Political Science Final Exam
The Tragedy of the Commons
(1968 paper by ecologist Garret Hardin) "Freedom to breed" is bringing ruin to all. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none. When no individual has ownership, no one takes responsibility. Examples: overfishing in the oceans, over pumping of the Ogallala Aquifer
Liberal Intervenionism (Liberal Approaches to Security)
- Humanitarian intervention - ideologically based liberal intervention in foreign countries in which such an intervention is deemed necessary as a result of most commonly gross human rights violations, most basically infringing on peoples most basic personal freedoms.
Constructivists Approaches to Security
- Not worried about particular threats just worried more about why we come to think of threats as threats. fundamental structures of international politics are social rather than strictly material. - Argue that changes in the nature of socialization between states can bring a fundamental shift towards greater international security. - Some Constructivists belive that the state is the key actor in int relations, and that int politics is anarchic; - also advocate that states without knowledge of the others intentions will act rationally. - HOWEVER some regard themselves as STRUCTURALISTS=== believe that there are objective structures, independent of the agents' consciousness and will - believe that the interests of individual states are in an important sense constructed by the structure of the international system. - view strucuture not as a being made up of material capabilities but as made up of social interaction and relationships between actors. - power politics is the idea that instructs states to behave. - ANARCHY IS WHAT STATES MAKE OF IT. -
Realism (Theoretical Approaches to International Law)
- Skeptical and hostile to liberal idealist notion of peace through law. - realist doubt whether law is law at all as a result of the absence of central authority to legislate, adjudicate and enforce int lwaw in the field and make it applicable to gov's as it's applicable to individuals domestically. - INT law is weak at best, ex.sanctions are rarely enforced. - States having strong int legal obligations is nonsensical for realists.
Overview (Mainstream Orthodox Development Approach)
- Want to transform traditional subsistence econ referred to as backward into industrial commodified econ defined as modern . production for profit. individuals sell their labor for money, rather than producing to meet their families needs. - unlimited econ growth in free market system. economies eventually become self sustaining referred to as the take off point. - production for profit. sell their labor for money rather than sustenance living. - trickle down econ - measured through GDP Per Capita, industrialization, including agriculture. - TOP down model reliance on external expert knowledge, usually wester. Large capital investment in large projects. advanced tech, expansion of the private sphere
Development (Critical Development Approach)
- alt view from grassroots movements, few gov's, UN agencies, NGO's and academics. - related centrally and broadly on entitlement and distribution. Expressed in language of Human rights. PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE 1. Need oriented(Material and Non material) 2. come from within a society. 3. Self reliant in terms of human, natural, and cultural resources. 4. Ecologically sound. 5. Based on structural transformation ex. econ, gender, class ect. ex. occupy movement, unfairness in society related to power relations socially and economically. - societies crave substantive democracy - Alternative Declaration formed by the NGO forum REJECTS econ liberalism accepted by N & S says it leads to a bath of aggravation rather than alleviation of the global social crisis. - Calls for immediate cancellation of debt, improved terms of trade, transparency and accountability of the IMF and WB. -
Realist Studies of Security
- classical realists or Realists saw inter state relations as paramount, and the international system as a brutal arena in which states would seek to achieve their own security at the expense of others. - Balance of Power - Including Neo-realists such as Kenneth Waltz and John Mearshiemer. Pessimistic view of nature number of key assumptions Neo Realists assumptions: - Anarchic int system, no central authority. - states claiming sov will developed offensive milt capabilities to defend and extend power, as a result states are dangerous to each other. - Security Dilemma - states are rational actors however their is the possibility of miscalculation, mistakes will follow about the real interests of states TOPICS OF STUDY FOR REALISTS Force Structure: Military Spending: Security Policy: - issues with this thinking, this form of security can be very expensive in terms of spending on military and supporting massive bureaucracy. - Also susceptible to the military industrial complex.
Overview (Critical Development Approach)
- sufficiency, inherent value of nature. -- community controlled commons - human activity in balance with nature. - self reliance on local control through democratic inclusion. - participation, and giving a voice to marginalized groups such as women and indigenous peoples. Measured through fulfillment of based material and non material human needs of everyone; condition of the natural environment; political empowerment of marginalized Process: bottom up participatory; reliance on appropriate knowledge and tech; small investments in small scale projects; protection of the commons.
Major Factors in IPE
1. Production and Consumption= - the selection, adoption, use, and recycling of goods and services, also includes creation of goods and services related to gross domestic product. 2. Finance - how does the world use it's money - ex. gold reserves and standards. - floating currency. - value of the stocks and bonds traded in the markets 3. Trade: - balance of trade ex. ex-imports. - protectionism, free trade. - sanctions= the deliberate withdrawal or threat of customary trade and financial relations to put pressure on a gov to alter it's policy.
Armed Conflict and Human Security
A dimensions of human security relates to acute suffering directly related to violence. - Possible and potential death, physical, and psychological trauma - Civilians in combat zones live with the persistent threat of violence, and many develop stress related disorders. - WOMAN and children and those who are most vulnerable to violent and armed conflicts. - also the sick and elderly - INDIRECT consequences of of violence on human life: - econ disruption which leads to poverty - environmental degradation - educational and other social systems are disrupted or destroyed - and increases in rates of disease and most probably disease prevention - conflicts and poverty and sustaining poverty .
Collective Action Problem
A situation in which multiple actors would benefit from a certain action, but that action has an associated cost making it implausible that any individual can or will undertake it alone. Our economy is dependent on the exploitation of the environment, and we will have to cut tons of jobs and lose lots of money. Prices go up econ go down, messy Everyone as a group decides to cut a little bit we achieve the same gains, but we are less impacted**** We therefore need to look for collective solutions to these problem
Issues with the Liberal Approach to Security.
Actors who do not subscribe to the worldview; failed states Free-Riders, interoperability and Training Nation-building is hard?
Nuclear Non Proliferation
Agreement designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Existing nuclear powers promise not to aid others in acquiring nuclear weapons, and those without nuclear weapons agreed not to build them. Israel, India and Pakistan are the only 3 nations that have not signed this.
The Stability Instability Paradox
Although some scholars continue to believe in exsistential dtterence there are signficant risks to the owning of nuclear weapons. Scholars argue along lines that this paradox occurs when nuclear armed countries feel safe from large-scale retaliatory attack because they have nuclear weapons, and so they feel free to engage in low-scale provocations against other countries. This means that countries with nuclear weapons are more likely to be involved in low level conflicts but not more escalated conflicts. - More conflict, just not Nuclear conflict Chance of escalation. Can be argued that nukes make the world more stable in another sense they make the world more volatile.
The Logic of Terrorism
An individual's decision to commit a terrorist act appears rational within its social context. A method of last resort, i tried being peaceful therefore i have to try to be violent. Collective responsibility to the harm done to me, if you are complicit in my oppression than this is justified as an act of retaliation. Justified as an act of retaliation. Dealing with terrorism is very difficult as the things which make a terrorist is very loose and variable.
