Post-Classical Era

What institutions did merchants create to foster both trade and cultural diffusion in the post-classical era?

-Guilds were the primary establishments of merchants to foster trade diffusion throughout Eurasia and Africa. These groups regulated manufacturing quality, labor, prices, and government support for their members. -The banking industry flourished, particularly in Italian city states.

What new technologies, governmental policies, and merchant activities accompanied these developments?

-Languages, art, technologies (Multiple masts, larger sails,horseshoes), and religions were all spread by the merchants in the post classical period. -During the Post classical period most new technologies and governmental policies centered around improving ships.

How did states in the Americas develop in the post-classical era?

-The Mayans had a system based on monumental building, wars, and ritual blood-letting. -The Incas and Aztecs developed long-distance trading networks.

The Mongol invasions and conquests of the _____ century are arguably among the most influential set of events in world history.

13th

Which of the following practices was common to the Aztec and the Inca empires?

A tribute system

China's population about 600 C.E. was about 45 million, but by 1200 (the Song Dynasty) it had risen to about 115 million. This growth occurred partly because of the _________, but also because distribution of food improved with better transportation systems, such as the ______ and the network of roads throughout the empire.

Agricultural Revolution / transportation

How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?

Art, literature, music, and culture were spread by merchants between the world's states, but they were usually not passed beyond the elite intellectuals and royalty of societies.

How did trade networks in the post-Classical Era compare to the Classical Era?

As compared to the Classical period, trade networks during the Post Classical became farther-reaching, faster, and larger.

Over the next 21 years, he led the Mongols in conquering much of _____. Although he didn't conquer ______ in his lifetime, he cleared the way for its eventual defeat by Mongol forces.

Asia / Japan

What were the linguistic effects of migration in the post-classical era?

At first, language differences hindered the development of permanent trade relations between cultures. However, the increasing frequency of merchants gradually disseminated languages along the trade routes. More Africans and Asians learned the European language than vice versa. For example, Swahili emerged as a hybrid of Arabic and Bantu.

All of the following trade routes existed prior to 1000 C.E. except the

Atlantic Ocean Route

What new technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks?

Better plows and better agricultural understanding such as the three-field system increased food production and thus populations.

Christians' devotion to saints was very much like

Buddhists' devotion to Bodhisattvas

The Mongols originated in the ________ steppes, or dry grasslands.

Central Asian

The Turkic expansion under Timur the Lame disrupted all of the following regions EXCEPT

China

Genghis Khan organized his warriors by the _______ model into armies of _______, which were grouped into _______ man brigades, _____man companies, and 10-man platoons.

Chinese / 100,000 / 10,000 / 1,000

Which of the following was not encouraged to be traded during the post classical period

Disease

The Mongols were finally stopped in _______ by the death of Ogodai, the son of Genghis Khan, who had become the Great Khan centered in Mongolia when his father died.

Eurasia

Who did some gender roles and family structures change in the post-classical era?

Even though some religions in this period claimed spiritual equality for women older patriarchal standards changed very little

( Foot binding / Foot bending ) involved tightly wrapping young girls' feet so that natural growth was seriously impaired.

Foot binding

What factors encouraged commercial growth in the post-classical era?

Government's support for industry and the organization of production and labor all made states' economies more efficient.

How did trans-Eurasian trade as a whole develop during the post-Classical era?

Guilds were formed between among merchants for their own self-interests in protection, communication, and support. For example, the Hanseatic League formed in Northern Europe between many states and cities.

Much of our knowledge of the world in the 13th and14th century comes from two travelers, ________ and ________, who widened knowledge of other cultures through their writings about their journeys.

Ibn Battuta / Marco Polo

How did social and gender hierarchies develop in the post-classical era?

In the Byzantine Empire, women often held important government positions but were still considered inferior to men. In China, women were considered subordinate to their husbands and were involved in household chores and silk production.

In what ways were the civilizations in Mesoamerica before 1000 C.E. more sophisticated than those in North America?

In the former, social structure was more complex, astronomical knowledge was greater, and architectural skills were more advanced.

What pre-existing labor systems continued through the post-classical era?

India did not have the need for much slavery because they had the caste system

Zheng He... as ordered by the emperor, proceeded with their journey to the Western Ocean. Well furnished with treasure and accompanied by more than 27,800 officers and men... What body of water is the "Western Ocean" in reference to?

