Practice Exam 1; Chapters 22-25

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? A) Phylogenetic B) Ecological C) Biological D) Morphological

C

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? a. Phylogenetic b. Ecological c. Biological d. Morphological

C

Rank the following in order from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. sperm-egg incompatibility in sea urchins 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism 36) ______ A) 2, 4, 1, 3 B) 4, 2, 1, 3 C) 2, 3, 1, 4 D) 4, 1, 2, 3

A

1. An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to _____. a. Cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize) b. Prevent the formation of an ozone layer c. Make it easier to maintain reduced molecules d. Change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing

A

1. If Darwin had been aware of genes and their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? a. If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, given enough time and genetic diversity, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones. b. A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete, if inherited by future generations, will produce a new species. c. If an organism's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring. d. If an organism acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will result.

A

1. The change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. a. Evolution b. Nucleotide variability c. Gene variability d. Gene flow e. Genetic drift

A

1. What allows scientists to obtain evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time? a. The fossil record b. Phylogenetic trees c. Cladograms d. Radioactive carbon dating

A

10) Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? A) descent with modification B) inheritance of acquired characters C) change in the number of genes in a population over time D) All of the above define evolution

A

If there is no gene flow, the curve shifts to the left or to the right, and the population size consequently increases over successive generations, which of the following is most likely occurring? A) directional selection B) genetic drift C) immigration or emigration D) disruptive selection

A

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? A) 0.80 B) 0.36 C) 0.75 D) 0.64

A

Sedimentary rocks are deposited into layers called ______. a. Strata b. Fossil record c. Metamorphosis d. Half-life

A

The Ecological species concept _____. A) Views species in terms of its ecological niche B) Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree C) Has gene flow interrupted when a population is divided D) Defines a species by structural features

A

The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by _____. A) artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content B) artificial selection, because these animals differ from their close relatives and common ancestor C) natural selection, because these traits evolved in the population over time D) natural selection, because these traits were not consciously selected by humans

A

The direction of shell spiral affects mating and is controlled by a single gene. What is this an example of? a. Speciation b. Habitat differentiation c. Sexual selection d. Macroevolution

A

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is _____. A) a species B) a population C) the hybrid zone D) none of the above

A

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes origin of 3. chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses A) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 B) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 C) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5

A

Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true? A) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted. B) The frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted. C) Each bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation. D) None of the above

A

_______ can make complementary copies of short stretches of RNA a. Ribosomes b. Protocells c. Catalysts d. Cyanamide

A

________ had the most influence on the evolution of life on Hawaii after it rose above sea surface. A) the founder effect B) a genetic bottleneck C) sexual selection D) habitat differentiation

A

1. Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time? a. The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time. b. The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time. c. The distribution of flower colors should not change. d. The percentage of white flowers should increase over time.

B

1. What maintains genetic variation in the form of hidden recessive alleles? a. Haploidy b. Diploidy c. Polyploidy d. Allopolyploidy

B

1. Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation? a. A polyploidy organism is introduced and only mates with other polyploidy organisms b. The isthmus of Panama resulted in 15 different species of shrimp on either side c. Flies from Hawthorne trees ended up on apple trees, and over time, mating led to different species d. Selection of males of specific coloration leads to two different species e. Specific behavioral selection by females leads to two different species

B

1. Which of the following steps has yet to be accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? a. Synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes b. Formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids c. Abiotic synthesis of polypeptides d. Formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes

B

1. Which statement about variation is true? a. All nucleotide variability results in neutral variation. b. All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability. c. All genetic variation produces phenotypic variation. d. All phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation.

B

A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the birds. Which of these events is most likely to occur to birds' beaks? A) evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time, until all birds have relatively large, deep beaks B) increased variation in beak size and shape over time C) evolution of smaller, pointier beaks over time, until all birds have relatively small, pointy beaks D) no change in beak size and shape over time

B

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true? A) Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is alive today. B) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z. C) Species X and Y are not related to species Z. D) Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection.