Mercantilism (Approaches to IPE)
As an arena of inter-state competition, the world econ is one in which states seek to maximize their wealth and independence vis-a-vis other states. Order is achieved only where there is a balance of power or hegemony
Critical (Human Rights and IR Theory)
By whom and for whom have int human righs been constructed? - includes post structural, and post-colonial scholars. - emphasize western hegemony, understood as forms of oppressive dominations, through ideas and values but backed ultimately by force. - constructed by Western elites to spread western econ and political power and to reinforce marginalization of the global southern peoples ect. - Spread of INt human rights however seems to have much more to do with voluntary demand from below than coercive imposition from above. - given the choice peoples in Latin America, asia, and Africa consistently choose human rights. - demanded that their government respect those rights. - must be careful with the tragic consequences of often sincere humanitarian justifications of the savageries of western imperialism imbedded within these acts. - careful of cultural arrogance and ignorance in HR diplomacy
Human Security
Came to prominence in the mid to late 90s as a concept explains the orientation and amalgamation of security policy. - loosely defined as people's freedom from fear and freedom from want in a broad sense. UNDP DEF - 1. focus on the individuals/peoples as the referent object of security - 2. Its multidimensional nature 3 its universal or glboal scope, applying to states and scoieties aof the north as well as the south - challenges the state-centric notion of security by focusing on the individual as the main referent object of security. - generated much debate critics suggest this study may over enlarge the boundaries of security, and whether securitization of the individual is the best way to address challenges facing the int community from globalization - First elaborated upon by the UNDP, Specifically detailed the scope of human HS to include seven areas - Econ Security - Food Security - Health - Environmental - Personal - Community - Political security LAST THREE MORE TRADITIONAL IDEAS ABOUT SECURITY - Allows us to broaden our understanding of what threatens people
Bilateral Agreements Climate
Canada-US states air quality agreement, Canada US great lakes water quality agreement (1972) Managing common env resources. TECHNICAL COOP and BIlateral agreements Global examples: the Global Commons Areas not under one countries sov control: Open Ocean Seabed Atmosphere OUter Space Antartica 1959 Antarctic Treaty: paues territorial claims; science and coop. INTERNATIONAL FORUMS Multiple stakeholders can participate, hundreds but just on forests UN conference on env and deve GOES On Lots of different env management discussions Recent years big things: Paris climate agreement: there are penalties for leaving. Developing countries get assistance Rich countries give money now instead of later, spread econ risk and impose potential financial penalties for not agreeing and going along with the program, varied based on what your country is actually able to do. However everyone is made to at least in theory contribute.
Total War
Categorized as Postmodern war, and indirectly related to the process of globalization. - involved the complete mobilization of the human, economic and military resources of the state in the pursuit of victory and which recognized few if any moral restraints in terms of who could be targeted in the pursuit of victory, Moral restraints disappear for the betterment of the actors cause. - war has been nationalized involving all of society following the industrial revolution and the advent of popular democracy and modern bureaucracy.
History Of Warfare and State building
Charles Tilly: modern war and the modern state co evolved Ability to organize internally means you can more easily go to war. - Rise of Nationalism - Centralized and Bureaucratic states Rising populations Enlightenment, role of science increases in tech. Today we have drones and smart bombs ect. Led to the law of armed conflict between states.
UN Charter
Charter suggests that the UN has four purposes. - TO maintain int peace and security - develop friendly relations among nations, cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. -
Realism (Human Rights and IR Theory)
Classical political realism stresses the national interest defined in terms of power, understood as a universal law of int politics. - Human rights clearly reveals this notion to be problematic. - National interests is whatever the nation is interested in. - before human rights were a moral concern but the norms of human rights have been embedded and normalized as fundamental in the minds of many in west, therefore human rights are very much a part of national interests not unlike say the economy. - states are concerned with their national interests. - INT human rights is only one of many foreign policy interests and will be subordinated when more pressing matters for the state arise. - states define interests in narrow egoistic and material terms. -
Hybrid International Organizations
Govs work with NGOs. ex. Red Cross. - provides evidence that attempting to separate the two spheres of inter an non gov organizations and structure may not always be as useful as we think. - To be a hybrid the organization must admit as full members both NGO parties, or companies AND governments or governmental agencies. - both types have full rights. assumption that gov's can dominate is abandoned when these factors are acknowledged by both sides. -
Non-Legitimate Transnational Groups
Distinction in these groups can be made between criminal groups such as drug traffickers, and groups claiming to be undertaking actions with legitimate political motives. - IN Reality distinction may at times be blurred between these groups. - Criminal financial flows can be massive., laundering threatens the integrity of financial institutions. - criminal efforts have been diversified through triangulation - police action may only displace criminal action so to another state. - criminality may be of a extraterritorial jurisdiction and therefore would need transnational police and justice cooperation....very tricky. - dealing with transnational terrorism seems in many ways near impossible. - In viewing such in the orthodox view of state based violence and solution to issues. - text suggests that military attempts to counter terrorism will not achieve the defeat of terrorism rather global political change that delegitimized fundamentalism and violence. -
The 1990s and Humanitarian Activism
During this era there was a dramatic increase in the rate of humanitarian interventions - Humanitarianism was not however the decisive drivers of these interventions. - More successfully in stopping immediate killing, and less successful in building long term peace. - Interesting** evidence to suggest that true form state based humanitarian intervention is rarely without vested interests and that a possible correlation exists between exploitative relations and patterns globally and historically and intervention hoping to keep likeable powers in control.
Processes and types of Regional Organization
Economic: free trade area, customs union's, common market Political: regular summit meetings, common charter/constitution Judicial/legal:Common charter/constitution, regional court for states, regional court of appeals Transmit?immigration: integrated border security, common visa policies, physical-border free areas.
The International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA
Established in 1957, under the auspice of the UN Keeps record of and verifies nuclear material and tech transfers Assists in peaceful nuclear development. Monitors nuclear testing. If everyone agrees to be open and honest then you can automatically focus suspicion on those states who are looking like they are hiding something.
causes of human insecurity
Mass violence, deliberate politics of suffering Natural disasters: Mismanagement Extreme poverty overpopulation Involuntary migration Interconnected problems. All of these problems can be connected through complex interdependence.
Transnational Terrorism
Factors leading to the growth of transnational Terrorism Globalization crosses borders more often Expansion of commercial air travel Availability of televised news coverage Increases in communications tech Broad political and ideological interests among extremists that intersected around a common cause Initial acquiescence on the part of states to terrorists demands. Enablers but not causes of terrorism. The growth of terrorism and globalization: some potential explanations. Cultural: Huntington: class of civilizations a method of preserving traditions and values, response to this clash. Ideology: anarchy, Extreme Nationalism, Radical Socialism/communism, Religion Economic: Post Colonial: globalization has benefited the west in ways that can be perceived as a form of economic imperialism Human security/development: political decisions to deregulate or privatize industries may lead to significant social and economic upheaval.
Management of Interdependence
Fixing some interaction processes to improve or preserve stability between members, do this by promoting cooperation, Establish norms of behavior, serve as sites of socialization and learning.
History and evloution of Nuclear Non Proliferation
Following first detonation in Japan The UN set to establish a UN Atomic Energy Commission, which would eliminate weapons, and place nuclear energy under international control, FAILED because of disagreements between the US and the Soviets. - Eisenhower set up atoms for peace made to share nuclear knowledge with the world for energy purposes - 1957 UN sets up Int Atomic Energy agency for these purposes. - Counter Proliferation:Preventing the spread of nuclear weapon to non state actors Just about potential transfer to non state actors. Proliferation security initiative 2003: trafficking and transfer of WMD materials and delivery systems Nuclear Security Summit: prevent nuclear smuggling first occasion 2010 The Global Zero Movement: Lots of NGO who are worried about this in 70s and 80s no part of this larger movment Want to get rid of all such nuclear weapons. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Movement for this but still the same holdups as non proliferation.
