Politics Chapter 5 connect

one in four

About _____ single-parent families, which are usually headed by women, live below the poverty line.

35, 12

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

suspect classifications

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications 2

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

strict-scrutiny

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny 2

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

abolitionist movement

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

redlining

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

95

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

Southern Manifesto

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

in their states of entry

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

He did not believe there was a precise meaning

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

It passed the Civil Rights Act, which entitles all persons to equal access to public accommodations.

In 1964, how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

required

In a 1947 case, the Supreme Court ruled that because they had no law school for Black students, the University of Oklahoma was ______ to admit Ada Sipuel to its law school.

"narrowly tailored"

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms in Adarand v. Peña (1995), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

almost always unconstitutional

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law is ______.

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

based on obsolete statistics

In the case of Shelby County v. Holder (2013), the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight of changes related to voting was ______.

increased by 20 percentage points

In the presidential election following enactment of the Voting Rights Act, Black turnout in the South ______.

inferior status

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had _____ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

Shelby County v. Holder

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

United States v. Virginia

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School

Rioting broke out in 1957 during ______.

demand their civil rights

Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

upheld

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

Adarand v. Peña

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in ______.

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must ______.

given moral strength to diverse movements been foundational in legal decisions inspired a hope for eventual equality

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

de facto discrimination

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

true

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

false

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What are comparable worth policies?

a quarter

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

Fiftheenth Amendment

Which amendment passed after the Civil War granted African American men the right to vote?

equal-protection clause

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

reasonable basis test

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

Most single-parent families are headed by women and one in four of those live below the poverty line. Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. Many single-parent working women without college degrees or special skills find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses.

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Segregated neighborhoods still exist. Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites)

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to public facilities equal access to the opportunities society provides

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

About a third of African American children live below the poverty line. The median net worth of households heading by retired African Americans is about 10 percent that of retired white people. The jobless rate of African Americans is two times that of white Americans.

Which of the following continue to impede progress toward equality for Black Americans?

The median net worth of households heading by retired African Americans is about 10 percent that of retired white people. About a third of African American children live below the poverty line. The jobless rate of African Americans is two times that of white Americans.

Which of the following continue to impede progress toward equality for Black Americans?

marches in nonviolent protest boycotts

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

affirmative action

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

discriminatory practices in mortgage lending discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods discriminatory practices in housing

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

civil rights

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

Geraldine Ferraro

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?