Practice Test Questions
Jerome Kagan has related the basic temperament quality of inhibition (degree of approach or withdrawal in new situations) to which of the following? Select one: A. prenatal development B. intellectual capacity C. caregiver behaviors D. CNS reactivity
CNS reactivity
The assumption that changes in regional cerebral blood flow correspond to changes in neural activity underlies the use of all of the following brain imaging techniques except: Select one: A. PET. B. fMRI. C. CT. D. SPECT.
CT
Restlessness, psychomotor agitation, flushed face, diuresis, rambling speech, and muscle twitching are most suggestive of which of the following? Select one: A. Alcohol Withdrawal B. Caffeine Intoxication C. Cocaine Intoxication D. Hyperthyroidism
Caffeine Intoxication
Patterson and his colleagues focus on the family in describing the origins of aggressiveness in children. Specifically, they relate high aggressiveness in children to: Select one: A. attachment insecurity in infancy. B. parental permissiveness and overindulgence. C. parental rejection and lack of warmth. D. coercive exchanges between parent-child.
coercive exchanges between parent-child.
Studies on effective treatments for Bulimia Nervosa have found that: Select one: A. cognitive behavioral therapy alone and treatment with an SSRI alone are about equally effective but, in most cases, combining the two treatments does not improve outcomes. B. cognitive behavioral therapy alone and treatment with an SSRI alone are about equally effective and, in many cases, combining the two treatments improves outcomes. C. treatment with an SSRI alone is superior to cognitive behavior therapy alone but, for some patients, combining the two treatments improves outcomes. D. cognitive behavioral therapy alone is superior to treatment with an SSRI alone but, for some patients, combining the two treatments improves outcomes.
cognitive behavioral therapy alone is superior to treatment with an SSRI alone but, for some patients, combining the two treatments improves outcomes.
As defined by Aaron Beck, overgeneralization, personalization, and catastrophizing are: Select one: A. the "cognitive triad." B. cognitive distortions. C. cognitive schemata. D. automatic thoughts.
cognitive distortions.
Recent research using brain imaging techniques, has found that significant atrophy in the __________ distinguishes people with Alzheimer's dementia from healthy peers. Select one: A. vestibular nucleus B. hypothalamus C. entorhinal cortex D. somatosensory cortex
entorhinal cortex
Which aspect of long-term memory contains memories of one's personal experiences? Select one: A. procedural B. episodic C. semantic D. implicit
episodic
When asked to recall an accident you witnessed two weeks ago, which of the following will be involved? Select one: A. procedural memory B. semantic memory C. representational memory D. episodic memory
episodic memory
In their meta-analysis of research evaluating psychotherapy outcomes for children and adolescents, Weisz and his colleagues (1995) obtained the largest effect size for: Select one: A. female children. B. male children. C. female adolescents. D. male adolescents.
female adolescents
As reported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the largest number of reported cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea is for: Select one: A. males ages 15 to 19. B. males ages 20 to 24. C. females ages 15 to 19. D. females ages 20 to 24.
females ages 15 to 19.
Alcohol Withdrawal is characterized by: Select one: a. dysphoric mood, vivid dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, and increased appetite. b. hand tremor, insomnia, hallucinations, and seizures. c. incoordination, nystagmus, impaired memory, and mood lability. d. dysphoric mood, pupillary dilation, insomnia, and fever.
hand tremor, insomnia, hallucinations, and seizures.
Cross's (1991) Black Racial Identity Development Model predicts that an African American in the pre-encounter stage of identity development will: Select one: A. exhibit a great deal of confusion and turmoil related to race. B. have adopted a mainstream (White) identity. C. be hostile to members of all racial/ethnic minority groups. D. exhibit "healthy cultural paranoia".
have adopted a mainstream (White) identity.
In an attempt to live up to mainstream standards of beauty, a member of a racial minority alters her appearance in order to "look White." This is best described as an example of: Select one: A. racial stereotypes. B. racial stigmatization. C. internalized racism. D. interpersonal racism.
internalized racism.
Role disputes, role transitions, unresolved grief, and interpersonal deficits are the primary targets of: Select one: A. interpersonal therapy. B. reality therapy. C. solution-focused therapy. D. narrative therapy.
interpersonal therapy.
As described by Beck, automatic thoughts involve: Select one: A. interpreting experiences in patterned or automatic ways. B. enduring schemas that have been repeatedly reinforced. C. shoulds, "musts," and "oughts." D. episodic memories.
interpreting experiences in patterned or automatic ways.
A developmental psychologist finds that low birthweight is associated with a higher risk for ADHD for boys but not for girls. In this situation, gender is a(n): Select one: A. mediator variable. B. moderator variable. C. feedback variable. D. outcome variable.
moderator variable.
Nonsexist therapy, in comparison to feminist therapy, places greater emphasis on: Select one: A. the impact of sex roles and sexism. B. modification of personal behavior. C. treating men and women the same. D. the egalitarian nature of the therapeutic relationship..
modification of personal behavior.
Research investigating the impact of parenting style on the academic achievement of children and adolescents suggests that the effects are: Select one: A. modified by the offspring's temperament. B. modified by the family's ethnicity/culture. C. modified by level of parental education. D. not affected by temperament, ethnicity/culture, or parental education.
modified by the family's ethnicity/culture.
The majority of older adults who complete suicide have a psychiatric disorder at the time of their death, with __________ being the most common diagnosis. Select one: A. Major Depressive Disorder B. Substance Use Disorder C. Major Neurocognitive Disorder D. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
_____________________ is a client-centered counseling approach that facilitates behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve their ambivalence about change. Select one: A. Solution-focused therapy B. Motivational interviewing C. Reality therapy D. Transactional analysis
Motivational interviewing
Family therapy is probably contraindicated in which of the following situations? Select one: A. The presenting problem involves long-term marital conflict. B. Family members attribute their problems to one of the members. C. One of the family members has severe depression. D. One of the family members has anorexia or bulimia.
One of the family members has severe depression.
An infant with secure attachment will most likely respond to a stranger in the Strange Situation in which of the following ways? Select one: A. The infant will be friendly toward the stranger when mother is present but wary of the stranger when mother is absent. B. The infant will be wary of the stranger when mother is present but friendly toward the stranger when mother is absent. C. The infant will be friendly toward the stranger when mother is either present or absent. D. The infant will be wary of the stranger when mother is either present or absent.
The infant will be friendly toward the stranger when mother is present but wary of the stranger when mother is absent.
__________ biofeedback has been found to be useful for treating migraine headache, essential hypertension, Raynaud's disease, and certain types of pain including intermittent claudication associated with diabetes. Select one: A. Thermal B. Respiratory C. Brain wave activity D. Muscle tension
Thermal
As described by __________, internalization involves an internal reconstruction of an external operation. Select one: A. Piaget B. Erikson C. Vygotsky D. Elkind
Vygotsky
Anomia is a likely outcome of damage to which of the following areas of the brain? Select one: A. somatosensory cortex B. mammillary bodies C. Wernickes area D. Papezs circuit
Wernickes area
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a culture-fair test of intellectual ability? Select one: A. Leiter-3 B. KABC-II C. Ravens Progressive Matrices D. Woodcock-Johnson III
Woodcock-Johnson III
Which of the following individuals is at highest risk for migraine headache? Select one: A. a 35 year old female who is perfectionistic and ambitious B. a 60 year old female who is sensitive and conscientious C. a 35 year old male who is competitive and stressed D. a 50 year old male who exercises regularly and drinks alcohol
a 35 year old female who is perfectionistic and ambitious
Ridley (1984) addressed the distrust that often exists between African American clients and their therapists and proposed that the therapist's ethnicity is the MOST important factor for: Select one: A. a confluent paranoiac. B. a cultural paranoiac. C. a nonparanoiac. D. a dissonant paranoic.
a confluent paranoiac.
For Carl Jung, transference is: Select one: A. a form of projection. B. sexual "acting out." C. symbolization. D. a fantasy.
a form of projection
A T score of 65 or higher on the MMPI-2 clinical scales is most suggestive of: Select one: A. a high level of psychological symptoms being reported. B. an uncooperative attitude. C. an attempt to "fake bad." D. an examinee's lack of insight into his/her inner psychological state.
a high level of psychological symptoms being reported.
The Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) is best described as: Select one: A. a measure of basic knowledge of psychology. B. a predictor of job proficiency. C. an aptitude test. D. a way to protect the public from incompetent psychologists.
a measure of basic knowledge of psychology.
A DSM-5 diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or Acute Stress Disorder requires the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to: Select One: A. actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. B. actual or threatened death, serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others. C. one or more severe psychosocial stressors. D. a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.
actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.
John Conger (1956) offered the tension-reduction model of alcohol consumption as an explanation for: Select one: A. satiation. B. habituation. C. addiction. D. tolerance.
addiction
Which of the following is generally considered the best defense for a psychologist in cases of litigation? Select one: A. licensure B. adequate records C. informed consent D. liability insurance
adequate records
Erik Erikson coined the term: Select one: A. adolescent storm and stress. B. adolescent identity crisis. C. midlife crisis. D. sandwich generation.
adolescent identity crisis.
Huntington's disease, Marfan's syndrome, and Von Willebrand's disease are due to: Select one: A. an autosomal dominant gene. B. an autosomal recessive gene. C. an X-linked dominant gene. D. an X-linked recessive gene.
an autosomal dominant gene.
The DSM-5 requires which of the following for a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder? Select one: A. an onset of symptoms prior to three years of age B. an onset of symptoms during the early developmental period C. apparent normal development for at least six months followed by a loss of previously acquired skills D. apparent normal development for at least two years followed by a loss of previously acquired skills
an onset of symptoms during the early developmental period
For members of minority groups, long-term exposure to racial oppression is most likely to result in: Select one: A. downplaying the importance of ethnicity and adopting a "culture-free" identity. B. focusing on satisfying physiological needs and acquiring basic survival skills. C. attempting to earn acceptance by acquiring material goods and other signs of status. D. becoming socially withdrawn and isolated.
attempting to earn acceptance by acquiring material goods and other signs of status.
Byrne's law of attraction emphasizes the role of _________ as an essential determinant of our attraction to others. Select one: A. physical attractiveness B. reciprocal liking C. propinquity D. attitude similarity
attitude similarity
Albert Bandura's initial Bobo doll experiment found that: Select one: A. boys (but not girls) imitate an aggressive model. B. boys and girls imitate an aggressive model only when the model has been reinforced for acting aggressively. C. boys and girls imitate an aggressive model only when they are told they will receive a reward for doing so. D. boys and girls imitate an aggressive model even when there is no reinforcement for them or for the model for doing so.
boys and girls imitate an aggressive model even when there is no reinforcement for them or for the model for doing so.
The Wonderlic Personnel Test-Revised (WPT-R) is a(n): Select one: A. brief test of mental ability for adults. B. measure of global and facet job satisfaction. C. test of English-language proficiency. D. apparatus test of psychomotor skills.
brief test of mental ability for adults.
An MRI of a patient with Huntington's disease is most likely to show atrophy in which brain structure? Select one: A. caudate nucleus B. suprachiasmatic nucleus C. septum D. medulla
caudate nucleus
Research on the etiology of Tourette's syndrome has linked it to excessive activity of dopamine receptors in the: Select one: A. amygdala. B. septum. C. medulla oblongata. D. caudate nucleus.
caudate nucleus.
According to Kohlberg, moral development is directly related to: Select one: A. changes in cognitive skills. B. changes in cognitive skills and social perspective-taking. C. changes in cognitive skills and socioemotional status. D. changes in identity status.
changes in cognitive skills and social perspective-taking.
In schools, psychological consultants are often hired to help teachers or other school personnel resolve problems related to specific individual students. This is referred to as: Select one: A. consultee-centered case consultation. B. client-centered case consultation. C. consultee-centered administrative consultation. D. client-centered administrative consultation.
client-centered case consultation.
A 15-year old client who you have been seeing for several months says he's been thinking about killing himself. In response to your concern, he says he's "just kidding" and asks that you not tell his parents. Your best course of action would be to: Select one: A. tell the boy that you need to contact his parents and then do so. B. tell the boy that you won't tell his parents as long as he signs a "no suicide" contract. C. continue to discuss the matter to determine if the boy is, in fact, at risk for suicide. D. do nothing since he was "just kidding" but ask him about the issue during the next session.
continue to discuss the matter to determine if the boy is, in fact, at risk for suicide
The most commonly prescribed treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea is: Select one: A. tracheostomy. B. oral appliances. C. adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). D. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
A husband consistently says loving things to his wife when she talks about sports but ignores her whenever she complains about her job. The husband's behavior is most similar to which of the following techniques? Select one: A. overcorrection B. chaining C. Premack Principle D. differential reinforcement
differential reinforcement
The occurrence of amphetamine-induced psychosis supports the link between _______ and Schizophrenia. Select one: A. dopamine B. acetylcholine C. GABA D. glutamate
dopamine
Piaget attributed the animistic thinking characteristic of children in the preoperational stage to: Select one: A. decentration. B. lack of object permanence. C. relativistic thinking. D. egocentrism.
egocentrism.
The Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) is most useful as a: Select one: A. screening device for Mental Retardation in children and adolescents. B. screening device for Dementia in older adults. C. tool for assessing reality testing in patients with a Psychotic Disorder. D. tool for assessing level of consciousness in patients with Delirium.
screening device for Dementia in older adults.
Social psychologists define __________ as knowledge about particular situations and how events in those situations ordinarily unfold. Select one: A. prototype B. script C. heuristic D. propositional network
script
You are hired by a university to teach a graduate seminar in the psychology department. In terms of the Ethics Code, you are explicitly required to do which of the following? Select one: A. ensure that the course content reflects the most recent research in the area B. ensure that accurate information about the seminar is available to all interested parties C. ensure that the seminar content is consistent with the interests and needs of the students D. ensure that the grading and evaluation of students is fair
ensure that accurate information about the seminar is available to all interested parties
As defined in Lazarus's (1991) cognitive appraisal theory, __________ refers to a person's evaluation of the resources he or she has to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful. Select one: A. primary appraisal B. secondary appraisal C. tertiary appraisal D. re-appraisal
secondary appraisal
Which of the following aspects of memory is most negatively impacted by increasing age in adulthood? Select one: A. sensory memory B. secondary memory C. memory span D. implicit memory
secondary memory
Which of the following aspects of memory is most negatively impacted by increasing age in adulthood? Select one: A. sensory memory B. secondary memory C. memory span D. implicit memory
secondary memory
Prolonged exposure to stress may lead to chronic __________ by the adrenal glands. Select one: A. suppression of cortisol release B. secretion of cortisol C. suppression of oxytocin release D. secretion of oxytocin
secretion of cortisol
Regarding the care and use of animals in research, the APA's Ethics Code addresses all the following EXCEPT: Select one: A. individuals under the supervision of psychologists. B. the termination of an animal subject's life. C. security measures used to protect the laboratory. D. compliance with state and federal laws.
security measures used to protect the laboratory.
The use of a collection agency to collect delinquent fees from a former client is: Select one: A. unethical and illegal. B. unethical but legal. C. ethical under certain circumstances. D. always ethical.
ethical under certain circumstances.
A researcher would use the Solomon four-group design to: Select one: A. reduce practice effects. B. eliminate demand characteristics. C. evaluate the effects of pretesting. D. determine if there are any selection biases.
evaluate the effects of pretesting
Harry Stack Sullivan's interpersonal approach to psychiatry identifies ____________ as the primary cause of psychopathology. Select one: A. unconscious conflicts B. excessive anxiety C. obstacles to self-actualization D. avoidance of ultimate concerns
excessive anxiety
In terms of group therapy, premature termination has been found to depend most on the members': Select one: A. locus of control. B. expectations. C. psychological mindedness. D. diagnosis
expectations
Mental health professionals are sometimes called upon to assist the court in assessing a person's potential for violent behavior. In general, the predictions made by psychologists and psychiatrists yield an abundance of: Select one: A. false negatives. B. false positives. C. true negatives. D. true positives.
false positives.
The offspring of women who drink during pregnancy are most likely to have structural abnormalities in various organs including the central nervous system, heart, eyes, legs and arms, and external genitalia when the mother consumes alcohol during the ________ of her pregnancy. Select one: A. first trimester B. second trimester C. third trimester D. second or third trimester
first trimester
Regular use of morphine or other opioid can quickly result in the development of tolerance and dependence. When this occurs, abrupt cessation of the drug produces a withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by: Select one: A. blackouts and seizures. B. flu-like symptoms. C. rebound anxiety and rebound insomnia. D. delirium tremens.
flu-like symptoms.
You are beginning a therapy group for individuals dealing with mid-life issues. From your experiences with new groups, you know that, during the beginning stages of group therapy: Select one: A. group members will talk through the therapist and seemingly ignore one another. B. group members will interact with one another and more or less ignore the therapist. C. group members will act quite hostile toward the therapist and resist his/her suggestions. D. cliques will begin to develop within the group.
group members will talk through the therapist and seemingly ignore one another
Lisa Baumgartner's longitudinal research (2001) identified a six-phase process for incorporating a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS into one's identity. The final phase in this process is: Select one: A. post-immersion turning point. B. stabilization. C. immersion. D. integration.
integration.
With regard to the care and use of animals in research, a psychologist who is the principal investigator: A. can designate which employees or assistants are responsible for the animals. B. can designate which employees or assistants are responsible for the animals as long as the psychologist has provided them with appropriate training. C. is ultimately responsible for the animals him/herself. D. shares equal responsibility for the animals with the employees and assistants.
is ultimately responsible for the animals him/herself.
From the perspective of structural family therapy, a therapist's failure to __________ is likely to produce resistance among family members. Select one: A. form a therapeutic triangle B. join the family C. act as a "blank screen" D. remain disengaged from the family's emotional system
join the family
A low selection ratio and a moderate base rate are useful for: Select one: A. maximizing incremental validity. B. reducing the likelihood of adverse impact. C. increasing discriminant validity. D. reducing measurement error.
maximizing incremental validity.
For some adolescents and adults, it may be difficult to distinguish ADHD from OCD due to an overlap in symptoms. ADHD may be difficult to distinguish from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder because the individual with ADHD: Select one: A. may be preoccupied with multiple worries that interfere with his/her ability to concentrate and complete tasks. B. may attempt to compensate for his/her attention deficits by developing repetitive routines. C. tends to avoid performance situations that are likely to produce high levels of anxiety. D. exhibits oppositional behavior and low frustruation tolerance, as manifested by excessive irritability or temper outbursts.
may attempt to compensate for his/her attention deficits by developing repetitive routines.
The duration of sensory memory is: Select one: A. milliseconds to seconds. B. several seconds to several minutes. C. days to years. D. essentially infinite.
milliseconds to seconds.
During the first therapy session with a new client, you realize that he is the father of a young woman you have been seeing in therapy for three months. The daughter is 22 years old and no longer lives with her parents. The most relevant ethical issue in this situation is: Select one: A. confidentiality. B. multiple relationship. C. nonmaleficience. D. informed consent.
multiple relationship.
Chomsky's position on language acquisition is best described as: Select one: A. psychodynamic. B. nativist. C. behaviorist. D. interactionist.
nativist.
Neurons in the ____________ respond to the taste, smell, and sight of food. Select one: A. hippocampus B. reticular activating system C. suprachiasmatic nucleus D. orbitofrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
An advantage of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over computed tomography (CT) is that the former: Select one: A. provides clearer images. B. is less likely to require sedation of the patient. C. provides information on functional brain activity. D. can detect electrical abnormalities.
provides clearer images.
A young man who hates his mother consistently lavishes her with praise and gifts. A Freudian would interpret this behavior as a manifestation of which of the following defense mechanisms? Select one: A. sublimation B. displacement C. psychological reactance D. reaction formation
reaction formation
Which of the following is an example of elaborative rehearsal? Select one: A. ensuring that the same cues are present when information is encoded and retrieved B. gradually removing prompts and reinforcement during the learning process C. practicing a new skill past the point of mastery D. relating new information to previously acquired information
relating new information to previously acquired information
Sexual activity among older adults is most related to: Select one: A. sexual activity earlier in life. B. attitudes toward sex and sexuality. C. interest in sex. D. overall life satisfaction.
sexual activity earlier in life.
You are starting a new program for children of recently divorced parents. You tell the editor of the local newspaper (who has just divorced her husband) that her two children can attend the program for free if she puts an article about the program in the paper. According to the Ethics Code, this is: Select one: A. unethical because it constitutes coercion. B. unethical because psychologists are prohibited from compensating a newspaper employee for publicity in a news item. C. unethical only if you influence the content of the article. D. ethical as long as the arrangement doesn't compromise your objectivity when working with the editor's children.
unethical because psychologists are prohibited from compensating a newspaper employee for publicity in a news item.
A memory in sensory memory: Select one: A. has been converted to an iconic form. B. has been converted to an echoic form. C. is coded in the form of the original stimulus. D. is coded semantically.
. is coded in the form of the original stimulus.
A factor matrix indicates that Test A has a factor loading of .40 on Factor I and a factor loading of .30 on Factor II. Assuming the factors are orthogonal, what is the communality for Test A? Select one: A. 0.1 B. 0.25 C. 0.45 D. 0.7
.25
With regard to IQ, the average reported correlation coefficient for identical (monozygotic) twins reared together is .85, while the coefficient for a parent and biological child when the child is reared by the parent is approximately: Select one: A. .68. B. .40. C. .25. D. .18.
.40
Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) used meta-analysis to combine the results of 475 psychotherapy outcome studies published between 1941 and 1976 and obtained a mean effect size of ___, which indicated that the average therapy client was "better off" than about 80% percent of individuals who needed therapy but did not receive it. Select one: A. 0.4 B. 0.55 C. 0.85 D. 0.98
0.85
At ______ months of age, most children string two words together to make a sentence - for example, "Daddy go," "more juice," and "eat cookie." Select one: A. 12 to 16 B. 18 to 24 C. 26 to 32
18 to 24
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, emergence of the ability to create mental representations of reality occurs between the ages of: Select one: A. 4 to 8 months. B. 8 to 12 months. C. 12 to 18 months. D. 18 to 24 months.
18 to 24 months.
In a normal distribution of test scores, approximately ____% of scores are more than two standard deviations above the mean. Select one: A. 2.5 B. 5 C. 7.5 D. 10
2.5
Most children are not physically ready for toilet training until which age? Select one: A. 9 to 12 months B. 12 to 18 months C. 20 to 24 months D. 30 to 34 months
20 to 24 months
Offspring of parents who are both heterozygous for the phenylketonuria (PKU) gene have a ___% of having this disorder. Select one: A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75
25
A test developer uses factor analysis to evaluate the construct validity of his newly developed test of self-efficacy. The results indicate that the measure's communality is .40. This means that: Select one: A. 16% of variability in test scores is accounted for by each identified factor. B. 40% of variability in test scores is accounted for by each identified factor. C. 16% of variability in test scores is accounted for by all of the identified factors. D. 40% of variability in test scores is accounted for by all of the identified factors.
40% of variability in test scores is accounted for by all of the identified factors.
A predictor's criterion-related validity coefficient is .70. This means that ____% of variability in criterion scores is explained by variability in predictor scores. Select one: A. 30 B. 49 C. 51 D. 70
49
In a factor matrix, the factor loading for Test A and Factor II is .70. This means that: Select one: A. 70% of variability in Test A is accounted for by Factor II. B. 49% of variability in Test A is accounted for by Factor II. C. only 70% of variability in Test A is accounted for by the factor analysis. D. only 49% of variability in Test A is accounted for by the factor analysis.
49% of variability in Test A is accounted for by Factor II.
According to Miller (1956), the average number of "chunks" of information that can be retained in short-term memory is: Select one: A. 5 and 2 B. 5 to 9 (7 +/- 2) C. 9 and 2 D. 11 and 2
5 to 9 (7 +/- 2)
Approximately _____ percent of left-handed people are left-hemisphere dominant for language. Select one: A. 5 to 10 B. 20 to 30 C. 50 to 60 D. 90 to 95
50 to 60
According to Piaget, a child cannot gain a true understanding of addition and subtraction until he/she is ___ years of age. Select one: A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 11
7
The onset of stranger anxiety varies somewhat from child to child but, for most children, begins when the child is between ___________ months of age. Select one: A. 2 to 4 B. 5 to 7 C. 8 to 10 D. 11 to 13
8 to 10
Psychological autopsies suggest that about ____% of people who complete suicide had one or more mental disorders at the time of their death. Select one: A. 25 B. 55 C. 70 D. 90
90
In a normal distribution, approximately ____% of scores fall between the scores that are plus and minus two standard deviations from the mean. Select one: A. 50 B. 68 C. 95 D. 99
95
A distribution of test scores is normally shaped and has a mean of 100 and standard error of measurement of 5. For an examinee who obtains a score of 103 on the test, the 68% confidence interval is: Select one: A. 95 to 105. B. 98 to 108. C. 93 to 113. D. 90 to 115.
98 to 108.
Drugs that block the activity of __________ produce dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, tachycardia, and sedation. Select one: A. 5-HT B. ACh C. glycine D. glutamate
ACh
Bob, Al, Sally, and Jane all study a list of nonsense syllables for 30 minutes. Afterwards, Bob takes a nap, Al goes to a movie, Sally studies arithmetic, and Jane goes grocery shopping. Based on your familiarity with the research on memory, you would predict that, when Bob, Al, Sally, and Jane are asked to recall the list of syllables, ________ will recall the most syllables? Select one: A. Bob B. Al C. Sally D. Jane
Bob
The intense "sleep attack" associated with Narcolepsy is often accompanied by: Select one: A. cataplexy. B. dyskinesia. C. ataxia. D. muscular rigidity.
cataplexy.
________ refers to an inability to recall the names of familiar objects. Select one: A. Anomia B. Alexia C. Agnosia D. Apraxia
Anomia
Which of the following illustrates the use of negative reinforcement? Select one: A. A child's usual allowance is reduced by a specific amount each time he misbehaves. B. A child is allowed to watch television for one hour when he finishes his homework. C. Restrictions on a child's activities are removed each time he helps with household chores. D. Restrictions on a child's activities are imposed each time he argues with his sister.
Restrictions on a child's activities are removed each time he helps with household chores.
Which of the following statements best illustrates Beck's "cognitive triad"? Select one: A. If I don't get an "A" in this class, my life will be ruined. B. That's the story of my life - I never do anything right. C. I saw my wife with a man at a restaurant yesterday - she must be having an affair. D. No one is coming to my party - everyone must think I'm a nerd.
That's the story of my life - I never do anything right
Studies examining the risk factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders has identified which of the following as being the BEST predictor of re-offending? Select one: A. IQ B. socioeconomic status C. age at first offense D. history of maltreatment/abuse
age at first offense
In Freudian psychoanalysis, clarification: Select one: A. reduces the clients resistance. B. links current behavior to unconscious processes. C. brings a confusing or unclear issue into focus. D. helps the client gain control over his/her inner conflicts.
brings a confusing or unclear issue into focus
Quality assurance is least concerned with: Select one: A. cost-effectiveness of services. B. availability of services. C. client satisfaction with services. D. the outcomes of services.
cost-effectiveness of services.
In their reformulation of the learned helplessness model of depression, Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy (1989): Select one: A. de-emphasize the role of punishment and emphasize the role of reinforcement. B. de-emphasize the role of helplessness and emphasize the role of attributions. C. de-emphasize the role of attributions and emphasize the role of hopelessness. D. de-emphasize the role of subjective feelings and emphasize the role of actual stressful events.
de-emphasize the role of attributions and emphasize the role of hopelessness.
For a therapist relying on Beck's cognitive approach to treat a client suffering from an Anxiety Disorder, the initial cognitive restructuring will most likely focus on: Select one: A. reattribution. B. cognitive rehearsal. C. thought stopping. D. decatastrophizing.
decatastrophizing.
For Minuchin, scapegoating and overprotection of a child by the child's mother and father are both forms of: Select one: A. triangulation. B. detouring. C. a stable coalition. D. marital skew.
detouring.
Use of which of the following provided Broadbent (1958) with support for his filter theory of attention? Select one: A. dismantling strategy B. Stroop test C. dichotic listening task D. speeded-target monitoring task
dichotic listening task
You are asked to conduct a court-ordered evaluation of a defendant in a criminal case. In terms of an informed consent, you: Select one: A. must obtain informed consent from the defendant prior to the evaluation. B. must obtain informed consent from the defendant or his attorney prior to the evaluation. C. do not have to obtain informed consent but must notify the defendant of the purposes and intended uses of the evaluation. D. do not have to provide information to the defendant about the evaluation unless he or his attorney request that you do so.
do not have to obtain informed consent but must notify the defendant of the purposes and intended uses of the evaluation.
Under hypnosis, a person is LEAST likely to: Select one: A. experience alterations of memory, perception, and mood B. believe just about anything, no matter how preposterous. C. do things he/she is otherwise fundamentally opposed to doing. D. stop feeling pain (even severe pain) to a greater degree than if he/she had been given a pain killer.
do things he/she is otherwise fundamentally opposed to doing.
L-dopa acts as a: Select one: A. dopamine agonist. B. dopamine antagonist. C. dopamine neurotoxin. D. dopamine metabolite.
dopamine agonist.
Which of the following has been found to be the strongest predictor of Intellectual Disability with an unknown etiology? Select one: A. paternal health B. female gender C. large family size D. low birth weight
low birth weight
Stead et al.'s (2012) review of the literature found that ________ is the most effective form of nicotine replacement therapy for treating cigarette smoking. Select one: A. nicotine gum B. nicotine nasal spray C. nicotine tablet/lozenge D. nicotine patch
nicotine nasal spray
Cataplexy is often triggered by which of the following? Select one: A. smells associated with a traumatic event B. physical fatigue C. strong emotions D. stimuli associated with a feared object or event
physical fatigue
In the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), research by Kenneth and Mamie Clark was used to support the argument that: Select one: A. school segregation contributes to a negative self-image among African American children. B. school segregation contributes to low school achievement among African American children. C. academic underachievement of African American children is related to parental and cultural expectations. D. academic underachievement of African American children is related to low teacher expectations.
school segregation contributes to a negative self-image among African American children.