Regional Integration
Formal regional integration processes by which states go beyond the removal of obstacles to interaction between there countries and create a regional space subject to some distinct common rules. Rules which apply to our interactions with one another and beyond our state. Reasons for Regional Integration 1 Management for independnence: the settling of int relaitons once independence has been achieved
Regional Cooperation
Functional: Limited arrangements agreed between states in order to work together in particular areas, e.g transport, energy, or health Economic: agreements that foresee some degree of commercial preferentialism, but with no alignment of domestic rules or int diplomatic positions POlitical: alignment regarding the implementation of certain values and practices.
Region
Geographical Continuity -how big is highly variable, Language, ethnicity, Colonizer, Environment beyond geography Common problems/Opportunities How to distinguish "regional" from Bilateral or global NO COMMON DEFINITION, Region is a region when it is useful for us to think of it as a region and analyze it, cannot be only two states and cannot be everyone THIS IS THE ONLY THINGS. Why organize Regionally instead of GLobally or Bilaterally. Regional organization is a functional response to certain types of global problems
Global Environmental Governance
Global Problems such as climate change may provide the fundamental requirement of global action. Much reaction to environmental change has been dependent on a fragmented international political system. - this form of governance involves bringing to bear inter-state relations, int law, and international organizations in addressing shared environmental problems. Implies that regulation and control have to be exercised in absence of central gov, delivering the forms of service that a world government would provide.
War (Definitions of War)
Globalization in part drives the inevitable accumulation of military power, and for the developed world war is no longer focused around STATE-STATE rivalry. Instead Military Conflict or wars are fought against such threats as Terrorism, insurgencies, internal crises in other countries which accordingly demand military intervention for their resolution. Definitions of War: - Clausewitz: "An act of force intended to compel our opponents to fulfill our will,' and " a continuation of political intercourse with a mixture of other means" - Nature of warfare refers to the constant, universal , and inherent qualities that ultimately shape war as a political instrument throughout the ages. - Different periods and forms of war throughout history display attributes which are the result of specific sociopolitical and historical pre conditions, while also simultaneously influencing those conditions. - novel characteristics of war were not the result of new inventions but of new ideas and social conditions. Hedley Bull: "Organized violence carried out by political units against each other" Describes that it has to be an organized political unit in order for the act of aggression or violence to be determined as being an act of Legal Definition: int system legal declaration of war does mean something. If war is only war when we declare it on a state formally what have we been doing lately LOL OVERALL War is difficult to define as a definition which is to vague lacks specificity to properly categorize a WAR, and definitions that are to specific lack the necessary flexibility for different forms of conflict between states. = Quincy Wright: - war always involved a legal relationship, which distinguishes it from mere fighting, even organized fighting. IT IS a condition of time in which special rules permitting and regulating violence between governments prevails. - A particular kind of relationship between politically motivated groups.
State Centric Approach (Problems)
Great advantage is that it reduces complexity of WP. - however the oversimplification causes distortion Confusion over the meaning of State: - Confused with the concept of country, and the apparatus of government. - state is abstract legal concept and country and gov suggested by text to be used in analyzing behavior . - civil society is separate from the state. - in int law this blending of the two results in a lack of recognition of the distinct transnational actors within the state. - same legal status implies they are all the same type of unit. - implies coherency of actions and perceptions within the state. - idea that peoples loyalty to their nations is more intense than others.
Types of Armed Conflict
How big and Scope, physical location of the war Local: example Sudan mostly confined to the Sudan and south Sudan Regional: Vietnam Global: multiple continents ex. Ww1, ww2 actors= Extra-state: wars of independence, colonizer and colonized really don't happen anymore Interstate: ex. Iran vs. Iraq. Wars between states Intrastate: wars where one party must be the government, and one is a non gov entity but within a single state. Internationalized intrastate: local war where larger power are supplying materials to the states within the state but with an international reach, people have interest but are just not the original parties. Ex. Fighting in Yemen Non state: Neither party is the government, far fewer battle deaths than any wars involving a state.
Armed Conflict
ICRC; any difference arising between two states and leading to the intervention of armed forces is an armed conflict within the meaning of article, 2 even if one of the parties denies the existence of a state of war" Uppsala University: a contested incompatibility which concerns gov and or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the gov of a state, results in at least 25 battle related deaths.
Supranational Law
IN modern times states have begun to change and move beyond the simple pursuit of int order which characterized traditional int law. - States are said to be moving towards the ambitious yet amorphous objective of global governance and int law is changing - Individuals group's and organizations are becoming increasingly recognized subjects of int law. - development of human rights law, along with mechanisms of enforcement. - Non state actors becoming important actors. -
The discourse of Institutional Autonomy
IN the modern era the political and legal realms are thought to be radically different. - have their own logic's and institutional settings. - Domestically, this informs ideas about the constitutional separation of powers; internationally, it has encouraged the view that int politics and law are separate spheres of social action.
International Non-Governmental organizations
Includes groups such as Amnesty International, International Chamber of Shipping. - Many NGO activists believe the UN should be more restrictive and only accept groups that are true NGO's contribution to progressive social movments. - UN laid out six principles of acceptable NGO's. - NGO's developed acess to the internet, and this relates to the loss of sov for gov's of sates over transnational relations. - with internet less formal and more loose connections are being made between non gov organization and actors.
Security
Is a contested concept consensus implies that it involved freedom from threats to core values for both individual and groups, HOWEVER major disagreements persists about whether the main focus should be on national, individual, international, or global security. - It may include political, econ, societal, and environmental as well as military aspects - some suggests that security can only be achieved if actors do not deprive others of it. -
National Security
Is a type of security which is interested in the the protection of a state's sov territorial integrity and interests. - some scholars see globalization as not erasing the relevance of state based conceptions of security interactions and action, but rather transforming the state. Where more conflicts are between sub-state actors. - increasing privatization,
Critical Theory and Terrorism
Post Colonial: terrorism as a legitimate form of political struggle against oppressors(sometimes) Classical marxism generally supported terror against the class of capitalists, supporters of capitalists systems, and governments representing capitalism. How Afraid should we be of terrorism injustice produces terrorism Focus on Individuals and group-level ways to change belief and behaviour.
International Finance
Language used when talking about trade is similar however they are importantly distinct from one another. - Difficult to think of instances in which one country produces money for another country to consume. - activity generally takes place on financial markets through taking paper positions using advanced info networks. Financial products only very rarely flow across borders in any straightforward import/export sense. What makes finance international is the scale of its reach into, and influence, over global politics. - are much larger than flows of global trade.
History of Environmental Activism
Late 19th cent mostly has to do with preservation of the natural environment, from industry cleaning up urban env as well, 1970s internationalized as we start to understand the global causes and impacts of environmental problems. Anti Nuclear Movement, On slide shows Anti-CFC campaigns, Anti Deforestation, Awareness about genetically modified foods Awareness about endangered species, Greenhouse gas, Today climate change is the big thing, understand it in both macro and micro terms.