B

Heterozygote advantage can result from________ A) Intersexual and intrasexual selection B) Stabilizing or directional selection C) Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism D) Relative fitness

B

In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the "pq" in the term 2pq is necessary because _____. A) the population is doubling in number B) heterozygotes have two alleles C) the population is diploid D) heterozygotes can come about in two ways

B

What two factors are key properties of life and may have appeared together in protocells a. Replication and Catalysts b. Replication and metabolism c. Polymers and molecules d. Monomers and catalysts

B

Which of the following is not a characteristic of strata? a. The richest sources of fossils b. Property of highly organized matter of cellular organization c. May be covered by layers from volcanic eruptions d. Reveal the relative age of fossils

B

Which of the following is not related to balancing selection? A) Occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population B) Movement of alleles among populations C) Heterozygote advantage D) Frequency-dependent selection

B

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems 39) ______ A) I, II, III, IV B) II, III, I, IV C) II, III, IV, I D) I, III, II, IV

B

You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) phylogenetic B) morphological C) ecological D) biological

B

1. Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be _____. a. 14 b. 56 c. 28 d. 16

C

1. Radiometric dating is based on decay of radioactive a. Adaptive Radiation b. Electrons c. Isotopes d. Ferric ion

C

1. Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? a. The existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts b. The size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells c. The similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts d. The observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria

C

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____. A) the population lives in a habitat without competing species present B) the population size is large C) all individual variation is due only to environmental factors D) All of the above

C

According to the morphological species concept, a species will be defined by ______. A) the ecological niche that the species will hold B) the number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change C) the structural features within species D) the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree

C

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake? A) disruptive selection B) a founder event C) a genetic bottleneck D) directional selection

C

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it_____. A) proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time B) was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time C) dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations D) was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation

C

In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to increasingly colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of _____. A) Darwin B) Cuvier C) Lamarck D) Lyell

C

Protocells may have formed from what? a. Volcanic eruptions b. Various atmospheres simple molecules c. Fluid-filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure d. Ribosomes

C

Sugar gliders and flying squirrels have similar characteristics and will be found on different continents. This is an example of _____. A) a homologous structure B) a vestigial trait C) convergent evolution D) natural selection

C

There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) biological D) morphological

C

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial? A) It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. B) It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor. C) It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. D) It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

C

Which best explains intrasexual selection? A) Mate choice B) Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates C) Direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex D) Males showiness due to mate choice

C

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? A) The climates of the two regions are similar. B) Life in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions. C) India was a separate continent until forty-five million years ago. D) India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia.

C

Which of the following did chloroplast derive from? A) mitochondrion B) mitosome C) cyanobacterium D) bacterium

C

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime. A) Conditions 2 and 3 B) Condition 1 only C) Conditions 1 and 2 D) Condition 2 only

C

________ are the richest source of fossils a. Radiometric dating b. Isotopes c. Strata d. Volcanic eruptions

C

1. Which of the following conditions did not lead to the origin of life on Earth? a. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules b. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules c. Packaging of molecules into "protobionts", droplet with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from their surroundings. d. The emergence of prokaryotes e. Origin of self-replicating molecules

D

Adaptations have arisen by ______. A) Relative fitness B) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium C) Sexual recombination D) Natural selection

D

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? a. Ecological and morphological b. Ecological and phylogenetic c. Biological and morphological d. Biological and phylogenetic

D

How many genes are required to change in order for speciation to occur? a. Single gene b. Multiple genes c. Every gene d. A or B e. All of the above

D

How many genes are required to change in order for speciation to occur? A) Single gene B) Multiple genes C) Every gene D) Only A and B E) All of the above

D

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. what is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype? A) 0.20 B) 0.32 C) 0.42 D) 0.81

D

Microevolution is _____. A) defined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye B) evolution above the species level C) the same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species D) defined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations

D

Mutation is the only evolutionary mechanism that _____. A) is more important in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes B) does the most to change allele frequencies C) happens in all populations D) None of the above

D

RNA molecules are ________. a. Self replicating b. Able to catalyze different reactions c. The first genetic material d. All of the above

D

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. a. Temporal reproductive isolation b. Lack of hybrid viability c. Behavioral reproductive isolation d. Habitat isolation

D

Unlike Earth today, early Earth _____. A) had an atmosphere with significant quantities of ozone B) experienced little high energy radiation from the sun C) had an oxidizing atmosphere D) had an atmosphere rich in gases released from volcanic eruptions

D

Which of the following types of species is not in favor with the Fossil record? a. Existed for a long time b. Were abundant and widespread c. Had hard parts d. Evolved often

D

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population? 19) ______ A) 0.70 B) 0.08 C) 0.09 D) Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.

D

Which of the following is not a type of data that documents the pattern of evolution? A) direct observation B) homology C) fossil record D) biogeography E) All are correct examples that document evolution

E