Hydrocephalus is due to abnormalities in which of the following? Select one: A. brain stem B. ventricles C. cerebral arteries D. tegmentum
ventricles
Which of the following was responsible for the genesis of Gerald Caplan's development of mental health consultation? Select one: A. recognition that traditional psychoanalysis was not helpful for many of his clients B. recognition that an internal consultant was needed in many organizations to address employees' mental health problems C. recognition that the mental health of many more individuals can be improved through indirect services D. recognition that preventive efforts do not target the appropriate populations
. recognition that the mental health of many more individuals can be improved through indirect services
In a normal distribution of scores that has a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 12, a raw score of 138 is equivalent to a z score of: Select one: A. 0.75 B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2.25
1.5
Children's understanding of race as a physical, social, and biological category is usually first evident by ____ years of age. Select one: A. 4 B. 6 C. 10 D. 13
10
For a DSM-5 diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, the onset of symptoms must be prior to ___ years of age. Select one: A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 18
10
Researchers interested in the effects of aging on autobiographical memory use the term "reminiscence bump" to describe the tendency of adults aged 65 and older to have the largest number of memories for events that occurred when they were between the ages of: Select one: A. 10 and 30. B. 5 and 15. C. 25 and 45. D. 40 and 55.
10 and 30
During the postpartum period, approximately _____ of women experience postpartum depression. Select one: A. 1 to 2% B. 10 to 15% C. 25 to 30% D. 45 to 50%
10 to 15%
The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities combines the Cattell-Horn theory of fluid intelligence and Carroll's three stratum theory of intelligence and distinguishes between ___ broad abilities and over ___ narrow abilities. Select one: A. 5; 25 B. 8; 40 C. 10; 70 D. 15; 90
10; 70
Based on the initial evaluation of a 15-year-old boy, a clinician believes the nature and number of his symptoms suggest a DSM-5 diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, predominantly inattentive presentation. Before assigning the diagnosis, the clinician will want to confirm that some symptoms were present before the boy was _____ years of age and that he exhibits them in at least _____ settings. Select one: A. 7; 2 B. 12; 2 C. 6; 3 D. 10; 3
12; 2
When conducting a one-way ANOVA to compare the effects of four different diets on weight loss, an F-ratio of _____ suggests that there may be a significant difference between the types of diets? Select one: A. 15.5 B. 0.9 C. 0 D. -1.5
15.5
Piaget's concrete operational stage of development is characteristic of children ages: Select one: A. 2 to 7 years. B. 5 to 8 years. C. 7 to 11 years. D. 10 to 15 years.
7 to 11 years.
Caplan (1970) distinguished between four types of mental health consultation. Which of the following is an example of the type he labeled "consultee-centered case consultation? Select one: A. A consultant is hired by a colleague to resolve a diagnostic dilemma she is having with a current client. B. A consultant is hired by a school to help school administrators evaluate the effectiveness of an existing remedial program for at-risk students. C. A consultant monitors a support group for administrators to help them develop better interpersonal skills. D. A consultant helps a teacher acquire the behavior modification skills she needs to reduce disruptions in her classroom.
A consultant helps a teacher acquire the behavior modification skills she needs to reduce disruptions in her classroom
Which of the following is true about the prescription of anxiolytic drugs for older adults? Select one: A. A lower-than-normal dose is usually indicated because, in older adults, these drugs have a shorter half-life. B. A lower-than-normal dose is usually indicated because, in older adults, these drugs have a longer half-life. C. A higher-than-normal dose is usually indicated because, in older adults, these drugs have a shorter half-life. D. A higher-than-normal dose is usually indicated because, in older adults, these drugs have a longer half-life.
A lower-than-normal dose is usually indicated because, in older adults, these drugs have a longer half-life.
A young six-year-old boy is having severe behavioral problems. He is physically aggressive, shouting and misbehaving constantly. There is no prior history of the child having any kind of behavioral problems and there has been no trauma in the child's past. Of the following, which is the most likely cause of the boy's behavior? Select one: A. The passing on of certain genes from both parents causing this behavior in their son B. A possible brain tumor growing that is pushing on various parts of the brain which in turn is affecting the child's behavior C. The child could be experiencing developmental difficulties that are causing him to become frustrated and lash out at those around him D. None of the above
A possible brain tumor growing that is pushing on various parts of the brain which in turn is affecting the child's behavior
Which of the following illustrates "diagnostic overshadowing"? Select one: A. A therapist lists an inaccurate diagnosis on an insurance form because she knows the insurance company will be unwilling to pay for therapy for the correct diagnosis. B. A therapist does not recognize a co-existing clinical disorder in an intellectually disabled patient because of the salience of the intellectual disability. C. A therapist misdiagnoses a patient because the salience of an atypical symptom causes her to overlook the patient's other symptoms. D. A therapist's own cultural beliefs and values impede her ability to recognize how cultural differences impact diagnosis and treatment.
A therapist does not recognize a co-existing clinical disorder in an intellectually disabled patient because of the salience of the intellectual disability.
Which of the following statements regarding sexual relationships between a therapist and a former client is most consistent with the APA'sEthics Code? Select one: A. A sexual relationship between a therapist and a former (but not current) client is ethical. B. A therapist may have a sexual relationship after two years have passed since termination of the therapeutic relationship. C. A therapist may have a sexual relationship after two years have passed since termination, the circumstances of the therapy and/or termination were not exploitative, and the client's mental status and/or personal history does not show susceptibility to exploitation. D. A sexual relationship between a therapist and a former client is always unethical.
A therapist may have a sexual relationship after two years have passed since termination, the circumstances of the therapy and/or termination were not exploitative, and the client's mental status and/or personal history does not show susceptibility to exploitation.
A delusion of the erotomanic type is illustrated by which of the following? Select one: A. A woman is convinced that her pastor at church is madly in love with her even though he has told her that he's not. B. A woman believes that every man she comes into contact with wants to have sexual relations with her. C. A man is preoccupied with sexual fantasies about a co-worker who has shown no interest in him. D. A man is concerned about reaching orgasm far too quickly even though his wife repeatedly reassures him that he doesn't have this problem.
A woman is convinced that her pastor at church is madly in love with her even though he has told her that he's not
Two weeks after witnessing the murder of a co-worker, Mrs. Cee develops a number of symptoms including a sense of detachment, flashbacks of the event, sleep problems, impaired concentration, a depressed mood, and an unwillingness to talk about the murder. She has had these symptoms for seven days. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis is: Select one: A. PTSD. B. Brief Psychotic Disorder. C. Acute Stress Disorder. D. Conversion Disorder.
Acute Stress Disorder.
The notion that there are three major life tasks - friendship, occupation, and love - is MOST consistent with the philosophy of: Select one: A. Perls. B. Berne. C. Rogers. D. Adler.
Adler.
Which of the following is NOT included as an Alcohol-Related Disorder in the DSM-5? Select one: A. Alcohol Dependence B. Alcohol Intoxication C. Alcohol Withdrawal D. Alcohol-Induced Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Alcohol Dependence
Which of the following best describes the requirements of the ethics codes of the American and Canadian Psychological Associations with regard to obtaining informed consent from research participants? Select one: A. An informed consent is always required unless the study will involve deception and the deception meets ethical guidelines. B. An informed consent is not required as long as participants will be debriefed at the end of the study. C. An informed consent may not be required when the study is unlikely to cause harm or is exempted by legal or institutional regulations. D. An informed consent is always required.
An informed consent may not be required when the study is unlikely to cause harm or is exempted by legal or institutional regulations.
On a measure that assesses the "Big Five" personality factors, a high score on neuroticism, a low score on agreeableness, and a low score on conscientiousness are most likely to be obtained by a person with ____________ Personality Disorder. Select one: A. Obsessive-Compulsive B. Narcissistic C. Schizoid D. Antisocial
Antisocial
Individuals who receive a diagnosis of which of the following Personality Disorders are most likely to no longer meet all of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder when they reach middle age? Select one: A. Schizotypal Personality Disorder B. Antisocial Personality Disorder C. Paranoid Personality Disorder D. Avoidant Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
The parents of 4-year-old Walter report that, even as a baby, he didn't like to be held, which they attributed to colic. They report that he still doesn't like to be touched and that he doesn't like to play with other children and "seems to be in his own world" much of the time. When not engaged in an activity (he only likes playing with cars and dominos), Walter rocks constantly and has a hard time sitting still, but he can focus for hours when he's lining up his toy cars or dominos. Walter's cognitive development and language acquisition have been normal, but he does seem to have some trouble reading social cues. Which DSM-5 diagnosis should be considered first for Walter? Select one: A. Autism Spectrum Disorder B. Asperger's Disorder C. Stereotypic Movement Disorder D. Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS
Autism Spectrum Disorder
When the sole of an infant's foot is stroked, her big toe bends back toward the top of her foot and her other toes fan out. This is referred to as the _______ reflex. Select one: A. root B. palmar C. Moro D. Babinski
Babinski
The belief that distorted schemas develop early in life and leave the individual susceptible to depression or other disorders when faced with stress is most consistent with the views of: Select one: A. Lewinsohn. B. Beck. C. Seligman. D. Rehm.
Beck.
According to _____, gender role development involves developing conceptual frameworks (schemas) of masculinity and femininity as the result of sociocultural experiences. Select one: A. Bem B. Kohlberg C. Freud D. Mischel
Bem
A 16-year-old suddenly exhibits a change in behavior that includes irritability, concentration problems at school, a decreased need for sleep, and sexual promiscuity. Her mother says that the girl has had behavioral problems at school for the past few years but that her current symptoms are new and developed about ten days ago. Based on this information, the most likely diagnosis is: Select one: a. ADHD. b. Conduct Disorder. c. Bipolar I Disorder. d. Bipolar II Disorder.
Bipolar I Disorder.
A 31-year old male client presents with delusions and auditory hallucinations. His wife says that his symptoms developed soon after the sudden death of his mother nearly three weeks ago. The tentative diagnosis is: Select one: A. Schizophrenia. B. Schizophreniform Disorder. C. Brief Psychotic Disorder. D. Schizoaffective Disorder.
Brief Psychotic Disorder.
Left-right confusion is most likely to be caused by a lesion in the: Select one: A. corpus callosum. B. basal forebrain. C. left parietal region. D. right occipital region.
C. left parietal region.
Which of the following best describes the results of research on client and provider satisfaction with the use of videoconferencing and other forms of telehealth to deliver mental health services? Select one: A. Clients express high levels of satisfaction with telehealth but providers express low levels of satisfaction. B. Providers express high levels of satisfaction with telehealth but clients express low levels of satisfaction. C. Clients and providers both express satisfaction with telehealth and most clients express a stronger preference for telehealth than for in-person services. D. Clients and providers both express satisfaction with telehealth but some providers also express concerns about its effectiveness.
Clients and providers both express satisfaction with telehealth but some providers also express concerns about its effectiveness.
A 12-year-old boy's mother says her son is very argumentative, doesn't do what he is asked to do, and frequently bullies and threatens his sister and classmates at school. Also, in the past year, the boy has skipped school at least a half dozen times, ran away from home for two days on three different occasions, and was expelled from school for throwing a rock through a school window. The mother has been divorced for four years, and she says that these problems started several months after she remarried two years ago. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis for the boy is: Select one: a. Child or Adolescent Antisocial Behavior. b. Adjustment Disorder with disturbance of conduct. c. Oppositional Defiant Disorder. d. Conduct Disorder.
Conduct Disorder
Subjects in a research study are asked to read the following list of words: pin, sewing, thread, sharp, haystack, injection, point, pain. They are then asked to recall as many words from the list as possible, and many subjects recall the word "needle" even though it is not one of the words in the list. This illustrates which of the following? Select one: A. false memory induction B. imagination inflation C. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm D. Loftus misinformation effect
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
Your new client, a college freshman, says she sometimes has an "out of body" experience in which she is watching what she is doing from outside herself. She describes a recent experience in which she was in her dorm room writing a paper when she realized she couldn't feel her fingers on the computer keyboard or her feet on the floor and then suddenly felt like she was watching herself from the ceiling. The client says that these episodes make her feel like she's "going crazy" and are interfering with her ability to attend class and complete course assignments. The client's symptoms are most suggestive of a DSM-5 diagnosis of: Select one: A. Delusional Disorder B. Dissociative Fugue C. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder D. Depersonalization Disorder
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
After speaking at a workshop at a large university, Dr. A., a renowned expert on eating disorders, is approached by a woman who asks him about her daughter who she believes is beginning to exhibit symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Dr. A. gives the woman the phone numbers of three therapists in the area who have experience with this disorder. Six months later, Dr. A. finds out that the woman is planning to file a malpractice suit against him: During that time, her daughter received treatment from one of the therapists on Dr. A.'s list but became much worse and is currently hospitalized. The woman feels that Dr. A. is responsible for not adequately warning her of the potential course of her daughter's disorder. In terms of malpractice: Select one: A. Dr. A. is guilty because he had a "duty to warn" the woman about possible complications of anorexia nervosa. B. Dr. A. is guilty because he apparently did not give the woman adequate referrals. C. Dr. A. is not guilty because he gave the woman the names of several therapists. D. Dr. A. is not guilty because he didn't have a professional relationship with the woman or her daughter.
Dr. A. is not guilty because he didn't have a professional relationship with the woman or her daughter.
The ___ scale of the MMPI-2 consists of 64 items that were answered in the deviant (scored) direction by less than 10% of the standardization sample. A high score on this scale suggests carelessness in responding, malingering, or an attempt to look bad. Select one: A. L B. F C. K D. D
F
_______________ is the likely DSM diagnosis for a mother when her child's persistent vomiting stops whenever the child is removed from the mother's care for several days. Select one: A. Malingering B. Factitious Disorder C. Ganser syndrome D. folie a deux
Factitious Disorder
__________ theory predicts that we tend to like others whose initially negative feelings toward us change to positive feelings more than we like those who have positive feelings toward us from the beginning. Select one: A. Self-verification B. Gain-loss C. Social exchange D. Balance
Gain-loss
Because research has found low to moderate inter-rater reliability for the diagnosis of __________, there is some controversy among experts regarding its validity. Select one: A. Specific Phobia B. Generalized Anxiety Disorder C. Panic Disorder D. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
___________ is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a virus and involves blisters on or near the genitals, painful urination, a burning or tingling sensation, and, in some cases, headache, fatigue, chills, fever, and other flu-like symptoms. Select one: A. Genital herpes B. Candidiasis C. Trichomoniasis D. Genital warts
Genital herpes
The most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for a person who experiences genital pain during sexual intercourse that causes significant distress and cannot be better explained by a non-sexual mental disorder, relationship distress, or a medical condition is which of the following? Select one: A. Dyspareunia B. Vaginismus C. Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder D. Other Specified Sexual Dysfunction
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
__________ described "personal constructs" as bipolar dimensions of meaning that determine how a person perceives, interprets, and predicts events. Select one: A. William Glasser B. George Kelly C. Victor Frankl D. Fritz Perls
George Kelly
An emphasis on contact, awareness, and experimentation is central to which of the following? Select one: A. Gestalt therapy B. solution-focused therapy C. Adlerian therapy D. rational-emotive therapy
Gestalt therapy
To assess the reliability of a characteristic that fluctuates in severity or intensity over time, you would be best advised to use which of the following? Select one: A. coefficient of equivalence B. coefficient of stability C. coefficient of determination D. coefficient of internal consistency
coefficient of internal consistency
Which of the following is true regarding skeletal age? Select one: A. Girls are behind boys in terms of skeletal age from birth, which accounts for their shorter height in adulthood. B. Girls are ahead of boys in terms of skeletal age from birth, which explains why girls reach their full height before boys do. C. Boys and girls are similar in terms of skeletal age until puberty, when the skeletal age of boys begins to increase more rapidly. D. Boys and girls are similar in terms of skeletal age at all ages, which confirms that skeletal age is unrelated to height in adulthood.
Girls are ahead of boys in terms of skeletal age from birth, which explains why girls reach their full height before boys do
In his study of moral development, Kohlberg presented research participants with stories that posed a conflict between two moral dilemmas. In the most famous of these stories, the "________ dilemma," participants were presented with a choice between the value of obeying the law and the value of human life. Select one: A. Clever Hans B. Good Boy/Good Girl C. Hawthorne D. Heinz
Heinz
A child who has just progressed into Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development has been caught stealing from other children at school. The child's parents would be best advised to do which of the following to discourage the child's stealing? Select one: A. Tell her that she will receive a present at the end of each week that she does not steal. B. Help her understand how the children she steals from feel about having their things taken. C. Tell her that stealing is against the law and morally wrong. D. Have her personally return the stolen items to their owners.
Help her understand how the children she steals from feel about having their things taken.
In their study of outpatient mental health services in Los Angeles County, Sue et al. (1991) found that, while clients from all groups showed improvement at the end of therapy, __________ had the best outcomes. Select one: A. African Americans B. Anglo Americans C. Asian Americans D. Hispanic Americans
Hispanic Americans
Eliana, age 32, tells you that she often has trouble concentrating on her work and falling asleep at night because she's constantly worrying about having cancer. She states that her older sister had surgery for breast cancer last year and her mother's sister and uncle both had lung cancer. Eliana says she gets a physical exam every six months and has been reassured by the doctor that she's okay; but she knows that, for some people, there are no symptoms of cancer until it's too late to do anything about it. Eliana also tells you that she keeps checking her breasts for lumps and gets scared whenever she coughs because she thinks it might be an early sign of lung cancer. Eliana's symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following DSM-5 disorders? Select one: A. Body Dysmorphic Disorder B. Somatic Symptom Disorder C. Hypochondriasis D. Illness Anxiety Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Which of the following is most true about Conduct Disorder? Select one: A. Individuals with childhood-onset type are more likely than those with adolescent-onset type to develop adult Antisocial Personality Disorder. B. Individuals with adolescent-onset type are more likely than those with childhood-onset type to develop adult Antisocial Personality Disorder. C. The majority of individuals with Conduct Disorder receive a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder in adulthood, regardless of age of onset. D. Conduct Disorder is normally associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder only when there is a family history of antisocial behavior.
Individuals with childhood-onset type are more likely than those with adolescent-onset type to develop adult Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Which of the following is true about sensory memory? Select one: A. Information is retained for about 1/2 to 2 seconds. B. Without rehearsal, information is retained for only 30 to 60 seconds. C. With attention, information is retained for up to three minutes. D. With rehearsal, information may be retained indefinitely.
Information is retained for about 1/2 to 2 seconds.
Research investigating the effectiveness of neurofeedback as a treatment for ADHD has generally found which of the following? Select one: A. It is not an effective approach for most individuals with this disorder. B. It is an effective approach and exerts its strongest impact on symptoms of inattention and impulsivity. C. It is an effective approach and exerts its strongest impact on symptoms of hyperactivity. D. It is an effective approach only when used in conjunction with a central nervous system stimulant.
It is an effective approach and exerts its strongest impact on symptoms of inattention and impulsivity.
Jung's theory differs from Freud's in all of the following ways except: A. Jung's perspective reflects a more optimistic view of human nature. B. Jung promoted a more active interchange between analyst and patient. C. Jung conceptualized the psyche as continuing to evolve throughout the lifespan. D. Jung replaced the concept of the ego with the concepts of the self and the ideal-self.
Jung replaced the concept of the ego with the concepts of the self and the ideal-self
Research conducted in the 1930s found that ablation of the anterior temporal lobes in male rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including hypersexuality, placidity, oral tendencies, and psychic blindness. This condition is known as: Select one: A. Kluver-Bucy syndrome. B. Gerstmann's syndrome. C. Gerschwind syndrome. D. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome.
Language and social interactions are the key elements in _________ theory of cognitive development. Select one: A. E. Gibson's B. L. Vygotsky's C. W. Perry D. M. Rutter
L. Vygotsky's
Project MATCH compared motivational enhancement therapy (MET), cognitive-behavioral coping skills therapy (CBT), and twelve-step facilitation (TSF) as treatments for alcoholism and found that: Select one: A. MET, CBT, and TSF had similar effects on drinking. B. the effects of CBT on drinking were significantly greater than the effects of MET or TSF. C. the effects of MET on drinking were significantly greater than the effects of CBT or TSF. D. CBT and MET had significant effects on drinking only when combined with TSF.
MET, CBT, and TSF had similar effects on drinking.
Research on the effectiveness of the SSRIs has found that: Select one: A. a higher dose of an SSRI is usually required when treating OCD than when treating depression. B. a lower dose of an SSRI is usually required when treating OCD than when treating depression. C. a moderate dose of an SSRI is usually required when treating OCD but the correct dose for depression depends on the severity of symptoms. D. a moderate dose of an SSRI is usually required when treating depression but the correct dose for OCD depends on the severity of symptoms.
a higher dose of an SSRI is usually required when treating OCD than when treating depression.
A 58-year old woman is brought to the mental health clinic where you work by her husband. She seems agitated and, during your interview with her, she paces back and forth and engages in frequent hand-wringing. The woman says she's been feeling very sad and hopeless, and she also tells you that she thinks her next door neighbor has tried to poison her food several times because she has been so unfriendly toward him. The woman's husband says that his wife has been gradually losing interest in her usual activities over the past several weeks but that her symptoms became worse a few days ago. Based on this information, the most likely diagnosis is: Select one: A. Major Depressive Disorder. B. Schizoaffective Disorder. C. Bipolar II Disorder. D. Delusional Disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder.
A social psychologist tells his male and female subjects the following story about Jack and Jane: On Saturday, Jack fixes his car's transmission and Jane sews. Both complete their tasks successfully. On Sunday, Jack decorates his apartment and Jane cuts down a tree in her front yard. Again, both complete their tasks successfully. Which of the following statements best describes the likely results of this research? Select one: A. Males and females will attribute Jack's success in fixing the transmission and Jane's success in sewing to ability, but will attribute Jack's success in decorating and Jane's success in cutting down a tree to luck. B. Males will attribute Jack's success on both tasks and Jane's success in sewing to ability, but females will attribute Jack's success in fixing the transmission and Jane's success in sewing to ability and Jack's success in decorating and Jane's success in cutting down a tree to luck. C. Males and females will both attribute Jack's success in both tasks to ability and Jane's success in both tasks to luck. D. Males and females will both attribute Jack's success in both tasks and Jane's success in sewing to ability, but will attribute Jane's success in cutting down a tree to luck.
Males and females will both attribute Jack's success in both tasks and Jane's success in sewing to ability, but will attribute Jane's success in cutting down a tree to luck.
The intentional production of a physical symptom for the specific purpose of obtaining financial benefits is characteristic of which of the following? Select one: A. Malingering B. Factitious Disorder C. Conversion Disorder D. Somatic Symptom Disorder
Malingering
__________ is a cause of delirium and may result from kidney or liver failure or from diabetes mellitus, hypo- or hyperthyroidism, vitamin deficiency, electrolyte imbalance, severe dehydration, or a number of other conditions. Select one: a. Gerstmann's syndrome b. Cushing's syndrome c. Wernicke's encephalopathy d. Metabolic encephalopathy
Metabolic encephalopathy
Which of the following conditions is not accurately described? Select one: A. ALS is a progressive peripheral nerve disorder that causes muscle weakness, tremor, and spasticity. B. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular autoimmune disorder that produces weakness in the eye and facial muscles, difficulty swallowing, and slurred speech. C. Multiple sclerosis is a musculoskeletal syndrome that produces muscular pain, stiffness, and spasms and is often accompanied by fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and depression. D. Huntingtons disease is a hereditary disease that causes involuntary jerky movements, impaired memory and judgment, and depression.
Multiple sclerosis is a musculoskeletal syndrome that produces muscular pain, stiffness, and spasms and is often accompanied by fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and depression.
A 35-year old client has a history of relationship problems. Although he usually makes a good first impression, his friendships don't last very long. He attributes this problem to the fact that other people are jealous of what he has accomplished. The client has a great idea that will "revolutionize the field of telemarketing," but, so far, no one has recognized the potential importance of his contribution. He left his wife six months ago and spends very little time with his two-year old son. He has been busy "doing what he wants to do," which has included moving into an expensive condominium, buying a new sports car, and dating as many attractive women as possible. These characteristics are most suggestive of: Select one: a. Histrionic Personality Disorder. b. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. c. Schizotypal Personality Disorder. d. Delusional Disorder, grandiose type.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Don Jackson, Murray Bowen, and a number of pioneers in the field of family therapy had a psychodynamic background, which they incorporated, to some degree, in their approach to family therapy. However, it is the psychoanalyst _______________ who is generally identified as the first to formally adapt and apply psychoanalytic principles to the understanding of the family.
Nathan Ackerman
Tom is not colorblind but he has a brother who is colorblind. Tom's wife, Alice, is not colorblind and does not have any relatives who are colorblind. Which of the following describes the likelihood that the children of Tom and Alice will be colorblind? Select one: A. Their male children only are likely to be colorblind. B. Their female children only are likely to be colorblind. C. Their male and female children may or may not be colorblind. D. Neither their male nor their female children will be colorblind.
Neither their male nor their female children will be colorblind.
During your first session with Mr. and Mrs. Desvelo, Mr. Desvelo says his wife has insisted that he get "some help" with his sleep problems. Mrs. Desvelo states that she's awakened by his frightening screams at least once a week, usually a few hours after they go to sleep, and that this is having a negative effect on her mood and their relationship. Mr. Desvelo has no history of trauma or substance abuse, and he says he recently had a physical and his health is good. In response to your questions, Mrs. Desvelo tells you that her husband sometimes wakes up when he screams and seems agitated but usually goes right back to sleep and doesn't respond to her attempts to calm him; and Mr. Desvelo says that, in the morning, he has no memory of the episode and usually can't recall having had any dreams. Mr. Desvelo's symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses? Select one: A. Nightmare Disorder B. Sleep Terror Disorder C. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder D. Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder
Which of the following is not categorized as an Anxiety Disorder in the DSM-5? Select one: A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder B. Separation Anxiety Disorder C. Panic Disorder D. Agoraphobia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Combining an MAOI with certain cold, cough, sinus, or allergy medication can produce which of the following? Select one: A. neuroleptic malignant syndrome B. a hypertensive crisis C. agranulocytosis D. tardive dyskinesia
a hypertensive crisis
Renaldo, age 20, is afraid he's going to be fired from his job as an inventory stocker at a large warehouse because he frequently "loses track" of inventory and does not follow-through on his boss's instructions. He says he's always been forgetful and never did well in school because he had a hard time focusing on his schoolwork. Based on this information, the best DSM-5 diagnosis for Renaldo is which of the following? Select one: A. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, combined presentation B. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, in partial remission C. Other Specified Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, with insufficient inattention symptoms D. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
Other Specified Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, with insufficient inattention symptoms (doesn't present enough evidence for 5 criteria over 17 yo)
A new client tells the clinician that she's been feeling "down in the dumps" and "completely worthless" for the last five or six days. She also says she's having trouble sleeping, has lost her appetite, and feels anxious "all the time." The client denies having previous mood problems and states that there are no particular stressors in her life. The client's symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses? Select one: A. Major Depressive Disorder B. Other Specified Depressive Disorder C. Other Specified Anxiety Disorder D. Major Depressive Episode, single episode
Other Specified Depressive Disorder
Annabelle, age 32, is brought to a clinician by her sister who says she thinks Annabelle is in a cult. She states that Annabelle used to be a very fun-loving, intellectually curious, and affectionate individual, but since she became affiliated with this group over two years ago, she "doesn't seem to be the same person." The clinician notices that Annabelle is very quiet, doesn't make eye contact, and appears "zoned out." When her sister reaches out to touch her, Annabelle flinches as if in pain. Annabelle states that she's a "new person" now and can "see reality for what it really is." Based on this information, the most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for Annabelle is: Select one: A. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder B. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder C. Schizoid Personality Disorder D. Major Depressive Disorder
Other Specified Dissociative Disorder
Sedation (drowsiness) is most likely to be a side effect of which of the following antidepressants? Select one: A. Prozac B. Wellbutrin C. Zoloft D. Pamelor
Pamelor
The positive symptoms of __________ include hand tremor that has been described as "pill-rolling" since it resembles the motion of rolling a pill between the thumb and forefinger. Select one: A. Parkinson's disease B. Huntington's chorea C. multiple sclerosis D. myasthenia gravis
Parkinson's disease
As described in the DSM-5, _______________ is the likely diagnosis for an adult client who has experienced a depressed mood, a poor appetite, and impaired concentration for most of the day on most days for over two years. Select one: A. Dysthymic Disorder B. Mood Disorder NOS C. Persistent Depressive Disorder D. Unspecified Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
__________ is used to determine the minimum sample size needed for a study, given a particular level of significance, expected effect size, and other factors. Select one: A. Power analysis B. Meta-analysis C. Incremental analysis D. Sensitivity analysis
Power analysis
A clinician notices that her client, age 28, experiences frequent periods in which she is very irritable, sensitive, anxious, and self-deprecating; but that, between these times, the client seems to be fairly well-adjusted and even-tempered. When the clinician asks the client about these mood changes, the client says she has always become very moody during the week before her menstrual period. The client's symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following DSM-5 disorders? Select one: A. Dysmenorrhea B. Cyclothymic Disorder C. Premenstrual Syndrome D. Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome
Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome
Scores on the Symbol Search, Coding, and Cancellation subtests are used to derive a score on which WAIS-IV Index? Select one: A. Working Memory B. Perceptual Reasoning C. Verbal Comprehension D. Processing Speed
Processing Speed
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the requirements of the APA's Ethics Code with regard to the use of deception in research? Select one: A. Psychologists may not deceive participants about possible risks that may affect their willingness to participate. B. Psychologists are not required to disclose any possible risks if they have taken all possible steps to reduce those risks. C. Psychologists must provide an explanation of the use of any deception in an experiment immediately after participation. D. Psychologists may not use deception in research.