The cases for Humanitarian intervention
Legality: - legal justification is commonly referred to as counter-restrictionist case: for a legal of individual and collective humanitarian intervention rests on two claims, the UN charter which commits states to protecting fundamental human rights, second right of humanitarian intervention in customary int law. - Argue that human rights are just as important as security and peace. - no legal basis for unilateral humanitarian intervention in the UN charter, but argue it is permitted by customary int law. - use historical instanes of intervention by world powers as precedent for the right for intervention. Morality: - SOme say we have a moral duty to intervene to protect civilians from genocide and mass killings. - when a state fails to protect it's citizens it looses it's sov rights, and therefore intervention is justified by other states to bring about protection of the states people. - some point to the idea of common humanity other argue that these justification are result of globalization 0 problems could justify the opening of doors to justify wars on human basis and not get int community and populations upset and upset actors with vested interests, lots of evidence to suggest the intervention occurs when it is profitable for the intervening country and not based on the goodness of the state.
Poverty (Critical Development Approach)
Looks more at marginalized understandings of the development challenge and process. Poverty= both sides agree that poverty has a material aspect lack of food, clean water, and sanitation. - disagree on the importance of non material aspects such as culture an society, also disagree on the how material needs should be met, and therefore the goals of development === Emphasis is not simply on money but on spiritual values, community ties, and availability of resources. Takes into account subsistence living and economies. - western values that focus on individualism and consumerism are seen as destructive and morally inferior.
NGO's and Human Rights
Many NGO groups which are specifically and powerful in the realm of enforcing and ensuring human rights globally. - Civil Society Actors can operation nationally and Trans Nationally. - PLAY an important role in Getting specific Human rights into the Charter - ex. Amnesty Int - Principle resources are Advocacy and Energy exists and operate on many levels including grass roots and lobbying gov. - Aim is to embarrass gov's who are abusing HR. - Text says that these groups and centered and focused on the state because the state is responsible for upholding HR. - may back overthrowing of violent and abusive powers in a country. - NGO's lack the power of states and diplomatic structure of INT organizations. - power of public opinion can be difficult to locate. - States that NGO's have no other interests to district from advocacy** - EX. They get big start to become a business with PR and internal conflicts.....truth and purity of intentions without doubt can become confused** - are important for bringing to light and highlighting abuses which may have been silenced or not recognized.
Critical Theory and Security
Marxism: look at the structure of the system in entirety determining where we find conflict, creating insecurity through capitalism, distribution of profits, underpaying, making conflict in certain places more likely than others. Insecurity at the bottom is because of the top.
New Wars
Mary Kaldor explains that a new form of war has risen since the mid 80s resulting from globalization. integrating, fragmenting, homogenizing, diversifying, globalizing and locationalizing - NEW WARS are related to the disintegration and collapsing of states, from the pressures of globalization on the int system. 95 percent of armed conflicts have taken place within states rather than between. We should talk more specifically about what war means now Based around the disintegration of states and subsequent struggle for control of the state by opposing groups Usually preceded by economic hardship or collapse Often, use of violence by an army against an unarmed population Prevalent focus on identity.
Terrorism
Most share couple characteristics Violence by nonstate actors such as individuals or groups to achieve radical, rapid, or dramatic political goals actor has to be non state and our goals have to be political. Use of violence is outside the regular realm of politics this idea Use of fear to further political goals Is violence necessary? Directed at who/what HOW DOES IT WORK Inability to defeat states and int coalitions in open battle. Gov cannot fight them effectively because of their small numbers and their ability to hide. Fear is potent moral and psychological weapon. Fear works. Causal assumption our fear causes us to do something. Line between organized resistance and state terrorism is thin LABEL IS BROAD
International/Global Security
Mutual security issues involving more than one state or the whole int system. - Some suggests that the focus on int security is less appropriate because of the emergency of global society in the post cold war era. - Point to fragmentation of the nation stat, argue that an important if not the most important trend is the process and implication of globalization. - interested in issues such as international terrorism, breakdown of the global monetary system, global warming, cyber conflicts, dangers of nuclear accident. - - Are viewed at the planetary level and largely out of the control of nations states
Types of Terrorism
Non State Terror State Sponsored State Terrorism NOT GONNA TALK ABOUT THIS SCHOALRARS state that theree is a fundemntal difference in the charactor
Nuclear Triad
Nuclear arsenal with 3 components: strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs
The Non Proliferation Treaty
Nuclear war is undesirable Whole world pretty much signed this Trade access to peaceful nuclear tech for the pledge to never develop weapons tech, this is how we show this transfer Overall issue nuclear war sucks, but tech exists that is dual use that is both peaceful and not peaceful Ideas No transfer of weapons No acceptance of transferred weapons No development of weapons (if not already so armed) Peaceful nuclear tech transfer Reporting and verification. This has helped everyone who is party to the treaty not so much for india, isreal, pakistan, and NK who did not sign treaty. - is regarded as the centerpiece of the modern nuclear non proliferation regime. Opened for states following discussion throughough the 1960's in 68 - became enforced in 1970. -
Vertical Proliferation
Nuclear weapons states who already have them increasing the size of their nuclear arms stockpiles. - attempted to be limited through Agreements which emphasize nuclear restrain rather than abolition
The Case against humanitarian intervention
Objections can be found by all types of scholars to humanitarian intervention or intervention by foreign actors - NO basis in international law= aside from the right of individual and collective self defence there are no exceptions to article 2(4) - States do not intervene for primarily humanitarian reasons - Sates are not allowed to risk the lives of their soldiers to save strangers - issues and abuses - Selectivity of response -Disagreement about moral principles. - Intervention does not work
Strategies of War
Offensive: attack get what you want Defensive: fight back when someone attacks you Preventive: attacking before they attack you, TO ATTACK well before they have a chance to be powerful to attack you. Preemptive: there is going to be a war any second and I don't want to be attacked so I will start first. Predatory: usually don't see anymore also offensive just want something and go and get it Retaliatory: combo of defensive and offensive, mostly forbidden by modern int law.
Intergovernmental Organizations
Organizations whose members are national governments. (World Trade Organization)
Health and Human Security
Pandemics and infectious diseases Maladies caused by biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Ex. HIV/Aids, Ebola, H1N1 (Bird Flu), Zika, resistant TB Wealthy countries are better able to manage prevention, treatment and symptoms. INt Travel makes disease transmission much faster, wider. BRAZIL had to militarize their response to Zika virus going to millions of homes to find mosquito nets, only way to cover all of the bases. food insecurity Chronic starvation, and malnutrition Malnutrition is a severe medical condition resulting from constant food shortages. Chronic malnutrition leads to hunger and starvation. Malnutrition relates not only to the availability but also to the quantity of food.
The Laws of War
Placing limits on the legit use of force is one of the key challenges of the int community, and the laws of war have evolved to meet this challenge. - the llaws have traditionally been divided into those governing when the use of foce is legit=jus ad bellum, and how war may be condutcted=jus in bello. - laws governing when war is legally permitted have changed over time, 19th cent view to wage war was a sov right and post ww2 that war was only justified in self defence of a UN-Mandated int peace enforcement action. - laws governing how war may be conducted divide, broadly into three categories: those governing weaponry, combatants, and non combatants.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
Provided a negotiating context in which any country could extend tariff concessions agreed bilaterally to third countries. - The need to negotiate each contract individually meant the whole process unwieldy . - fear of gridlock seamount policy makers. - was replaced with the WTO. - designed to embedded free trade norms in int law with multilateral reach . - today overseas the regulation of export activity. - member based organization. - majority are developing countries. - Developing countries by joining the WTO are signalling that aid money will remain safe. - their membership mans more to them than the WTO.