Indian Ocean

Which of the following societies' gender roles was overall the most constrictive and gave the greatest amount of freedom and rights to women?

Maya

Which of the following best compares European and Chinese merchants in society during the early 15th century

Merchants in Europe were important to the revival of long distance trade gaining status and wealth, while Chinese merchants used their wealth to buy higher status for their families.

What were the effects of migration in the post-classical era?

Migration tended to follow the paths that merchants took. Non-trading societies followed and populated the city states that sprang up in the colonies and regions of economic interest.

How & where did governmental diffusion occur in the post-classical era?

Mongol leadership also diffused across Asia under the conquest of Genghis Khan .

The conflict between Buddhism and Confucianism during the late Tang Dynasty eased under the Songs, partly because of the development of__________.

Neo-Confucianism

What important cultural movement rejected Buddhism while adapting its some of its themes to the predominant thought which stressed family duty and honor?

Neo-Confucianism

What new forms of governance emerged in the post-classical era?

New empires were centered around major rising religions, serving as a unifying force among the people.

What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused in the post-classical era?

New technologies like the moldboard plow, iron plow, three-field system, and irrigation all improved crop yields. Notable foods include grain, sugarcane, spices, citrus fruits, Asian rice, and potatoes

What role did pastoral and nomadic groups play in these trade networks?

Nomadic groups sometimes became merchants themselves, due to their mobile cultural and familiarity with the routes. Other times, they provided stations along routes for travelers to stop and get supplies

Which of the following was not a reason some urban areas declined

Overcrowding

As wealth and agricultural productivity increase, the ( Patriarchal / Matrilineal ) social structure of Chinese society also tightened.

Patriarchal

All of the following empires are postclassical empires EXCEPT

Persian Empire

( Shintoism / Buddhism) is the native religion of Japan that venerated ancestors, but also had a host of nature spirits and deities.

Shintoism

During the 7th century ( Tang / Zhou ) armies conquered much of Korea, resulting in the Korean Silla Dynasty's king recognizing the Tang emperor as his overlord.

Tang

What dynasty, along with the Sui, re-established and improved Chinese civilization after the fall of China's classical civilization?

Tang

Around 1200 CE, a Mongol khan (clan leader) named _______ unified the clans under his leadership. His acceptance of the title Genghis Khan, or "________" tells us something of his ambitions for his empire.

Temujin / Universal Leader

How did textile and porcelain production develop in the post-classical era?

Textiles were a main product of India and silk and porcelain were important exports in China.

How did state formations develop in the post-classical era?

The Byzantine Empire developed out of the remains of the Roman Empire, maintaining the legacy associated with Rome but with a changing culture, including the adoption of Christianity, and shifting from Latin to Greek.

Which of the following was a result of the Crusades?

The Crusades helped to open the West to new cultural and economic influences from the Middle East

Why and where did Muslim trade networks change in the post-classical era?

The Muslim sailing techniques and technologies both furthered the state's expansion to new territories and made the culture popular among Europeans eager to use the knowledge themselves. Sufis, too, traveled along the established trade routes to disseminate the ideals of Islam through convincing rituals and dances.

Why did the Mongols refrain from attacking central Europe in 1241?

The death of the Great Khan

Which of the following was a source of Western dynamism in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

The growth of cities and urban economies

How did post-classical states avoid the mistakes of classical empires in the regions where classical empires collapsed?

The main goal of post-classical states was to re-establish the strong central control that classical empires had lost through nomadic invasions.

What Classical era trade networks continued during the post-classical era, and which new cities were added during the post-Classical era

The most notable new routes that emerged were the trip around the tip of Africa, land routes across the Sahara to West Africa, the Silk Road, routes across the Indian Ocean and along the coast, and an emerging route West across the Pacific Ocean.

How did the physical size of post-Classical trade networks compare to the previous era?

The physical size of post-Classical trade networks became wider and longer as more people passed through them.

What Classical era trade networks continued during the post-classical era, and which new cities were added during the post-Classical era?

The sea routes across the Mediterranean Sea continued to an even greater extent, along with others around European coasts. Land routes within empires were maintained as well.

What were the overall worldwide economic trends in the post-classical era?

Trade was increasing and expanding during the post-classical era, influenced by increasing productivity and interconnectedness.

