Polsc333

How many states do not currently have nuclear weapons but do have the technology and knowledge to acquire them quickly?

20

How many states possess nuclear weapons at the present times?

9

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights can best be described as:

A common standard of achievement for all peoples.

What is an externality?

A cost or benefit for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an action.

What is a common-pool resourse?

A good that is nonexcludable but rival in consumption

Which of the following is an example of a negative externality?

A neighbor landscapes his front lawn, raising property values.

Which of the following is an example of individual petition?

A person with a same-sex partner filed a petition with the European Court of Human Rights alleging that her government had violated her rights

Which of the following illustrates the behavior of a state signing an international human rights treaty for its expressive value?

A rights-violating country signs an international human rights treaty to take a position on human rights, with little intention to respect rights.

Since the adoption of the UDHR and the twin covenants:

Additional rights have been guaranteed through supplemental agreements

Why would domestic labor groups promote international human rights standards?

Adopting such rights would level the economic and political playing fields for workers.

According to the Stopler-samuelson theorem, which of the following would be most likely to oppose free trade in a land scarce country?

Agricultural workers

Which of the following political activities would the Stolper-Samuelson theorem predict?

Air conditioner manufacturers in Indianapolis opposing NAFTA

Why did the requirement that tankers purchase new discharge equipment reduce oil pollution?

Although the new equipment was more expensive than the previous measures, verification of compliance was easier than before.

Which of the following is an example of a prisoner of conscience?

An individual imprisoned for his or her nonviolent political beliefs

Why has the United States pursued bilateral Article 98 agreements to undermine the ICC?

Article 98 agreements exempt a country from handing US nationals over to the ICC

Which of the following is an example of an externality?

Bees kept to make honey pollinate plants belonging to a nearby farmer

Which of the following represents a self-interested motivation for protecting rights?

Belgian citizens lobby policymakers to protect minorities abroad because they want to ensure similar rights protections at home.

How are polluting industries similar to protectionist industries?

Both are small in number and can get concentrated benefits from governmental policies while the costs of those policies are spread across many individuals.

Which of the following is the best example of economic globalization?

Brazil sells oil to Japanese manufacturers.

The US preference for engagement with China has been driven by which of the following factofs?

Business pressure to gain access to China's market.

According to your textbook, which country is likely to become the next global superpower in the twenty-first century?

China

Which country is currently the largest source of carbon emissions?

China

Which country is the greatest source of new pollutants?

China

Which of the following states has played the smallest role in the construction of the postwar order?

China

Which of the following is an example of free riding with regard to environmental issues?

China does not reduce carbon emissions but expects developed countries to reduce theirs

How does China's economic development affect its pollution levels?

China has already been emitting more CO2 per capita than the United States

Which of the following is an indicator that China intends to revise the international system?

Chinese inclusion in the IMF and World Bank

Why does economic globalization face a populist backlash?

Concern over the immobility of capital relative to labor

Which of the following is an example of a right guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?

Freedom of assembly and association

Why have democracies been LESS likely to sign international human rights agreements?

Democracies have not thought it necessary to sign agreements because they already protect their citizens' rights.

Which of the following illustrates defining an issue as being anticolonial to try and gain support for the cause of human rights?

Describing the campaigns against apartheid as a struggle of black Africans against white minority rulers

Why is it cheaper and easier to prevent environmental damage in developing countries?

Developing countries have less invested in infrastructure and thus are better able to adopt new, greener technologies.

The United States declared the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to be not self-executing. This means the provisions:

Did not take effect unless the government passed laws stating as such.

Which of the following is an example of a joint product?

DuPont could earn profits from a ban on CFC that would also reduce ozone depletion.

Why might it be costly for states to enforce human rights laws?

Economic sanctions on states that violate human rights also reduce the incomes of exporters in the sanctioning state.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aids cooperation over reduction of greenhouse gases by:

Ensuring iterated interactions between states.

What is an area to which the term globalization does NOT typically refer?

Environment

Which of the following is a reason that those who would be negatively affected by tighter environmental restrictions so often defeat these policies?

Existing industries have more supporters that they can mobilize compared to industries that are developing more environmentally friendly technologies.

Why were the European Emissions Trading Scheme credits given to existing companies, rather than auctioned off?

Firms successfully lobbied to have the credits given out for free so that they would not have to pay for them.

How did Europe's Emissions Trading Scheme work?

Firms were initially given allowances for greenhouse gases emissions that they could see or buy depending on their own efficiency.

Which of the following is an example of a nonderogable right?

Freedom from torture

Why is it difficult to measure human rights abuses?

Governments carry out some abuses of human rights in private, making it difficult to find evidence of abuses.

Which of the following is an example of a transnational advocacy network acting as a "fire alarm"?

Greenpeace notifying the IWC of any whaling violations that they witness.