Causes of War
Quests of Territory Quest For resources Political differences Identity-related differences
International Organization
Rationalist Approach: states only agree to what they want to agree to or are forced to agree to Costs Vs. Benefits States have most of the power but IOs have some Constructivist: INT orgs can change how states understand and interact with the world Forums for the creation/promo of ideas and norms IOs have a constitutive/causal power independent of states.
Humanitarian intervention and the big schools of though in IR
Realist: Little to do with human suffering, simple If there is a humanitarian crisis has the potential to de-stabilize you as it has potential of upsetting the balance of power. Regarding security, crisis could possible lead to dangerous power vacuums other people may take power jockey for influence over this territory Also threats to other states and core interests, ie trade routes, mass migrations. This is the idea behind humanitarian intervention for realists and they view humanitarian crisis as a security concern. Liberal: Philosophical liberal concepts about humanitarianism: Also commitment to cooperation of global governance.. Humanitarian crisis are filled with problems, as liberals believing in global governance we should be invading through the UN and other multilateral institutions, get around issues of politics getting in the way, solve individual state issues by forcing us to act together. Constructivist: the evolution of societal norms helps governments and international organizations mobilize public support for humanitarian missions. Critical Theorist/Post Colonial Scholars:] - he evolution of societal norms helps governments and int organizations mobilize public support for humanitarian missions. Marxist/POst colonial Scholars: some theorists believe the western states use humanitarian intervention not only to address suffering but to also advance their strategic interests.
IR Schools of thought and the Environment
Realist=see the environment in security, natural and human disasters affect security and military policies Environmental disasters may quickly worsen existing social problems, triggering political violence and instability. Depletion of natural resources is a potential cause of conflict. Liberals= think of the environment in terms of social collective action problems, tragedy of the commons/collective action problem vs. cooperation NGO's have been influential in bringing these issues to public attention. Constructivists= Mastery Values: exercise control over nature and exploit its resources. Harmony Values: preservation and care. Shifts in values over time Ex. Chinas great leap forward vs. today's green tiger. Alt and Critical View= Powerful Western Nations ignored environmental policies while depleting the natural resources of the rest of the world. Huge disparity in consumption of energy between the right North and the Poor South Today's environmental problems have their roots in the inability of the capitalist system to address the accelerating the threat to life on the planet. Environmental costs are not counted how much is coal going to affect the environment, govs deal with this by fixing costs back onto the countries which are producing, augments the free market.
Secularization (Waever)
Realists and liberals tend to just point out threats and ask how to respond This says why is something a threat? How do we convince that something is a threat Other states are not inherently threatening, unless you are a realist and you believe this. Over time are perception of threats have changed EX. Terrorism.
Transnational Companies
Referred to as TNC's includes such mega corporations as Shell, Wal-Mart, Volkswagen. - have 892,000 affiliates. - All companies that import and export are engaging in transnational econ activities. - HOWEVER there are not designated as TNC's until they have branches or subsidiaries outside their home country. - increasingly based less in one nation. - diminishes control over currency and foreign trade and therefore sov....govs loosing control of financial flows. - companies may respond to higher tax rates by changing its TRANSFER PRICES to reduce its tax bill. May also distort transfer prices to avoid controls on the border movements of profits of capital. - governments of developed countries are NOW losing substantial tax income, and this long standing issue in the developed world is being addressed lol - Regulatory Arbitrage: If a company objects to one governments policy it may threaten to limit or close down local production and increase or open production in another country. - THE gov that imposes the least demanding health, safety, welfare, or environmental standards will offer competitive advantages to less socially responsible companies. - Has a negative impact of sustainability obviously. And removes sov authority of dependent countries. - The problem of extraterritoriality is inherent in the structure of all TNC's. -state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations - Causes clashes related to state sov. - most of the time companies interests will be accord with the gov policy of increasing employment and economic growth. - however conflicts often arise over the regulation of markets to avoid the risks of market failures or externalization of social and environmental costs of production. - push for major TNC's to volunteer to be a part of a global compact to implement CSR principles
Methods of Terror
Relies on coercion and extortion-the use of force and threats of force. Publicity or public exposure Targeting civilians vs. state instillations: who are we making afraid. Types of Violence: Types of warfare, kidnapping, bombs, planes, decapitation and publicity, perhaps cyber warfare,
Human Security
Security of persons from the combination of threats associated with war, genocide, and the displacement of populations. a measure popular in liberal theory of the degree to which the welfare of individuals is protected and promoted, in contrast to realist theory's emphasis on putting the state's interests in military and national security ahead of all other goals
Promoting Human Security
Set up war crimes tribunals ex. Int Criminal Court last resort can exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute crimes - UN peacekeeping and peace building operations has contributed to the decline in conflict and enhanced prospects for human security. - NGOS and human security as well as contributing to the promotion of sustainable development practices.
Management of Internationalization
Settling the interrelationship between regional arrangements and the rest of the world Different REgions have different organizational patterns: Why? EU is the most functionally Integrated Other examples, NAFTA, ARAB LEAGUE,
Differentiation
States have different CONTRIBUTIONS to the problem, different effects stemming from the problem, and different capacities to address the problem.
Existential Deterrence
Suggest that procession of a single nuclear warhead was enough to deter conflict, because the credibility of severe punishment for a provocation was enough to deter adversaries from being provocative. Low level conflicts are less likely to escalate to major war, and they are more likely to get outcomes they want in a crisis involving non nuclear opponents.
Spaces and Tactics of War
Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical: war vs guerilla movement Organized vs. unorganized Physical vs. Electronic Terrain of engagement; where we are physically fighting Personnel vs weapons
Duel Use Nuclear Tech
Tech that can be used for peaceful purposes as power plants as well as weapons developments. - Nuclear energy is inherently dual-use. -
The Military Industrial Complex
The Military Industrial Complex: thinking like a realist you are susceptible to this Sometimes called the iron triangle, determines what are threats are and spends accordingly, companies that make weapons tech, depends on contracts for the US gov. People on ground want jobs and can lobby to keep their jobs In interest of the Gov to say we need more weapons to keep jobs, get bigger military establishment than we need, interest of the companies to play up the need for weapons to make more money, and to sell the weapons abroad, and then the US is at threat again.
Why do states build nuclear weapons?
The Security Model: States build nuclear weapons to increase national security against foreign threats, especially nuclear threats. Straight up Realist Thinking. The Domestic Politics Model: States build nikes because these weapons advance parochial domestic and bureaucratic interests. The Norms Model: States Build nuclear weapons because weapons acquisition or restraint in weapons development, provides an important normative symbol of a states modernity and identity. symbol of a state's identity, constructivists version of things, has to do with a state's identity the P5 all have nuclear weapons therefore nukes are a sign of accomplishment and status in the int realm. The Psychology Model: States build nuclear weapons because political leaders hold a conception of their nation's identity that leads them to desire the bomb. The Political Economy Model: States build nuclear weapons because the nature of their countries political economy-Mostly, whether or not it is globally integrated gives their leaders incentives for or against having nuclear weapons. Econ incentives, selling nukes and making money The Strategic Culture Model: States build nuclear weapons because their strategic culture leads them to hold certain ideas about how valuable the acquisition and use of nuclear weapons will be. Changing our ideas of the value of nukes changes the relative value of the concept related to security
The United Nations
The UN was founded in 1945 and succeeds the failed League of Nations. - 193 member states, base budget aprox 3 billion yr. - Peacekeeping budget 8.27 billion a year. 44,00 staff worldwide, multiple hq's worldwide. - only global institution with the legitimacy that derives from universal membership, and a mandate that encompasses security, economy and social development, the protection of the environment.
