posi ch 2 McGraw

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

5%

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

de jure discrimination

Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law.

Which sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). Segregated neighborhoods still exist.

Indian Civil Rights Act

In 1968 Congress passed a law that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo Pueblo

Shelby County v. Holder

Ruled the preclearance portion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 unconstitutional for now

Lau v. Nichols

Students must be taught in a language they understand

Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court. The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012.

Which of the following continue to impede progress toward equality for Black Americans?

The median net worth of households heading by retired African Americans is about 10 percent that of retired white people. About a third of African American children live below the poverty line. The jobless rate of African Americans is two times that of white Americans.

equal rights (civil rights)

The right of every person to equal protection under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities.

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Fifth Amendment

after the Civil War granted African American men the right to vote

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job

suspect classification

classifications of people based on their race or ethnicity; laws so classifying people are subject to "strict scrutiny"

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

comparable worth policies

policies that attempt to remedy the gender pay gap by adjusting pay so that those in female-dominated jobs are not paid less for equivalent work

Barriers to African American Vote

poll tax, literacy tests, whites only primary elections

civil rights act 1968

prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex.

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

Equal Protection Clause

A clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurisdiction.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

reasonable basis test

A test applied by courts to laws that treat individuals unequally. Such a law may be deemed constitutional if its purpose is held to be "reasonably" related to a legitimate government interest.

Trail of Broken Treaties

AIM staged occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. to emphasize treaty violation. Native Americans marching for their rights 1) Alcatraz 1969 2) Washington 1972.

Individual Rights

Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

Rostker v. Goldberg

Congress can draft men without drafting women

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways?

LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States. LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

affirmitive action

Programs designed to ensure that women, minorities, and other traditionally disadvantaged groups have full and equal oppuritunities in employment, education, and other areas of life.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry.

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

State prohibition against inter-racial marriage violates equal protection

strict scrutiny test

a test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest

Intermediate Scrutiny

a test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases that places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is unconstitutional

The redrawing of election districts to reflect changes in population

adversity affected minorities

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications