Political Science 1000 - Final Exam

Which Reconstruction amendment created U.S. citizenship for recently freed slaves and overturned the Dred Scott decision?

14th Amendment

Which amendment grants women the right to vote?

19th Amendment

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and free exercise of religion?

1st amendment

Which constitutional amendment prohibits poll taxes?

24th Amendment

Which constitutional amendment protects the right to "bear arms?"

2nd amendment

Which amendment protects Americans from unreasonable searches and seizures?

4th Ammendment

According to Figure 8.2, which of the following statements is true about voter turnout?

50% of the electorate vote in presidential elections while 33% vote in midterm elections

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights to trial by jury, to confront witnesses, and to have assistance from legal counsel?

6th Ammendment

The power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems

Agenda Setting

Social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values

Agents of Socialization

A specific preference on a particular issue

Attitude (or Opinion)

A proposed law or policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote

Ballot Initiative

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Bill of Rights does not apply to the actions of state and local governments?

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

The first ten amendments to the constitution are known as

Bill of Rights

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Illinois did not violate the 14th amendment privileges and immunities clause when it refused to accept Myra Bradwell into the state bar because she was a woman

Bradwell v. Illinois (1872)

In this case, the Supreme Court ordered segregated public school be desegregated and overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Which law prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the United States?

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to the primary day

Closed Primary

This term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements; believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens' freedom

Conservative

Which law authorized the President to allot tribal lands to individual Indians and make surplus land available to White settlers?

Dawes Act (1887)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Black Americans could not become citizens of the United States?

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Lobbyists representing Apple, Microsoft, & the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?

Economic & Corporate Groups?

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a school prayer recommended by the State of New York violated the establishment clause of the 1st amendment

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Which clause of the 14th Amendment guarantees citizens "the equal protection of the laws?"

Equal protection clause

The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public

Equal time rule

Which of the following statements is true?

Fox News is an ideologically conservative media outlet, while MSNBC is an ideologically liberal media outlet

The power of the media to influence how events and issues are interpreted

Framing

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty does not violate the 8th amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

In which case did the Supreme Court establish the right to privacy?

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Individuals who organize to influence the government's programs and policies

Interest Groups

Lobbyists representing the AFL-CIO & the American Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees (AFSCME) are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?

Labor Groups

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that federal law involving religious entities must: (1) have a secular purpose; (2) not advance nor inhibit the exercise of religion; and (3) not foster excessive entanglement between church and state (aka "lemon test")

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

This term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; governmental intervention in the economy and more economic equality; expansion of federal social services; and greater concern for consumers and the environment

Liberal

A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by direct pressure on government officials?

Lobbying

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a Virginia law prohibiting interracial marriage violated the 14th Amendment equal protection clause

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district

Majority System

A gerrymandered voting district that improves the chances of minority candidates by making selected minority groups the majority within the district

Majority-Minority District

In this case, the Supreme Court incorporated the 4th amendment and ruled that evidence obtained without a proper search warrant is inadmissible in court

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

In this case, the Supreme Court declared the right to "bear arms" a fundamental liberty and incorporated the 2nd amendment

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called "off-year elections"

Midterm Election

In this experiment, participants were deceived into believing that they were administering electric shocks to a second participant who was actually part of the study

Milgram Experiment

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the criminally accused should be made aware of the following: (1) They have a right to remain silent; (2) Statements they make can be used against them; and (3) They have the right to an attorney

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting same-sex marriage violate the 14th amendment equal protection clause

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Civil rights are

Obligations imposed on government to take positive action to protect citizens from any illegal action of government agencies and of other private citizens

A primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in and select candidates for the general election

Open Primary

Which 3 factors influence how the electorate decides to vote?

Partisanship, Issues & Policy Concerns, and Candidate Characteristics

The option in some states to have a ballot sent automatically to your home for each election, rather than having to request an absentee ballot each time

Permanent Absentee Ballots

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled Louisiana could legally segregate public railways and created the "separate but equal" doctrine

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation

Pluralism

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast

Plurality System

A cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government

Political Ideology

The induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based

Political Socialization

Process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue

Priming

A multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote

Proportional Representation

Citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events

Public Opinion

A procedure to allow voters to remove state officials from office before their terms expire by circulating petitions to call a vote. This happened to California Governor Gray Davis in 2003.

Recall Election

The practice of referring a proposed law passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection

Referendum

In this case, the Supreme Court established the "1 Person, 1 Vote" rule after the State of Alabama had not redrawn district lines since 1900

Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the right to privacy includes a woman's decision to have an abortion?

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample

Sampling Error (or Margin of Error)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment does not protect speech that presents a "clear and present danger" and upheld the Espionage Act of 1917

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions

Selection Bias

The tendency to focus news coverage on only one aspect of an event or issue, avoiding coverage of other aspects

Selection Bias (news)

The process by which different protections of the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the 14th amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state as well as national governments

Selective Incorporation

A method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent

Simple Random Sample (or Probability Sample)

The effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe

Social Desirability Effect

Web and mobile-based technologies that are used to turn communication into interactive dialogue among organizations, communities, and individuals

Social Media

A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and strong government

Socialism

In this experiment, participants acting as guards became abusive towards subjects acting as imprisoned criminals

Stanford Prison Experiment

An independent political action committee that may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates

Super PAC

According to Figure 7.1, what is Americans' main source for news?

Television

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment right to free speech protects the burning of the U.S. flag as a form of political speech

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

According to Figure 6.2, which of the following statements is true

There are more ideological conservatives than moderates and more moderates than liberals

According to Figure 11.2, which of the following statements is true

U.S. Chamber of Commerce spent $27.9 million against Democratic candidates, 2011-2012

According to Figure 8.1, which political activity do Americans participate in the most?

Voted in a general election