Security Dilemma
The action of a state arming itself to feel secure, which makes others scared--and the dilemma of not knowing if an attack or their protection is reason--causes the cycle of arms races and buildup of weaponry and tensions between states of weapons
Humanitarian intervention (MAIN DEFENITION)
The armed forces of one or several other countries crossing state borders - Two goals of humanitarian intervention - To create conditions for lasting peace - not just removal of a negative force by creating a foundation for future non violence. - armed humanitarian intervention was not legit practice during the cold war more value of sov of states. - significant shift of attitudes in the late 90s developing int norm of forcibly protecting other states civlians - TESTS CONCEPTS OF SOV in int society. - impact of the holocaust to start shift in this form of thinking. -
Economic Liberalism (Approaches to IPE)
The world economy has the potential to be a seamless global market-place in which free trade and the free movement of capital shape the policies of gov and economic actors. order would be achieved by the invisible hand of competition in the global market place.
Marxist Economics (Approaches to IPE)
The world economy is best described as an arena of capitalist competition in which classes and social groups are in constant conflict. Capitalists and the states they are based are driven by the search for profits, and order is achieved only where they succeed in exacting the submission of all others
Revolution in Military Affairs
This concept became popular after the American victory in the 1991 Gulf War. - superior technology and doctrine appeared to give the USA an almost effortless victory, suggested that the possession of tech advantages such as guided weapon and space satellite is an imperative key to military success. - when new tech alter the ways in which wars are fought. The way that tech changes the way we may physically organize forces and personnel in war, tech is changing this constantly. New thing is autonomous weaponry - William Cohen former secretary of security defines a a revolution in military affairs occurs when a nations military seizes an opportunity to transform its strategy, military doctrine, training, education, organization, equipment, operations, and tactics to achieve decisive military results in fundamentally new ways.
UN Principle Organs
UN security Council: Main responsibility is given to this boy for maintaining int peace and security. Made up of 15 states has a P5 Britain, United States, France, Russia, and China. Decisions are binding. Must be passed by a majority of 9 out of 15 members. P5 has power to veto decisions. - UN General Assembly: all states are represented.. meet and discuss pressing issues....each state has a vote a 2/3rds majority is required for decisions related to security, int peace, or a new member admission. - other issues require a straight majority. !!!!DECISIONS ARE NOT BINDING BUT RECCOMENDATIONS. UN Economic and Social Council:54 state's, elected 3-year terms' geographic distribution Manages UN agencies and programmes which deal in these issues UNDP< WHO, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP Link to civil society Coordinates conferences and treaty making EXAMPLE: MDP UN Secretariat: THE HARDEST JOB IN THE WORLD inlcudes the secretary general. - Some departments -Some departments: peacekeeping, politcal affairs, humanitarian affairs, special envoys, management, budget, HR, legal
Liberal view of terrorism
Understanding the cause of terrorism: A complex social and political phenom with interrelated causes. Policies that address these causes can dry up the reservoir of violent radicalism. Criminalizing Terrorism: The rule of law is the best way to confront the lawlessness that is the breeding ground of radicalism and terrorism. Look at this as a issue of legality in this way, apply a rule of law lense to confront terrorism we arrest and try terrorists we follow are own liberal values in adressing this problem and assume our morality will lessen the need for terrorism in the first place, as we are adressing opression show ourselves to be better, AS IT TURNS OUT Democracy does not stop terrorist groups attacking them! Liberal Counterterorism policies: We focus on long term gradual improvements Legitaimate legal resopnces only Through state agencies with clear madates and transparent budgets that work within the rule of law as defined by these states, liberalism believes that int cooperation works to solve problems. Strategic cooperation among states, which track and prevent and rid the world of terrorism, int orgs, and NGO's Emphasis on root causes as well as specific individuals/groups/methods. COnstructivist Approaches: Ideaology, identity, and international context Not every case of perceived
Challenges in promoting human security
Very broad and contested concept which makes it difficult to specifically define int activities as issues relating to specific forms of human security - 1.The prevailing importance of national/state security over human security 2. THe role of the state as a provider of security: what is the state supposed to provide for its citizens based on it's capabilities, or if the state is not interested in promoting Debates about Human Security Scope of the concept: whether it should primarily be about freedom from fear, or freedom from want. Is the concept of analytically meaningful or useful as a tool of policy-making? Might the concept of human security create unrealistic and unattainable goals, can do more harm than good-because it is too moralistic and hence unattainable and unrealistic? DOES Not change how states are acting.
Personal and Community Security
Violence by gov(police military) Gang Warfare sexual assault and domestic violence. High crime rates Personal= protecting people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals, or sub-state factors, domestic abuse, and predation
The practice turn (Theoretical Approaches to International Law)
Why under certain circumstances states feel duty-bound to observe international law. - Argue unlike realists and liberals that obligation is an internalized commitment, a feeling that actors have about the legit of a legal order and its attendant rules not internally generated by socially constructed, only by participating in international legal practices do actors develop an internal commitment to observe the law.
International Political Economy
about the interplay of econ an pol in world affairs. - What drives and explains events in the world economy? - explain more specifically what creates and perpetuates institutions and what impact they have on the world econ. - how int effects the domestic sphere how int effects int, and vice versa.
Constructivism (Theoretical Approaches to International Law)
argue that normative and ideational structures are as important, as if not more important than material structures; they hold that understanding how actors' identities shape their interests and strategies is essential to understanding their behavioral and they believe that social structures are sustained only through routinized human practices. - found common ground with legal theorists. - include issues of identity and purpose, strategy, by treating rules as constative not just constraining and by stressing the importance of discourse, communication, and socialization in framing actors' behaviors's. - fill in gaps lacking in neo-liberal thought
Cyberwafare
as states become increasingly dependent on complex computing based information gathering, weapons systems, and command systems. Actors become susceptible to a newer form of technological warfare. - is a states ability to attack another state's computer and information networks in cyberspace and protect it's own capabilities from attacks by adversaries. - is being incorporated more and more by global powers. - Related is the term Battle space: where the traditional conception of the battlefield is not a three dimensional space which includes airpower, the use of satellites and in some sense is non dimensional, or non tangible.
Social Constructivism (New Approaches to IPE)
assume that policies are effected by historical and sociological factors. - pays more attention to the ways in which actors formulate preferences, as well as the processes by which decisions are made and implemented. examine the beliefs, roles, traditions, ideologies, and patterns of influence that shape preferences, behavior, and outcomes.
International Trade
at its most basic level, occurs when the citizens of one country produce a good that is subsequently consumed by the citizens of another country . Consequently a geographical mismatch between the site of production and the site of consumption, with the good travelling across at lease one national border to connect the producer economically with the consumer. - The country producing the good for sale elsewhere in the world is the exporter; the country in which the good is eventually sold is the importer. - Intensity= degree to which national economic borders are now traversed by trade flows, indicate whether there are more than previously but remain silent on their geographical character. Extensity= focus on the geographical dispersal of contemporary trade and finance, asking whether there are more flows, and but whether they systematically incorporate more countries. * The distinction is between the spreading up and the spreading out of flows of trade and finance. - increase in world trade over the past 40 years is said to be a marker of globalization.