Psychologists may not deceive participants about possible risks that may affect their willingness to participate.
Which of the following tests would be most useful for assessing the intelligence of a 12-year-old child with limited English language proficiency? Select one: A. Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices B. Slosson Intelligence Test C. Bayley Scales D. Cognitive Abilities Test
Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices
Relaxation training seems to be less effective than biofeedback for treating which of the following disorders? Select one: A. chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting B. tension headaches C. lower back pain D. Raynaud's disease
Raynaud's disease
Thermal (temperature) biofeedback would be most effective as a treatment for: Select one: A. hyperventilation. B. Raynauds disease. C. stuttering. D. TMJ.
Raynauds disease
According to _______________, depression is attributable to deficits in self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. Select one: A. Bandura's self-efficacy model B. Rehm's self-control theory C. Seligman's learned helplessness model D. Swann's self-verification theory
Rehm's self-control theory
Reducing risk impact, reducing negative chain reactions, promoting self-esteem and self-efficacy, and providing opportunities are four techniques identified by __________ for promoting resiliency in high-risk children. Select one: A. Harlow B. Rutter C. Patterson D. Bronfenbrenner
Rutter
A woman and her husband, who have been married for two years, come for marital therapy. The woman complains about her husband's lack of interest in family activities and in their 9-month-old child, his lack of affection toward her, and his lack of interest in sex. The husband, who says he did not want to come to therapy at all, states that he is a "loner," that he has always had few friends, and that he has never really been interested in his family. He seems quite aloof and emotionally unresponsive. Your tentative diagnosis is: Select one: a. Avoidant Personality Disorder. b. Schizoid Personality Disorder. c. Schizoaffective Disorder. d. Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Bateson, Jackson, Haley, and Weakland (1956) identified double-bind communication as an etiological factor for which of the following disorders? Select one: A. Anorexia B. Schizophrenia C. Antisocial Personality Disorder D. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Schizophrenia
The mother of a 35-year-old man says that, for the past five weeks, he has been acting very uncharacteristically. He seems perplexed and nervous much of the time, his tone of voice varies between flat and shrill, and his speech is sometimes like "word salad." The mother says that sometimes it seems like he is listening to voices or sounds that she cannot hear. Based on this information, the most likely diagnosis is: Select one: A. Schizophrenia. B. Schizoid Personality Disorder. C. Schizoaffective Disorder. D. Schizophreniform Disorder.
Schizophreniform Disorder.
If a researcher wanted to collect data quickly, within a modest budget and from a large group of people, which approach would be most appropriate? Select one: A. Multi-informant reports B. Semi-structured interviews C. Psychophysiological measures D. Self-report methods
Self-report methods
Following the death of her pet cat, Puff, six-year-old Jane constantly follows and clings to her mother and becomes extremely upset whenever her mother leaves the house. Jane says she can't go to school because she has a stomachache or other physical ailment. The most likely diagnosis for Jane is: Select one: A. Adjustment Disorder. B. Reactive Attachment Disorder. C. Separation Anxiety Disorder. D. Acute Stress Disorder.
Separation Anxiety Disorder.
Which of the following describes the correct sequence of events that occur during an action potential? Select one: A. Potassium (K+) enters the cell and the cell depolarizes; then sodium (Na+) leaves the cell and the cell repolarizes. B. Potassium (K+) leaves the cell and the cell hyperpolarizes; then sodium (Na+) enters the cell and the cell repolarizes. C. Sodium (Na+) enters the cell and the cell depolarizes; then potassium (K+) leaves the cell and the cell repolarizes. D. Sodium (Na+) leaves the cell and the cell hyperpolarizes; then potassium enters the cell and the cell repolarizes.
Sodium (Na+) enters the cell and the cell depolarizes; then potassium (K+) leaves the cell and the cell repolarizes.
Following her divorce nine months ago, Melody, age 29, developed intermittent abdominal pain and frequent morning headaches. She's concerned that these symptoms mean that she has cancer or other life threatening illness, and constant worry about her health has made it difficult for her to care for her children, spend time with her friends, and concentrate at work. Assuming that a physical exam has ruled out a physical cause for her symptoms, the most likely DSM-5 diagnosis for Melody is: Select one: A. Somatoform Disorder NOS B. Conversion Disorder with mixed symptoms C. Pain Disorder D. Somatic Symptom Disorder with predominant pain
Somatic Symptom Disorder with predominant pain
What are the three approaches to healthcare? Select one: A. The Group Model, Open Model, and Regency Model. B. The Stanford Model, Dual Model, and House Model. C. The Open Model, Bismarck Model, and Balanced Model. D. The Private Model, Beveridge Model, and Bismarck Model.
The Private Model, Beveridge Model, and Bismarck Model.
Which of the following describes the most likely outcome for a one-year-old child who sustains left-hemisphere brain injury that involves extensive damage to Broca's area? Select one: A. The child will have substantial deficits in language production and comprehension throughout his/her life. B. The child will have substantial deficits in language production throughout his/her life but normal language comprehension. C. The child will eventually exhibit language abilities in the low-normal to normal range due to a takeover of language functions by the right hemisphere. D. The child will eventually exhibit language abilities in the low-normal to normal range due to synaptogenesis in Brocas area.
The child will eventually exhibit language abilities in the low-normal to normal range due to a takeover of language functions by the right hemisphere.
Social psychology theory predicts which of the following with regard to a client's attraction to his or her therapist? Select one: A. The client will be unable to communicate effectively when he/she is attracted to the therapist. B. If the therapist is aware of the attraction, he or she will be less effective. C. The client will be more resistant to therapy when he/she is attracted to the therapist. D. The client will be more susceptible to the therapist's attempts at influence when he/she is attracted to the therapist.
The client will be more susceptible to the therapist's attempts at influence when he/she is attracted to the therapist.
A therapy client's negative transference is most likely to be manifested in which of the following ways? Select one: A. The client will criticize the therapist and be pessimistic about the outcomes of therapy. B. The client will be more willing to talk about anxiety-arousing events. C. The client will say whatever comes to his/her mind. D. The client will express unrealistic positive expectations for the outcomes of therapy.
The client will criticize the therapist and be pessimistic about the outcomes of therapy.
Research has found that the effects of sexual abuse for a child depend on several factors. Which of the following most accurately describes a finding of these studies? Select one: A. The effects are less severe when the abuse was committed by a family member. B. The effects are less severe when the abuse was committed by a stranger. C. The younger the child is at the time of the initial abuse, the less severe the effects. D. The younger the age of the perpetrator, the more severe the effects.
The effects are less severe when the abuse was committed by a stranger.
Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's claim about the relationship between moral judgment and moral action? Select one: A. There is a strong relationship between moral judgment and moral action at all stages of moral development. B. The relationship between moral judgment and moral action is strongest at the lower stages of moral development. C. The relationship between moral judgment and moral action is strongest at the higher stages of moral development. D. There is no predictable relationship between moral judgment and moral action at any stage of moral development.
The relationship between moral judgment and moral action is strongest at the higher stages of moral development.
Which of the following is most consistent with ethical requirements regarding publication credit for publications that are substantially based on a student's doctoral dissertation? Select one: A. Authorship credit must reflect each individual's relative contribution to the research project. B. Authorship credit must be mutually agreed upon by all individuals who contributed to the project. C. The student must be listed as first author except under exceptional circumstances. D. The student must always be listed as first author.
The student must be listed as first author except under exceptional circumstances.
If an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented just prior to a conditioned stimulus in order to replace an undesirable response with a more desirable one, which of the following will most likely occur? Select one: A. The target response will eventually be eliminated. B. The target response will be suppressed (but not eliminated). C. The target response will paradoxically increase. D. The target behavior will not change in frequency.
The target behavior will not change in frequency.
When a person with an optimistic attribution style does poorly on an exam in a class he ordinarily does well in, that person will most likely say which of the following? Select one: A. I didn't study hard enough. B. I was unlucky. C. The teacher gave a very hard test this time. D. The teacher always grades on the curve.
The teacher gave a very hard test this time.
A therapist has been seeing a couple for several weeks. Although they seem reluctant to bring in their 13 year old daughter, the therapist finally convinces them that the problems they have been experiencing seem to be related to their daughter and that it would be good to include her in therapy sessions. It soon becomes clear that the girl has been sexually abused by her father. When the therapist confronts the man about this, he admits that he molested his daughter on two occasions but says that he has not done so in over a year. The girl confirms that this is true. The parents plead with the therapist not to make a report to the authorities and promise that they will continue in treatment to make sure that the father doesn't sexually abuse the girl again. The therapist decides to comply with the wishes of the parents since the abuse occurred in the past and the family is apparently committed to obtaining psychological help. Which of the following statements best describes the ethical and legal issues in this case? Select one: A. The therapist is acting ethically and legally since he is clearly taking the welfare of his clients into consideration. B. The therapist is acting ethically since the abuse has occurred in the past but may be acting illegally. C. The therapist is acting unethically and illegally by not making a report to the appropriate authorities. D. There is not enough information to make a judgment in this case.
The therapist is acting unethically and illegally by not making a report to the appropriate authorities.
Which of the following is a challenge that may arise from mandating Evidence Based Therapies? Select one: A. The financial cost of training all of the individuals needed. B. The limited number of trainers with which to prepare those that are gaining skills in Evidence Based Therapies. C. The limited number of Evidence Based Trainings. D. The varied type and intensity of training that differs across regions.
The varied type and intensity of training that differs across regions.
Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of infants who were exposed to cocaine in utero? Select one: A. They are abnormally insensitive to tactile, visual, and auditory stimulation. B. They are excessively irritable and unresponsive to attempts to comfort. C. They often have increased motor tone. D. They often have a low birthweight and small head circumference.
They are abnormally insensitive to tactile, visual, and auditory stimulation.
What is the purpose of Practical Clinical Trials? Select one: A. To evaluate the efficacious value of interventions that are delivered in laboratory settings. B. To evaluate the effectiveness of community interventions for potential recipients. C. To evaluate the effects of interventions delivered under typical community conditions. D. To evaluate the strength and valence of experimental drugs in a community setting to determine their impact.
To evaluate the effects of interventions delivered under typical community conditions.
Why is it necessary to carefully monitor a heroin addict who is being administered methadone while going through withdrawal? Select one: A. To maintain a constant therapeutic level within the bloodstream B. To make certain that overdosing does not occur ending in the patients death C. To ensure that the patient is receiving the maximum dosage level at all times D. To minimize any drop in therapeutic drug level as long as it fell within acceptable parameters
To maintain a constant therapeutic level within the bloodstream
In females with ____________, part or all of one X chromosome is missing. Select one: A. Mullerian syndrome B. Fragile X syndrome C. Cushing syndrome D. Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome
Examinees with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Major Depression, or Traumatic Brain Injury are likely to achieve the highest score on which of the following WAIS-IV Indexes? Select one: A. Perceptual Reasoning B. Processing Speed C. Verbal Comprehension D. Working Memory
Verbal Comprehension
Within 3-4 months after birth, infants express, through facial expression: Select one: A. discomfort, interest, and surprise. B. distress, interest, and disgust. C. joy, disgust, and fear. D. joy, anger, and surprise.
distress, interest, and disgust.
The best conclusion that can be drawn from research on the effects of examiner race on the cognitive test performance of African American children is that: Select one: A. White examiners have significant adverse effects on the test performance of these children. B. White examiners often have positive effects on the test performance of these children. C. White examiners may have a positive, a negative, or no effect on the test performance of these children. D. White examiners have a negative effect on the test performance of these children only when the examiners are unable to adopt a "colorblind" perspective.
White examiners may have a positive, a negative, or no effect on the test performance of these children.
While attending a psychology conference, a colleague reports that he has developed a new assessment evaluation for suicide risk. You believe that this test may help you in your clinical practice. However, you learn that this test is labeled, "For Research Purposes Only," at this time. Given this information, what is the appropriate course of action? Select one: A. You would not use the new test. B. You learn as much as possible about this new test, and then use it if it seems appropriate to do so. C. You can use the new test if you obtain the appropriate consent from a client before using the new test. D. You can use the new test if it is used in conjunction with other data.
You would not use the new test.
Research on characteristics associated with successful smoking cessation suggests that which of the following individuals is most likely to relapse following an attempt to stop smoking cigarettes? Select one: A. a 51 year old married man who started smoking at age 32 B. a 25 year old single man who started smoking at age 16 C. a 34 year old married woman who started smoking at age 25 D. a 42 year old divorced woman who started smoking at age 20
a 25 year old single man who started smoking at age 16
Thorndike's law of effect predicts that: Select one: A. distributed practice is more effective than massed practice when learning a complex skill. B. transfer of training is maximized when the learning and performance situations share similar characteristics. C. a behavior is more likely to be repeated when it is followed by a reinforcing (satisfying) consequence. D. a behavior is more likely to occur when it is preceded by a cue that signals that reinforcement will follow the behavior.
a behavior is more likely to be repeated when it is followed by a reinforcing (satisfying) consequence.
The Wide-Range Achievement Test is: Select one: A. a brief achievement test that measures reading comprehension, spelling, and arithmetic computation. B. a brief achievement test that measures the basic content domains (e.g., English, science, math) taught in elementary and junior high school. C. a measure of academic achievement that is used to predict high school grades. D. a measure of academic achievement that is used to predict undergraduate grades.
a brief achievement test that measures reading comprehension, spelling, and arithmetic computation.
Based on their longitudinal study of at-risk children residing on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai, Werner and Smith (1992) concluded that the most important protective factor is: Select one: A. a consistent trusting relationship with a parent, grandparent, or other person. B. a higher-than-average IQ. C. a lack of serious pathology in first-degree relatives. D. non-exposure to drugs or malnutrition during prenatal development.
a consistent trusting relationship with a parent, grandparent, or other person.
It is important when choosing a treatment approach for a client belonging to a particular ethnic or other minority group to remember that individuals belonging to the same group exhibit diverse characteristics. However, research does suggest that, overall, Asian and Asian American clients prefer: Select one: A. a directive, structured counseling approach. B. an unstructured, insight-oriented counseling approach. C. a client-centered counseling approach. D. a self-directed counseling approach.
a directive, structured counseling approach.
As defined in the DSM-5, the essential feature of Delirium is: Select one: A. impaired ability to transfer information from short- to long-term memory. B. a disturbance in attention and awareness. C. a disturbance in psychomotor behavior. D. disorientation.
a disturbance in attention and awareness.
The provisions of APA's General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services require that "Professional Psychologists" have: Select one: A. a masters or doctoral degree in psychology. B. a masters or doctoral degree in psychology plus appropriate professional experience. C. a doctoral degree in psychology from a regionally accredited university or professional school. D. an appropriate license or certificate in psychology.
a doctoral degree in psychology from a regionally accredited university or professional school.
To reduce the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, which of the following would be most effective? Select one: A. a drug that decreases dopamine levels B. a drug that increases norepinephrine levels C. a drug that decreases GABA levels D. a drug that increases serotonin levels
a drug that decreases dopamine levels
A physician is most likely to prescribe which of the following for a 36-year old man who has just received a diagnosis of Premature Ejaculation? Select one: A. a drug that stimulates dopamine receptors B. a drug that inhibits GABA receptors C. a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin D. a drug that stimulates the reuptake of endorphins
a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin
From the perspective of traditional psychoanalysis, transference is: Select one: A. an impediment to therapy progress. B. a form of resistance. C. a form of catharsis. D. an ego defense mechanism.
a form of resistance.
A child with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is least likely to exhibit which of the following? Select one: A. frequent conflicts with his/her parents B. a high degree of physical aggression toward peers C. frequently blames others for his/her mistakes D. often loses temper
a high degree of physical aggression toward peers
Antisocial behavior and later delinquency have been associated with: Select one: A. an authoritarian parenting style and consistent physical discipline. B. an authoritarian parenting style and inconsistent, excessive discipline. C. a laissez-faire parenting style and inconsistent warmth and concern. D. a laissez-faire parenting style and harsh, inconsistent discipline.
a laissez-faire parenting style and harsh, inconsistent discipline.
A screening test for a disorder that has a very low base rate in the population is known to have an overall accuracy rate of 98%. When using this test to identify individuals in the general population who have the disorder, it's important to keep in mind that the test will produce: Select one: A. very few false positives but very many true positives. B. very few true negatives but very many false negatives. C. a larger number of false negatives than false positives. D. a larger number of false positives than false negatives.
a larger number of false positives than false negatives.
The term "insanity" is: Select one: A. a legal term. B. a psychiatric term. C. a psychological term that refers to psychotic disorders. D. a term used only by nonprofessionals.
a legal term.
Without rehearsal, information is held in short-term memory for a brief period of time. According to interference theory this is due to which of the following? Select one: A. a limited capacity B. insufficient consolidation C. inadequate memory cues D. the decay of memory traces over time
a limited capacity
A number of studies have found that African American patients are less likely than White patients to complete advance directives. This research also indicates that this is due to: Select one: A. a low level of trust in the health care system. B. concerns about "bringing bad luck". C. reliance on family members to make end-of-life decisions. D. the belief that advance directives violate cultural or religious values.
a low level of trust in the health care system.
Lewinsohn's (1974) behavioral model attributes depression to: Select one: A. a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement. B. a lack of appropriate stimulus discrimination. C. self-indoctrination. D. negative self-attributions.
a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement.
The effectiveness of clomipramine in alleviating symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and trichotillomania suggests that these disorders are due to: Select one: A. oversensitivity to GABA. B. an imbalance between acetylcholine and dopamine. C. oversensitivity to serotonin or dopamine. D. a lower-than-normal level of serotonin.
a lower-than-normal level of serotonin.
For a diagnosis of ADHD, the DSM requires: Select one: A. a minimum of six characteristic symptoms for at least six months. B. a minimum of eight characteristic symptoms for at least four months. C. a minimum of six characteristic symptoms for at least four months. D. a minimum of eight characteristic symptoms for at least six months.
a minimum of six characteristic symptoms for at least six months.
The DSM-5 requires that which of the following be ruled out as the cause of an individual's symptoms before assigning a diagnosis of a sexual dysfunction? Select one: A. other mental disorders, physiological/medical factors, and partner factors B. a nonsexual mental disorder, severe relationship distress, and the effects of a substance, medication, or other medical condition C. a nonsexual mental disorder, the effects of a substance/medication, and a lack of information about sexuality D. other mental disorder/condition, the effects of a substance/medication, and psychosocial factors
a nonsexual mental disorder, severe relationship distress, and the effects of a substance, medication, or other medical condition
Data collected by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services has shown that the perpetrators of child abuse and neglect are most often: Select one: A. a daycare provider or babysitter B. an unmarried partner of a parent C. a parent D. a relative other than a parent
a parent
Irvin Yalom (1985) described the group therapist's role primarily as which of the following? Select one: A. a "blank screen" B. a neutral observer C. a coach D. a participant/model
a participant/model
A normal distribution of raw scores has a mean of 106 and a standard deviation of 10. In this distribution, which of the following scores is equivalent to a raw score of 126? Select one: A. a percentile rank of 98 B. a T-score of 55 C. a z-score of +2.5 D. a stanine score of 6
a percentile rank of 98
Bandura's (1977) notion of "reciprocal determinism" applies to interactions between which of the following? Select one: A. a person's thoughts, feelings, and actions B. a person's behavior, personal factors, and environment C. the therapist, therapy client, and therapy outcomes D. the person's attention, retention, and production
a person's behavior, personal factors, and environment
Synesthesia is best conceptualized as: Select one: A. a learned phenomenon. B. the result of imagination. C. a physical process in the brain. D. a manifestation of psychosis.
a physical process in the brain.
With regard to test bias, a slope bias occurs when: Select one: A. a predictor's validity coefficient differs for different groups. B. a predictor's reliability coefficient differs for different groups. C. members of one group consistently score higher than members of another group on the predictor. D. members of one group consistently score higher than members of another group on the criterion.
a predictor's validity coefficient differs for different groups.
Tolman's demonstration of latent learning suggests that: Select one: A. a student studying algebra in September may not learn algebra until he begins to study geometry. B. a student studying algebra will come to a sudden and whole understanding of it. C. a student will not learn algebra unless the proper incentive for learning is provided. D. a student might appear to know little about algebra until he takes an algebra test.
a student might appear to know little about algebra until he takes an algebra test.
Operant extinction would NOT be the treatment-of-choice when: Select one: A. an alternative behavior cannot be identified. B. the behavior has been reinforced on a continuous schedule. C. a temporary increase in the behavior cannot be tolerated. D. the baseline levels of the behavior cannot be established.
a temporary increase in the behavior cannot be tolerated.
The concept of triangulation is central to general systems theory and can be found in the work of Bowen, Minuchin, Satir, and others. Although these theorists differ somewhat in their definition of triangulation, in general, it is said to be occurring when: Select one: A. a two-person system draws in a third party to reduce tension between them. B. the members of a two-person system focus their attention on a third party to reduce tension between them. C. a two-person system forms an alliance against a third person to avoid dealing with the conflict between them. D. two members of a three-person system assume a submissive role when interacting with the third dominant member to reduce conflict.
a two-person system draws in a third party to reduce tension between them.
There is now evidence that nicotine enhances alertness and memory by mimicking __________ at nicotinic receptor sites. Select one: A. endorphins B. GABA C. serotonin D. acetylcholine
acetylcholine
The complete loss of color vision resulting from a lack of functioning cone cells is referred to as: Select one: A. color agnosia. B. akinetopsia. C. prosopagnosia. D. achromatopsia.
achromatopsia
A 13-year old client tells his therapist that he wants to kill himself and that he has access to his father's gun collection. The therapist believes the boy's threat is a serious one and tells him that she will have to contact his parents. The boy gets very angry and says he thought they had agreed that everything he said in therapy was confidential. If the therapist contacts the boy's parents, she has: Select one: A. acted ethically only if the limits of confidentiality were discussed with the boy at the beginning of therapy. B. acted ethically because a breach of confidentiality is justified in this situation. C. acted unethically if confidentiality was, in fact, guaranteed to the boy at the outset of therapy. D. acted unethically if she contacts the boy's parents without his consent.
acted ethically because a breach of confidentiality is justified in this situation.
A slightly overweight psychological assistant wants to lose 15 pounds. The psychologist who employs her is a well-known authority on the use of behavioral techniques for weight reduction. Therefore, the assistant asks the psychologist if he will accept her as a client. The assistant is willing and able to pay the full fee for the treatment program. If the psychologist agrees to accept his assistant as a client, he will have: Select one: A. acted ethically since this situation is not covered by the Ethics Code. B. acted ethically since the assistant is going to pay for the treatment. C. acted ethically since the psychologist did not solicit the assistant as a client. D. acted unethically because his dual roles as therapist and employer may create a conflict.
acted unethically because his dual roles as therapist and employer may create a conflict.
A test developer uses a multitrait-multimethod matrix to organize the data she has collected in a validation study of her newly developed self-report measure of self-esteem. The matrix indicates that the correlation between her self-report measure of self-esteem and an established (previously validated) teacher rating of self-esteem is .91. This correlation coefficient suggests that the self-report measure of self-esteem has: Select one: A. high reliability. B. low incremental validity. C. adequate convergent validity. D. adequate discriminant validity.
adequate convergent validity.
The goodness-of-fit model proposed by Thomas and Chess implies that: Select one: A. adjustment in children is related to the degree of congruence between a child's basic temperament and his/her parents' caregiving. B. life satisfaction is related to the degree of congruence between a person's basic personality and his/her chosen lifestyle. C. adjustment to marriage is maximized when partners have similar values and goals. D. cognitive development is maximized when environmental demands are consistent with the child's biological maturation.
adjustment in children is related to the degree of congruence between a child's basic temperament and his/her parents' caregiving.
Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) investigated the sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youth and found that: Select one: A. adolescent females had an earlier onset of all milestones. B. adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestones. C. adolescent females had an earlier onset of all milestones except first same-sex attraction. D. adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestone except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person.
adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestone except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person.
According to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, the final stage of identity development is characterized by: Select one: A. assimilating into the dominant culture. B. developing a self-identity that is consistent with one's racial/cultural background. C. adopting an identity that is independent of the minority and majority cultures. D. adopting a multicultural perspective.
adopting a multicultural perspective
When working with an African American family, the best approach is likely to be which of the following? Select one: A. focusing initially on parent-child subsystems B. relying on nondirective, nonstructured techniques C. adopting a multisystems approach D. working initially with the parents only
adopting a multisystems approach
You are picnicking in Yellowstone National Park and are approached by a large bear who seems to be interested in your cold cuts. You notice that the bear is two feet taller than you, has long teeth, and is drooling. You decide to run away as fast as you possibly can. Which of the following glands produces the substance that will help you successfully evade the bear? Select one: A. pituitary B. adrenal C. thyroid D. pancreas
adrenal
You are asked to assist with a single-parent therapy group. The therapist leading the group is also conducting a study designed to evaluate the psychological problems of parents who are raising their children alone. You become aware that the therapist has not informed group participants that they do not have to be included as subjects in the research project. Your first action should be to: Select one: A. immediately discontinue your participation in the group. B. advise participants that they may withdraw from the group. C. advise the therapist that he is acting unethically. D. report the therapist to the local ethics committee.
advise the therapist that he is acting unethically.
A therapy client states that she believes she may have been sexually abused as a child but has no explicit memories of the abuse. She asks her therapist - who often uses hypnosis in his practice - to hypnotize her as a means of retrieving those memories. The psychologist is familiar with the statement issued by the APA's Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse. Consequently, the psychologist will: Select one: A. agree to hypnotize the woman but be careful not to ask leading questions. B. agree to hypnotize the woman and then attempt to corroborate any memories of abuse the woman recalls while under hypnosis. C. advise the woman that hypnosis is not an appropriate procedure for retrieving memories because it is likely to produce false recollections of abuse. D. refer the woman to another psychologist who uses hypnosis but is unfamiliar with the woman's suspicions so that the procedure will be more objective.
advise the woman that hypnosis is not an appropriate procedure for retrieving memories because it is likely to produce false recollections of abuse.
A moderator variable: Select one: A. is responsible for (causes) the relationship between independent and dependent variables. B. affects the direction or strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. C. is applied sequentially to participants during the course of the research study. D. is the outcome variable that is predicted in a correlational research study.
affects the direction or strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Dr. Kairos receives a phone call from the father of a 7-year old girl whom he has been seeing in therapy for several months. The father wants Dr. Kairos to call the child's school and provide the school psychologist with the results of her recent evaluation of the child's cognitive functioning. The school psychologist is going to meet with the principal within the hour to discuss the possibility of placing the girl in a special education class. Dr. Kairos should: Select one: A. explain that she cannot provide the information without a signed release of information from the father. B. agree to provide the information only if she believes the school psychologist is qualified to interpret it. C. agree to provide the information and document the father's permission to release it to the school psychologist by placing a note in the girl's file. D. agree to provide the information but follow up the phone conversation with a written report to the school psychologist.
agree to provide the information and document the father's permission to release it to the school psychologist by placing a note in the girl's file.
According to Hans Selye, the body's reaction to sustained stress can be described in terms of three phases: These phases, in order, are: Select one: A. arousal, readiness, fight or flight. B. alarm, resistance, fight or flight. C. arousal, readiness, exhaustion. D. alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
As defined by the ___________, action potentials are always the same in terms of magnitude regardless of the magnitude of the stimulation. Select one: A. all-or-none principle B. law of effect C. principle of equipotentiality D. Yerkes-Dodson law
all-or-none principle
You are conducting a therapy group and you are now in the middle stage. You ask group members to shift from answering direct questions to talking freely about themselves. The group members show resistance to this. You should: Select one: A. allow them to express their resistance. B. explain to them the developmental process of the group. C. tell them that resistance is not allowed. D. go back to asking direct questions.
allow them to express their resistance.
The probability of making a Type I error is equal to: Select one: A. alpha. B. 1 minus alpha. C. beta. D. 1 minus beta.
alpha
Research investigating the usefulness of phototherapy as a treatment for seasonal affective disorder has generally found that it is: Select one: A. substantially less effective than antidepressant drugs. B. an effective treatment and produces results comparable to those produced by antidepressant drugs. C. effective only when administered in conjunction with a low- to moderate-dose of an antidepressant drug. D. effective only for individuals who have atypical symptoms.
an effective treatment and produces results comparable to those produced by antidepressant drugs.
The patient known as H.M. underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy as a treatment for severe epilepsy. Following the surgery, he exhibited which of the following? Select one: A. severe expressive aphasia. B. severe expressive and receptive aphasia. C. extensive loss of remote long-term memories. D. an inability to form new memories.
an inability to form new memories.
Based on the results of their longitudinal study of married women, Gorchoff, John, and Hebson (2008) concluded that the transition to an "empty nest" is usually accompanied by: Select one: A. an increase in marital satisfaction thats related to the quantity (but not quality) of time spent with their partners. B. an increase in marital satisfaction thats related to the quality (but not quantity) of time spent with their partners. C. a decrease in marital satisfaction thats related to the quantity (but not quality) of time spent with their partners. D. a decrease in marital satisfaction thats related to the quality (but not quantity) of time spent with their partners.
an increase in marital satisfaction thats related to the quality (but not quantity) of time spent with their partners
In terms of age at which it occurs, Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage is comparable to Freud's ______ stage. Select one: A. anal B. oral C. genital D. phallic
anal
A researcher conducts a study to compare three different strategies for increasing students' understanding of statistics. After administering each strategy to a different group of students, she realizes that students with the highest level of math aptitude were accidentally assigned to Strategy #1. Consequently, to compare the statistics knowledge test scores obtained by participants in the three groups, the researcher should use which of the following statistical techniques? Select one: A. analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) B. randomized block ANOVA C. multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) D. split-plot ANOVA
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when human or animals subjects are unable to form an association between a new neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus because the new neutral stimulus provides redundant information (i.e. it provides the same information as the original conditioned stimulus). Select one: A. overshadowing B. blocking C. experimental neurosis D. reciprocal inhibition
blocking
The symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder are categorized in three groups in the DSM-5. These groups are: Select one: A. destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. B. negativistic, defiant, and hostile behavior. C. deceitfulness/dishonesty, irritability/aggressiveness, and failure to conform to social norms. D. angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness
angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness
Our peripheral vision is mediated by the: Select one: A. anterior occipital lobe. B. posterior occipital lobe. C. anterior temporal lobe. D. posterior temporal lobe.
anterior occipital lobe.