Which of the following environmental problems has seen the least progress made by international communities?

Harmful fishing practices

What has been the trend in human rights practices in recent decades?

Human rights abuses have not changed much.

Why might governments be opposed to inserting human rights provisions into trade agreements?

Human rights clauses in trade agreements may be a form of trade protectionism and prevent freer trade.

Why is there disagreement among states over when and how human rights should be protected?

Human rights violations occur within states and they rarely affect the material welfare of other countries.

An example of a challenge to the postward order is

India's lobbying for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council

Why is preservation of the environment sometimes like a Prisoner's Dilemma?

Individuals have a shared interest in cooperating but would rather defect since their own efforts would have little effect on overall pollution levels

Why is international enforcement of international human rights treaties more difficult than enforcement of other types of treaties?

International enforcement mechanisms are weaker than international law in other issue areas.

Which of the following is the best example of how a transnational advocacy network can enforce human rights standards?

International nongovernmental organizations caused the US government to cut aid to Argentina by reporting on human rights abuses.

What period marked a reverse in globalization?

Interwar Period

Which of the following best illustrates the difficulties of coercive diarmament?

Israel's bombing of the Osirak reactor in 1981

If two states possess nuclear weapons and credibly commit to using them in a war, what effect does this have on bargaining between the two parties?

It expands the range of acceptable bargains for both parties and should make war less likely

Why has the UDHR been criticized?

It is seen as biased toward a Western conception of rights.

According to Franklin Roosevelt and some modern international relations scholars, why would promoting human rights be in the interest of the United States?

It will undermine totalitarian states, encourage political representation, and perhaps bring peace.

Which of the following policies favoring economic losers from globalization would the winners be most likely to support?

Job retraining for textile workers

The implementation of which of the following environmental agreements led to a cap-and-trade system?

Kyoto Protocol

All of the following represent cases where countries might be likely to take action against human rights violations, EXCEPT:

Large-scale human rights abuses are committed in an oil-producing country

Which of the following would most clearly be an example of Amnesty International's core mission?

Launching a campaign to free a Cuban citizen imprisoned for criticizing the government

Why does the United States object to the ICC

Leaders in the United States thinks that the judges and prosecutors have too much independence.

Why was there support for China's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

Many people thought that joining the WTO would increase China's costs for challenging the status quo.

Which regime is most likely to sign the Convention against Torture and still engage in torture?

Multiparty dictatorships

Which of these regimes is MOST likely to use violence against its citizens?

Multiparty dictatorships are most likely to violate rights because the political opposition is active and the dictator uses repression to suppress them.

Which is the region with the best record for protecting the environment?

North America

Which of the following is an accurate portrayal of the history of environmental conventions against oil dumping by oil tankers?

Oil tankers standards have been successful because compliance is easily verified.

The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol are related to which issues?

Ozone depletion

Which of the following is an example of states using linkage to get other states to sign international human rights treaties?

Poland had to agree to end the use of the death penalty in order to join the European Union.

Which of the following is most responsible for recent waves of migration to the United States and Europe?

Political instability in developing countries

Why might nuclear proliferation cause peace?

Possessing nuclear weapons increases the costs of war

What is the most important role that TANs have in stopping human rights abuses?

Providing information that sparks public outrage about a country's human rights abuses

Which of the following strategies would a country use to ensure that is has a survivable second-strike force?

Put weapons on submarines.

Which would be the best strategy for the United States in dealing with China, given the pessimistic view of its rise in power?

Reducing China's access to the US market/

What is the International Bill of Rights?

Refers collectively to the UDHR, the ICCPR, and the ICESCR.

Why have scholars recently changed their opinion on whether global human rights violations have increased or decreased over the past 35 years?

Reliable statistics have only recently become available for the 1980s

Which of these models suggests that globalization produces conflicts along sector lintes in the short run?

Ricardo-Viner

Which of the following is an example of a right guaranteed by the International Covenant Economic, Social and Cultural Rights?

Right to a minimum standard of living

What are human rights?

Rights that all individuals have, regardless of which country they live in.

In which of these regions have human rights abuses declined the most in the past 25 years?

South America

Why is coercive disarmament a difficult strategy to pursue?

States hide and shield their nuclear facilities from attack.

According to the lock in argument, which states are most likely to sign and ratify international human rights agreements?

States transitioning to democracy

Which of the following is an example of the way in which the human rights guaranteed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) are monitored?

Sweden submits a report to the Human Rights Committee on their compliance with the treaty every three years.

In what way have TANs been successful in changing state human rights practices?

TANs have contributed to the development of international norms by changing conceptions of rights and interests of individuals and states

Which feature of terrorist organization makes deterrences less difficult?

Terrorist groups often do not have fixed locations.

Which of the following is an example of a common-pool resource?

