are constitutional
B. The Supreme Court ruled the Act unconstitutional
According to the Supreme Court, which is true regarding freedom of assembly? A. Individuals have the right to command immediate access to a public auditorium B. Individuals have the right to hold a public rally in the middle of a busy intersection at a time of their choosing C. Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable D. Public officials can prohibit assembly by unpopular groups E. Freedom of assembly is an absolute right, because it is in the First Amendment
C. Public officials can regulate the time, place, and conditions of public assembly, provided the regulations are reasonable
If a person yells "fire" in a crowded theater when there is no fire, and people are hurt in the ensuing panic, that individual abused his/her freedom of speech according to the doctrine of?
Clear and present danger
The number and types of lower federal courts is established by
Congress
In Mapp v. Ohio, the selective incorporation process was extended to include?
Criminal proceedings in the states
Which of the following is true? A. In 1996, Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as "a legal union of one man and one woman as husband and wife." B. The Supreme Court justices ruled in 2003 that states cannot ban homosexual relations among consenting adults. C. The Supreme Court justices ruled in 1996 that states could not adopt discriminatory policies toward gays and lesbians. D. All are true: The Supreme Court ruled states could not adopt discriminatory policies toward gays and lesbians (1996), Congress passed DOMA (1996), and states cannot ban homosexual relations among consenting adults (2003). E. None of these answers is correct.
D. All are true: The Supreme Court ruled states could not adopt discriminatory policies toward gays and lesbians (1996), Congress passed DOMA (1996), and states cannot ban homosexual relations among consenting adults (2003).
All of the following statements about Latino Americans are true EXCEPT that? A. They are the fastest-growing minority in the United States B. They have made major political gains in terms of electing local officials, particularly in the southwestern states. C. Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be expected from their education and income levels. D. Their average annual income is relatively close to the national average. E. They are one of the nation's oldest ethnic groups.
D. Their average annual income is relatively close to the national average
The Miranda warning was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2000 in?
Dickerson v. United States
In a 2004 case involving the issue of whether a U.S. citizen accused of terrorist acts is entitled to constitutional protections, the Supreme Court held that such citizens?
Do have the right to a judicial hearing
When asked if he had made any mistakes as president, ________ replied, "Yes, two, and they are both sitting on the Supreme Court."
Dwight Eisenhower
The USA Patriot Act? A. Grants the government new powers of surveillance B. Relaxed restrictions on the sharing of intelligence surveillance information with criminal investigators C. Gives intelligence agencies the authority to share crime-related information with law enforcement agencies D. Was enacted in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 E. All these answers are correct
E. All of these answers are correct
In selecting judges, the states rely on what method? A. political appointment B. competitive elections of a partisan nature C. competitive elections of a nonpartisan nature D. merit selection E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
In the Constitution, procedural due process is protected by the? A. Fourth Amendement B. Fifth Amendment C. Sixth Amendment D. Eight Amendment E. All these answers are correct
E. All these answers are correct
Native Americans A. Today number more than 2 million. B. Have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average. C. Have in recent years filed suit to reclaim their ancestral lands. D. Are less than half as likely to finish college as other Americans. E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
The Food Stamps program is A. criticized because some believe it allows undeserving people to get aid. B. criticized because some think it stigmatizes its users by identifying them publicly as welfare cases. C. an in-kind benefit. D. criticized because some think it is too costly. E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
The federal distinct courts A. are the chief trial courts of the federal system. B. are the only federal courts where the two sides present their case to a jury for a verdict. C. are the courts that, in practice, make the final decision in most federal cases. D. exist in each state. E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
When the United States first came into being, married women were not permitted to A. Vote. B. Hold office. C. Serve on juries. D. Own and dispense property without the husband's consent. E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
Which of the following is true? A. Public schools are becoming more segregated nationally. B. Many urban public school districts have ended the use of busing for desegregation purposes. C. White flight to suburban schools has made it more difficult to desegregate urban schools. D. The Supreme Court, after ordering cutbacks in busing, said that communities were free to use alternatives, such as increased spending on schools in poor neighborhoods. E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
Which one of the following occurred after the Brown decision? A. Civil Rights Act of 1964 B. Voting Rights Act of 1965 C. 1957 Little Rock riots D. "I have a dream" speech E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct
The Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann case on busing differed from the Brown decision in that Swann A. Addressed the problem of de facto discrimination. B. Applied to many northern communities in addition to communities in the South. C. Sanctioned the use of busing in desegregation. D. Dealt specifically with the issue of busing. E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct.
All of the following statements about Asian American rights are true EXCEPT that A. They have not attained a proportionate share of top business positions. B. Asian Americans are an upwardly mobile group but are underrepresented in top positions in society due to past and present discrimination. C. Asian Americans have the highest percentage of two-parent families of any racial group. D. Asian Americans have made notable educational advancements. E. Asian Americans have the second highest median family income of any group.