Critical Legal Studies (Theoretical Approaches to International Law)
challenge to inherent liberalism of modern international legal thought and practice. - argue that liberalism is stultifying international legal theory, pushing it between the equally barren extremes of apology the rationalization of established sovereign order and utopia the naive imagining that international law can civilize the world of states.
Security Regimes
complex network of rules practices and norms that organize a system for us, how nato manages an alliance is a regime. How we manage our alliances Figure out the issues of war The process of doing the security.
Constitutional Institutions (Types of Institutions)
comprise the primary rules and norms of international society without which society among sovereign states could not exist. The most commonly recognized of these is the norm of sov, which holds and centralizes power within the state, power is hierarchical, and outside the state no authority exists. - norm of sov is supported by auxiliary norms, such as self determination and non intervention.
International Law
core int institution, a set of norms, rules, and practices created by states and other actors to facilitate diverse social goals, from order and coexistence to justice and human development. 4 Characteristics of TRADITIONAL international Law 1. States are the primary subjects 2. States were the primary agents, the only actors empowered to formulate, enact, and enforce. 3. Concerned with the regulation of inter-state relations. 4. Scope was confined or attempted to be confined TO quesitons of order to justice. -
Rational Choice (New Approaches to IPE)`
debates on IPE surround whether you can assume what states and other actors preferences and interest are. - THE RATIONAL CHOICE suggests through borrowing economic concepts to explain politics that incentive structure must be analyzed in those who are faced with making decisions. Rather than personalities, ideology, or historical context. Although in hindsight a particular decision may seem idiotic a the time it could very well have been deemed as rational. - in that it may have corresponded with the restraints and opportunities at the time - Political Economy: recent applications of rational choice in Political Economy, attempt to explain why countries adapt in particular ways to changes in the world economy. - policies and preferences of govs reflect that actions the actions of specific interest groups in the economy. - - institutionalism: Applies the assumptions to states in their interaction with others states. - related to theories of delegation and agency. - why institutions exists and for what purposes. - core assumption is that states create int institutions and delegate power to them in order to maximize utility within the constraints of the world markets and politics. - ensure there is no defection or free-riding and the collective goal is achieved.
Latent Nuclear Capacity
describes a country that possesses the infrastructure, material, and tech capabilities to quickly assemble a nuclear weapon, but has never done so. Japan is often described being 5 min's away from having a nuclear weapon. - Only sure and positive the 9 states have nuclear weapons lots more states have latent nuclear capacity though. As nuclear energy is encouraged for development for industry.
Development (Mainstream Orthodox Development Approach)
econ growth is seen as necessary for combating poverty. - reports of world bank were income categorizes development. - History of Application= - idea that isolation and protectionism had led to the second world war, after the war wanted to encourage free trade policy Bretton Woods was developed. - liberal economic institutions allowed free trade with room for government intervention in the economies to guide the path of development, and subsequent increases in national security and global stability. - EMBEDDED LIBERALISM= the decisions making procedures of these int econ institutions favored a small group of western states. - also important was reconstruction post war and fighting the ideological war against communism through development and westernization. - Debt Crisis and subsequent SAP's - FAILURE OF SAP's - Rapid market liberalization policy, removal of social structures and power of the state, HEAVY FOREIGN INVESTMENT and reliance on exports. To facilitate the repayment of debts. - later 90's post Wash Consensus Pro-Poor policy - THESE POLICIES did not work poor got poorer and suffered the most in societies, trickle didn't trickle. - GROWTH OF GDP was not reflected in the quality of life within developing countries. ORTHODOX RESPONSE TO ALT CRITICS - sustainable development initiatives. - UNECD 1992, market based development to further sustainable development HMMMMMM - self regulation for trans national corps HMMMM - IMPORTANT Involvement of marganilized groups PROBABLY one of the most important changes but in what ways and to what extent. - MOST OF THE CHANGES ARE LINGUISTIC but underlying actions macro econ are unchanged. -
Hunger (Critical Development Approach/ ENTITLEMENT SOCIETY FOCUSED APPROACH)
entitlement society focused approach. - related to issues of distribution - cant ignore the vital vital factor of food distribution. - fails to account that despite the enormous increase in food production per capita that has occurred post war. - the number of those exp chronic hunger remains unacceptably high. - third world produces the food, but the majority of the malnourished live there as well so the food is largely going to the western world. - look at socio political and econ factors in which food is distributed. - times when food production is high is when people dont HAVE enough to eat, rather than there not being enough to eat. -
Foreign Direct Investment
financial flows which are activated as a means of ensuring the new plant and machinery can be paid for in one country but physically established in another. - IS the most obvious example of the extensity of flows of global finance.
Management of Independence
form of regional and reason for regional integration. the settling of int relations once independence has been achieved How ot manage this new system of organization in the world. Ex. commonwealth, la francaphone.
Femensist, Postcolonial Theory and Security
human security, positive peace, still do talk about structure. MORE INDIVIDUAL "I AM INSECURE." Way in which gender affects whether or which we are insecure.
Domino Theory
idea that if one state falls to communism the rest of the states around them will also become communists. In terms of security if you want like minded allies you should then progressively go and throw over government that think the other way, spread ideology topple regimes ect. Describes this as the bandwagon effect when after toppling other states want to come to your fold.
Securitization
idea that if you call something a threat your receive and emotional =
International Institutions
in order to maintain order from anarchistic int realm actors have created int institutions to ensure their security and realize interests. are complexes of norms, rules, and practices that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity and shape expectations. need a framework to exists.
Responsibility To Protect
insists that states have primary responsibilities for protecting there own populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. - happened as the Int Commission on Intervention and State Sov wanted to shift debate away from speaking of the rights of interveners but instead focus on a responsibility to protect their citizens, from genocide, mass killing, and ethnic cleansing. - If they cannot then it is the responsibility of the INT community to do so. - PREVENT, REACT, REUBUILD. - CONCEPT was unanimously endorsed by the 2005 world Summit. - Was then adopted by the UN general assembly. - narrow but deep approach. TIMELINE 2000: canada establishes an int commission on int and state sov 2001: Report, entitled r2p, on the protection needs of victims 2002: strongly endorsed by Kofi Annan 2005: the right to protect norm was unanimously endorsed by the 2005 world summit, and later formalized as a UN gen assembly resolution. Principles of r2p are in text.
Consent and Legal Obligation
it is a norm of the modern int legal system that states are obliged to observe legal rules because they have consented to those rules. A state that has not consented to the rules of a treaty is non bound by those rules . The only exception to this concerns rules of of customary int law, and even then implied or tactic consent plays an important role in determination of which rules have customary status.