The Grand Banks fishery off the coast of North America

Which of the following is a superior strategy for preventing terrorists from obtaining WMD?

The International Atomic Energy Agency helps countries make their nuclear facilities more secure

Which country has offensively used nuclear weapons?

The United States

Which of the following illustrates the effects of linkage on environmental problems?

The United States and Canada are each other's largest trading partners, and together they stopped the problem of acid rain.

Why was the rising power of the United States beginning in the nineteenth century peacefully accommodated by the international system?

The United States and Great Britain had no conflict with each other.

What explains the United States' position on reducing carbon emissions?

The United States does not feel the terms of current agreements are sufficiently favorable.

Which of the following statements best describes the United States' approach the global warming?

The United States has been unwilling to take a significant role in reducing carbon emissions.

In which of the following ways has the United States responded to China?

The United States has maintained bases in East Asia.

Why did the United States refuse to ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

The United States preferred an alternative agreement proposed by several European countries.

Which of the following is an example of a privileged group with respect to resolving environmental problems?

The United States saw sufficient benefits to justify banning CFCs unilaterally.

What is known as the Long Peace?

The absence of a great power war during US and Soviet ascendance

Why might signing human rights treaties be associated with worse human rights practices?

The conflict over human rights treaties makes states commit more human rights abuses.

What does it mean for the International Criminal Court to be a court of last resort?

The court will only hear a case if there is no other feasible method of resolving it

Which of the following best describes the concept of natural rights developed by English philosopher John Locke?

The idea that people are by nature free and equal and possess certain basic rights

How has globalization affected environmental issues?

The increased competition resulting from economic globalization makes firms more likely to reduce costs by evading environmental regulations

Why have weapons of mass destruction WMD become easier to acquire?

The knowledge of how to make WMD has become less accepted.

If two states possess nuclear weapons, but neither side possesses second-strike capability, what effect does this have on relations between the two countries?

The lack of second-strike capability makes first strikes more rewarding and may make nuclear war more likely.

Which of the following scenarios would threaten the success of mutual nuclear deterrence?

The leader of Pakistan becomes suicidal

In what ways has the public been socialized to identify with universal human rights?

The most powerful states in the international system support human rights, and other states support these rights to establish a good reputation.

Why did states write two separate treaties when translating the UDHR into hard international law protecting human rights?

The negotiations over hard international human rights law got caught in the Cold War politics of the United States and Soviet Union

Which of the following would be an example of using a human rights agreements to "lock in" new institutions?

The new democratic government of Brazil ratifying the ICCPR with the hope that the next government will also comply with its provisions.

Which of the following is an example of a public good?

The ozone layer protecting humans from ultraviolet radiation

What was apartheid?

The policy of the South African government to segregate races and perpetuate inequality.

Why was the problem of acid rain more easily resolved than other issues?

The pollution affected relatively few states, making cooperation easier.

Why has the US auto industry opposed efforts to reduce emissions?

The required new technologies would raise the price of cars, and this would reduce manufacturers' profits.

Which period of transition between great powers was considered to be a peaceful transition?

The rise of the United States and decline of Great Britain.

Which of the following suggests that nuclear proliferation may not destabilize international relations?

The rising importance of nonstate actors

Why is the rise of a new major power potentially dangerous?

The rising of power cannot commit not revise current bargains in the future

How did the Emissions Trading Scheme in Europe privatize a public good?

The system divided up and distributed pollution allowance to individual firms that were contaminating clean air.

Which of the following illustrates the limitations of human rights norms?

The treatment of terror suspects by the United States after the 9/11 attacks

Why was a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

The whale population was declining rapidly, and states were unable to reduce their catches sufficiently.

Why is the problem of ozone depletion different from the problem of global warming?

There are few CFC-producing countries, but nearly all industrialized and industrializing countries emit greenhouse gases.

Why is the effort to promote humans rights uneven?

There is disagreement about what constitutes a human right.

Why is representing the interests of future generations in political bargaining over the environment difficult?

There is no real mechanism for representing the interests of future generations in today's bargaining.

Among those who know that their activities are environmentally harmful, why do so many still choose not to undertake more efforts to protect the environment?

They prefer to defect rather than cooperate

Which of the following describes the role environmental TANs play in ongoing negotiations on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?

They provide scientific information to participants.

What role did environmental groups play in getting a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

They pushed the UN to hold an environmental conference on the issue.

The ICC is a court established to

Try individuals accused of committing serious human rights abuses.

Which of the following countries possessed nuclear weapons but gave them up?

Ukraine

Which of the following is an example of a rights violation due to a national security threat from domestic groups?

United States placing approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans in internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of WWII

Why might ICC involvement in conflict prolong violence?

Violence often continues during the long investigation and trial process at the ICC.

Why are there ethical concerns about pressuring poor countries to industrialize in an environmentally friendly ways?