In its early stages, Alzheimer's disease shares several characteristics with Korsakoff's syndrome. Specifically, both disorders are characterized by: Select one: A. anterograde amnesia that affects declarative memories but not procedural memories. B. anterograde amnesia that affects both declarative and procedural memories. C. retrograde amnesia for recent and remote declarative (but not procedural) memories. D. retrograde amnesia for recent (but not remote) declarative and procedural memories.
anterograde amnesia that affects declarative memories but not procedural memories.
On the MMPI-2, an examinee whose highest clinical scale scores are on Scales 4 and 9 is most likely to exhibit: Select one: A. apathy, depression, and psychosomatic complaints. B. egocentrism and grandiosity. C. depression and hypersensitivity to criticism. D. antisocial behavior and impulsivity.
antisocial behavior and impulsivity
A married couple's insurance provides reimbursement for individual therapy but not for marital therapy. The psychologist has determined, however, that marital therapy is the appropriate form of treatment for the couple. The psychologist should: Select one: A. treat them in individual therapy since it is covered by the insurance. B. bill for individual therapy while treating them as a couple. C. appeal to the insurance company for coverage for marital therapy. D. none of the above
appeal to the insurance company for coverage for marital therapy.
For most patients with Parkinson's Disease, depression: Select one: A. is only slightly more common than it is in the general population and seems to be a reaction to the diagnosis. B. appears to be a reaction to the diagnosis and usually first appears when motor symptoms begin to interfere with daily functioning. C. appears to be endogenous to the disorder and may precede motor symptoms, especially in younger patients. D. appears to be endogenous to the disorder and first appears in the later stages as cognitive impairments increase.
appears to be endogenous to the disorder and may precede motor symptoms, especially in younger patients
As defined by Aaron Beck, __________ involves drawing a specific conclusion about an experience in the absence of supporting evidence for that conclusion. Select one: A. selective abstraction B. emotional reasoning C. personalization D. arbitrary inference
arbitrary inference
Compared to adolescents and adults without ADHD, those with ADHD: Select one: A. are at an equal or reduced risk for substance use and substance use disorders. B. are at a higher risk for substance use disorders only when they have a comorbid internalizing disorder. C. are at a higher risk for substance use disorders only when they received psychostimulant medication as a treatment for ADHD in childhood. D. are at a higher risk for substance use disorders with the risk being greatest for those with comorbid conduct problems.
are at a higher risk for substance use disorders with the risk being greatest for those with comorbid conduct problems.
Based on the empirical research, the best conclusion that can be drawn about the effects of maternal depression on infant development is that children of depressed mothers:
are at higher risk for psychopathology and may show symptoms of disturbance as early as three months of age.
Kagan's (1966) research on cognitive style found that, in general, students who have a reflective style and take time to consider a question posed by a teacher before answering it: Select one: A. usually have a lower IQ and lower levels of achievement than children who answer questions quickly. B. usually have lower self-efficacy beliefs than children who answer questions quickly. C. are less likely to answer questions correctly than are children who answer quickly. D. are more likely to answer questions correctly than are children who answer quickly.
are more likely to answer questions correctly than are children who answer quickly.
A psychologist should be aware that client records: Select one: A. are protected by law and can never be disclosed without the client's consent. B. are the property of the psychologist and cannot be disclosed without his/her consent. C. are the joint property of the psychologist and client and cannot be disclosed without the consent of both. D. are not always free from disclosure, regardless of the wishes of the client or the psychologist.
are not always free from disclosure, regardless of the wishes of the client or the psychologist.
The Ethics Code requires that a psychologist discuss the issue of fees and billing policies with a new client: Select one: A. prior to the first consultation. B. during the first session. C. when the psychologist deems it appropriate. D. as early as is feasible.
as early as is feasible.
Raven Colored Progressive Matrices would be useful for: Select one: A. assessing the intelligence of a 9-year-old non-English speaking child. B. assessing the intelligence of an 18-year-old who has a learning disability. C. assessing the memory of a 74-year-old with early signs of dementia. D. assessing the intelligence of a 45-year-old who has Broca's aphasia.
assessing the intelligence of a 9-year-old non-English speaking child.
The coefficient of stability is useful for: Select one: A. assessing the reliability of a test that is administered on two different occasions to the same group of examinees. B. assessing the reliability of two versions of a test that are administered to the same group of examinees. C. evaluating the validity of a test across administrations of the test at two different times. D. evaluating the validity of a test across different groups of examinees.
assessing the reliability of a test that is administered on two different occasions to the same group of examinees.
As defined in the DSM-5, a diagnosis of ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation is assigned when a child exhibits: Select one: A. at least six symptoms of inattention and no symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. B. at least six symptoms of inattention and fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. C. at least eight symptoms of inattention and fewer than four symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. D. at least eight symptoms of inattention and fewer than eight symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity.
at least six symptoms of inattention and fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity.
An evaluation of a defendant's competence in a criminal court case is conducted to determine his/her mental status: Select one: A. at the time of the evaluation. B. at the time the crime was committed. C. at the time of the arrest. D. prior to committing the crime.
at the time of the evaluation.
In a research study, a one-year old is placed on the shallow side of a visual cliff, while the baby's mother stands on the deep side. On alternate trials, the mother is instructed to smile at her infant or to show a fearful face. The baby's different responses to his/her mother's facial expressions will be reflective of: Select one: A. attachment. B. empathy. C. impulsivity. D. temperament
attachment.
Echoic is to iconic as: Select one: A. procedural is to declarative. B. temporary is to permanent. C. external is to internal. D. auditory is to visual.
auditory is to visual.
Helms's (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six statuses, with each status being associated with a different information processing strategy. For example, the "flexibility and complexity" strategy is characteristic of the __________ status. Select one: A. internalization B. integrative awareness C. reintegration D. autonomy
autonomy
Lawrence Kohlberg describes reasoning in his sixth (last) stage of moral development as involving consideration of universal ethical principles. In contrast, the last stage in Carol Gilligan's model of moral development emphasizes: Select one: A. avoiding harm to oneself and to others. B. sacrificing ones own desires to those of others. C. a desire to uphold social contracts. D. the ability to take the perspective of others.
avoiding harm to oneself and to others.
In the book, A Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy, Sue, Ivey, and Pedersen (1996) describe three multicultural counseling competencies. These are: Select one: A. ability, knowledge, and sensitivity. B. flexibility, sensitivity, and awareness. C. awareness, knowledge, and skills. D. self-awareness, expertise, and strategies.
awareness, knowledge, and skills.
A securely attached infant: Select one: A. may or may not become upset when the parent leaves the room; is comforted by a stranger; and seeks contact with the parent on reunion. B. becomes upset when the parent leaves the room; is unlikely to be comforted by a stranger; and seeks comfort from the parent on reunion. C. becomes upset when the parent leaves the room; is comforted by a stranger; and may or may not seek contact with the parent on reunion. D. becomes upset when the parent leaves the room; seeks comfort from a stranger if upset; and resumes play when the parent returns.
becomes upset when the parent leaves the room; is unlikely to be comforted by a stranger; and seeks comfort from the parent on reunion.
A therapist who has adopted an etic perspective: Select one: A. believes that mental disorders may be manifested differently by people from different cultural groups. B. believes that mental disorders are manifested in similar ways by all people, regardless of their cultural group. C. adopts a psychodynamic model to describe the causes of mental disorders. D. adopts a behavioral model to describe the causes of mental disorders.
believes that mental disorders are manifested in similar ways by all people, regardless of their cultural group.
Manuel is a 21-year old college student who moved to the United States from Mexico with his family when he was four years old. Manuel has many Anglo friends at school and usually dates Anglo women, but, at home, he speaks Spanish and participates in the cultural traditions practiced by his family. When asked about his ethnic identity, Manuel says, "I'm American and Hispanic, but I guess I consider myself mostly Hispanic." Manuel is best described as: Select one: A. fused. B. separated. C. assimilated. D. bicultural.
bicultural
Zajonc's confluence model predicts that children's intellectual growth can be either enhanced or hindered by their immediate family circumstances. Specifically, Zajonc considers __________ to be a critical factor in intellectual development. Select one: A. birth order B. parental marital status C. parenting style D. culture
birth order
Linehan's (1993) dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder is based on the assumption that this disorder is due to: Select one: A. a boundary disturbance. B. learned helplessness. C. emotion dysregulation. D. pathologic internalized object relations
emotion dysregulation
Research investigating the effectiveness of treatments for Conduct Disorder has demonstrated that: Select one: A. boot camps and "tough love" policies are more effective than parent management training and multisystems therapy. B. boot camps and "tough love" policies are as effective as parent management training and multisystems therapy. C. boot camps and "tough love" policies are less effective than parent management training and multisystems therapy. D. boot camps and "tough love" policies are effective only when they are combined with parent management training or multisystems therapy.
boot camps and "tough love" policies are less effective than parent management training and multisystems therapy.
To manifest all of the following traits except _________, an offspring must inherit a homozygous pair of genes from his or her parents. Select one: A. blond hair B. nearsightedness C. Rh-negative blood D. brown eyes
brown eyes
The use of Haloperidol or other dopamine blocking agent for the treatment of Tourette's Disorder: Select one: A. is uncommon since these drugs are rarely effective for alleviating tics. B. can be problematic in many cases because of the severe side effects of these drugs. C. is contraindicated because these drugs exacerbate tics in most patients. D. should be considered only in the presence of psychotic symptoms.
can be problematic in many cases because of the severe side effects of these drugs.
To use scores obtained on the eight subscales of the Parental Activities Scale to predict scores on the five subscales of the Child Adjustment Profile, you would use: Select one: A. multiple regression. B. canonical correlation. C. multiple discriminant analysis. D. cluster analysis
canonical correlation.
Which of the following would NOT be useful for alleviating the psychotic symptoms associated with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder? Select one: A. risperidone (Risperdal) B. olanzapine (Zyprexa) C. chlorpromazine (Thorazine) D. carbamazepine (Tegretol)
carbamazepine (Tegretol)
When the symptoms of Bipolar Disorder have not responded to lithium or valproate/divalproex, the next drug to try would most likely be: Select one: A. resperidone. B. carbamazepine. C. phenelzine. D. alprazolam.
carbamazepine.
One factor that limits the cognitive abilities of preoperational children is the inability to simultaneously consider several aspects of a situation at once. This inability is referred to as: Select one: A. irreversibility. B. centration. C. transduction. D. decentration.
centration.
Participants in a research study are asked to tap with a finger to keep time with a metronome. After several taps, the metronome is turned off and participants are asked to continue with the same beat. Participants with damage to which of the following areas of the brain will have the most difficulty with this task? Select one: A. cerebellum B. suprachiasmatic nucleus C. cortex D. hippocampus
cerebellum
Data published by Hans Eysenck in 1952: Select one: A. confirmed the effectiveness of behavioral treatments for a variety of psychological disorders. B. confirmed the "Dodo bird" hypothesis, which predicts that various types of therapy are equally effective for a variety of psychological disorders. C. challenged the notion of "spontaneous remission." D. challenged the effectiveness of conventional psychotherapeutic interventions.
challenged the notion of "spontaneous remission."
A 33-year old married woman with one biological child receives a diagnosis of Schizophrenia. Her husband has no symptoms or family history of the disorder. Which of her relatives is at greatest risk for receiving the same diagnosis? Select one: A. parent B. biological sibling C. adopted sibling D. child
child
A number of investigators have attempted to identify the factors that reduce the likelihood that a woman will seek or remain in substance abuse treatment. Of the factors that have been studied, which of the following has most often been identified as a primary barrier to substance-abuse treatment for women? Select one: A. child and childcare concerns B. sexual harassment from male counselors C. denial of a substance abuse problem D. a perception that treatment is ineffective
child and childcare concerns
You are meeting with the parents of a teenage daughter who is suffering from an eating disorder. All of their children have attended this first session. You should: Select one: A. obtain a release of information from all family members. B. clarify at the outset your relationship with each family member. C. refer the daughter who is the identified patient for individual therapy. D. include only the parents and identified patient in family therapy.
clarify at the outset your relationship with each family member.
When working in military settings, a clinical psychologist should keep in mind that: Select one: A. clients should be informed of potential limits to confidentiality at the outset of the delivery of services. B. confidential client information should not be revealed to military personnel without a client's consent except when the client is a danger to self or others. C. client confidentiality is treated in the same way that it is treated in other settings only when the client is self-referred. D. legal and ethical requirements related to confidentiality are suspended as required by military rules and policies.
clients should be informed of potential limits to confidentiality at the outset of the delivery of services.
The duty to warn/protect established by the Tarasoff decision applies to: Select one: A. clients who are a danger to themselves. B. clients who have committed a past crime against a person or property. C. clients who are a danger to an identifiable person or, in some jurisdictions, an identifiable class (group) of persons. D. clients who may pose a danger to others because of past violent behavior or their current mental state.
clients who are a danger to an identifiable person or, in some jurisdictions, an identifiable class (group) of persons.
According to Irvin Yalom (1985), in group therapy, increasing intimacy and willingness to self-disclose and greater adherence to group norms are attributable to which of the following? Select one: A. cohesiveness B. universality C. identification D. group transferences
cohesiveness
For Yalom (1985), in group therapy,__________ is the analogue of the client-psychotherapist relationship in individual therapy and is a key factor in therapy outcome. Select one: A. cohesiveness B. family re-enactment C. universality D. identification
cohesiveness
Aaron Beck's interactions with therapy clients is best described as: Select one: A. confrontative. B. consensual. C. covert. D. collaborative.
collaborative
Traditional American Indian social organization and decision-making is best described as: Select one: A. linear. B. bilateral. C. nuclear. D. collateral.
collateral.
When using the analysis of variance, calculation of the F-ratio involves: Select one: A. comparing group means directly to each other. B. comparing each group mean to a total mean. C. comparing true (experimental) variability to error variability. D. comparing between-group variability to within-group variability.
comparing between-group variability to within-group variability.
A client tells a clinician that she's having a "lot of problems" with food. She states that she's been on numerous diets over the years and, even when she's achieved her desired weight, she always gains it back. She says that she has been evaluated for medical problems such as hypothyroidism, but all of the tests have been negative. When determining if the client's symptoms meet the criteria for Binge Eating Disorder or Bulimia Nervosa, the clinician should keep in mind that: Select one: A. binges are more severe in Binge Eating Disorder than in Bulimia Nervosa. B. a disturbance in body image is not characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa. C. compensatory behavior is not a requirement for Binge Eating Disorder. D. a sense of a lack of control over eating during binges is not characteristic of Binge Eating Disorder.
compensatory behavior is not a requirement for Binge Eating Disorder.
A psychologist who obtained a Ph.D. in organizational psychology wants to change her specialty to clinical psychology. To meet the requirements of APA's guidelines regarding a change in specialty, the psychologist must: Select one: A. complete an internship in clinical psychology under the supervision of a licensed clinical psychologist. B. complete appropriate doctoral-level classes and supervised post-doctoral training. C. obtain a second Ph.D. in clinical psychology from an accredited university or professional school. D. obtain appropriate supervision of her clinical practice.
complete appropriate doctoral-level classes and supervised post-doctoral training
According to Kelman (1961), __________ occurs when a person changes his/her behavior as the result of social influence in order to obtain reinforcement or avoid punishment. Select one: A. conformity B. compliance C. internalization D. exernalization
compliance
The three overlapping stages of Meichenbaum and Jaremko's (1982) stress inoculation training are: Select one: A. formulation, problem focus, and termination. B. self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. C. cognitive modeling, overt instruction, and covert instruction. D. conceptualization, skills acquisition, and application.
conceptualization, skills acquisition, and application.
When aversive counterconditioning is being used to eliminate a fetish, the fetish object is the: Select one: A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
A client who is a member of a minority group expresses negative feelings about her own culture and positive feelings toward the dominant (Anglo) culture. From the perspective of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, this client is in which stage? Select one: A. conformity B. dissonance C. immersion D. denial
conformity
Sherif (1935) used the autokinetic effect to study which of the following phenomena? Select one: A. conformity B. affiliation C. psychological reactance D. locus of control
conformity
A psychologist has just started working at a mental health clinic. Several of the clients who are referred to him belong to an ethnic minority group that he has not worked with before. He should: Select one: A. inform the clients of his limited experience and discuss their options with them. B. consult with a senior member of the clinic. C. read relevant research on the needs of members of this group. D. refer the clients to a more qualified therapist.
consult with a senior member of the clinic.
Following a review of the case, an HMO decides to deny further payment for sessions for a current client of yours. You believe that the client would benefit from additional therapy. You should: Select one: A. comply with the HMO's request as long as the limits of treatment were discussed with the client at the onset of therapy. B. continue to provide therapy to the client without compensation if necessary until other arrangements can be made. C. consult with the client about her options in this situation. D. file a complaint against the HMO.
consult with the client about her options in this situation.
A colleague at the mental health clinic where you are employed tells you that one of his clients has admitted to sexually abusing his daughter. The colleague says he is not going to report the abuse since it was mild in nature and the client has expressed remorse, promised not to do it again, and is willing to continue therapy. In addition, he feels that reporting the abuse would be detrimental to the community since the client is a widely-known, well-respected person. You should: Select one: A. attempt to discuss the matter further with the colleague and encourage him to make a report to the appropriate child abuse reporting authority. B. file a complaint against the colleague with APA or the state licensing board. C. contact the appropriate child abuse reporting authority and provide them with information about the abuse and with the colleague's name. D. contact the appropriate child abuse reporting authority and provide them with information about the abuse but refuse to give them the colleague's name if they request it.
contact the appropriate child abuse reporting authority and provide them with information about the abuse and with the colleague's name.
You receive a subpoena duces tecum requiring you to testify about a current client at a trial and to bring specific documents from the client's file. You contact the client who states that he does not want you to testify or release his records. You should: Select one: A. notify the court that you will not be appearing at the trial because the client has not given you permission to do so. B. contact the attorney who issued the subpoena to request that you be released from it. C. advise the attorney who issued the subpoena that you will not be appearing at the trial because the client has not given permission for you to release confidential information. D. do nothing further until you receive an order from the court.
contact the attorney who issued the subpoena to request that you be released from it.
A former client leaves a voicemail message requesting that you send a copy of her clinical records to her new therapist. She leaves the new therapist's address and phone number. You should: Select one: A. send the records to the therapist as requested by the client. B. send the records to the client rather than to the therapist. C. contact the client to clarify what information should be sent to the therapist and to obtain a verbal or written consent from the client. D. contact the therapist to identify what information is relevant to the clients current therapy and then send that information to the therapist.
contact the client to clarify what information should be sent to the therapist and to obtain a verbal or written consent from the client.
You receive a phone call from the attorney of one of your current therapy clients. The attorney asks you to forward information from the client's file for a court case the client is currently involved in and tells you that the client has signed a release. While reviewing the client's file, you encounter a note that you made indicating that the client said he would never want you to release personal information about him under any circumstances. As an ethical psycholgist, you will: Select one: A. contact the client to discuss the matter with him before taking any further action. B. release only information to the attorney that you believe is relevant to the client's case. C. release the requested information to the attorney since the client has signed a release. D. refuse to release the records without a court order.
contact the client to discuss the matter with him before taking any further action.
Your research study involves assessing the effects of two independent variables on three dependent variables. In this situation, you would choose to conduct a MANOVA to analyze the data you collect rather than separate factorial ANOVAs in order to: Select one: A. maximize experimental variance. B. control an extraneous variable. C. increase statistical power. D. control the experimentwise error rate.
control the experimentwise error rate.
A young girl volunteers to clean her room and do other chores around the house because she wants her mother's approval and affection. According to Kohlberg, this child is in which of the following stages of moral development? Select one: A. instrumental B. conventional C. post-conventional D. preconventional
conventional
Intelligence (IQ) tests are to brainstorming and other measures of creativity as: Select one: A. convergent thinking is to divergent thinking. B. divergent thinking is to convergent thinking. C. disjunctive thinking is to conjunctive thinking. D. conjunctive thinking is to disjunctive thinking.
convergent thinking is to divergent thinking
You receive a letter from the Ethics Committee asking for information about a former client who has filed a complaint against her current therapist. You stopped seeing the client over seven years ago. You should: Select one: A. not comply with the Committee's request initially and claim privilege on behalf of your client. B. cooperate with the Committee's request by sending them the information you believe is relevant to the case. C. cooperate with the Committee's request by sending them the information you believe is relevant to the case after confirming that the client has signed a release. D. inform the Committee that the information you have about the client is obsolete and that you're ethically obligated not to forward it to them.
cooperate with the Committee's request by sending them the information you believe is relevant to the case after confirming that the client has signed a release.
To reduce a five-year old's nighttime fear of the dark, the most effective treatment would be: Select one: A. coping self-statements and positive imagery. B. in vivo exposure with response prevention. C. stress inoculation. D. covert sensitization.
coping self-statements and positive imagery
You would use which of the following to estimate what a predictor's criterion-related validity coefficient would be if the predictor and/or criterion had a reliability coefficient of 1.0? Select one: A. Spearman-Brown prophecy formula B. correction for attenuation formula C. coefficient of concordance D. Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
correction for attenuation formula
Probably the best way to memorize pairs of unrelated words is to: Select one: A. create an acronym. B. repeat the word pairs over and over again. C. create a visual image that links each word pair. D. use the clustering technique.
create a visual image that links each word pair.
The anterior cingulate cortex is believed to be involved in: Select one: A. color vision. B. spatial memory. C. emotional reactions to pain. D. the physiological component of anxiety.
emotional reactions to pain.
A structural family therapist's interventions when working with a triangulated family will be designed to: Select one: a. foster insight in order to establish more appropriate hierarchies and boundaries. b. create stress in order to unbalance the family's homeostasis. c. dilute the tension between family members in order to reduce triangulation. d. alter the family's implicit and explicit rules in order to increase differentiation.
create stress in order to unbalance the family's homeostasis.
The review process used by managed care organizations (MCOs) to ensure that providers meet and maintain the requirements to participate in a health plan is referred to as: Select one: A. concurrent review. B. credentialing. C. quality management. D. clinical audit.
credentialing.
When a rater's ratings on a criterion measure are biased by his or her knowledge of the ratee's performance on the predictor, this is referred to as: Select one: A. criterion irrelevance. B. criterion unreliability. C. criterion contamination. D. criterion deficiency.
criterion contamination.
To evaluate the impact of an educational program on each student's mastery of the information presented, which of the following would be most useful? Select one: A. norm-referenced scores B. criterion-referenced scores C. standard scores D. ipsative scores
criterion-referenced scores
For a person with Social Anxiety Disorder, panic attacks are: Select one: A. the result of interoceptive conditioning. B. cued by specific social situations. C. infrequent and nearly always unexpected. D. indicative of a co-diagnosis of Panic Disorder.
cued by specific social situations.
Scores on a predictor that will be used to estimate job performance rating range from 0 to 200. If the predictor's cutoff score is raised from 130 to 150, this will have which of the following effects? Select one: A. increase the number of true positives B. increase the number of true positives and true negatives C. decrease the number of false positives D. decrease the number of false positives and false negatives
decrease the number of false positives
Depression has been linked to: Select one: A. decreased REM latency and increased REM density. B. decreased REM latency and decreased REM density. C. increased REM latency and increased REM density. D. increased REM latency and decreased REM density.
decreased REM latency and increased REM density.
When shown the word "hot" a patient says "cold" and when shown the word "rock" the patient says "stone." These errors are most suggestive of: Select one: A. surface dyslexia. B. deep dyslexia. C. pure alexia. D. literal alexia.
deep dyslexia.
"Culturally encapsulated" therapists: Select one: A. have become immersed in another culture at the expense of their own culture. B. exhibit an overt type of racism while denying that they are prejudiced against members of other cultures. C. define the reality of their clients according to their own cultural assumptions. D. maximize cultural differences by consistently distinguishing between "us" and "them."
define the reality of their clients according to their own cultural assumptions.
Metcalfe and Mischel (1999) use a "hot/cool" system to explain which of the following? Select one: A. delay of gratification B. risk and resilience C. aggression D. attitude change
delay of gratification
As described by Piaget, a tertiary circular reaction occurs when an infant: Select one: A. repeats an interesting or enjoyable action that involves his/her own body. B. deliberately varies an action to discover or observe the consequences of that action. C. attempts to reproduce a pleasurable action that involves another person or an object. D. combines cognitive schemes into more complex action sequences.
deliberately varies an action to discover or observe the consequences of that action.
Older adults are at a particularly high risk for ________, with the risk being increased by medical illness and surgery. Older adults are at a particularly high risk for ________, with the risk being increased by medical illness and surgery. Select one: A. depersonalization B. derealization C. dementia D. delirium
delirium
Maxine M. states she believes that messages on a particular radio station are being broadcast especially to her. Maxine is displaying which of the following? Select one: A. illusion B. hallucination C. delusion D. blocking
delusion
A DSM-5 diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires the presence of two or more active-phase symptoms during a one-month period with at least one symptom being ____________ plus continuous signs of disturbance for least six months. Select one: A. negative symptoms B. disorganized speech or disorganized behavior C. delusions or hallucinations D. delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
The symptoms of numbness, weakness, tremor, and ataxia that characterize multiple sclerosis are due to: Select one: A. lesions in the basal ganglia. B. demyelination. C. degeneration of ACh receptors. D. cerebellar atrophy.
demyelination.
Which of the following lists the correct order of the stages of grief as described by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969)? Select one: A. anger, depression, denial, bargaining, acceptance B. denial, anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance C. bargaining, denial, depression, anger, acceptance D. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
You go out for a drink with a psychologist who is a co-worker of yours at a mental health clinic. After several beers, he accidentally lets it slip that he is currently having a sexual relationship with one of his clients. Your best course of action would be to: Select one: A. discuss the matter with the clinic director as soon as possible. B. discuss the issue with the psychologist when he has not been drinking. C. make an appointment with the client to discuss the issue with her. D. file a formal complaint against the psychologist with the Ethics Committee.
discuss the issue with the psychologist when he has not been drinking.
A client reveals to you that he and a friend robbed a convenience store six months ago. He says he knows that what he did was wrong and will never do it again. He also says that he notices that you "make notes" while he is talking, and he asks that you not keep any written record of the robbery. You should: Select one: A. agree to exclude information about the robbery from his file. B. determine whether the robbery is clinically relevant before deciding whether or not to include information about it in his file. C. inform the client that you are legally required to report the matter to the authorities before you actually do so. D. reassure the client that anything he tells you is confidential and will not be revealed without his consent.
determine whether the robbery is clinically relevant before deciding whether or not to include information about it in his file.
A husband and wife avoid conflicts with one another by focusing their attention on helping their child overcome his difficulties at school. As described by Minuchin, this is an example of: Select one: A. reframing. B. detouring. C. stable coalition. D. triangulation.
detouring
A psychologist develops a theory of alcohol abuse that describes it as the result of a combination of a genetic predisposition toward alcoholism and exposure to certain environmental factors. The psychologist's theory is best described as an example of the ____________ model. Select one: A. psychogenic B. sociogenic C. diathesis-stress D. SORC
diathesis-stress
Sexual dimorphism refers to: Select one: A. the relative status of people based on their gender. B. differences in structure between males and females of the same species. C. having both male and female sexual characteristics. D. being sexually attracted to both males and females.
differences in structure between males and females of the same species.
According to Carstensen's (1999) socioemotional selectivity theory, differences in the preferences of adults for emotionally close versus novel social partners is related to: Select one: A. gender differences. B. age differences. C. differences in time perspective. D. differences in basic personality traits.
differences in time perspective.
As defined in the EEOC Uniform Guidelines, "unfairness" is a problem when: Select one: A. different groups obtain consistently different scores on the predictor but similar scores on the criterion. B. different groups obtain consistently different scores on the criterion but similar scores on the predictor. C. the predictor has significantly different validity coefficients for different groups. D. the predictor is equally invalid for all groups.
different groups obtain consistently different scores on the predictor but similar scores on the criterion.
A parent is concerned about her 6-year old son's thumb sucking. After reading several articles on behavioral techniques for eliminating self-reinforcing behaviors, she decides to spend an hour a day with her son using a strategy recommended in one of the articles. It involves setting a timer for 5 minutes and, during a one-hour period, giving her son a quarter for each 5-minute period that he does not suck his thumb but instead plays with the toys she has made available for him. The mother is using which of the following strategies? Select one: A. differential reinforcement B. time-out C. overcorrection D. shaping
differential reinforcement
According to the APA's General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services, a "user" of clinical and counseling psychological services includes: Select one: A. direct users of services only ("patients" and "clients"). B. direct users and third party purchasers of such services. C. direct users, third party purchasers, and sanctioners (people who have legitimate concern related to the provision of psychological services). D. direct users, third party purchasers, sanctioners, and public/private facilities and organizations receiving psychological services.
direct users, third party purchasers, sanctioners, and public/private facilities and organizations receiving psychological services.
Dr. D. Centt is conducting a study to investigate the effectiveness of a brief behavioral treatment for reducing self-mutilation in young women. The treatment involves 20 hourly sessions that will be administered once a week for 20 weeks. Dr. Centt randomly assigns 40 women with a history of self-mutilation to either the treatment group or the no-treatment control group. After women in the treatment group have completed only six sessions, he finds that the treatment has nearly eliminated their self-mutilating behaviors. In contrast, nearly all of the women in the control group report multiple incidents of self-mutilation since the study began. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Centt's best course of action would be to: Select one: A. continue the study as long as the women in the control group signed informed consents at the onset of their participation. B. continue the study but offer the treatment to the women in the control group at the end of the study. C. discontinue the study and offer the treatment to the women in the control group immediately. D. try to get the results of the study published as soon as possible so that the effectiveness of the treatment is recognized.
discontinue the study and offer the treatment to the women in the control group immediately.
