Population Health: Epidemiology

A nurse researcher evaluates the epidemiology of obesity among gender and ethnicity of adults in the United States. Which findings correlate with data the nurse researcher finds? Select all that apply. Among women, the highest prevalence of obesity is among non-Hispanic Blacks. Among men, the highest prevalence of obesity is among Hispanics. Among men, the highest prevalence of obesity is among non-Hispanic Blacks. The overall prevalence of obesity is highest among Hispanics, regardless of gender. Among women, the highest prevalence of obesity is among Hispanics.

Among women, the highest prevalence of obesity is among non-Hispanic Blacks. Among men, the highest prevalence of obesity is among Hispanics.

host agent resovior portal of exit means of transmission portal of entry COVID Expiration Lungs/sinus contact/touching surface inhalation person

COVID agent Expiration portal of exit Lungs/sinus resoivior contact/touching surface means of transmission inhalation portal of entry person host

A public health nurse is preparing an educational campaign to address a recent local increase in the incidence of HIV infection. The nurse should prioritize what intervention? Lifestyle actions that improve immune function Educational programs that focus on control and prevention Screening programs for youth and young adults Appropriate use of standard precautions

Educational programs that focus on control and prevention

An epidemiologist is working in a rural community that has experienced a sudden and alarming increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS. What is the main focus of epidemiology in this context? Performing pharmacologic testing of antiretroviral drugs Exploring the biochemical characteristics of the HIV virus Developing innovative treatments for HIV Examining patterns in the way that HIV is spreading

Examining patterns in the way that HIV is spreading

The epidemiology nurse finds a lower occurrence of influenza cases in a section of a large metropolitan city. Further research reveals higher influenza immunization rates in that section of the city. The nurse determines which probable cause for this occurrence? Persons living in the area are better educated. Immunizations are given at no cost in the area. There are fewer tobacco users in this section of town. Immunization has become a community norm.

Immunization has become a community norm.

bility of the agent to produce specific immunity within the host

Immunogenicity

what is relative risk

Incidence rates for groups exposed to a certain risk factor compared with the incidence rates of people not exposed to measure strength of association

Ability of the agent to invade the host and replicate

Infectivity

Ability of the agent to destroy body cells

Invasiveness

which diseases are infectious

Lyme, Zika

what factors are involved in the epidemiologic triad host

Modifiable, non-modifiable

Intraprofessional communication

Nurse to nurse Doc to Doc Pt to PT

what factors are involved in the epidemiologic triad agent

Physical, chemical, nutritional, psychosocial, biologic.

A nurse is investigating the epidemiologic factors influencing breast cancer for women in a population. What information should the nurse include? Select all that apply. The age of women at the time of diagnosis The currently known incidence and prevalence for this population How cancer cells divide and multiply in breast tissue The geographic location of women diagnosed with breast cancer The number of women whose diagnosis was assisted by the use of mammography

The geographic location of women diagnosed with breast cancer The age of women at the time of diagnosis

An adult client has tested positive for tuberculosis (TB). While providing client teaching, what information should the nurse prioritize? The fact that the disease is a lifelong, chronic condition that will affect ADLs The need to work closely with the occupational and physical therapists The fact that TB is self-limiting, but can take up to 2 years to resolve The importance of adhering closely to the prescribed medication regimen

The importance of adhering closely to the prescribed medication regimen

When providing care on a Native American reservation (First Nations reserve), a nurse has prioritized assessments for type 2 diabetes mellitus and fetal alcohol syndrome. How should the nurse's practice be best understood? The nurse should seek specific permission from each client before proceeding with these assessments. The nurse is performing cultural imposition of the majority of American (Canadian) culture and the accompanying beliefs around diabetes and alcohol use. The nurse is correct in assessing for health problems that have a higher incidence and prevalence among this population. The nurse is stereotyping Native Americans (First Nations people) as leading unhealthy lifestyles and abusing alcohol.

The nurse is correct in assessing for health problems that have a higher incidence and prevalence among this population.

mobidity= mortality=

mobidity=illness mortality=death

what 2 things are used to determine accuracy in tesitng

sensitivity and specificity

used to identify true negatives(who don't have the cases)

specificity

A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care? Primary Secondary Chronic Tertiary

teritary

A client was admitted to the emergency department with a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis. To whom should the nurse report this diagnosis? the client's employer the client's family Health Canada the public health department

the public health department

which diseases are communicable

§ Flu § H1N1 § COVID/SARS § Ebola § Common cold § Salmonella

A 16-year-old has come to the clinic and asks to talk to a nurse. The teen states that she has become sexually active and is concerned about getting HIV. The teen asks the nurse what she can do to keep from getting HIV. What would be the nurse's best response? "There's no way to be sure you won't get HIV except to use condoms correctly." "Only the correct use of a female condom protects against the transmission of HIV." "There are new ways of protecting yourself from HIV that are being discovered every day." "Other than abstinence, only the consistent and correct use of condoms is effective in preventing HIV."

