Portuondo Chapter 16 Test

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished.

Who was Ditteros co-editor in the Encyclopedia?

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

What book did Galileo write hat made him go on trial?

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Why did Leopald cancel radical reforms?

to restore peace and order

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

Who wrote the Historical and Critical Dictianary

Pierre Bayle

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that He believed that all knowledge came from experiences.

human development is determined by education and society.

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

overthrowing husband and murdering

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many diverse texts

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"change the general way of thinking."

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?

Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.

Who is the author of On Crimes and Punishment?

Cesare Beccaria

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

What helped justify the growth of slavery?

Scientific Racism

The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included

Simplifying prussian laws

Which country spearheaded the scientific expeditions?

Spain

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

Baron de Montesquieu first major work?

The Persian Letters

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.

What did Gabriel Emeli write? (Extra Credit)

Translated Newton's Principia into French

Voltaire Dicot said what analogy about God?

View god as a clockmaker and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Madame du Châtelet (Extra Credit)

believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.

What is the Republic of Letters?

cosmopolitan network

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

diminishes power of nobles over serfs

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

general will can be determined by MINORITY