Before this era, Chinese agriculture had been based on the production of ______ and _______ raised in the north. The Tang conquest of southern China and Vietnam added a whole new capability for agriculture; the cultivation of ________.

Wheat / Rice / Barley

Narratives such as Marco Polo's created a European

ambition to find easier routes to Asia

The straits had isolated Japan since its beginnings, and its many islands and mountainous terrain led to separations among people who lived there. As a result, small states dominated by ( aristocratic / bureaucratic ) clans developed, with agricultural communities developing wherever they were possible.

aristocratic

Which factor helps explain the scientific and literary achievements of the Muslims during their Golden Age?

cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic governments

Beginning around 640, Islam spread into the southern part of the Africa, bringing with it the unifying forces of religious practices and law, the shari'a.

false

Between 600 and 1450 CE, two major empires emerged in East Africa, just north of the Sahara Desert.

false

Japan grew to have hegemony over many other areas of Asia and became one of the largest and most prosperous empires of the time.

false

Long distance trade did not promote the spread of disease, including the plague pandemics in the early fourteenth century.

false

Mass migrations and imperial conquests are the only reasons that tend to cause changes over time.

false

Muslims are generally credited with the development of mathematical thought, particularly calculus. Muslims also were interested in Greek philosophy, science, and medical writings. Some were especially involved in reconciling Plato's thoughts with the teachings of Islam.

false

Muslims considered Christians and Jews to be inferior to polytheistic people, not only because they were monotheistic, but also because they too adhered to a written religious code.

false

The Qur'an and the Shari'a recognized descent through the male line, and loosely controlled the social and sexual lives of women to ensure the legitimacy of heirs.

false

The caliphate combined political and religious authority into one huge empire, and it stayed one huge empire throughout this era.

false

There was one nomadic group, the Mongols, that had an impact on the course of history during this era.

false

Two major sea-trading routes - those of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean - linked the newly created Muslim Empire together, and Arabic sailors come to dominate the trade.

false

Upper class women in Mesopotamia wore veils as early as the 10th century BCE, and the practice had spread to Persia and the eastern Mediterranean long before Muhammad lived.

false

"Their men show no signs of jealousy whatever; no one claims descent from his father, but on the contrary from his mother's brother. A person's heirs are his sister's sons, not his own sons." (Ibn Battuta) This is an description of

matrilineal descent

During the postclassical period, societies in the Americas

remained entirely separate from those of the Old World

In Japan, from the Heian period until the Tokugawa period, emperors

seldom wielded any real political power.

Constantinople and Malacca both became a powerful commercial states primarily because of their

strategic location

The architecture shown above is an example of

the spread of Hinduism

In the five centuries after the year 1000 C.E. the peoples of the eastern hemisphere

traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before

As Islam spread, many African rulers converted to the new religion.

true

As the Islamic armies spread north, they were aided by the weakness of the empires they sought to conquer. Both the Byzantine and Persian Empires were weaker than they had been in previous times, and many of their subjects were willing to convert to the new religion.

true

By 1450, European kingdoms were poised for the eventual control of long-distance trade that they eventually gained during the 1450-1750 era.

true

Islamic states in northern India also adapted mathematics from the people they conquered, using their Hindi numerals, which Europeans later called "Arabic numerals."

true

Large religions covered huge areas of land, even though localized smaller religions remained in place.

true

The Arab tribes had fought with one another for centuries before the advent of Islam, and the religion failed to prevent serious splits from occurring in the caliphate.

true

The Eastern Orthodox Byzantine emperor called on Urban for help when Muslims were right outside Constantinople.

true

The Qur'an allowed men to follow Muhammad's example to take up to four wives, and women could have only one husband.

true

The Qur'an emphasized equality of all people before Allah, and it outlawed female infanticide, and provided that dowries go directly to brides.

true

The greatest historian and geographer of the 14th century was Ibn Khaldun, a Moroccan who wrote a comprehensive history of the world.

true

The religion of Islam began in the 7th Century.

true

To encourage the flow of trade, Muslim money changers set up banks throughout the caliphate so that merchants could easily trade with those at far distances. Cities along the trade routes became cosmopolitan mixtures of many religions and customs.

true

Urbanization continued, and major cities emerged in many parts of the world. Nomadic migrations during the era included the Aztecs, Mongols, Turks, Vikings, and Arabs.

true

Merchants in southern post-classical India

were very acquainted with local temples as they were the source of banking and finance