E. Asian Americans have the second highest median family income of any group
Compared to Supreme Court nominations, those for the lower federal courts A. are, although much greater in number, irrelevant to a president's policy agenda. B. are not subject to partisan consideration. C. have typically involved nominees who held elective office, particularly a seat in the U.S. Senate. D. are not subject to senatorial courtesy. E. None of these answers is correct.
E. None of these answers is correct
Medicare was enacted into law during the administration of A. Harry S. Truman. B. John F. Kennedy. C. Bill Clinton. D. Richard Nixon. E. None of these answers is correct.
E. None of these answers is correct
Since the 1980's, the Supreme Court has addressed the exclusionary rule by? A. Expanding its application to virtually all criminal cases both at the state and federal levels. B. Determining that the rule was unconstitutional, in that it weakened the effectiveness of the police in maintaining an orderly society. C. Expanding its application to federal cases only. D. Expanding its application to state cases only E. None of these answers is correct
E. None of these answers is correct
The United States has two court systems, state and federal. The federal system A. has discretionary jurisdiction over all cases arising in the state system. B. is the only one with appellate courts. C. is the only one based on the constitutional doctrine of the separation of powers. D. is the only one that has judges who are appointed to office. E. None of these answers is correct.
E. None of these answers is correct
Which of the following, relative to the others, is typically more protective of individual rights? A. The U.S. Congress B. The general public C. Public opinion D. The presidency E. The judiciary
E. The judiciary
Which of the following Supreme Court justices was appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower?
Earl Warren
Voluntary school prayer in the public schools was ruled unconstitutional in
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
The Lemon test is designed to?
Ensure the secular nature of a government action
The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruling (1954) held that racial segregation in schools violated the?
Equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
The exclusionary rule states that?
Evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court
Which of the following is true of social security and Medicare?
Families in the top fifth of the income population receive more in social security and Medicare benefits than the government spends in total on TANF, SSI, food stamps, and housing subsidies for the poor.
The establishment clause prohibits government from?
Favoring one religion over another or supporting religion over no religion
Which constitutional amendment protects the individual against self-incrimination?
Fifth
Justice Stone argued in 1938 that?
First Amendment rights are the basis of most other rights
Gideon v. Wainwright is to the sixth amendment as Mapp v. Ohio is to the?
Fourth Amendment
The individual right that is widely regarded as the most basic of individual rights is?
Freedom of expression
Gideon v. Wainwright required the states to?
Furnish attorneys for poor defendants in felony cases
The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discriminatory action by
Government only
In the case of McNabb v. United States, Justice Felix Frankfurter defined the "history of liberty" primarily in terms of whether?
Governments had observed procedural guarantees
The Supreme Court?
Has generally protected symbolic speech, though less substantially than it has protected verbal speech
Which of the following statements is NOT true about Medicaid?
It serves all Americans who cannot afford health insurance.
The long-serving chief justice that established the principle of judicial review was
John Marshall.
Culminating in a historic victory in 1954, black activists in the early twentieth century generally pursued civil rights through?
Legal action
In the case of United States v. Virginia (1996), the Supreme Court ruled that?
Male-only admissions policies at state-supported military academies were unconstitutional
In 2004, by order of the state's Supreme Court, ________ instituted same-sex marriage.
Massachusetts
"You have the right to remain silent...Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law... You have the right to an attorney." This is called the?
Miranda warning
Of the following states, which tends to have larger numbers of Caribbean Hispanics?
New Jersey
A judicial decision that establishes a rule for settling subsequent cases of a similar nature is a
Precedent
________ persuaded Congress to enact the No Child Left Behind Act.
President George W. Bush
The first woman ever to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court was appointed by
President Reagan.
The Supreme Court's position on prior restraint of the press is that?
Prior restraint should apply only in rare circumstances, and it is better to hold the press responsible for what it has printed than to restrict what it may print
________ was called "the great leveler" when it began in the early nineteenth century.
Public education
In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the justices?
Reaffirmed the essential aspects of Roe v. Wade
The poverty line is defined as
three times the annual cost of a thrifty food budget for an urban family of four.
Justice Holme's "clear and present danger" test holds that government can?
Restrict speech that threatens national security
The No Child Left Behind Act
ties federal funding to national test results in reading, math, and science.
The right to privacy was instrumental in which decision?
Roe v. Wade
Which of the following Supreme Court justices was appointed during the Clinton administration?
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
The inclusion of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights in the Fourteenth Amendment, so that these rights are protected from infringement by the state governments, is called?
Selective incorporation
The first large and well-organized attempt to promote women's rights came in 1848 in
Seneca Falls, New York.
What was politically significant about Geraldine Ferraro in 1984?
She became the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party.
The right to counsel is guaranteed by the _ Amendment
Sixth
Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are an example of?
Slander
In Schenck V. United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruled that?
Speech could be restricted when the nation's security is at stake
According to the Supreme Court, what is the status of prayer in the public schools?
State-supported prayers are not allowed in public schools
Which of the following is NOT a guideline within which the TANF program must operate?
States have no discretion in their handling of welfare cases.
Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the
Strict scrutiny test
Of the following, which is likely the LEAST criticized public assistance program?
Supplemental Security Income
Which of the following is true of the appeal process?
The Constitution does not guarantee an appeal after conviction, but the federal government and all states permit at least one appeal
________ is an example of an in-kind benefit.
The Food Stamps program
How did the Supreme Court's position on the rights of the accused in state courts change in the 1960's?
The Supreme Court began to protect the rights of the accused from action by the states
________ has the highest child poverty rate among the major industrialized nations.
The United States
The movement for women's rights was initially aligned with?
The abolition movement
Which of the following is true regarding income patterns in America?
The bottom fifth of Americans get slightly less than a twentieth of total national income.
Why was the Supreme Court ruling in Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, which relied on the context of the antidiscrimination provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, demonstrative of the ambiguities of the law?
The case dealt with sexual harassment in the workplace, which is not mentioned in the Civil Rights Act.
Which of the following is true of the federal government's role in education?
The federal government's role in education was relatively small before the 1960s.
The freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition are found in?
The first Amendment
According to the Supreme Court, prior restraint on the press is only acceptable if?
The government can clearly justify the restriction
The Supreme Court has reasoned that a right of privacy is provided by?
The implication of said right by the freedoms in the Bill of Rights
What event occurred in 1877 in the South that brought about rapid legal discrimination against blacks?
The removal of federal troops
In Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), the Supreme Court justices determined that?
The right to privacy does not include homosexual acts
The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from?
Unreasonable searches
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Was conducted by African Americans seeking equality of rights
Government can lawfully prevent a political rally from taking place?
When it can demonstrate that harmful acts will necessarily result from the rally
Which statement about women's rights is correct?
Women have made clear gains in the areas of appointive and elective offices
Libel applies to defamation of an individual's reputation through the?
Written word
The passage of TANF has resulted in which of the following?
a dramatic reduction in the size of the welfare rolls
In contrast with Medicare, the Medicaid program is
a public assistance program.
A writ of certiorari is
a request to a lower court to submit to the Supreme Court a record of the case it has been requested to hear.
The facts of a case
affect which law or laws will apply to the case.
The central issue in the Bakke case was
affirmative action.
Federal judges are
all of these: nominated by the president, confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and appointed for an indefinite period providing they maintain "good behavior."
Which of the following is a recent trend in the appointment of new federal judges and justices?
an increase in the number of federal judges and justices with prior judicial experience
An amicus curiae ("friend of the court") brief provides a court with the view held by
an interest that is not a direct party to the case.
The Supreme Court is likely to grant a hearing when a case involves
an issue that is being decided inconsistently by the lower courts.
Charter schools
are publicly funded but have more freedom in determining curricula than public schools.
In Bush v. Gore (2000), the Supreme Court
blocked a manual recount of the Florida presidential vote.
One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is
busing to achieve racial integration in the schools
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed in large part at eliminating discrimination
by private individuals in their employment practices and in their operation of public accommodations (e.g., hotels, restaurants).
The Supreme Court is most likely to grant ________ when the U.S. government—through the solicitor general—requests it.
certiorari
The best predictor of how well schools perform on standardized tests is the
community's wealth.
The demand that women should receive equal pay relative to men for work that is similarly demanding, involves similar responsibilities, and requires similar levels of education and training is the basis of the concept of
comparable worth.
The laws applicable to a case
constrain the judiciary, because court decisions must be based on applicable laws.
The U.S. social welfare system differs markedly from those of Western European democracies, a situation that is attributable in large part to America's
cultural emphasis on individualism, and federal system of government.
The power of the Supreme Court is most apparent in its ability to
declare another institution's action to be unconstitutional.
According to the doctrine of judicial restraint, the judiciary should
defer to precedent and to decisions made by legislature.
In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that the pursuit of racial integration in public schools through busing
deprived white students of their Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection.
The lowest level of the federal court system is the
district court
Poverty is a condition that today affects roughly one in ________ Americans.
eight
What is the most common method in the states for the selection of judges?
election to office
The defining characteristic of a social insurance program is that
eligibility is restricted to individuals who paid special payroll taxes during their working years.
The Supreme Court invoked the ________ in Bush v. Gore (2000).
equal protection clause
With regard to the lower courts, the Supreme Court's primary responsibility is
establishing legal precedents that will guide their decisions.
The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison is significant
for the establishment of judicial review.
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in legal disputes involving
foreign diplomats.