Wealthy countries caused the pollution problem while industrializing nations are now asking poor countries not to do the same.

When is a country most likely to acquire nuclear weapons?

When it wants to have more influence in international negotiations/

What are joint products?

When public goods are bundled with private goods

When are states most likely to take action on human rights?

When states can reconcile the principle of sovereignty with intervention in the name of human rights.

What is a strategy for the United States to contain China's rise?

Work to increase Chinese importation of US goods to lower the trade deficit.

Whereas we used to think that the rate of global human rights violations had _____ in the past 35 years, recent scholarship has indicated that it has _____.

stayed the same: decreased

What does it mean to possess a survivable second-strike force?

a country can inflict unacceptable damage on an enemy after being attacked

What is a public good?

a good that is nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption

The case of ozone depletion indicates that:

a special interests can push environmental regulation when it is seen as profitable

Which of the following is an example of transitional justice?

a state extraditing a former president who abused human rights

Which of the following products is nonexcludable?

access to a store

All of the following are within the jurisdiction of the ICC EXCEPT if the

accused has already been tried and found innocent by the courts of his or her own country

The use of a nationally determined contribution standard to curb carbon emissions helps countries that

all of these are correct

How did nuclear weapons help lead to the Long Peace?

because both powers had second-strike capability, neither was willing to attack the other.

All of the following are important ongoing innovations in international human rights EXCEPT:

bilateral negotiations

Which of the following is the most important requirement for mutual nuclear deterrence between tow countries to work successfully?

both leaders care about the survival of their countries

Which of the following greenhouse gas is primarily responsible for our current concerns about global warming?

carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a weapon of mass destruction?

chemical mustard gas

Historically, populist movements tend to be

closely associated with the extreme right wing

Why has cooperation on stopping ozone depletion been easier than cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions?

compared to the costs, the return on stopping ozone depletion is greater and more certain than stopping climate change

The effect of superpower competition in shaping the postwar order is best seen in

conflict between the United States and the European Union over agricultural subsidies.

Which of the following helped intensify populist movements in Europe?

costs associated with financial bailouts from the 2008 global financial crisis

Research suggests that the most valid concern of those who fear immigration is

cultural adjustments

The Paris Agreement

dictates specific targets for each state's emission levels

States violate international human rights law for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that governments:

do not understand the implications of their human rights agreements

The broad appeal of the postwar order lies in its

even distribution of economic and political benefits

Which of the following is an example of a good whose consumption is rival?

fishing in a lake

In addition to the UDHR, the first international treaty to protect human rights covered which human right?

freedom of speech

What is a fear that political scientists have about the relationship between globalization and income inequality?

globalization seems to cause income distribution to become more unequal within all countries.

The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation where:

individual incentives and collective incentives are at odds.

Deterrence works because

it makes the costs of war far larger than the potential benefits.

The solution to the tragedy of the commons in England at the end of the Middle Ages primarily involved

laws regulating grazing

The relationship effect of development (as measured in per capita income) on environmental protection is

linear and positive

Compared to developed countries the backlash against globalization in the developing world has been

more intense due to weaker social safety nets

Why does the proliferation of regional trade agreements encourage optimism about the reduction of human rights abuses?

nearly all trade agreements include provisions on human rights

During times of war states can suspend numerous human rights, but they CANNOT suspend ________ rights.

nonderogable

Why do "greener" industries have less political influence than polluting industries?

polluting industries usually involve many firms, and they can use their superior numbers to pressure the government for support.

Cap-and-trade systems control pollution work better when:

pollution rights markets are not linked internationally

The Kyoto Protocol attempts to

privatize a public good

Why does the self-interest of protectionist groups increase effectiveness of RTAs in enforcing human rights laws?

protectionist groups would prefer to have free-trade agreements revoked, which makes them more vigilant in examining the human rights records of other member states.

International environmental institutions can affect cooperation on environmental issues by:

reducing decision-making costs for states negotiating agreements about international environmental issues.

The rate of countries joining the nuclear weapons club has

slowed and then become negative since 1945

The ebb and flow of power is primarily tied to what two concepts?

technology and economic development

The depletion of the whale population due to hunting is an example of

the difficulty of managing common-pool resources

In which of the following is the backlash against globalization by those in developing countries best seen?

the outcome of the Doha Round talks

International environmental agreements tend not to have independent procedures for dispute resolution because

the use of carrots and sticks by member states has been proven successful

How did states and international actors react to apartheid?

they took progressively firmer stances against it.

Countries sign human rights agreements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

transnational advocacy networks can force countries to sign human rights agreements

Despite the contribution of the postwar order to global prosperity, some states wish to challenge it because they

would like to claim a share of the benefits that more closely matches their power

Which of the following is an example of a collective action problem?

you and your classmates get a "C" on a group project because one member did not help