A new client of yours, who is homosexual, tells you that he overheard his previous therapist make derogatory remarks about his sexual orientation to a co-worker. Your best course of action would be to: Select one: A. discuss his option of filing a complaint against the psychologist with the Ethics Committee. B. file a complaint against the psychologist with the Ethics Committee yourself. C. call the psychologist and tell him that your client overheard his remarks. D. provide the client with support and remind him that there are many prejudiced people in the world.
discuss his option of filing a complaint against the psychologist with the Ethics Committee.
During his first therapy session, an Asian American client tells his non-Asian therapist that he would prefer to see an Asian psychologist. The therapist's best course of action would be to: Select one: A. discuss the issue with the client and make a referral if, after the discussion, the client says he still wants to see an Asian therapist. B. tell the client that she's had experience working with members of minority groups and suggest that they see each other for at least two or three more sessions. C. realize that the client's preference is a manifestation of resistance and tell him that she thinks it would be best if they saw each other for a few sessions before a referral is made. D. tell the client that it would be discriminatory, and therefore unethical, for her to make a referral to another therapist on the basis of race alone.
discuss the issue with the client and make a referral if, after the discussion, the client says he still wants to see an Asian therapist.
At the end of her first therapy session, a middle-aged woman tells you she is presently receiving treatment from a psychiatrist. You, as an ethical psychologist, should: Select one: A. inform the woman that it would be unethical to continue seeing her while she is seeing another professional. B. call the psychiatrist to inform him of the situation and obtain his permission to continue therapy with her. C. discuss the issues related to the woman's relationship with the psychiatrist during your next session with her. D. allow the woman to decide when to terminate treatment with the psychiatrist.
discuss the issues related to the woman's relationship with the psychiatrist during your next session with her.
Dr. Goodman has been dating Billy Bob for seven weeks when she realizes that he is the brother of a client she has been seeing in therapy for nearly three months. Dr. Goodman's best course of action would be to: Select one: A. refer the client to another therapist immediately. B. stop seeing Billy Bob immediately. C. discuss the matter with the client as soon as possible. D. do nothing until it becomes evident that the situation is creating a conflict.
discuss the matter with the client as soon as possible
A 23-year old client of yours is currently the defendant in a court case. The client's attorney contacts you, requesting that you provide him with some information about the client from your files. The information will be helpful in preparing the client's defense. You: Select one: A. release the information since, to do so, is in the "best interests of the client." B. release the information because privilege is waived in this situation. C. release only the information you believe is relevant to the case. D. discuss the release with the client before taking any additional action.
discuss the release with the client before taking any additional action.
Dr. Passe is hired by a company to evaluate an employee for promotion into a high-level position. The company manager tells Dr. Passe that the employee was evaluated six years ago prior to his last promotion, and the company wants Dr. Passe to make a recommendation based on those results without an additional evaluation. Dr. Passe is concerned that some of the information from the evaluation is no longer relevant. He should: Select one: A. comply with the manager's request since it is up to her (the manager) to decide what is relevant. B. comply with the manager's request but warn her of any potential limitations of her recommendation. C. comply with the manager's request only if the employee agrees to the conditions. D. discuss with the manager the possibility that the data are obsolete and that new data should be collected.
discuss with the manager the possibility that the data are obsolete and that new data should be collected.
The participants in a research study you are conducting at a university are all students in an introductory psychology class. As part of the study, you administer a test to each student that has been found to be an excellent predictor of suicide risk. You discover that one of the student's scores on the test indicate that he is at high risk for suicide. Your best initial course of action would be to: Select one: A. contact the student's instructor immediately. B. contact the student to suggest that he see a therapist at the counseling center. C. discuss your concerns with the student immediately. D. re-administer the test to the student to confirm its results.
discuss your concerns with the student immediately.
You hear a rumor that one of your co-workers has a habit of sexually harassing the younger female employees. You start paying closer attention to his behavior and discover that the rumors are not unfounded. Your best course of action in this situation would be to: Select one: A. maintain a record of your observations and present them to the company's Director. B. approach the young women who have been harassed and suggest they file a complaint with the Ethics Committee. C. discuss your observations and the rumors you have heard with the co-worker. D. do nothing since your co-worker's behaviors are basically harmless.
discuss your observations and the rumors you have heard with the co-worker.
Except under certain conditions, psychologists are ethically obligated to maintain a client's confidentiality. Potential limitations on confidentiality should be: Select one: A. discussed at the onset of the professional relationship. B. discussed at the onset of the professional relationship and when feasible thereafter as needed. C. discussed and documented in writing as soon as feasible. D. discussed when the psychologist deems it to be appropriate.
discussed at the onset of the professional relationship and when feasible thereafter as needed.
When using the Adult Attachment Interview, a mother will be classified as ____________ if she describes her parents in positive terms (e.g., "Dad was a very loving person") but either reports negative interactions with her parents or says she can't remember any early interactions with them.
dismissing
Longitudinal research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) has found a positive relationship between the number of hours a young child spends in daycare and the rates of: Select one: A. Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and other clinical disorders. B. disobedience and other behavioral problems. C. language and academic skill deficits. D. language and academic skill deficits and behavioral problems.
disobedience and other behavioral problems.
A person-centered (Rogerian) therapist would most likely respond to a client's transference by: Select one: A. interpreting it. B. challenging it. C. disregarding it. D. reflecting it.
disregarding it.
As defined by Wrenn (1985), a "culturally encapsulated" counselor: Select one: A. has had little or no exposure to individuals from different cultures. B. disregards cultural differences and his/her own cultural biases. C. prioritizes culture as an etiological factor in mental illness. D. recognizes that universal principles of behavior do not apply to everyone.
disregards cultural differences and his/her own cultural biases.
Central achromatopsia is caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal region of the brain and is characterized by an inability to: Select one: A. name colors. B. distinguish between different hues. C. associate a color with an object. D. perceive variations in brightness.
distinguish between different hues.
When conducting a one-way ANOVA, the F-ratio is calculated by: Select one: A. dividing the mean square between (MSB) by the mean square within (MSW). B. dividing the mean square within (MSW) by the mean square between (MSB). C. dividing the mean square total (MST) by the mean square between (MSB). D. dividing the mean square total (MST) by the mean square within (MSW).
dividing the mean square between (MSB) by the mean square within (MSW).
A common migraine: Select one: A. begins with an aura and is usually accompanied by nausea. B. is constant and non-throbbing and may be exacerbated by bright lights. C. does not begin with an aura and may be exacerbated by bending over or lifting. D. is sharp and unilateral and is usually accompanied by autonomic symptoms.
does not begin with an aura and may be exacerbated by bending over or lifting.
The most common side effects of the benzodiazepines are: Select one: A. unsteadiness, insomnia, and agitation. B. drowsiness, dizziness, and sedation. C. sleeplessness, light-headedness, and headache. D. confusion, agitation, and hallucinations.
drowsiness, dizziness, and sedation.
A handwriting disability that is characterized by difficulties in learning to write, and writing that is accurate but painstakingly slow or of poor quality is referred to as: Select one: A. anosognosia. B. dysgraphia. C. agnosia. D. dyslexia.
dysgraphia
As the result of brain damage, a 37-year-old woman has difficulty regulating the rate, rhythm, pitch, and loudness of her speech. This is referred to as: Select one: A. dysarthria. B. dysosmia. C. dyspraxia. D. dysprosody.
dysprosody.
For Bowlby, an "internal working model" derives from: Select one: A. an innate, biologically-based predisposition. B. early interpersonal interaction patterns. C. early problem-solving experiences. D. the self-concept.
early interpersonal interaction patterns.
Which of the following would be most useful for combining the results of several research studies that each evaluated the effectiveness of the same treatment for a particular disorder? Select one: A. p-value B. kappa coefficient C. coefficient alpha D. effect size
effect size
In her discussion of African American middle-class families, Boyd-Franklin (1989) notes that, in terms of family roles, these families tend to be: Select one: A. patriarchal. B. matriarchal. C. egalitarian. D. linear.
egalitarian.
You suspect a colleague of violating ethical guidelines. To be consistent with the provisions of the Ethics Code, you should: Select one: A. report the colleague to the local Ethics Committee immediately. B. report the colleague to the local Ethics Committee only if the ethical violation is a serious one. C. attempt to handle the situation informally by discussing the violation with the colleague and file a report only if he is uncooperative. D. either handle the situation informally or file a report, depending on which course of action you believe is most appropriate.
either handle the situation informally or file a report, depending on which course of action you believe is most appropriate.
Meta-analyses of research on the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cranial radiation or chemotherapy have found that: Select one: A. either treatment alone is associated with decreased intellectual functioning and lower academic achievement. B. only cranial radiation is associated with decreased intellectual functioning and lower academic achievement. C. only chemotherapy is associated with decreased intellectual functioning and lower academic achievement. D. they are associated with decreased intellectual functioning and lower academic achievement only when used in combination.
either treatment alone is associated with decreased intellectual functioning and lower academic achievement
As conceptualized in Bronfenbrenner's (1995) ecological systems theory, the exosystem includes which of the following? Select one: A. elements in the childs environment that change as the result of the passage of time B. elements in the most remote layer of the childs environment that influence interactions in all other layers C. elements in the larger social system that the child does not have direct contact with but that affect his/her immediate environment D. elements in the childs immediate environment that he/she has direct contact with
elements in the larger social system that the child does not have direct contact with but that affect his/her immediate environment
A young child exhibiting an insecure-disorganized attachment pattern reacts to the return of his/her mother in the Strange Situation with disorganized, conflicted, and, in some cases, self-injurious behaviors. This attachment pattern has been linked to parental abuse and neglect and, more recently, with: Select one: A. elevated levels of cortisol in the child during the events of the Strange Situation. B. lower-than-normal levels of cortisol in the child during the events of the Strange Situation. C. elevated levels of cortisol in the child only when his/her mother returns during the Strange Situation. D. elevated levels of cortisol in the mother (but not the child) during the events of the Strange Situation.
elevated levels of cortisol in the child during the events of the Strange Situation.
Opioid peptides that block the release of substance P and thereby reduce pain are referred to as: Select one: A. hypnotics. B. endorphins. C. pheromones. D. catecholamines.
endorphins.
Research investigating the effects of normal aging on memory has found that: Select one: A. semantic memory is affected more than episodic and procedural memory. B. episodic memory is affected more than semantic and procedural memory. C. procedural memory is affected more than episodic and semantic memory. D. normal aging has a similar impact on semantic, episodic, and procedural memory.
episodic memory is affected more than semantic and procedural memory.
When a test's reliability coefficient is equal to 0, the standard error of measurement for the test is: Select one: A. equal to 0. B. always less than 1. C. equal to the tests standard deviation. D. equal to the tests mean.
equal to the tests standard deviation.
A parent decides to use time-out to reduce her son's misbehavior by having him sit in the corner for ten minutes each time he misbehaves. The boy quickly learns, however, that, if he whines while in the corner, his mother shortens the length of the time-out period. In this situation, the mother's willingness to shorten the time-out period is being controlled by: Select one: A. escape conditioning. B. avoidance conditioning. C. positive reinforcement. D. positive punishment.
escape conditioning.
The Spearman-Brown formula is used to: Select one: A. estimate the effects of increasing or decreasing the length of a test on its reliability coefficient. B. estimate what a predictors validity coefficient would be if the predictor and/or criterion were perfectly reliable. C. determine the range within which an examinees true score is likely to fall given his/her obtained score. D. determine if adding or subtracting a predictor to the multiple regression equation will have a significant effect on its predictive accuracy.
estimate the effects of increasing or decreasing the length of a test on its reliability coefficient.
Research investigating the outcomes of parenting style for adolescents has found that the strength of the relationship between authoritative parenting and adolescent scholastic achievement is moderated most by which of the following variables? Select one: A. gender B. ethnicity C. age D. socioeconomic status
ethnicity
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to: Select one: A. assess the length of time to the occurrence of a critical event. B. evaluate the causal (predictive) influences of multiple latent factors. C. determine, for a sample of people, how many types the sample represents. D. identify natural subgroupings among a collection of observations.
evaluate the causal (predictive) influences of multiple latent factors.
Which of the following is not a DSM-5 diagnostic criterion for Conversion Disorder? Select one: A. one or more symptoms that involve an alteration in sensory or motor functioning B. evidence of incompatibility between the symptoms and known medical conditions C. symptoms are not better explained by a medical condition or other mental disorder D. evidence that the symptoms are related to a psychological need or conflict.
evidence that the symptoms are related to a psychological need or conflict.
During your first session with a Japanese client, you decide that your primary goals are to normalize the client's problems and instill a sense of hope. According to Sue and Zane (1987), these goals are: Select one: A. examples of "gift-giving." B. ways of establishing ascribed credibility. C. ways of fostering "amae." D. manifestations of "cultural expressiveness."
examples of "gift-giving."
A number of researchers have attempted to determine the conditions associated with positive outcomes for children who were "at risk" at birth and during early infancy. Their studies suggest that children who recover from early deficiencies: Select one: A. have higher-than-average levels of intelligence. B. exhibit good social responsiveness during infancy. C. are placed in special education classes on entering school. D. have mothers who do not work.
exhibit good social responsiveness during infancy.
Interoceptive exposure involves: Select one: A. exposure in imagination to objects or situations that evoke anxiety. B. exposure to bodily sensations associated with anxiety reactions. C. prolonged continuous exposure to a feared stimulus in vivo. D. graded (graduated) exposure to a feared stimulus first in imagination, then in vivo.
exposure to bodily sensations associated with anxiety reactions.
A job applicant who scores below the cutoff on a selection test and is, therefore, not hired, but who would have actually obtained a satisfactory job performance rating if she had been hired, is best described as a: Select one: A. true positive. B. true negative. C. false positive. D. false negative.
false negative.
During a therapy session, Dad, who is normally soft-spoken and mild-mannered, becomes very agitated and starts yelling. The oldest daughter becomes upset and says, "Please stop, you're scaring Johnny" (the 6-year old son). Dad stops yelling and becomes calm again. This is an example of: Select one: A. positive feedback. B. scapegoating. C. family homeostasis. D. the double-bind.
family homeostasis.
Although it is necessary to avoid stereotypes when providing services to members of ethnic and racial minority groups, some generalizations are often made. For example, when working with Hispanic and Hispanic American clients, it is important to keep in mind all of the following except: Select one: A. different levels of acculturation among Hispanics can influence their perceptions of and responses to therapy. B. family therapy is often contraindicated because of the hierarchical nature of the Hispanic family. C. behavioral and other active, problem-oriented therapies are usually more acceptable than insight-oriented therapies. D. sex-roles tend to be demarcated clearly and are fairly rigid.
family therapy is often contraindicated because of the hierarchical nature of the Hispanic family.
According to Troiden (1988), homosexual identity development involves which of the following stages? Select one: A. confusion, comparison, acceptance, synthesis B. feeling different, confusion, assumption, integration C. dissonance, immersion, introspection, integrated awareness D. dissonance, acceptance, assumption, integration
feeling different, confusion, assumption, integration
Hewig et al. (2008) compared the gaze patterns of heterosexual men and women as they looked at pictures of members of the opposite sex and found that: Select one: A. females and males both gazed at the face of a member of the opposite sex for the longest period of time. B. females gazed at the face of a male for the longest period of time, while males gazed at the breasts of a female for the longest period of time. C. females gazed at the hip/buttocks region of a male for the longest period of time, while males gazed at the face of a female for the longest period of time. D. females and males both gazed at the hip/buttocks region of a member of the opposite sex for the longest period of time.
females and males both gazed at the face of a member of the opposite sex for the longest period of time.
Based on her review of the existing models of gay and lesbian identity development, Sophie (1985/86) developed a general stage theory of lesbian identity development, which she tested on several women who were currently experiencing changes with regard to their sexual orientation. Which of the following accurately presents Sophie's four stages? Select one: A. identity confusion, identity comparison, identity acceptance, and identity pride B. sensitization, identify confusion, identity assumption, and identity integration C. first awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, and identity integration D. pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization
first awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, and identity integration
The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is dominant for speech and language functions: Select one: A. for most left-handers but few right-handers. B. for nearly all left-handers and many right-handers. C. for nearly all right-handers and the majority of left-handers. D. for nearly all right-handers but a small minority of left-handers.
for nearly all right-handers and the majority of left-handers.
For a diagnosis of Separation Anxiety Disorder, the DSM-5 requires symptoms of fear, anxiety, or avoidance that have lasted for at least __________ in children and adolescents or about __________ in adults. Select one: A. one week; six months B. four weeks; six months C. six weeks; eight months D. two months; eight months
four weeks; six months
As a result of brain injury, Thom Tenacity often has difficulty stopping a behavior once he starts it. For example, when Thom goes to the drawer to get a fork before dinner, he often ends up taking out all of the silverware; and when he intends to take only one jacket out of his closet, he ends up removing all of his jackets. Most likely, Thom's problem is due to damage to which of the following areas of the brain? Select one: A. frontal lobe B. parietal lobe C. temporal lobe D. occipital lobe
frontal lobe
When asked to name as many different animals as possible, a patient with traumatic brain injury says, "Oh, you've got your big dogs and your little dogs, and then there's black dogs, and white dogs, and brown dogs, and I had a black and white dog once and he was really nice." The patient's response represents perseveration, which is associated with damage to which of the following? Select one: A. occipital lobe B. parietal lobe C. temporal lobe D. frontal lobe
frontal lobe
Which of the following is characterized by intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors that involve touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person. Select one: A. fetishism B. frotteurism C. exhibitionism D. trichotillomania
frotteurism
Test-retest reliability would be the most appropriate method of determining the reliability of a test if the test is designed to assess which of the following? Select one: A. general intelligence B. mood C. state anxiety D. reading level
general intelligence
The best conclusion about the etiology of Major Depressive Disorder is that: Select one: A. genetic factors play a more substantial role than environmental factors, with a dominant gene being the most likely causal agent. B. genetic factors play a more substantial role than environmental factors, with a recessive gene being the most likely causal agent. C. genetic factors play a substantial role in only a small number of cases of this disorder. D. genetic and environmental factors both play a substantial role in the development of this disorder.
genetic and environmental factors both play a substantial role in the development of this disorder.
A strategic family therapist is working with a family in which the husband and wife have avoided their own conflicts by focusing their attention on the problems of their 9-year old son. The therapist in this situation is most likely to: Select one: A. educate the parents about "triangulation." B. obtain a detailed family history from the husband and wife to identify the pattern of interactions in their families of origin. C. give the husband and wife a homework assignment designed to foster recognition of the conflicts that exist between them. D. use "circular questions" to help family members gain insight into each other's perspectives.
give the husband and wife a homework assignment designed to foster recognition of the conflicts that exist between them.
A psychologist is consulted by a medical doctor who is concerned about a patient in a pain clinic. The patient constantly asks for his pain medication and the nurses, who get tired of his barrage of requests, give him too much medication. To get the man to cut down on his requests, the psychologist is most likely to recommend: Select one: A. giving him a sedative to keep him quiet. B. giving him his medication after every twenty requests. C. giving him his medication once every four hours. D. giving him higher but less frequent doses of medication.
giving him his medication once every four hours.
Which of the following is a type of nonfluent aphasia that involves deficits in both receptive and expressive language? Select one: A. conduction aphasia B. global aphasia C. anomic aphasia D. transcortical motor aphasia
global aphasia
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been implicated in both long-term potentiation and the "excitotoxcity" that is believed to underlie several neurodegenerative disorders? Select one: A. serotonin B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. glutamate
glutamate
The beneficial effects of a phenothiazine would most likely be apparent first for which of the following symptoms? Select one: A. hallucinations B. social withdrawal C. anergia D. thought disorder
hallucinations
An expert witness is recognized by the court to be qualified to offer opinions on a specific issue. To qualify as an expert witness, a psychologist must: Select one: A. have a valid professional license. B. have a relevant doctoral degree from an accredited school. C. have appropriate education, training, and experience. D. be certified as a forensic psychologist by the ABPP.
have appropriate education, training, and experience.
When using empirical criterion keying to construct a structured personality test, items included in the test are those that: Select one: A. have high correlations with some items but low correlations with other items. B. have been identified by subject matter experts as measuring the traits identified by a specific personality theory. C. have been found to accurately distinguish between people who do and do not possess the traits measured by a scale or subtest. D. have been systematically evaluated and chosen on the basis of a set of predetermined rules.
have been found to accurately distinguish between people who do and do not possess the traits measured by a scale or subtest.
You are a community psychologist working with two rival gangs. Which of the following represents the intervention that is most likely to decrease the hostility between members of the groups? Select one: A. talk to them about the different theories of aggression so that they understand the processes behind their actions B. have the gangs organize a protest against police brutality in their neighborhood C. give each group false information about the other group D. give each group no information about the other group
have the gangs organize a protest against police brutality in their neighborhood
A treatment for depression that is based on Rehm's self-control theory is most likely to include: Select one: A. having the client keep a record of automatic thoughts. B. having the client keep a record of positive experiences. C. helping the client replace irresponsible behaviors with responsible ones. D. using functional behavioral analysis to help the client identify the antecedents and consequences associated with maladaptive behaviors.
having the client keep a record of positive experiences
A systemic family therapist uses "circular questioning" in order to: Select one: A. obtain unbiased information from family members. B. help family members recognize differences in their perceptions. C. refocus the attention of family members to the here-and-now. D. obtain information about the family's transactional patterns and style.
help family members recognize differences in their perceptions.
During your first session with a client, she reveals that she's been seeing another therapist for the past four months. The woman seems unsure about why she has come to see you. Your best course of action would be to: Select one: A. continue seeing the client and help her clarify her motives and goals for coming to see you. B. explain to the client that it would be unethical to see her while she is receiving similar services from another therapist and discontinue seeing her. C. contact the other therapist to see if your services are redundant and, if they are, tell the client you cannot continue seeing her while she is seeing the other therapist. D. help the client clarify her reasons for seeing both you and the other therapist and then evaluate whether it is appropriate for her to continue seeing both of you.
help the client clarify her reasons for seeing both you and the other therapist and then evaluate whether it is appropriate for her to continue seeing both of you.
During the first session with a new client, a solution-focused therapist will: Select one: A. conduct a thorough screening and history-taking. B. help the client identify and describe therapy goals in concrete, positive terms. C. educate the client about the causes of his/her presenting problem and alternative techniques for alleviating the problem. D. identify the client's stage of change.
help the client identify and describe therapy goals in concrete, positive terms.
After several sessions with her therapist, a client starts acting toward the therapist as though he were the client's father. Assuming that the therapist is a practitioner of Gestalt therapy, he is most likely to respond to this transference by: Select one: A. ignoring it. B. temporarily assuming the role of the client's father. C. helping the client see the difference between her transference and reality. D. helping the client understand how her past relationship with her father is affecting her current relationships with men.
helping the client see the difference between her transference and reality.
From the Freudian perspective, interpretation: Select one: A. is appropriate only during the final "working through" phase of therapy. B. is most useful when it evokes material at the deepest level of the unconscious. C. helps the client uncover and gain insight into unconscious material. D. involves restating and clarifying the client's statements in clearer terms.
helps the client uncover and gain insight into unconscious material.
A young woman has just received a diagnosis of Schizophrenia. Which of the following family members is most likely to receive the same diagnosis? Select one: a. her father b. her grandmother c. her identical twin d. her biological brother
her identical twin
Gregory Herek (1992) attributes violence against gays and lesbians to cultural and psychological: Select one: A. heterosexism. B. homophobia. C. paranoia. D. bigotry.
heterosexism.
Authoritative parenting, which has been associated with the most positive outcomes for children and adolescents, is best described as: Select one: A. high in control and high in acceptance. B. high in control but low in responsiveness. C. low in control and high in acceptance. D. low in control and low in responsiveness.
high in control and high in acceptance.
Research on high expressed emotion has linked it to a ___________ for several psychiatric disorders including Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Eating Disorders. Select one: A. high risk for relapse B. better response to pharmacotherapy C. lower motivation for treatment D. increased potential for misdiagnosis
high risk for relapse
Research on visual imagery has linked it to which of the following structures of the brain? Select one: A. putamen B. hippocampus C. reticular formation D. basal ganglia
hippocampus
The characteristic symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal include all of the following except: Select one: A. irritability or anger. B. hypersomnia. C. impaired concentration. D. increased appetite.
hypersomnia
Your new client, Annabelle A., reports that she has felt fidgety and anxious and has been unable to sleep for the past few weeks. She also complains of heart palpitations, weight loss, and a reduced ability to pay attention to her schoolwork. Despite the cold weather, she is wearing a cotton dress without a coat or sweater. Annabelle's symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following? Select one: A. hypomania B. Raynaud's disease C. hyperthyroidism D. hypoglycemia
hyperthyroidism
Several subcortical structures are involved in the mediation of emotion. Studies of decorticate animals, for instance, suggest that the __________ is responsible for a violent rage response to even trivial stimuli. Select one: A. hypothalamus B. medulla C. hippocampus D. RAS
hypothalamus
The onset of puberty in humans occurs when certain cells in the __________ secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormones. Select one: A. tectum B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. hypothalamus
hypothalamus
According to Kohlberg's cognitive theory, gender identity development involves three stages that occur in the following order: Select one: A. stability, constancy, identity B. constancy, stability, identity C. identity, constancy, stability D. identity, stability, constancy
identity, stability, constancy
A teenage girl who has a scar on her forehead feels like people are always looking at her and talking about her scar. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: A. psychological reactance B. imaginary audience C. identity foreclosure D. personal fable
imaginary audience
A patient taking the neuroleptic clozapine exhibits several symptoms including tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, altered consciousness, and autonomic dysfunction. The best action in this case would be to: Select one: A. gradually reduce the drug dose until the symptoms are alleviated. B. immediately stop the drug and administer fluids and electrolytes. C. switch the patient to a traditional antipsychotic drug. D. check to see what other drugs the patient is taking since clozapine does not produce these symptoms.
immediately stop the drug and administer fluids and electrolytes.
An African American adult in which stage of Cross's (1991) Black Racial Identity Development Model denigrates all aspects of White culture while idealizing all aspects of African American culture? Select one: A. internalization B. encounter C. immersion-emersion D. reintegration
immersion-emersion
It is often difficult to distinguish between Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder, Delirium, and Major Depressive Disorder in older adults. However, the presence of which of the following suggests that Delirium is the appropriate DSM-5 diagnosis? Select one: A. deficits in memory B. fatigue or loss of energy C. impaired attention and awareness D. flight of ideas
impaired attention and awareness
As described in the DSM-5, the characteristic symptoms of Substance Use Disorder can be categorized in terms of which of the following? Select one: A. impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria B. functional impairment, denial of consequences, impaired control, and pharmacological criteria C. impaired control, tolerance, withdrawal, and functional impairment D. functional impairment, tolerance and withdrawal, risky use, and marked distress
impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria
Which of the following is least likely to be an initial symptom of multiple sclerosis? Select one: A. blurred or double vision B. fatigue that worsens in the afternoon C. impaired memory and attention D. heaviness, weakness, or loss of sensation in the legs
impaired memory and attention
In Ainsworth's "strange situation," a one-year old shows little distress when her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Most likely, this mother is: Select one: A. neglectful or physically abusive. B. depressed. C. impatient or overstimulating. D. a single parent.
impatient or overstimulating
Craik and Lockhart's (1972) levels of processing model of memory: Select one: A. describes memory in terms of a "dual store." B. implies that elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal. C. implies that the duration of rehearsal is more important that the depth of rehearsal. D. focuses on the biological correlates of the short- and long-term memory.
implies that elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal.
A listener is most likely to process a persuasive message peripherally (i.e., use the "peripheral route") if she is: Select one: A. bored. B. in a good mood. C. in a bad mood. D. emotionally unstable.
in a good mood
A client with Borderline Personality Disorder is most likely to respond to her therapist in which of the following ways? Select one: A. with hostility and suspiciousness about the therapist's intentions B. in an inappropriately sexually provocative manner C. in a manner that fluctuates between argumentativeness/hostility and excessive admiration D. in a consistently demanding manner and with hypersensitivity to criticism
in a manner that fluctuates between argumentativeness/hostility and excessive admiration
A multiple regression equation yields a predicted criterion score for an examinee based on the examinee's scores on the predictors included in a test battery. When computing a multiple regression equation, each test is weighted: Select one: A. in direct proportion to its correlation with the criterion and in inverse proportion to its correlation with the other predictors in the test battery. B. in inverse proportion to its correlation with the criterion and in direct proportion to its correlation with the other predictors in the test battery. C. in direct proportion to its correlation with the criterion and with the other predictors in the test battery. D. in inverse proportion to its correlation with the criterion and with the other predictors in the test battery.
in direct proportion to its correlation with the criterion and in inverse proportion to its correlation with the other predictors in the test battery.
A person with damage to the hippocampus and adjacent areas in the temporal lobes will most likely demonstrate which of the following? Select one: A. inability to form long-term memories about facts and events B. impairments in working memory C. inability to acquire a classically-conditioned response D. loss of memory for remote personal events
inability to form long-term memories about facts and events
Use of which of the following substances is NOT likely to produce a Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder? Select one: A. alcohol B. cannabis C. cocaine D. opioids
opioids
During a court-ordered evaluation of a defendant to determine his competence to stand trial, the defendant reveals information that confirms his guilt. The psychologist conducting the evaluation should: Select one: A. include this information in his evaluation report since the evaluation was court-ordered. B. include the information in his evaluation report because privilege is waived whenever a defendant's mental status is part of the defense. C. include only information relevant to the defendant's competence in the evaluation report. D. not provide any information to the court without a waiver of confidentiality from the defendant or his attorney.
include only information relevant to the defendant's competence in the evaluation report.