Democratic Peace Theory (Liberal Approaches to Security)
liberal approach to int security post cold war gained momentum, centers on the argument that democratic states tend to not fight other democratic states.THEREFORE democracy is seen as a source of peace, and will bring about accountability of governments, along with ideological similarity which provokes deeper and more entrusted trade relationships. - Doyle points to the idea by Kant of perpetual peace where democratic representation, an ideological commitment to human rights, and transnational interdependence provide an explanation for the peace prone tendencies of democracies
Liberalism (Human Rights and IR Theory)
liberal natural rights justified revolutions in England, America, and France in the late 1600s-to late 1700s. - Many 19th cent liberal denied HR in favor of utilitarianism greatest good for the greatest number instead of all rights for all peoples. - lately though liberals endorse human rights as the best mechanism for providing autonomy, equality, and dignity for all. - critique on liberal over emphasis on property and markets instead of econ and social rights - demonstrates changing character of liberalism into more gov influence on econ and social rights. - emphasizes instead newer liberal conception of the liberal democratic welfare state. - wear individual rights, democratic accountability, and a mixed econ that provides a broad range of econ and social rights.
Keynesian Economics (Approaches to IPE)
macro manipulation of the supply of money through banking interests rates. Can also use gov spending to influence the econ (fiscal) - way to smooth out natural boom and bust cycles in economies. - believed in deficit spending.
Collective Security (Liberal Approaches to Security)
major liberal theory of security, ex. UN league of nations founded on this concept.
Poverty (Mainstream Orthodox Development Approach)
provides and values most commonly opening and liberalization of markets and western principles in order to bring about "development." of the underdeveloped world, which is according to the western standards of modernity. Poverty= both sides agree that poverty has a material aspect lack of food, clean water, and sanitation. - disagree on the importance of non material aspects such as culture an society, also disagree on the how material needs should be met, and therefore the goals of development - govs, int organization and citizens in the west often adhere to the orthodox interpretation of poverty=== refers to a situation were people do not have enough money to buy adequate food or satisfy basic needs, are often regarded as being unemployed or underemployed. - hunter gather's according to the text would be referred to as poor.
Language and Practice of justification
modern int law is characterized by a distinctive from or argument, justification, or reasoning. As the accompanying text explains, this practice is both rhetorical and analogical
Private Finnancial Institutions
most prominently banks - can have vested interests in the defense of existing price structure of financial assets - shareholders wealth and there wealth are tied to price structure. - introduce counter-inflation policy - currency traders only sell o the currencies of countries where they doubt the strength of the gov's counter inflationary commitment. -
Issue-Specific Institutions or 'Regimes' (Types of Institutions)
most visible and palpable of all international institutions. They are sets of rules, norms, and decision making procedures that states formulate to define who constitute legit actors and what constitutes legit action in a given domain of int life. Ex. non proliferation treaty, anti-personal landmines. - Importantly are concrete enactments in specific issue-areas of fundamental institutional practices, such as int law and multilateral ism
MAAD
not enough to attack the other side must be able to protect your missiles from attack. Must have second strike capability, levels out the power relations. Deterrence theorists believe that there will not be any conflict as there is no point as both sides are losers. Relative amounts of power and ability to coerce or threaten other than the ability to act.
Realism and dealing with terrorism
not that worried about state survival as a threat from terrorism As a neorealist interested in the balance of power terrorism presents a potential Asymmetrical Threats= diminishes your power but does not raise the power of other states but rather peoples and groups. Asymmetrical force like terrorism sets of the symmetrical balance of power and it is hard to specify how to balance REalist count policies Monitoring and Prevention, Preemptive: take action before they strike Punitive: take retaliatory action. Deterrence as well Homeland Security: defensive action Also we focus on the power of fear to use against terrorism
The Most Favored Nation Principle
provided the bedrock of GATT Negotiations, stated that any preferential trading agreement reached with one country should be extended to other countries. The aim, which also continues to be case under the WTO is to disqualify countries from using asymmetric tariffs in order to impose higher trading costs on one country than another. Assumes that a higher proportion of world GDP will be traded globally when trade takes place on a level palying field. Distorted by regional trading block NAFTA and EU Arrangements allow countries to set lower tariffs for their in-bloc trading partners than outside the bloc. - this is why some globalization purists argue that regional trade agreements are an impediment to genuine econ globalization
Nuclear Deterrence
provisions of security based on weaponry what i will use when i protect myself is the ability to attack someone else, both offensive and defensive weaponry.
Hunger (Orthodox Development Approach)
regards the problem as largely being about overpopulation - Thomas Malthus human population growth and food supply - Population growth naturally outstrips food supply - places great stress on the human population. - population control global south breeds faster than the North. -
Fundamental Institutions (Types of Institutions)
rest on the foundation provided by constitutional institutions. represent basic norms and practices that sovereign states employ to facilitate coexistence and cooperation under conditions of int anarchy. - rudimentary practices states reach for when seeking to collaborate or coordinate their behavior. - in the modern int system the fundamental institutional practices of contractual int law and multilateral have been the most important.
The New Liberalism (Theoretical Approaches to International Law)
seeks to reformulate liberalism as a positive social scientific paradigm. Three core assumptions. - individuals are the fundamental actors in int relations, the interests of states are defined by dominant domestic interest groups, in the int arena the configuration of interdependent state preferences determines states behaviours. - traditional ordering of int law is flipped as it does not serve states but instead see individuals and private groups as the main actors of importance. -
Social Constructivism (Human Rights and IR Theory)
sov and human rights co-constitute one another. - terms in which states and individuals interact has been reformulated, with significant political implications. - int human rights have been shaped by state sov. - generally human rights do not provide a comprehensive account of justice and morality. - not all good things are matters of human rights. - human rights are not immaterial but also material and entitle individuals to tangible material goods, as well as services, opportunities and protections. -
Multilateral Legislation
the principle mechanism modern states employ to legislate int law is multilateral diplomacy, commonly defined as cooperation between three or more states based on or with a view to formulating, reciprocally binding rules of conduct.
Horizontal Proliferation
the spread of nuclear weapons to new countries or actors
Noe-Liberal Institutionalism (Theoretical Approaches to International Law)
until recent did not talk about int law. - states are treated as rational egoists, law is seen as an intervening variable between the goals of states and political outcomes, and law is a regulatory institution, not a constitutive one that conditions states identities and interests
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
was declared on December 10th 1948 text suggests that this was able to happen as a result of the holocaust which caused a shift in thinking of human rights abuses and sovereign authority. Advent of the UN itself may have contributed though. - The Declaration itself is a list of internationally recognized human rights. - Including==== Civil and Political Rights= provide legal protections against abuses by the state and seek to ensure political participation for all citizens. - Equality before the law, protection against arbitrary arrests and detention, freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and political participation. Economic, social and Cultural Rights= - Guarantee individuals access to essential goods and services, and seek to ensure equal social and cultural participation. ex. food, housing, healthcare, SSI - THESE TWO SETS of rights are indivisible under INT law. - Also six more treaties that are internationally recognized and have mostly been ratified. -
Asymmetric Warfare
when two combatants are so different in their characters, and in their areas of comparative strategic advantage. that confrontation between them comes to turn on one sides ability to force the other side to fight on their own terms. weak tend to target the strong's domestic political bas, inflicting small instances of pain overtime without suffering insurmountable and unbearable retaliation in return;.
Security Community(Liberal Approaches to Security)
within a group of states we do not have to worry about our security visa V one another, can re allocate resources towards enemies or through other issues. UNSC Chapter 6 and 7: binding legal obligation to take place in collective security practices. ex. NATO NATO article 5 and COllective Defense Regional Organizations "Coalitions of the Willing"