"Other than abstinence, only the consistent and correct use of condoms is effective in preventing HIV."

While administering a tuberculin (TB) skin test, a client who is HIV positive asks, "I heard from my friends; this test may not work on me since I have HIV." The health care provider's best response would be: "Sometimes immunocompromised clients will have negative results if you are unable to mount a normal immune reaction." "Most of the time, with HIV-positive clients, we see more false-positive results since you may have a similar infection in your body". "This test is 99.9% specific, so it will give us an accurate result." "If your test comes back positive, we will send a blood test off to a special lab to confirm you really have TB before we start treatment."

"Sometimes immunocompromised clients will have negative results if you are unable to mount a normal immune reaction."

A nurse is caring for a client on a four-medication regimen to treat tuberculosis. The nurse discovers that the client isn't taking all medications. What is appropriate for the nurse to say to the client? "Don't you realize that resistance can develop if you don't take your medications properly?" "You must take your medication as instructed. Do you need supervision?" "Why aren't you taking your medications? Don't you want to get better?" "Taking several medications can be difficult. Tell me about the difficulties you're having."

"Taking several medications can be difficult. Tell me about the difficulties you're having."

A middle-aged client with a complex history has begun multidrug treatment for TB. Which assessment question is most therapeutic? "What kinds of routines would work for you to ensure that you don't miss doses of your rifampin?" "What can we do to help you stop smoking?" "Have you given any thought to the choices you made that resulted in your getting tuberculosis?" "What do your friends and family think about the fact that you're getting treated for TB?"

"What kinds of routines would work for you to ensure that you don't miss doses of your rifampin?"

The nurse is providing health education about malaria to a traveler who has been prescribed chloroquine. What statement by the client demonstrates an accurate understanding of the epidemiology of malaria? "A major problem with controlling malaria is the mosquito that is resistant to insecticide." "Any mosquito can carry the plasmodium that transmits malaria." "Malaria can live without a host and be contracted from drinking standing water." "Widespread efforts at mosquito control have never been successful."

"A major problem with controlling malaria is the mosquito that is resistant to insecticide."

what factors are involved in the epidemiologic triad enviorment

Biologic, physical, social

Interprofessional Communication

Doc to nurse nurse to OT PT to Doc

Ability of the agent to produce toxins

Toxicity

The nurse is addressing primary prevention with a group of college students. Which promotional statement by the nurse would be the best example of a developmentally appropriate discussion? Testicular examinations for male students can detect early stages of cancer. HIV screening should be done on an annual basis if you are sexually active. Use of condoms can help prevent sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy. Annual Papanicolaou test can detect cancer earlier.

Use of condoms can help prevent sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancy.

Severity of the infectious disease that results from exposure to the agent

Virulence

RR=1

no evidence of association

localized increase in the incidence of the illness

outbreak

an epidemic affecting multiple countries or regions of the world

pandemic

A nurse researcher is collecting data on the number of people who have a current diagnosis of diabetes in a local population. Which term categorizes the aspect of epidemiology the nurse is collecting? prevalence mortality morbidity incidence

prevalence

incidence vs prevlence

prevelence-- proportion of people who current have it incidence--proportion of people who will get it

RR<1

protective evidence of association this is good

best indicator of the risk that a specific disease or event will occur

rate

what is used to quantify incidence and prevalance, morbidity and mortality

rate

probability of an outcome in a specific period of time

risk

The nurse is holding a cholesterol screening at a local pharmacy this Saturday morning. What level(s) of health promotion is this screening an example of? Tertiary Secondary All three levels Primary

secondary

ability to identify true positives(who really have the cases)

sensitivity

Ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host

Pathogenicity

contagious disease infectious or communicable

communicable

infectious disease or communicable disease? must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host

communicable disease

the usual presence of disease within the geographical area

endemic

a signfificant increase in the number of cases of a disease

epidemic

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations forthe purpose of controlling disease and health problems

epidemiology

RR>1

harmful evidence of association higher the number the stronger the risk

chain of infection

host agent resovior portal of exit means of transmission portal of entry

epidemiologic triad

host agent enviorment

what does incidence rate look at what does prevelance rate look at

incidence new cases/total population prevlaence all cases(new and old)/total population

descriptive epidemiology

include the 3 W's Who where when

noncontagous disease infectious or communicable

infectious

infectious disease or communicable disease? involves chain of infection, which include a portal of exit from the host, environmental reservoirs, transmission, and a portal of entry to a new host

infectious disease

types of different methods of professional communication

intraproffesional/interprofessional verbal written public record presentation/publications

Barriers to communication include:

lack of condience lack of experience complexity of healthcare distracting nature of healthcare setting lack of structure and standardization

important factors that contribute to the emergence and reemerging infectious disease

microbial adaption and change international traveland commerce