The core feature of the DSM-5 diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria is which of the following? Select one: A. persistent preference for cross-gender roles B. strong desire to be treated as the opposite gender C. incongruence between assigned and experienced/expressed gender D. cross-gender identification
incongruence between assigned and experienced/expressed gender
Adding a constant to every score in a distribution of scores will: Select one: A. increase the distribution's mean. B. increase the distribution's standard deviation. C. increase the distribution's mean and standard deviation. D. not increase the distribution's mean or standard deviation.
increase the distribution's mean.
The presence of which of the following would suggest that the appropriate diagnosis is Social Anxiety Disorder rather than Agoraphobia? Select one: A. fear of humiliation or embarrassment in social situations B. increased anxiety in feared situations when accompanied by a trusted companion C. anxiety is perceived as excessive and temporarily controllable D. an absence of the physiological symptoms associated with a panic attack
increased anxiety in feared situations when accompanied by a trusted companion
Murphy, DeBernardo, and Shoemaker's (1998) survey of psychologists about the effects of managed care on their professional practice found that the most frequently cited negative effect was: Select one: A. increased demands due to utilization review. B. some panels being closed to psychologists. C. income decline due to decreased volume of patients. D. increased need for supervision.
increased demands due to utilization review.
Major Depressive Disorder has been linked to all of the following sleep disturbances except: Select one: A. reduced Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep. B. increased slow-wave (non-REM) sleep. C. decreased REM latency. D. decreased sleep continuity.
increased slow-wave (non-REM) sleep.
Lewinsohn (1974) originally focused on which of the following as a treatment for depression? Select one: A. attribution re-training B. self-instructional training C. increasing activity levels D. improving problem-solving and coping skills
increasing activity levels
Fluoxetine and other SSRIs act by: Select one: A. increasing the release of serotonin at synapses. B. increasing the manufacture of serotonin by nerve cells. C. increasing the sensitivity of nerve cells to serotonin. D. increasing the availability of serotonin at synapses.
increasing the availability of serotonin at synapses.
The availability heuristic is the tendency to estimate the frequency or likelihood of an event on the basis of: Select one: A. the resemblance of the event to a "typical" case. B. information about the event that is most readily retrieved from memory. C. the ability to mentally simulate the occurrence of the event. D. the magnitude of the "starting point."
information about the event that is most readily retrieved from memory.
The method of loci and other mnemonics are most useful for: Select one: A. information that is not inherently meaningful. B. information that is easily translatable into visual images. C. information that exceeds normal storage capacity. D. information that is easily translatable into a narrative.
information that is not inherently meaningful.
The phenomenon known as "spontaneous recovery" confirms the hypothesis that the loss of a conditioned response represents which of the following? Select one: A. decay of memory traces B. stimulus discrimination C. habituation D. inhibition
inhibition
The unavailability of preventive health services in minority communities, a lack of quality health care in close proximity to these communities, and the delivery of substandard health care services to members of these communities is best attributed to which of the following? Select one: A. subtle racism B. institutional racism C. personally mediated racism D. internalized racism
institutional racism
The Solomon four-group design is used to evaluate the effects of pretesting on a research study's: Select one: A. internal validity only. B. external validity only. C. internal and external validity. D. statistical conclusion validity.
internal and external validity.
D. W. Sue (1978) describes "worldview" in terms of two independent dimensions -- locus of control and locus of responsibility. From this perspective, an Anglo-American therapist with an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility is most likely to experience problems when working with an African American client who has an: Select one: A. external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility. B. external locus of control and external locus of responsibility. C. internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility. D. internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility.
internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility
Sue and Sue (1990) describe the worldview of counselors and their clients in terms of two dimensions - locus of control and locus of responsibility - and propose that members of minority groups are becoming increasingly more likely to exhibit which of the following worldviews? Select one: A. internal locus of control/internal locus of responsibility B. external locus of control/internal locus of responsibility C. internal locus of control/external locus of responsibility D. external locus of control/external locus of responsibility
internal locus of control/external locus of responsibility
Cross's (1991, 2001) Black Racial Identity Development Model includes four stages, the last of which is: Select one: A. autonomy. B. internalization. C. incorporation. D. integrative awareness.
internalization
A researcher wants to investigate the effects of a brief treatment for a group of 10 therapy clients before and after the treatment is applied. She will measure symptom severity three times at regular intervals before administering the treatment to the clients and then three times at regular intervals after the clients complete the 10 sessions. The researcher is using which of the following research designs? Select one: A. multiple baseline B. ABAB C. interrupted time-series design D. nonequivalent control group
interrupted time-series design
A four-year old who hates strings beans gets upset when his mother cuts them into small pieces because he thinks that he now has to eat more beans. A Piagetian would describe this as an example of which of the following? Select one: A. object concept B. transduction C. irreversibility D. decentration
irreversibility
The owner of several used-car lots wants to determine the effectiveness of sales training for his salespeople. He randomly assigns one of his lots to Training Program #1, another to Training Program #2, and a third to a no-treatment condition. It turns out that one of the training group lots is in a low-income neighborhood, while the other two lots are in a middle-income neighborhood. The owner will compare the gross sales of the three lots during a randomly-chosen week in the middle of the summer after the training programs have been completed. The effects of the location of the car lots: Select one: A. is a source of unreliability. B. is a source of reactivity. C. is a threat to internal validity. D. is a threat to statistical validity.
is a threat to internal validity.
For the treatment of hypertension, biofeedback: Select one: A. is generally ineffective. B. is effective only when combined with medication. C. is about equally as effective as relaxation training or self-monitoring of blood pressure. D. is more effective than relaxation training or self-monitoring of blood pressure.
is about equally as effective as relaxation training or self-monitoring of blood pressure.
The use of anatomically correct dolls with children who are believed to have been sexually abused: Select one: A. is contraindicated because the dolls elicit sexualized play from both abused and non-abused children and, therefore, do not help identify children who have actually been abused. B. is contraindicated because the dolls increase sexualized responses to both non-leading and leading questions from non-abused children who may, therefore, be misdiagnosed as abused. C. is considered effective for helping children recover otherwise repressed memories of abuse that could not be elicited in other ways. D. is considered effective for helping children who have been sexually abused but whose embarrassment or limited verbal skills limit their ability to describe what happened to them.
is considered effective for helping children who have been sexually abused but whose embarrassment or limited verbal skills limit their ability to describe what happened to them.
Providing therapy to a former sex partner: Select one: A. is not directly addressed by the Ethics Code but is covered by the prohibition against multiple relationships. B. is permissible only when it is not clinically contraindicated and the chance of exploitation is minimal. C. is permissible under "unusual circumstances" when at least two years have passed since the sexual relationship ended. D. is explicitly prohibited by the Code.
is explicitly prohibited by the Code.
Longitudinal research by Gerald Patterson and his colleagues has shown that parents of aggressive children rely on power assertion to enforce their standards. In addition, the discipline of these parents: Select one: A. is consistent and often accompanied by withdrawal of physical affection. B. is inconsistent and often not clearly linked to the child's behavior. C. is inconsistent but, when applied, usually occurs immediately after the child's misbehavior. D. is consistent and is usually accompanied by humiliating verbal messages.
is inconsistent and often not clearly linked to the child's behavior.
An advantage of risperidone is that it: Select one: A. is less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects than are the traditional antipsychotics. B. is not associated with weight gain and sexual dysfunction. C. does not produce neuroleptic malignant syndrome. D. has a rapid onset of beneficial (therapeutic) effects.
is less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects than are the traditional antipsychotics.
In comparison to conventional (traditional) neuroleptics, risperidone (Risperdal), an atypical neuroleptic: Select one: A. is more likely to produce tardive dyskinesia. B. is less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia. C. is equally likely to produce tardive dyskinesia. D. is less useful for alleviating tardive dyskinesia.
is less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia
Advocates for prayer in school hope to persuade other members of the community to support their position. According to social judgment theory, other community members are most likely to be convinced if the discrepancy between their initial position on this issue and the position of the advocates of school prayer: Select one: A. is low. B. is moderate. C. is high. D. varies from member to member.
is moderate.
Recent research has shown that single-session Psychological Debriefing (PD): Select one: A. is as effective as, or in some cases more effective than, multiple-session PD for preventing PTSD. B. is as effective as multiple-session PD for preventing PTSD only when the session is sufficiently long to elicit a cathartic reaction. C. is effective for preventing PTSD only when it is administered within 24 hours following exposure to the traumatic event. D. is not effective for preventing PTSD and may actually exacerbate PTSD symptoms.
is not effective for preventing PTSD and may actually exacerbate PTSD symptoms.
With regard to ethical guidelines, exposing animal subjects in a research study to stress or pain: Select one: A. is prohibited under any circumstances. B. is prohibited except in the "most unusual circumstances." C. is permitted when the stress or pain is minimized and applied in a humane way. D. is permitted when alternative procedures are unavailable and the stress or pain is justified by the prospective value of the study's results.
is permitted when alternative procedures are unavailable and the stress or pain is justified by the prospective value of the study's results.
The APA's (2002)Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct states that when conducting a psychological assessment of a client, an informed consent: Select one: A. is required in all situations. B. is required in all situations and must be in written format and signed by the client. C. is required except in certain circumstances. D. is required except in certain circumstances and, when required, must be in written format and signed by the client.
is required except in certain circumstances.
Multiple regression analysis has several advantages over the analysis of variance including all of the following except: Select one: A. it eliminates the need for a two-stage analysis involving a global significance test that is followed, when appropriate, by "fine grain" significance tests. B. it is not limited to categorical (or categorized continuous) variables. C. it enables the researcher to determine if entering additional independent variables affects the dependent variable beyond the effects found for previously entered variables. D. it allows the researcher to estimate the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable with the effects of measurement error removed.
it allows the researcher to estimate the effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable with the effects of measurement error removed.
Dr. Acedia receives a phone call from a woman who he was sexually involved with for six months. The affair ended four years ago and Dr. Acedia has had little contact with the woman since that time. The woman says she is having trouble getting over the death of her younger sister and would like to begin counseling with Dr. Acedia. According to the Ethics Code: Select one: A. it is acceptable for Dr. Acedia to work with the woman in therapy since they are no longer involved in a relationship. B. it is acceptable for Dr. Acedia to work with the woman in therapy since the relationship ended more than two years ago. C. it is acceptable for Dr. Acedia to work with the woman in therapy only if he determines that to do so is not clinically contraindicated and will not be exploitative. D. it is not acceptable for Dr. Acedia to work with the woman in therapy.
it is not acceptable for Dr. Acedia to work with the woman in therapy.
You receive a phone call from a person who you were intimately (including sexually) involved with for a short period of time. Your relationship ended in a mutually agreeable way and now this person wants to start therapy with you. In terms of the requirements of the Ethics Code: Select one: A. it would be ethical to begin therapy as long as at least two years have passed since the end of the relationship. B. it would be ethical to begin therapy as long as it is clear that there is no risk for harm or exploitation. C. it would be ethical to begin therapy as long as you discuss the potential for conflicts at the outset and the risk for harm to the client is minimal. D. it would not be ethical to begin therapy.
it would not be ethical to begin therapy.
Research on the development of depth perception in infants has shown that sensitivity to depth cues emerges in which of the following sequences (from first to last)? Select one: A. binocular, pictorial, kinetic B. kinetic, pictorial, binocular C. binocular, kinetic, pictorial D. kinetic, binocular, pictorial
kinetic, binocular, pictorial
Which of the following would NOT be useful for determining whether it is more appropriate to use a parametric or a nonparametric statistical test to analyze the data you collect in a research study? Select one: A. knowing that the distribution of scores for the dependent variable is negatively skewed B. knowing that the scores to be analyzed have equal intervals between adjacent units and an absolute zero point C. knowing that the subjects have not been randomly selected from the population D. knowing that the purpose of the analysis is to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an hypothesized distribution
knowing that the subjects have not been randomly selected from the population
Intelligence test items assessing which of the following provide a measure of crystallized intelligence? Select one: A. language comprehension B. short-term memory C. sequential reasoning D. problem solving
language comprehension
Singh and Young (1995) found that, when men were asked to rate women in terms of attractiveness, health, and desirability as a romantic partner, they gave the highest ratings to females with: Select one: A. large breasts and narrow hips. B. large breasts and broad hips. C. small breasts and narrow hips. D. small breasts and broad hips.
large breasts and narrow hips.
A measure of test anxiety is administered to a sample of 50 psychologists who are studying for the licensing exam, and a split-half reliability coefficient of .80 is calculated from their scores. The test is then administered to another group of 50 psychologists who are more heterogeneous with regard to level of test anxiety. The split-half reliability coefficient for the second group is most likely to be: Select one: A. between .77 and .83. B. between .74 and .86. C. larger than .80. D. less than .80.
larger than .80.
A distribution of scores is ____________ when it is more "peaked" than a normal distribution. Select one: A. platykurtic B. leptokurtic C. mesokurtic D. endokurtic
leptokurtic
Research examining the relationship between mild depression and autobiographical memory has found that, in comparison to the memories of people who are nondysphoric, the memories of people who are dysphoric are: Select one: A. less detailed and more negative. B. more detailed and more negative. C. less detailed and more neutral. D. more detailed and more neutral.
less detailed and more negative.
In adolescence, sibling relationships usually become: Select one: A. less emotionally intense and more distant. B. less egalitarian. C. more competitive and conflictual. D. more intimate and affectionate.
less emotionally intense and more distant.
Research suggests that, in comparison to popular children, less popular children tend to be all of the following except: Select one: A. less intelligent. B. less physically attractive. C. less friendly and sociable. D. less cooperative.
less friendly and sociable.
Research investigating the usefulness of the serial position effect for detecting malingering provides some evidence that, in comparison to patients with traumatic brain injury, volunteers instructed to malinger (i.e., to feign brain injury) are: Select one: A. less likely to exhibit a primacy effect. B. less likely to exhibit a recency effect. C. less likely to exhibit a primacy and a recency effect. D. more likely to exhibit a primacy and a recency effect.
less likely to exhibit a primacy effect.
When a therapist is a trainee and his or her supervisor has legal responsibility for treatment being provided by the therapist, the therapist must: Select one: A. obtain a waiver of confidentiality from a client prior to discussing the case with his/her supervisor. B. let a client know that he/she is a student intern and that a supervisor will be reviewing the case. C. let a client know that he/she is a student intern and provide the client with the supervisor's name. D. let a client know that he/she is a student intern and introduce the client to the supervisor.
let a client know that he/she is a student intern and provide the client with the supervisor's name.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, learning and performance are maximized when: Select one: A. level of arousal is low. B. level of arousal is moderate. C. elaborative rehearsal is employed. D. encoding specificity is high.
level of arousal is moderate.
Which of the following approaches was used to derive the "Big Five" personality traits? Select one: A. theoretical B. empirical criterion keying C. lexical D. multitrait-multimethod matrix
lexical
Carl Jung identified which of the following as the source of psychic energy? Select one: A. libido B. archetypes C. persona D. personal unconscious
libido
A person with Dissociative Amnesia is unable to recall anything that happened to her during the first few hours after she was physically assaulted. As defined in the DSM, this is referred to as: Select one: A. localized amnesia. B. selective amnesia. C. anterograde amnesia. D. retrograde amnesia.
localized amnesia
With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect is to __________ as the recency effect is to __________. Select one: A. sensory memory; short-term memory B. short-term memory; long-term memory C. long-term memory; short-term memory D. remote long-term memory; recent long-term memory
long-term memory; short-term memory
Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) notion of __________ predicts a tendency for a loss of a particular magnitude to seem more aversive to an individual than a gain of the same magnitude seems attractive. Select one: A. status quo bias B. psychological reactance C. loss aversion D. gain/loss theory
loss aversion
Research by Diana Baumrind found that children and adolescents whose parents were _____________ were most likely to be antisocial, use drugs and alcohol, and achieve low scores on cognitive tests. Select one: A. low in control and low in warmth B. low in control and high in warmth C. high in control and low in warmth D. high in control and high in warmth
low in control and low in warmth
Research on maternal employment has found that it is associated with: Select one: A. lower school grades for both boys and girls. B. lower school grades for middle- and upper middle-class boys. C. lower school grades for lower-class boys. D. lower school grades for middle-class boys and girls.
lower school grades for middle- and upper middle-class boys.
Bronfenbrenner's (2004) ecological model describes the ________ as consisting of cultural values, beliefs, and customs. Select one: A. mesosystem B. exosystem C. macrosystem D. mezzosystem
macrosystem
During her third therapy session, Mrs. Maitalain, age 32, reveals that her husband has "forced her" to have sex with him two or three times in the last six months. She says that she usually agrees to have sexual relations with him but sometimes doesn't feel like it because she's too tired; and, in those circumstances, he sometimes uses threats and physical violence to force her to do so. Her therapist should: Select one: A. inform Mrs. Maitalain that he is legally required to report these incidents to the appropriate authorities in order to protect her from future harm. Incorrect B. make a report to the appropriate authorities only if he believes that Mrs. Maitalain is at high risk for future harm from her husband. C. maintain Mrs. Maitalains confidentiality but discuss her options in this situation. D. encourage Mrs. Maitalain to bring her husband to the next therapy session.
maintain Mrs. Maitalains confidentiality but discuss her options in this situation.
A psychologist conducts a custody evaluation for a divorce proceeding. In terms of making a specific recommendation about custody, the psychologist should: Select one: A. avoid making a recommendation and, instead, leave the final decision to the court. B. make a recommendation only if the assessment has involved procedures that have been validated for this purpose. C. make a recommendation only if he/she was not retained by one of the parents but was retained by the court. D. make a recommendation only if it is based on adequate psychological data and consideration of the best interests of the child.
make a recommendation only if it is based on adequate psychological data and consideration of the best interests of the child.
According to the "levels of processing" theory, the best way to remember a list of ten unrelated words is to: Select one: A. memorize the words in pairs. B. chunk words that start with the same letter. C. repeat the words past the point of mastery. D. make a sentence using the words.
make a sentence using the words
To be consistent with ethical requirements, when asked by a client's insurance company to electronically transfer confidential information about the client to the company, you should: Select one: A. refuse to do so. B. also send a written (non-electronic) copy of the information to the company. C. make sure the records are clearly marked "confidential." D. make sure that personal identifiers are coded or removed.
make sure that personal identifiers are coded or removed
To ensure that a work sample has adequate content validity, you would: Select one: A. make sure that the skills required by the work sample represent the skill domain required by the job. B. make sure that performance on the work sample accurately distinguishes between successful and unsuccessful workers. C. determine if performance on the work sample corresponds to current on-the-job performance. D. determine if performance on the work sample accurately predicts on-the-job performance in the future.
make sure that the skills required by the work sample represent the skill domain required by the job.
For individuals with Schizophrenia, the poorest prognosis is associated with which of the following? Select one: A. female gender, younger age at onset, and predominant negative symptoms B. female gender, older age at onset, and predominant positive symptoms C. male gender, younger age at onset, and predominant negative symptoms D. male gender, older age at onset, and predominant positive symptoms
male gender, younger age at onset, and predominant negative symptoms
As defined by Piaget, a child is exhibiting "horizontal decalage" when he/she: Select one: A. reasons from one particular event to another particular event. B. can perform a task with assistance but not alone. C. gradually makes finer and finer distinctions between stimuli over time. D. manifests inconsistency in exhibiting a particular type of ability.
manifests inconsistency in exhibiting a particular type of ability.
Studies investigating the "empty nest syndrome" have found that: Select one: A. marital satisfaction tends to decrease for middle-aged adults when all of their children leave home. B. marital satisfaction tends to increase for middle-aged adults when all of their children leave home. C. marital satisfaction tends to decrease for middle-aged men but increase for middle-aged women when all of their children leave home. D. marital satisfaction tends to decrease for middle-aged women but increase for middle-aged men when all of their children leave home.
marital satisfaction tends to increase for middle-aged adults when all of their children leave home.
Results of the National Survey of Family Growth (2002) indicate that 33% of all marriages end in separation or divorce within 10 years and that the rates of divorce are highest for women who: Select one: A. marry at a younger age and have a lower level of education. B. marry at an older age and have a lower level of education. C. marry at a younger age and have a higher level of education. D. marry at an older age and have a higher level of education.
marry at a younger age and have a lower level of education.
A psychologist acts as both a consultant to the court and a fact witness for the defense in a criminal case. This: Select one: A. represents a clear conflict of interest and is prohibited by APA guidelines. B. represents a "multiple relationship" and is explicitly prohibited by APA guidelines. C. may be acceptable as long as the psychologist clarifies her roles with the court and the defense. D. may be acceptable as long as the psychologist gets written permission from the court to act as a fact witness.
may be acceptable as long as the psychologist clarifies her roles with the court and the defense.
In Alzheimer's disease, neuron loss occurs throughout the brain. However, the greatest loss is in which of the following areas? Select one: A. medial temporal lobe B. anterior parietal lobe C. medial occipital lobe D. posterior frontal lobe
medial temporal lobe
The National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA) compared the effectiveness of four treatments - medication management alone, behavioral treatment alone, combined medication and behavioral treatment, and routine community care. The results of the initial study indicated that: Select one: A. behavioral treatment alone is as effective as medication alone. B. medication alone or behavioral treatment alone is as effective as the combined treatment. C. medication alone or the combined treatment is more effective than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care. D. behavioral treatment alone or the combined treatment is more effective than medication alone or routine community care.
medication alone or the combined treatment is more effective than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care.
Surveys of heterosexual men and women have found that, with regard to sexual satisfaction in mid- to late-adulthood: Select one: A. men report being more physically and emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships than women do. B. women report being more physically and emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships than men do. C. men and women report nearly identical levels of physical and emotional satisfaction with their current sexual relationships. D. men report being more physically satisfied but women report being more emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships.
men report being more physically and emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships than women do.
As described by Piaget, the ability of a child to see someone else perform a behavior and subsequently perform that behavior him/herself depends on the development of which of the following abilities? Select one: A. mental representation B. assimilation C. transductive reasoning D. centration
mental representation
Four major dopamine pathways in the brain have been identified. Of these, excessive dopamine in the __________ pathway has been linked to the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. Select one: A. mesolimbic B. mesocortical C. nigrostriatal D. tuberoinfundibular
mesolimbic
A school psychologist is trying to determine why a fourth grade student with an above-average IQ is doing poorly in school. He talks to the student's parents and teacher separately and then meets with them jointly to discuss similarities and differences in the boy's behaviors at home and school. From the perspective of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, the psychologist is investigating which of the following? Select one: A. microsystem and mesosystem B. microsystem and exosystem C. macrosystem and mesosystem D. macrosystem and exosystem
microsystem and mesosystem
Recent research suggests that higher rates of Schizophrenia among African-Americans is most likely attributable to: Select one: A. heredity. B. family dynamics. C. socioeconomic factors. D. misdiagnosis of hallucinations and delusions.
misdiagnosis of hallucinations and delusions.
Research on the effects of age on second-language learning has shown that the ability to achieve native-like pronunciation of a second language is: Select one: A. more likely when exposure begins in early or middle childhood. B. more likely when exposure begins in adolescence. C. more likely when exposure begins in early adulthood. D. unrelated to the age when exposure begins.
more likely when exposure begins in early or middle childhood.
Research on the "synchrony effect" has established a relationship between circadian arousal, cognitive functioning, and age. These studies have found, for example, that the performance of older adults on cognitive tasks that require the ability to focus on goal-relevant information only and to inhibit prepotent responses is best in the: Select one: A. morning. B. early afternoon. C. early evening. D. late evening.
morning.
In response to the cries of an infant: Select one: A. only the infant's mother exhibits an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. B. only the infant's caregivers and older siblings exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. C. only experienced parents exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. D. most adults (both parents and non-parents) exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
most adults (both parents and non-parents) exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
Haloperidol and other conventional neuroleptic drugs are: Select one: A. most effective for alleviating the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. B. most effective for alleviating the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. C. equally effective for alleviating the positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. D. more effective for alleviating the ancillary symptoms of Schizophrenia than either the positive or negative symptoms.
most effective for alleviating the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia.
Open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summary statements are considered the principle skills or strategies of: Select one: A. solution-focused therapy. B. reality therapy. C. motivational interviewing. D. interpersonal therapy.
motivational interviewing.
Hemiplegia affecting the right side of the body suggests damage to the: Select one: A. motor cortex in the left hemisphere. B. motor cortex in the right hemisphere. C. somatosensory cortex in the left hemisphere. D. somatosensory cortex in the right hemisphere.
motor cortex in the left hemisphere.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by: Select one: A. ataxia, cardiac arrhythmia, and delirium. B. headache, tremor, and confusion. C. nausea and vomiting, loss of coordination, and seizures. D. muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and stupor.
muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and stupor
Naasir N. states that he often can't keep himself from falling asleep during the day and, as a result, has injured himself several times at work and recently started taking the bus to work because he's afraid he'll fall asleep while driving. He says that he often experiences weakness in his legs right before he falls asleep during the day and has vivid, sometimes frightening dreams just before he wakes up. Naasir says that he likes to have a few beers in the evening and on weekends but that this seems to increase his daytime sleepiness. He reports that he has very vivid dreams at night and usually wakes up several times each night but is able to quickly fall asleep again. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis for Naasir is: Select one: A. sleep apnea. B. alcohol-induced sleep disorder. C. primary hypersomnia. D. narcolepsy.
narcolepsy
Research investigating high-risk situations associated with relapse for a variety of addictive and other problem behaviors has shown that which of the following accounts for nearly three-fourths of relapse incidents? Select one: A. urges and temptations B. negative and positive emotional states and negative physical states C. social pressure, interpersonal conflicts, and negative physical states D. negative emotional states, interpersonal conflicts, and social pressure
negative emotional states, interpersonal conflicts, and social pressure
Which of the following minimizes deviation and thereby helps a family (or other system) maintain the status quo? Select one: A. negative feedback B. positive feedback C. joining D. paradox
negative feedback
A psychologist tells the parents of an 8-year old to give him a "time-out" each time he torments his little sister. The parents find that, over time, the child needs less and less time in the time-out to calm down and apologize for his behavior. The boy's behavior is being controlled by which of the following? Select one: A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. stimulus control D. stimulus fading
negative punishment
The behavioral technique known as response cost makes use of which of the following to alter a person's behavior? Select one: A. positive punishment B. negative punishment C. positive reinforcement D. negative reinforcement
negative punishment
A 2-1/2 year old whines until his mother picks him up. In this situation, the mother's behavior is being controlled by which of the following? Select one: A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment
negative reinforcement
All of the following are categorized as operant methods for reducing or eliminating undesirable behaviors except: Select one: A. extinction. B. response cost. C. negative reinforcement. D. differential reinforcement.
negative reinforcement.
In a __________ distribution of scores, the mean is less than the median and the median is less than the mode. Select one: A. leptokurtic B. platykurtic C. negatively skewed D. positively skewed
negatively skewed
Kandel and Schwartz (1982) studied habituation in Aplysia, an invertebrate marine animal, in order to obtain information on: Select one: A. neuronal processes underlying memory. B. environmental factors that impact sensory memory. C. neuronal processes underlying sexual behavior. D. environmental factors that affect goal-directed behavior.
neuronal processes underlying memory.
Skinner found that __________ can lead to "superstitious" behaviors. Select one: A. higher-order conditioning B. two-factor learning C. noncontingent reinforcement D. noncontingent punishment
noncontingent reinforcement
As described by Piaget, a child in the autonomous stage of moral development believes that: Select one: A. rule violations will be punished. B. rules can be changed by consensus. C. rules can be changed by authorities only. D. rules are made to be broken.
rules can be changed by consensus.
The owner of a small electronics firm hires you to administer standardized cognitive ability tests to job applicants and asks you to teach her how to administer and score the tests herself. You should: Select one: A. agree to do so only if you are able to provide the owner with adequate training. B. agree to do so only if you will be able to supervise the owner. C. agree to do so only if the owner signs a confidentiality agreement. D. not agree to do so.
not agree to do so.
The police arrive at your office with an arrest warrant for one of your clients. They tell you that they need the client's most recent address and telephone number. You should: Select one: A. provide them with the information they request. B. make a copy of the warrant for your files before providing them with the information they request. C. tell them you will have to get a signed waiver from the client before you can release the information. D. not give them any information about the client.
not give them any information about the client.
The mother of a previous client of yours asks for a copy of her daughter's records. The daughter saw you for two years and died three months ago when she was 38. You should: A. send the woman a copy of the records as requested. B. send the woman only that information you believe will not be harmful. C. allow the woman to inspect the records in your office. D. not release any information without appropriate authorization.
not release any information without appropriate authorization
During an initial session with a client, the client tells Dr. Paphian that he and his wife have not been getting along well lately, and he thinks they may need couples counseling. As the client describes his wife, Dr. Paphian realizes that he had a brief affair with her ten years ago (prior to her marriage). Dr. Paphian should: Select one: A. make an appointment with the wife and discuss the matter with her before agreeing to see the couple together in therapy. B. see the husband in individual therapy only and refer them to another therapist for couples therapy. C. see the couple in therapy but not bring up the issue of his previous relationship unless the wife does. D. not see the husband or the couple in therapy but, instead, make a referral to another therapist.
not see the husband or the couple in therapy but, instead, make a referral to another therapist.
Offense history has been found to be a good predictor of re-offense among juvenile offenders. Of the offense history factors, which is least predictive of re-offense? Select one: A. age of first contact with the law B. length of first incarceration C. age at commencement of the first offense D. number of prior arrests
number of prior arrests
As described in the DSM-5, level of severity of Alcohol Use Disorder and other Substance Use Disorders is based on: Select one: A. degree of functional impairment. B. number of symptoms. C. the presence of tolerance and/or withdrawal. D. the degree of distress caused by use of the substance.
number of symptoms.
Issues related to attachment, safety, and security would be of most interest to a practitioner of: Select one: A. object relations family therapy. B. Milan systemic family therapy. C. reality therapy. D. Adlerian therapy.
object relations family therapy.
"In periods of crisis, such as loss, abandonment, separation, failure, and loneliness, the individual can temporarily fall back on his internal world." This statement reflects the basic assumptions of which of the following approaches? Select one: A. Gestalt therapy B. reality therapy C. object relations theory D. cognitive-behavioral therapy
object relations theory
Children normally begin to talk somewhere around their first birthday. Studies investigating the nature of a child's language development have shown that a large proportion of a child's first words refer to: Select one: A. objects that the child wants. B. objects that the child can hold. C. objects that are static and invariable. D. objects that move or change.
objects that move or change.
When conducting group therapy, you should remind group members: Select one: A. that they are legally bound to maintain confidentiality. B. that, since they are not legally bound to maintain confidentiality, they should not expect other members to do so. C. that, as members of a therapy group, they are ethically required to maintain confidentiality. D. of the importance of maintaining the confidentiality of statements made during group sessions.
of the importance of maintaining the confidentiality of statements made during group sessions.
Research evaluating the effectiveness of various forms of psychotherapy for older adults has found that: Select one: A. older adults respond less well than younger adults to most forms of psychotherapy. B. older adults respond much better than younger adults to most forms of psychotherapy. C. older adults respond to a comparable degree as younger adults to most forms of therapy, although older adults may respond more slowly. D. older adults respond to a comparable degree as younger adults to most forms of therapy, although older adults may respond more quickly.
older adults respond to a comparable degree as younger adults to most forms of therapy, although older adults may respond more slowly.
For a DSM-5 diagnosis of Binge-Eating Disorder, an individual must have engaged in binge-eating, on average: Select one: A. once a week for at least one month. B. once a week for at least three months. C. twice a week for at least one month. D. twice a week for at least three months.
once a week for at least three months.
Up to 50% or more of individuals who experience a minor brain injury develop postconcussional syndrome. The majority of these individuals fully recover within __________. However, for those whose symptoms last for more than __________, symptoms may be permanent. Select one: A. one to three weeks; six months B. one to two months; nine months C. one to three months; one year D. three to six months; two years
one to three months; one year
As described by Mildred Parten (1932), children's social play includes all of the following types of play except: Select one: A. onlooker. B. associative. C. parallel. D. cooperative.
onlooker
Research on bystander apathy (Latane and Darley, 1968) found that a victim is most likely to obtain help from a bystander when there is: Select one: A. only one bystander. B. between three and six bystanders. C. between seven and 10 bystanders. D. more than 12 bystanders.
only one bystander.
The frontal lobes mediate executive functions as well as complex emotions and behaviors. A person with damage to which area of the frontal lobes is most likely to engage in disinhibited, impulsive behaviors and exhibit emotional lability, distractibility, and poor judgment and insight? Select one: A. medial frontal area B. anterior cingulate area C. dorsolateral prefrontal area D. orbitofrontal area
orbitofrontal area
A therapist tells a client who wants to quit smoking that he should keep his only pack of cigarettes in a place that is accessible only by walking for more than one mile. This is an example of which of the following paradoxical techniques? Select one: A. reframing B. symptom prescription C. ordeal D. restraining
ordeal
A tumor in the medial hypothalamus is most likely to produce which of the following? Select one: A. indifference and apathy B. outbursts of aggressive behavior C. deficits in recent long-term memory D. receptive aphasia
outbursts of aggressive behavior
Physical guidance is sometimes necessary when using _________ but must be used with caution because it can have negative consequences (e.g., can elicit aggressive or avoidance behaviors). Select one: A. aversive counterconditioning B. negative practice C. response cost D. overcorrection
overcorrection
Restitution and positive practice are components of which of the following interventions? Select one: A. overcorrection B. differential reinforcement C. negative practice D. implosive therapy
overcorrection
A person with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is most likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms? Select one: a. overeating and weight gain b. loss of appetite without weight loss c. insomnia d. a craving for salty foods
overeating and weight gain
The wife of an alcoholic is told she is "co-dependent." This means that she: Select one: A. also has a drinking problem. Incorrect B. overtly or covertly supports her husband's drinking. C. is happy only when her husband is not drinking. D. exaggerates the impact and severity of her husband's problem.
overtly or covertly supports her husband's drinking.
John Watson produced a phobia in Albert B. by using which of the following procedures? Select one: A. physically confining the child so that he could not move B. requiring the child to make difficult stimulus discriminations C. pairing an aversive US with a neutral CS D. providing punishment noncontingent on behavior
pairing an aversive US with a neutral CS
The presence of which of the following symptoms would be more suggestive of a diagnosis of Caffeine-Induced Anxiety Disorder than Caffeine Intoxication? Select one: A. tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia B. psychomotor agitation C. panic attacks D. rambling flow of thoughts and speech
panic attacks
A client is acting in a passive-aggressive way toward a psychology intern who, in turn, becomes unconsciously passive-aggressive toward her supervisor. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: A. transference B. countertransference C. over-involvement D. parallel process
parallel process
For Hispanic/Latino American families, the strongest family bond is most often between: Select one: A. husband and wife. B. parent and child. C. brother and sister. D. grandparent and grandchild.
parent and child.
Rutter (1979) identified several high-risk factors ("Rutter's indicators") for the development of psychopathology in children. These factors include: Select one: A. physical disabilities, small family size, and paternal psychiatric disorder. B. low IQ, large family size, and chronic physical illness. C. parental marital discord, high socioeconomic status, and parental psychiatric disorder. D. parental marital discord, large family size, and paternal criminality.
parental marital discord, large family size, and paternal criminality.
Research on behavioral inhibition by Kagan (1998) and others suggests that this characteristic can be exacerbated by: Select one: A. parental overprotectiveness. B. parental permissiveness. C. a lack of interactional synchrony. D. a chaotic home environment.
parental overprotectiveness.
Research conducted in the past 15 to 20 years on parents' gender-related stereotypes of their offspring has found that: Select one: A. parents perceive boys and girls differently within 24 hours after the childs birth. B. parents do not perceive boys and girls differently until several weeks or months after the child's birth. C. mothers (but not fathers) perceive boys and girls differently but not until several months after the child's birth. D. parents no longer perceive boys and girls differently during the first 12 to 24 months after the childs birth.
parents perceive boys and girls differently within 24 hours after the childs birth.
Tactile sensation and visuospatial functions are mediated primarily by the: Select one: A. frontal lobe. B. occipital lobe. C. parietal lobe. D. temporal lobe.
parietal lobe.
While treating a client for snake phobia, a therapist handles the snake and then guides the client through a series of steps until she is able to handle the snake herself. This technique is referred to as: Select one: A. symbolic modeling. B. participant modeling. C. in-vivo desensitization. D. overcorrection.
participant modeling.
For people with Specific Phobia, blood-injection-injury type: Select one: A. relaxation techniques are the treatment-of-choice. B. relaxation techniques have good short-term but poor long-term effects. C. relaxation techniques are most effective when they include in vivo exposure to feared stimuli. D. relaxation techniques are normally contraindicated.
relaxation techniques are normally contraindicated.
For Irvin Yalom (1985), seeing a client in both individual therapy and group therapy is inadvisable because: Select one: A. the client will spend too much time in individual therapy discussing problems that arise during the group. B. the client will terminate individual therapy prematurely because of the benefits he/she is deriving from the group. C. participation in individual therapy may decrease the client's involvement and participation in the group. D. participation in both individual and group therapy is likely to be too anxiety-evoking for most clients.
participation in individual therapy may decrease the client's involvement and participation in the group.
Research has found maternal depression to be a risk factor for the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive development of children. For example, there is evidence that toddlers of mothers with severe depression tend to be: Select one: A. excessively acquiescent. B. hypervigilant and anxious. C. antagonistic and belligerent. D. passively noncompliant.
passively noncompliant.
A number of studies have been conducted in the last decade to examine the interaction between cognition and affect. One consistent finding of this research is that: Select one: A. people in a positive mood perceive, encode, and retrieve positive, neutral, and negative information with equal efficiency and more efficiently than people in a negative mood. B. people in a positive mood perceive, encode, and retrieve neutral information most efficiently, while people in a negative mood perceive, encode, and retrieve positive and negative information most efficiently. C. people in a positive mood perceive, encode, and retrieve positive information more efficiently, while people in a negative mood perceive, encode, and retrieve negative information more efficiently. D. there is no consistent relationship between mood and the perception, encoding, and retrieval of positive or negative information.
people in a positive mood perceive, encode, and retrieve positive information more efficiently, while people in a negative mood perceive, encode, and retrieve negative information more efficiently.
The stages of change (transtheoretical) model identifies two factors as the primary predictors of successful transition from one stage to the next. These are: Select one: A. perceived self-efficacy and decisional balance. B. locus of control and level of commitment. C. motivation and persuasibility. D. outcome expectancies and outcome value.
perceived self-efficacy and decisional balance.
Which of the following would be most useful when a test administrator wants to use test scores to determine how much a person has learned during the course of a six-week training program? Select one: A. expectancy tables B. stanine scores C. percentile ranks D. percentage scores
percentage scores
Which of the following suggests that a DSM-5 diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa is more appropriate than a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa? Which of the following suggests that a DSM-5 diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa is more appropriate than a diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa? Select one: A. the presence of episodes of binging and purging B. a disturbance in body image C. menstrual irregularities D. persistent restriction of energy intake
persistent restriction of energy intake
Which of the following is a correct use of HIV- or AIDS-related language? Select one: A. AIDS virus B. AIDS-infected person C. HIV virus D. person with HIV
person with HIV
In a research study, a child sits in front of a three-dimensional model of a mountain scene while another person sits on the opposite side of the mountain scene. The child is then asked to first choose a photograph that depicts the scene that he or she has observed and then to choose the picture that depicts what the other person observed. Being familiar with the research on Piaget's stages of cognitive development, you predict that children 3 to 5 years of age will most likely: Select one: A. pick the correct picture for their own point of view and pick the same (incorrect) picture for the point of view of the other person. B. pick the correct picture for their own point of view and pick a different (but incorrect) picture for the point of view of the other person. C. pick the correct pictures for their own point of view and the point of view of the other person. D. pick incorrect pictures for their own point of view and the point of view of the other person
pick the correct picture for their own point of view and pick the same (incorrect) picture for the point of view of the other person.
Which of the following is generally considered to be most important in the early development of attachment between an infant and his or her caretaker? Select one: A. pleasant tactile stimulation of the infant by the caretaker B. satiation of the infant's hunger by the caretaker C. provision of a structured, nonchanging environment by the caretaker D. provision of consistent auditory stimulation by the caretaker's voice
pleasant tactile stimulation of the infant by the caretaker
To determine the degree of association between pregnancy status (pregnant or not) and the number of items selected on a stress event checklist, you would use which of the following? Select one: A. Pearson r B. Spearman rho C. biserial D. point biserial
point biserial
Every time a child in an institutional setting has a tantrum, the only staff member with whom the child has a positive relationship calmly but firmly tells the child to stop his behavior. The child's behavior increases rather than decreases over time as a result of the staff member's behavior. This is an example of: Select one: A. positive reinforcement of the misbehavior. B. negative reinforcement of the misbehavior. C. positive punishment for the misbehavior. D. negative punishment for the misbehavior.
positive reinforcement of the misbehavior.
Following a head injury, a middle-aged man experiences a loss of sensation in the fingers of his left hand. Most likely the damage involves the: Select one: A. postcentral gyrus. B. precentral gyrus. C. lateral fissure. D. precentral sulcus.
postcentral gyrus
A psychologist is hired to perform a court-ordered evaluation of a defendant in a criminal case. The psychologist discusses the purpose of the evaluation with the defendant who then says he does not want to cooperate. According to the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2012), the psychologist should: Select one: A. remind the defendant that he has no choice since the evaluation is court-ordered. B. refuse to conduct the evaluation unless he obtains an informed consent from the defendant. C. refuse to conduct the evaluation unless he obtains an informed consent from either the defendant or the defendant's attorney. D. postpone the evaluation and advise the defendant to contact his attorney.
postpone the evaluation and advise the defendant to contact his attorney.
Research investigating the physiological mechanisms associated with emotion have found that the eyeblink reflex is: Select one: A. potentiated when the individual is viewing an unpleasant stimulus but inhibited when the individual is viewing a pleasant stimulus. B. inhibited when the individual is viewing an unpleasant stimulus but potentiated when the individual is viewing a pleasant stimulus. C. potentiated when the individual is viewing a neutral stimulus but inhibited when the individual is viewing an unpleasant or pleasant stimulus. D. unaffected by the type of stimulus being viewed by an individual.
potentiated when the individual is viewing an unpleasant stimulus but inhibited when the individual is viewing a pleasant stimulus.
A 47-year old politician teaching his aides the essentials of dirty tricks tells them, "Nothing is wrong unless you get caught." One of his aides, a developmental psychologist, comments to another aide that the politician is apparently at the __________ level of moral development. Select one: A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. instrumental
preconventional
The SAT Reasoning Test is used to: Select one: A. help skilled and semi-skilled workers choose an occupation. B. help high school students choose a college major. C. predict the graduate school success of college seniors. D. predict the college success of high school seniors.
predict the college success of high school seniors.
Which of the following aspects of perception develops FIRST during infancy? Select one: A. 20/20 vision B. sensitivity to pictorial depth cues C. preference for faces over other visual patterns D. discrimination between happy and angry faces and sounds
preference for faces over other visual patterns
Tacrine hydrocholoride (Cognex), donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept), and rivastigmine (Exelon) slow down memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease by: Select one: A. inhibiting the breakdown of serotonin. B. increasing the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. C. preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine. D. blocking glutamate receptors.
preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine.
Data from the National Health Care Survey indicate that, in general, central nervous system medications are most often prescribed for patients in which of the following ambulatory care settings? Select one: A. primary care offices B. medical specialty offices C. hospital outpatient departments D. hospital emergency departments
primary care offices
In the context of managed health care, "gatekeeper" refers to the: Select one: A. peer review board. B. HMO. C. clinical supervisor. D. primary care physician.
primary care physician.
The most prominent risk factor for drug abuse in adolescence is: Select one: A. parent and family member drug use. B. availability of drugs. C. prior use of gateway drugs. D. depression.
prior use of gateway drugs
Dr. Cooper is appointed by the court to evaluate a 42-year old man who is the defendant in a court proceeding. With regard to privilege, Dr. Cooper should be aware that: Select one: A. the defendant is the holder of the privilege and must sign a waiver of confidentiality before any information is given to the court. B. Dr. Cooper is the holder of the privilege in this situation and it is his responsibility to determine what information to release to the court. C. privilege is waived in this situation but Dr. Cooper should inform the defendant of the limits on confidentiality. D. privilege is waived in this situation and Dr. Cooper can decide if it is appropriate to inform the defendant of the limits on confidentiality.
privilege is waived in this situation but Dr. Cooper should inform the defendant of the limits on confidentiality.
One of the most common impairments following brain injury is memory loss. Although the nature of the disturbance depends on the locus and extent of the damage, most often it involves: Select one: A. an inability to recall information stored in remote long-term memory. B. profound deficits in memory for events that occurred in the days to weeks prior to the incident that caused the injury. C. spotty deficits in memory for both recent and past events. D. problems related to retaining new information.
problems related to retaining new information.
In comparison to bilateral ECT, unilateral ECT to the right (nondominant) hemisphere: Select one: A. produces similar levels of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. B. produces greater anterograde amnesia for nonverbal tasks only. C. produces greater anterograde and retrograde amnesia for both verbal and nonverbal tasks. D. produces less anterograde amnesia for both verbal and nonverbal tasks.
produces less anterograde amnesia for both verbal and nonverbal tasks.
With regard to sexual harassment, the APA'sEthical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: Select one: A. prohibits denying employment, tenure, or promotion to an individual because he/she has filed a sexual harassment charge. B. prohibits denying employment, tenure, or promotion to an individual because he/she has filed or is the subject of a sexual harassment charge. C. prohibits denying employment, tenure, or promotion to an individual because he/she has filed or is the subject of a sexual harassment charge or has been found guilty of sexual harassment. D. none of the above.
prohibits denying employment, tenure, or promotion to an individual because he/she has filed or is the subject of a sexual harassment charge.
Which of the following is likely to be least effective when working with American Indian or Alaskan Native therapy clients? Select one: A. promoting a value free environment in therapy B. adopting a holistic perspective that regards illness as a result of multiple factors C. incorporating traditional healers and practices into the treatment process D. adopting a client-centered approach that avoids highly directive techniques
promoting a value free environment in therapy
Dr. Cal Amity is asked to provide crisis intervention services to individuals who were affected by a tornado that destroyed many homes in a nearby community. Dr. Amity has not had experience providing assistance to people who have been traumatized by a natural disaster, but there is no one else in the area who has experience and is available to see these individuals. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Amity should: Select one: A. provide services only if he is supervised by another professional who has adequate training. B. provide services to these individuals but stop when the crisis has ended or other services become available. C. provide services to these individuals but use only interventions that he has experience using. D. refuse to provide the services.
provide services to these individuals but stop when the crisis has ended or other services become available.
An insurance company is conducting a peer review and requests that you provide it with information about a current client whose fee is being paid by the company. In this situation, you are best advised to: Select one: A. provide the company with the requested information only if the client is willing for you to do so. B. provide the company with only that information you believe to be pertinent to the review. C. provide the company with relevant information after ensuring that it is aware of the need to maintain confidentiality. D. provide the company with the requested information because the client waived confidentiality when he/she signed the insurance form.
provide the company with relevant information after ensuring that it is aware of the need to maintain confidentiality.
You receive a court order requesting that you provide information about a 19-year-old client who is currently the defendant in a court case. You discuss the request with the client but he refuses to sign a waiver of confidentiality. You should: Select one: A. refuse to provide the court with the requested information until you obtain a waiver from the client. B. refuse to provide the court with the requested information until you obtain a waiver from the client's attorney or legal guardian. C. provide the court only with information that you believe will not be harmful to the client. D. provide the court with the requested information.
provide the court with the requested information
A client has missed the last three appointments and has not paid for the past five. You receive a letter from a state in-patient facility requesting information about the client who is now a patient there because of a suicide attempt. The request includes a valid release of information. According to the Ethics Code, you are acting ethically in this situation if you: Select one: A. notify the client that you will release the information only after an acceptable arrangement has been made for his unpaid bill. B. agree to release only a summary of your records until an acceptable arrangement has been made for his unpaid bill. C. provide the hospital with the information it has requested. D. use your own discretion as to the best course of action.
provide the hospital with the information it has requested.
Dr. Dilemma is contacted by an insurance company, which wants information about a previous client of hers. The client's fee was paid by the insurance company when he was seeing her, and the insurance company now wants information for part of its regular peer review process. Dr. Dilemma's best course of action would be to: Select one: A. provide the insurance company with the information it requests. B. provide the insurance company with the information it requests only after ensuring that the company will take steps to protect the client's confidentiality. C. provide the insurance company with the information it requests in a way that allows the client's identity to be concealed. D. refuse to release any information to the company unless she feels it is in the client's best interests.
provide the insurance company with the information it requests only after ensuring that the company will take steps to protect the client's confidentiality.
A woman calls you asking for information about her son who is a current client of yours. You have been seeing the son in individual therapy since he was 17. He is now 18-1/2 and has just started college. This mother is paying for her son's therapy. You should: Select one: A. provide the woman with the information she has requested about her son. B. provide the woman only with information that is relevant to the purpose of her request. C. provide the woman only with that part of the record that pertains to her son before he turned 18. D. provide the woman with information only with the permission of her son.
provide the woman with information only with the permission of her son.
In its statement on Legal Liability Related to Confidentiality and the Prevention of HIV Transmission, the American Psychological Association (1991) recommends that: Select one: A. psychologists be legally required to protect the partners of patients with HIV/AIDS. B. psychologists be legally required to protect the partners of patients with HIV/AIDS as long as psychologists are also protected from civil and criminal liability for doing so. C. psychologists be legally required to protect the partners of patients with HIV/AIDS but only after they obtain the patients permission to do so. D. psychologists not be legally required to protect the partners of patients with HIV/AIDS.
psychologists not be legally required to protect the partners of patients with HIV/AIDS.
As described in the DSM-5, which of the following are symptoms of Stimulant Intoxication? Select one: A. nystagmus, numbness, and muscle rigidity B. blurred vision, tremor, and depressed reflexes C. pupillary dilation, nausea, and muscular weakness D. fatigue, increased appetite, and vivid dreams
pupillary dilation, nausea, and muscular weakness
A dimensional approach to diagnosis is based on a(n) ________ of attributes. Select one: a. quantification b. categorization c. exclusion d. dichotomization
quantification
"Sampling error" is due to: Select one: A. the unreliability of the test. B. the invalidity of the test. C. random factors that produce a nonrepresentative sample. D. non-random factors that produce a nonrepresentative sample.
random factors that produce a nonrepresentative sample.
Which of the following research designs would be useful for controlling the effects of a potential confounding organismic variable on the results of a research study when participants' scores on that variable are known at the beginning of the study? Select one: A. counterbalanced B. randomized block C. Solomon four-group D. nonequivalent groups
randomized block
The best way to maximize a research study's external validity is to: Select one: A. use a parametric (versus nonparametric) statistical test. B. set alpha at .01 rather than .05. C. select participants who are homogeneous with regard to the target characteristic. D. randomly select research participants from the target population.
randomly select research participants from the target population.
A person is most likely to be happy in a job that involves working with tools and objects, requires physical strength, and provides regular feedback in the form of practical results if his/her highest score is on the __________ subscale of Holland's Self-Directed Search. Select one: A. investigative B. mechanical C. conventional D. realistic
realistic
According to the APA'sGuidelines for Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations,when a client belonging to a different ethnic or cultural group comes to therapy, a therapist is best advised to: Select one: A. treat the client like any other person unless there is reason to do otherwise. B. alter the diagnostic and treatment processes to coincide with the client's ethnic or cultural background. C. recognize that ethnic and cultural forces can have an impact on both the therapist's and the client's psychological processes. D. refer the client to another therapist from the same ethnic or cultural background whenever it is feasible to do so.
recognize that ethnic and cultural forces can have an impact on both the therapist's and the client's psychological processes.
Although the various models of homosexual (gay/lesbian) identity development differ somewhat in terms of the number and nature of the stages they propose, most (or all) describe a person in the initial stage as: Select one: A. revealing to another person that he/she is not sexually attracted to people of the opposite gender. B. actively denying his/her sexual attraction toward same-gender individuals. C. recognizing that he/she is different from same-gender peers. D. first realizing that he/she is sexually attracted to people of the same gender.
recognizing that he/she is different from same-gender peers.
Following a head injury, Jake J., age 24, exhibits a period of post-traumatic amnesia that persists for nearly one hour. Two days later, Jake is still experiencing a number of symptoms including headache, fatigue, irritability, visual disturbances, and impaired attention. Jake does not have a history of a prior head injury or psychiatric problems. In terms of prognosis, Jake can expect: Select one: A. recovery of all neuropsychological functions and resolution of most or all symptoms within two to four weeks. B. recovery of most or all neuropsychological functions and resolution of most or all symptoms within three to six months. C. significant impairment of some neuropsychological functions and the presence of other symptoms for at least nine to 12 months. D. significant impairment of most neuropsychological functions and the presence of other symptoms for an indefinite period of time
recovery of most or all neuropsychological functions and resolution of most or all symptoms within three to six months.
Functional brain imaging of a patient with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease is most likely to find which of the following? Select one: A. increased metabolism in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia B. decreased metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus C. reduced metabolism in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex D. increased metabolism in the hippocampus and amygdala
reduced metabolism in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
A psychologist has just started seeing a third grader who has been exhibiting behavioral problems at school and home. The psychologist suspects that the child has dyslexia but has had no training in the evaluation of this disorder. The child's parents want the psychologist to conduct the evaluation because of the good rapport she has with the child. The psychologist should: Select one: A. conduct the evaluation only after informing the parents of their options and obtaining an informed consent. B. conduct the evaluation only after attending a workshop on Learning Disorders. C. conduct the evaluation only if available assessment instruments do not require extensive training to administer. D. refer the child to a colleague who has experience in Learning Disorders for the evaluation.
refer the child to a colleague who has experience in Learning Disorders for the evaluation.
Dr. Dither is hired by the court to conduct an evaluation of a family as part of a child protection matter. Based on Dr. Dither's evaluation and other evidence, the court determines that the child can remain at home with his family who will be provided with supervision and counseling. Six months after the case is heard in court, Dr. Dither is contacted by the mother who says she would like to begin therapy with him for issues unrelated to the child protection matter. Dr. Dither should: A. agree to see the woman in therapy since the child protection matter has been resolved. B. agree to see the woman in therapy only if her problem is, in fact, unrelated to the child protection matter. C. agree to see the woman in therapy since his familiarity with her situation will be an advantage. D. refer the woman to a colleague.
refer the woman to a colleague.
You are asked by the court to evaluate a 70-year old woman to help determine her competence. She is apparently disoriented and confused and has substantial memory loss. You have recently taken a weekend workshop on the use of a new computerized assessment technique for people with symptoms like those exhibited by this woman, and you feel this method of assessment would be especially valid in this situation. Further, you had taken the workshop specifically because you want to expand your practice by being qualified to conduct competency-related evaluations for the court. Your best course of action would be to: Select one: A. use the program to assess the woman. B. use the program to assess the woman but, when testifying in court, discuss the potential limitations of your conclusions. C. use the program to assess the woman but confirm your conclusions before testifying by consulting with the developer of the assessment technique. D. refer the woman to someone who is more familiar with this type of evaluation.
refer the woman to someone who is more familiar with this type of evaluation.
Prospective memory: Select one: A. is an aspect of working memory. B. contains memories of one's personal experiences. C. refers to "remembering to remember." D. refers to "knowing about knowing."
refers to "remembering to remember."
Byrne's (1971) law of attraction proposes that people prefer spending time with others who are similar to them in terms of attitudes, and he links this preference to which of the following? Select one: A. reinforcement B. cognitive schemas C. social comparison theory D. self-monitoring
reinforcement
An "extinction burst" occurs when: Select one: A. a primary reinforcer loses its reinforcing value. B. a previously non-reinforced behavior is reinforced. C. reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior is removed. D. an extinguished behavior is accidentally reinforced
reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior is removed
In terms of parenting styles, adolescent antisocial behavior is most associated with which of the following? Select one: A. authoritarian B. rejecting-neglecting C. permissive D. instrumental
rejecting-neglecting
Which of the following terms is least descriptive of the Lockean tradition underlying the Western approach to individual psychotherapy? Select one: A. linear-cause effect B. reductionistic C. individualistic D. relativistic
relativistic
The brother of a former client of yours calls you requesting that you release the client's therapy records to him. The client died several months prior to this request. As an ethical psychologist, you: Select one: A. release the records to him since he is a family member. B. release the records to him since requirements for maintaining confidentiality do not extend beyond a client's death. C. release the records only after obtaining a waiver from the executor or administrator of the client's estate. D. refuse to release the records under any circumstance.
release the records only after obtaining a waiver from the executor or administrator of the client's estate.
A psychologist is working in the employee assistance program (EAP) of a large corporation. She is approached by a supervisor who referred an employee to the EAP several weeks ago when the employee was having problems at home that began interfering with her job performance. The employer now wants to know if the employee has been receiving counseling from the psychologist and, if so, how the sessions are going. In fact, the employee has seen the psychologist four times and has another session scheduled for the next week. The psychologist should: Select one: A. inform the supervisor that she has seen the employee but provide no information about the employee's treatment. B. inform the supervisor that she has seen the employee and provide a summary of the employees progress with regard to the reason for the referral. C. remind the supervisor of the need to maintain confidentiality and provide him with no information about the employee. D. tell the supervisor that she will have to get permission from the employee before providing the supervisor with any information about the employees progress.
remind the supervisor of the need to maintain confidentiality and provide him with no information about the employee.
A primary goal of Minuchin's structural family therapy is to: Select one: A. increase differentiation in family members by identifying and restructuring family triangles. B. replace rigid and diffuse boundaries with clear boundaries. C. balance separation and togetherness. D. align boundaries with family systems and subsystems.
replace rigid and diffuse boundaries with clear boundaries.
The research has found that the more widely that lesbians disclose their sexual orientation to others, the more likely they will: Select one: A. experience an increase in anxiety. B. engage in greater anonymous socializing. C. report higher levels of self-esteem. D. report less support from family members.
report higher levels of self-esteem.
People using the ____________ heuristic base their judgments on resemblances and similarities. Select one: A. availability B. representativeness C. simulation D. anchoring
representativeness
A school psychologist is contacted by the father of one of the school's students. He informs the psychologist that the family is moving to another state and requests that she provide him with a copy of his child's records. The psychologist should: Select one: A. provide a copy of the records to the father as requested because he has a legal right to them. B. provide a copy of the records to the father in a sealed envelope that is marked "confidential" and instruct him to give it to the school psychologist at the new school. C. request the name and address of the new school and forward the records to the school psychologist once the family has moved. D. refuse to release a copy of the records because they are the property of the school.
request the name and address of the new school and forward the records to the school psychologist once the family has moved.
With regard to informed consents in research, APA'sEthics Code: Select one: A. requires psychologists to provide potential research participants with specific information in "reasonably understandable language" prior to consenting to participate. B. requires psychologists to "ensure that potential research participants understand" the information they have been given prior to consenting to participate. C. requires psychologists to provide potential research participants with specific information prior to consenting to participate. D. requires psychologists to provide potential research participants with specific information in "reasonably understandable language" and to ensure that they understand the information prior to consenting to participate.
requires psychologists to provide potential research participants with specific information in "reasonably understandable language" prior to consenting to participate.
Dr. Looby receives a letter from the Ethics Committee stating that the Committee has received a complaint from a current client who is concerned about Dr. Looby's office staff and procedures. The client has found two members of the staff to be consistently rude, and they have made comments to her that imply they have access to confidential information. Dr. Looby should: Select one: A. discuss the matter with the staff members. B. set up an appointment with the client to discuss the matter. C. send a letter of apology to the client and inform her that changes will be made. D. respond to the Committee in writing.
respond to the Committee in writing.
Charging telephone customers for using directory assistance to obtain phone numbers in order to decrease the usage of directory assistance is an application of which of the following? Select one: A. Premack Principle B. overcorrection C. negative reinforcement D. response cost
response cost
The traditional explanation for the beneficial effects of acupuncture is that it promotes healing by: Select one: A. restoring the flow of energy in the body. B. creating a state of mental calmness. C. altering the balance between cell growth and cell death. D. restoring balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
restoring the flow of energy in the body.
In a research study, participants are divided into two groups. Members of the first group are first given a list of three-letter nonsense syllables to remember, are then given a new list of three-letter nonsense syllables to remember, and are subsequently asked to recall the first list. Members of the second group are given the same initial list of syllables but, instead of being given the second list, are asked to count backwards by threes (377, 374, 371, etc.) before being asked to recall the list of words. Apparently, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of: Select one: A. retroactive interference. B. proactive interference. C. overlearning. D. cue-dependent forgetting.
retroactive interference.
A client describes a recurring dream of his to his therapist in which the client's parents are standing on top of a stairway and refuse to let him climb up to the bedroom. If the therapist is a practitioner of Gestalt Therapy, she will probably: Select one: A. analyze the content of the dream. B. ask the client to discuss his relationship with his parents. C. see the dream as indicative of the client's current progress in therapy. D. see the dream as representing parts of the client's personality that need to be integrated.
see the dream as representing parts of the client's personality that need to be integrated.
A client who terminated therapy with Dr. Demit several months ago calls to request an appointment because he has become very depressed and is feeling suicidal. In the past few months, Dr. Demit has been reducing her practice because she is getting ready to retire. The best course of action in this situation is for Dr. Demit to: Select one: A. see the man until the crisis has passed and then provide him with appropriate referrals. B. explain to the man that she is about to retire and refer him to a colleague. C. provide the man with several referrals and ask him to let her know if none of them works out. D. provide the man with several referrals and tell him she is willing to consult with the new therapist.
see the man until the crisis has passed and then provide him with appropriate referrals.
The ability to carry on a conversation with a friend at a party where there is loud music and a great deal of background noise is attributable to: Select one: A. sustained attention. B. divided attention. C. sequential attention. D. selective attention.
selective attention.
With regard to language acquisition, a child's use of his/her knowledge of the meaning of words to make inferences about their grammatical type or structure is referred to as: Select one: A. semantic bootstrapping. B. prosodic bootstrapping. C. syntactic bootstrapping. D. morphological bootstrapping.
semantic bootstrapping.
A predictor's ___________ is calculated by dividing the number of true positives by the number of true positives plus false negatives. Select one: A. positive predictive value B. negative predictive value C. sensitivity D. specificity
sensitivity
When working with a "split-brain" patient, you would notice that he or she has the most difficulty with regard to which of the following? Select one: A. reflexive functions B. executive functions C. memory functions D. sensory functions
sensory functions
The assessment of patients with Alzheimer's disease is an ongoing process due to the degenerative nature of the disease and the consequent need to alter the nature of the treatment plan. During the 4th or 5th year of the disorder, an assessment is most likely to find which of the following? Select one: A. deficits in new learning with remote memory mildly to moderately impaired; anomia; sadness B. severe impairments in recent and remote memory; fluent aphasia; indifference or irritability; restlessness C. severe impairments in memory and executive functioning; motor rigidity; confusion and delusions D. severely disturbed intellectual functioning; limb rigidity and flexion posture; apathy; seizures
severe impairments in recent and remote memory; fluent aphasia; indifference or irritability; restlessness
Of the cases processed by the APA's Ethics Committee as the result of revocation of a psychologist's license by a state licensing board, the most common complaint processed by the committee is which of the following? Select one: A. loss of licensure in another jurisdiction B. sexual misconduct C. breach of confidentiality D. issues related to competence
sexual misconduct
To establish a behavior that an individual does not naturally emit, you would use which of the following? Select one: A. intermittent reinforcement B. shaping C. response generalization D. priming
shaping
A depressed client says she feels worthless and unlikable and every time she tries to do something to make things better, she is faced with barriers put up by her parents, husband, and boss, who don't seem to recognize her efforts. In terms of the third component of Beck's cognitive triad, you would expect the client to also say: Select one: A. other people are "out to get her." B. she had a "lousy childhood." C. she feels that things will never change. D. nothing seems to make her feel good.
she feels that things will never change.
When a research study requires participants to be deceived about its real purpose prior to their participation, they: Select one: A. do not have to be told the true purpose of the study as long as the deception was justified by the prospective value of the study. B. do not have to be told the true purpose of the study unless not to do so would be likely to cause them psychological harm. C. must be debriefed about the true purpose of the study immediately after their participation. D. should be debriefed about the true purpose of the study as soon as possible after their participation.
should be debriefed about the true purpose of the study as soon as possible after their participation.
A psychologist wants to assess a client with a test that has not yet been validated for the client's ethnic group. To be consistent with the provisions of the Ethics Code, the psychologist: Select one: A. should explain the limitations of the test results to the client. B. should assess the client only if the test results are "imminently needed." C. should assess the client only if the assessment has been approved by the insurance company. D. should not assess the client using the test under any circumstances.
should explain the limitations of the test results to the client.
According to the APA's Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations, when the linguistic skills of a psychologist do not match the client's language, the psychologist: Select one: A. must make a referral. B. may ask the client to bring an interpreter. C. should retain the services of a translator who has the appropriate cultural/linguistic knowledge and professional training. D. should make a referral or, if not feasible, should retain an appropriate translator.
should make a referral or, if not feasible, should retain an appropriate translator.
You assessed a defendant who is accused of rape using a single standardized personality inventory. The defendant's profile does not seem to be consistent with the nature of the crime. You should: Select one: A. testify as an expert witness that you believe the defendant is not guilty. B. testify as a character witness. C. should not disclose the results of this personality inventory. D. should not base a conclusion on the results of a single assessment profile.
should not base a conclusion on the results of a single assessment profile.
Dr. Wright, a licensed psychologist, has been seeing Aimee Ames in individual therapy for nearly six months. Aimee has just decided to divorce her husband and asks Dr. Wright if he will conduct custody evaluations of her three children. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Wright: Select one: A. should conduct the custody evaluations only if he obtains the consent of Mr. Ames. B. should conduct the custody evaluations only if he also evaluates Mr. Ames. C. should conduct the custody evaluations only if he determines that his professional relationship with Mrs. Ames will not interfere with his objectivity. D. should not conduct the custody evaluations.
should not conduct the custody evaluations.
According to the APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2012), accepting contingent fees for professional services in a legal proceeding: Select one: A. is acceptable. B. is acceptable only if the fees are "fair and equitable." C. should be avoided unless doing so does not interfere with the psychologist's objectivity. D. should ordinarily be avoided.
should ordinarily be avoided.
A licensed psychologist who provides individual and group therapy to adolescents and adults learns that she is HIV+. In terms of ethical requirements, the psychologist: Select one: A. should refrain from initiating any professional activities that might be adversely affected by her medical condition. B. should obtain supervision to ensure that her medical condition does not impair her ability to provide effective services to clients. C. should inform her clients of her medical condition "as early as is feasible." D. is not obligated to take any special actions or precautions in this situation.
should refrain from initiating any professional activities that might be adversely affected by her medical condition
Dr. Fran Flummox is asked by the plaintiff's attorney to serve as an expert witness on behalf of the plaintiff in a malpractice suit. The attorney asks Dr. Flummox if she would be willing to waive her usual fee and accept a proportion of the anticipated settlement instead. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Flummox: Select one: A. may agree to do so because accepting a contingent fee is acceptable in this situation. B. should agree to do so only if the contingent fee will represent the fair market value of her services. C. should agree to do so only if she determines that accepting the contingent fee is in the best interests of the plaintiff. D. should refuse to do so because psychologists should avoid accepting contingent fees in this situation.
should refuse to do so because psychologists should avoid accepting contingent fees in this situation.
Work by Perry and colleagues (1986) suggests that highly aggressive children: Select one: A. were exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens. B. are less sensitive to physical discomfort than less aggressive children. C. exhibited a disoriented/disengaged attachment pattern as young children. D. show little remorse after hurting another child.
show little remorse after hurting another child.
Research on attraction suggests that we are most likely to join a group when members are: Select one: A. similar in terms of attitudes and ability. B. dissimilar in terms of attitudes and ability. C. similar in terms of attitude but diverse in terms of ability. D. diverse in terms of attitude but similar in terms of ability.
similar in terms of attitudes and ability
A __________ seizure affects movement and sensation, usually on one side of the body, without a loss of consciousness. Select one: A. petit mal B. atonic C. clonic D. simple partial
simple partial
For her math class assignment, a high school student decides to compare the average number of hours that students in her school view TV each day to the national average. To analyze the data she collects, the student will use which of the following statistical tests? Select one: A. single-sample t-test B. independent samples t-test C. single-sample chi-square test D. multiple-sample chi-square test
single-sample t-test
Which of the following provides reinforcement on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement? Select one: A. surprise quizzes B. piecework C. bi-weekly paychecks D. slot machines
slot machines
Tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), and galantamine (Reminyl) exert their beneficial effects on memory for patients with Alzheimer's dementia by: Select one: A. slowing acetylcholine depletion. B. slowing dopamine depletion. C. increasing the production of serotonin. D. increasing the production of norepinephrine.
slowing acetylcholine depletion.
When using the multitrait-multimethod matrix to evaluate the construct validity of a newly developed test, a __________ coefficient provides evidence of the test's divergent (discriminant) validity. Select one: A. large monotrait-heteromethod B. large heterotrait-monomethod C. small monotrait-heteromethod D. small heterotrait-monomethod
small heterotrait-monomethod
Research on Kohlberg's theory of moral development has found that very few people ever reach Stage 6. However, some do engage in Stage 5 reasoning and base their moral judgments on: Select one: A. social contracts. B. self-chosen universally-applicable standards. C. rules and laws. D. the motivation underlying an act.
social contracts.
During the first therapy session with a husband and wife who are experiencing marital problems, a therapist requests that, during the next week, they identify things in their relationship that they want to continue. Most likely, this therapist is a practitioner of: Select one: A. psychoeducational family therapy. B. behavioral marital therapy. C. interpersonal therapy. D. solution-focused therapy.
solution-focused therapy.
Subjects learn a task while under the influence of a CNS stimulant. Three days later, half of the subjects are tested while under the influence of the drug; the other half are tested while drug-free. Subjects who have been given the drug perform better on the task during testing. This result is predicted by which of the following? Select one: A. state dependent learning B. proactive facilitation C. drug-dependence effect D. priming
state dependent learning
To construct the 68% confidence interval for an examinee's obtained test score, you would need the examinee's score and: Select one: A. the test's mean. B. the range of test scores. C. the standard error of measurement. D. the standard error of estimate.
the standard error of measurement.
The ANCOVA enables an experimenter to: Select one: A. statistically remove error variance that is attributable to a known extraneous variable. B. determine if the effects of an extraneous variable moderate the relationship between the IV and DV. C. simultaneously assess more than one hypothesis about the IV's effects on the DV. D. test the effects of an IV on more than one DV without increasing the experimentwise error rate.
statistically remove error variance that is attributable to a known extraneous variable.
When item response theory has been used as the basis for test construction, an examinee's score on the test provides information about his/her: Select one: A. future status on an external criterion. B. status on a latent trait or ability. C. performance relative to other examinees. D. performance relative to performance on related measures.
status on a latent trait or ability.
According to Carol Gilligan, adolescent girls need experiences that help them: Select one: A. plan for their future in the adult world. B. separate successfully from their families. C. stay connected to themselves and others. D. explore alternative identities.
stay connected to themselves and others.
Dr. Jay tells his client, Sandy Y., to smoke cigarettes only at 10:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., and 8:00 p.m., to smoke only while sitting in particular chairs at home and in the office, and to smoke only a certain brand of cigarettes (one that Sandy doesn't particularly like). Dr. Jay is using the behavioral technique known as: Select one: A. self-monitoring. B. stimulus control. C. overcorrection. D. response cost.
stimulus control.
Fourteen-year-old Kevin Kendall frequently curses when he's with his friends because they respond positively when he does so. However, Kevin never uses those words when he's at home with his family because his parents and siblings become very upset when he uses them. Kevin's differential use of curse words in different settings illustrates the concept of: Select one: A. stimulus control. B. partial reinforcement. C. shaping. D. overcorrection.
stimulus control.
In the context of expectancy theory, "valence" refers to: Select one: A. degree of effort. B. level of performance. C. need strength. D. subjective worth of outcomes.
subjective worth of outcomes.
Underlying the technique known as stress inoculation is the assumption that: Select one: A. exposure to stressful situations reduces the stress reaction as the result of habituation. B. exposure to stressful situations leads to catharsis, which results in reduced reactivity. C. successful coping with stress in the present strengthens the ability to cope with stress in the future. D. expecting exposure to a stressful stimulus reduces its impact.
successful coping with stress in the present strengthens the ability to cope with stress in the future.
"Vicarious liability" is most likely to be of concern when a psychologist is acting in the role of: Select one: A. collaborator. B. consultant. C. advocate. D. supervisor.
supervisor.
As described by Sue and Sue (1999), "playing it cool" and "Uncle Tom Syndrome" are: Select one: A. signs of an internal locus of control. B. survival mechanisms. C. characteristics of the immersion-emersion stage of racial/cultural identity development. D. signs of functional (versus cultural) paranoia.
survival mechanisms
According to Piaget, which of the following is a necessary prerequisite for the development of reversibility? Select one: A. self-awareness B. meta-cognition C. symbolism D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning
symbolism
Recent studies suggest that, for patients who develop tardive dyskinesia as a result of long-term neuroleptic use: Select one: A. symptoms are always irreversible. B. symptoms are alleviated with a dopamine agonist in most cases. C. symptoms may eventually improve to some degree following neuroleptic withdrawal. D. symptoms worsen over time following neuroleptic withdrawal even when withdrawal is gradual.
symptoms may eventually improve to some degree following neuroleptic withdrawal.
A practitioner of motivational interviewing would most likely emphasize use of which of the following in therapy? Select one: A. paradoxical techniques that foster resistance B. techniques that help the therapist communicate empathy C. confrontational techniques that address the client's excuses and irresponsibilities D. techniques that help the client identify "problem exceptions"
techniques that help the therapist communicate empathy
During the third therapy session, a client reveals to you that he has been seeing another psychologist for the past six months. The client claims that this therapist doesn't seem to be "doing any good," and that he feels you'll be better able to help him. As an ethical psychologist, you should: Select one: A. call the psychologist and inform her of the situation but only with the client's consent. B. tell the client you will continue therapy with him but discuss the implications of the situation. C. tell the client you cannot continue therapy with him unless he terminates therapy with the other psychologist. D. continue seeing the client but suggest that it would be best if he terminates therapy with the other psychologist.
tell the client you will continue therapy with him but discuss the implications of the situation.
A strategic family therapist is most likely to use which of the following therapeutic techniques in dealing with a husband and wife who complain that they are constantly arguing with each other? Select one: A. obtain a detailed family history from each partner B. ask the couple to identify the benefits they obtain from arguing C. tell the couple to argue for at least two hours each evening D. work individually with the partner who is most "differentiated"
tell the couple to argue for at least two hours each evening
Wernicke's area is located in the: Select one: A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe. C. frontal lobe. D. parietal lobe.
temporal lobe
Generally speaking, the psychological adjustment of children with chronic illness is most dependent on: Select one: A. peer acceptance. B. family attitudes toward the illness. C. the child's personality type. D. the child's level of functional disability.
the child's level of functional disability.
When a psychologist's work with clients will be supervised: Select one: A. the client must be told about this arrangement. B. the client must be told about this arrangement and be given the supervisor's name. C. the client must be told about this arrangement only if his/her identity cannot be disguised in discussions with the supervisor. D. the client must be told about this arrangement and, when the supervisor has legal responsibility for the case, must also be given the supervisor's name.
the client must be told about this arrangement and, when the supervisor has legal responsibility for the case, must also be given the supervisor's name.
In the context of the Rorschach test, form quality indicates: Select one: A. what aspect of the inkblot determined the response. B. the degree of congruence between the response and reality. C. the extent to which the response is based on an unusual or common detail. D. the extent to which form is well integrated with other determinants.
the degree of congruence between the response and reality.
The neurotransmitter glutamate is believed to be responsible for: Select one: A. the effects of alcohol on cognitive abilities. B. the increased sociability that sometimes accompanies alcohol use. C. alcohol cravings in alcohol abusers. D. dietary changes associated with chronic alcohol use.
the effects of alcohol on cognitive abilities.
Alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman is likely to have the most adverse effects on her baby's prenatal development when the woman drinks during: Select one: A. the first trimester. B. the second trimester. C. the third trimester. D. the first or the third trimester.
the first trimester.
The APA's (2007)Record Keeping Guidelines recommends that, in the absence of superseding laws or regulations, psychologists should retain: Select one: A. the full record of an adult client until seven years after termination of therapy. B. the full record of an adult client until 12 years after termination of therapy. C. the full record of an adult client until three years after termination and a summary of the record for at least four additional years. D. the full record of an adult client until five years after termination and a summary of the record for at least seven additional years.
the full record of an adult client until seven years after termination of therapy.
The tendency to overestimate personality traits as the cause of behavior and underestimate the influence of situational factors is referred to as: Select one: A. the halo bias. B. the discounting principle. C. the self-serving bias. D. the fundamental attribution bias.
the fundamental attribution bias.
After playing the role of a child abuser in a feature film, a well-known and formerly well-liked actor begins receiving a lot of "hate mail." The writers of these letters are exhibiting which of the following? Select one: A. psychological reactance B. the fundamental attribution error C. the availability bias D. defensive attribution
the fundamental attribution error
When the homogeneity of variance assumption for the analysis of variance is violated, the results of your statistical analysis are least likely to be invalid when: Select one: A. the groups contain the same number of participants. B. the DV is measured on an interval or ratio scale. C. alpha is increased from .01 to .05. D. a between-groups design has been used.
the groups contain the same number of participants.
Dr. Wilson has been treating a heterosexual couple for sexual problems for three weeks. His first intervention was to instruct the couple to use the squeeze technique. When this technique had beneficial results, he then instructed the couple to attempt intercourse using the female-superior position. Based on this information, you can conclude that: Select one: A. the husband met the diagnostic criteria for Premature Ejaculation. B. the husband met the diagnostic criteria for Erectile Disorder. C. the wife met the diagnostic criteria for Sexual Arousal Disorder. D. the wife met the diagnostic criteria for Vaginismus.
the husband met the diagnostic criteria for Premature Ejaculation.
In team sports, the "home advantage" phenomenon has most consistently been linked to: Select one: A. the demoralization of the opposing team. B. the impact of a supportive home audience. C. the players expectations. D. the players familiarity with the home court.
the impact of a supportive home audience.
The Flynn effect refers to: Select one: A. the tendency for high and low IQ scores to regress to the mean on retesting. B. the impact of examiner race on the IQ scores of minority children. C. the increase in average IQ over the last century. D. the genetic contribution to IQ scores.
the increase in average IQ over the last century.
An item discrimination (D) index of 0 for an item included in an academic achievement test indicates that: Select one: A. the item was answered correctly by only a few students. B. the item was answered correctly by more low-achieving students than by high-achieving students. C. the item was answered correctly by more high-achieving students than by low-achieving students. D. the item was answered correctly by the same number of low- and high-achieving students.
the item was answered correctly by the same number of low- and high-achieving students.
A listener is LEAST likely to change her attitude as the result of a communicator's message if: Select one: A. the listener accidentally overhears the message. B. the listener has prior knowledge about the content of the message. C. the communicator is arguing against his or her own best interests. D. there is a moderate discrepancy between the listener's initial position and the communicator's position.
the listener has prior knowledge about the content of the message.
According to the elaboration likelihood model, the recipient of a persuasive message is more likely to use the central route of information processing when: Select one: A. the recipient of the message has an external locus of control. B. the person delivering the message is a well-liked celebrity. C. the message has some relevance to the recipient of the message. D. the message is weak.
the message has some relevance to the recipient of the message.
A DSM-5 diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder requires a duration of symptoms of: Select one: A. two days to four weeks with an onset immediately after exposure to the trauma. B. three days to one month with an onset within four weeks after exposure to the trauma. C. two days to two months. D. three days to one month.
three days to one month.
A researcher uses a factorial ANOVA to statistically analyze the effects of four types of training strategies and three levels of self-efficacy on a measure of job performance. The results indicate that there are significant main effects of each independent variable and a significant interaction. The researcher will conclude that: Select one: A. training is effective regardless of level of self-efficacy. B. each type of training is equally effective for each level of self-efficacy. C. the most effective type of training depends on level of self-efficacy. D. overall, training is effective only for people with a certain level of self-efficacy.
the most effective type of training depends on level of self-efficacy.
Which of the following is most useful for explaining the phenomenon known as the "serial position effect"? Select one: A. the levels of processing model of memory B. the multi-store (three-box) model of memory C. the distinction between implicit and explicit memory D. the concept of overlearning
the multi-store (three-box) model of memory
With regard to substance use, "tolerance" is characterized by: Select one: A. the need to increase the amount of the drug to achieve desired effects or the development of withdrawal symptoms when the amount of the drug is not increased. B. the need to increase the amount of the drug to achieve desired effects accompanied by a persistent craving for the drug. C. the need to increase the amount of the drug to achieve desired effects or a markedly diminished effect of the drug with continued use of the same amount. D. the need to increase the amount of the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms accompanied by a persistent craving for the drug.
the need to increase the amount of the drug to achieve desired effects or a markedly diminished effect of the drug with continued use of the same amount.
The research has confirmed that working memory is negatively affected by increasing age. According to Baddeley (1986), this decline is due primarily to: Select one: A. reduced efficiency of sensory register. B. reduced capacity of short-term memory. C. the susceptibility of older adults to proactive and retroactive interference. D. the negative impact of aging on the central executive.
the negative impact of aging on the central executive.
According to Sherif's social judgment theory, a person's "latitude of acceptance" is greatest when: Select one: A. the person has high ego-involvement with the target issue. B. the person has low ego-involvement with the target issue. C. the person has high enjoyment of critical thinking. D. the person has low enjoyment of critical thinking.
the person has low ego-involvement with the target issue.
Numerous studies have found that social support is a causal contributor to physical and psychological health. Further, research on the "buffering hypothesis" indicates that the critical factor in determining if a person's health will be adversely affected by stress is whether: Select one: A. the person has a sufficient number of social supports. B. the person perceives available supports to be adequate. C. the person has previously received support in the past. D. the person's support system is actually adequate.
the person perceives available supports to be adequate.
Information on which of the following would be most useful for determining whether a client's impotence has a physiological or psychological etiology? Select one: A. the presence of nocturnal erections B. the experience of pain during intercourse C. the client's level of performance anxiety D. the presence of diabetes
the presence of nocturnal erections
Responsibility for the validity of information provided by an automated test scoring and interpretation service lies with: Select one: A. the test scoring and interpretation service. B. the psychologist who is in charge of the test scoring and interpretation service. C. the psychologist who uses the test scoring and interpretation service. D. the test scoring and interpretation service and the psychologist who uses the service.
the psychologist who uses the test scoring and interpretation service.
Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development has had the greatest influence on which of the following? Select one: A. the reciprocal teaching method B. the teaching for understanding method C. the use of computer-adaptive instruction for children with learning disabilities D. genetic explanations for cognitive development
the reciprocal teaching method
An item characteristic curve (ICC) indicates: Select one: A. the relationship between the likelihood that an examinee will endorse the item and the examinee's level on the attribute measured by the test. B. the expected number of scale items answered correctly as a function of the attribute(s) measured by the scale. C. the expected range within which an examinee's obtained score is likely to fall given the effects of measurement error. D. the degree to which the item is actually measuring the attribute purportedly measured by the test.
the relationship between the likelihood that an examinee will endorse the item and the examinee's level on the attribute measured by the test.
From the perspective of Cross's (1991, 2001) Black Racial Identity Development Model, change in the direction of greater racial or ethnic awareness is: Select one: A. a natural consequence of a person's developmental level. B. the result of exposure to events that increased the salience of race. C. the result of peer influence. D. one of the possible resolutions of an identity crisis.
the result of exposure to events that increased the salience of race.
The underlying premise of Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is that dysfunctional behaviors are: Select one: A. the result of irrational thoughts and beliefs. B. the result of incongruence between self and experience. C. the result of "automatic thoughts." D. the result of a lack of "awareness."
the result of irrational thoughts and beliefs.
Studies investigating the genetic contribution to major depression have found that: Select one: A. the risk for depression is significantly higher for biological offspring who have one parent with depression than for those who have two parents with the disorder. B. the risk for depression is significantly higher for biological offspring who have two parents with depression than for those who have only one parent with the disorder. C. the risk for depression is about the same for biological offspring who have either one parent or two parents with depression. D. the risk for depression is significantly higher for biological offspring who have a mother with depression than for those who have a father with depression.
the risk for depression is about the same for biological offspring who have either one parent or two parents with depression.
A student receives a T score of 64 on a problem-solving test, a T score of 45 on a verbal reasoning test, and a T score of 32 on a test of quantitative reasoning. Each test's standard error of measurement is equal to 3. Based on this information, you can conclude that: Select one: A. the student is much better at problem-solving than at verbal reasoning and quantitative reasoning. B. the student has failed the quantitative reasoning test. C. the student scored above the mean on the problem-solving test. D. the student did twice as well on the problem-solving test as on the quantitative reasoning test.
the student scored above the mean on the problem-solving test.
A factorial ANOVA is used to statistically analyze data when: Select one: A. the study includes two or more dependent variables. B. there are more than two levels of a single independent variable. C. the study includes two or more independent variables. D. the effects of a confounding variable must be statistically removed.
the study includes two or more independent variables.
When using an ABAB research design, causality is suggested when: Select one: A. the target behavior changes only when the treatment is applied to each baseline. B. the target behavior reverts to original baseline levels when the treatment is withdrawn. C. the target behavior is not altered by the second baseline manipulation. D. the target behavior changes in the treated conditions only.
the target behavior reverts to original baseline levels when the treatment is withdrawn.
It would be acceptable to include client testimonials in an advertisement or brochure for your services as long as: Select one: A. the testimonials are not from current therapy clients. B. the testimonials have not been directly solicited by you from current or past clients. C. the testimonials are not from current clients or others who are susceptible to exploitation. D. the testimonials have not been solicited from current clients or from others who are vulnerable to undue influence.
the testimonials have not been solicited from current clients or from others who are vulnerable to undue influence.
The best predictor of whether a client will become sexually involved with a therapist is: Select one: A. the client's level of physical attractiveness. B. the client's history of sexual abuse. C. the therapist's professional experience and status. D. the therapist's past history with regard to sexual involvement with a client.
the therapist's past history with regard to sexual involvement with a client.
The research on facial expression of emotion has demonstrated that: Select one: A. facial expression is highly variable from culture to culture, implying that it is a learned behavior. B. facial expressions among infants are similar from culture to culture, but by age 4 or 5, most expression is culturally determined. C. there are several universal facial expressions that may be mediated in terms of intensity by cultural factors. D. some cultures share similar facial expressions but there are few, if any, universal expressions
there are several universal facial expressions that may be mediated in terms of intensity by cultural factors.
Research investigating the effectiveness of training first-graders in the use of rehearsal strategies has found that: Select one: A. these children learn to apply rehearsal to the current task but do not generalize this knowledge to other tasks. B. these children learn to apply rehearsal to the current task and often generalize this knowledge to other tasks. C. these children learn to apply rehearsal to the current task only when they anticipate external reinforcement for doing so. D. these children are unable to learn to apply rehearsal to the current or future tasks.
these children learn to apply rehearsal to the current task but do not generalize this knowledge to other tasks.
When Rosenhan's (1973) "pseudopatients" were admitted to a mental hospital: Select one: A. they were quickly recognized as being "normal" by both staff members and other patients. B. they were not recognized as being "normal" by either staff members or other patients. C. they were recognized as being "normal" only when they stopped feigning symptoms. D. they were more often recognized as being "normal" by other patients than by staff members.
they were more often recognized as being "normal" by other patients than by staff members.
Wernicke's encephalopathy is due to: Select one: A. a thiamine deficiency. B. a deficiency of Vitamin C. C. acute head trauma. D. anoxia.
thiamine deficiency.
A behavioral therapist is using positive reinforcement to increase a desired behavior. After the behavior is well-established, the psychologist switches from a continuous schedule of reinforcement to an intermittent one. This technique is referred to as: Select one: A. thinning. B. fading. C. shaping. D. inoculation.
thinning.
A client says, "I don't know where they come from, but these thoughts about swearing and cursing just keep coming back. I just can't seem to get them out of my mind. All I can think about is cursing and swearing." Which of the following techniques would be most useful for alleviating this client's problem? Select one: A. thought stopping B. biofeedback C. behavioral rehearsal D. overcorrection
thought stopping
The gross motor milestones for children _____ years of age include pedaling a tricycle, kicking a stationary ball forward, throwing a ball overhand, going up stairs using alternate feet, and running without falling. Select one: A. two B. three C. four D. five
three
When treating a couple in which the husband has physically abused his wife and it has been clearly determined that the abuse can be classified as instrumental (vs. expressive), the best initial approach is: When treating a couple in which the husband has physically abused his wife and it has been clearly determined that the abuse can be classified as instrumental (vs. expressive), the best initial approach is: Select one: A. to ensure that the husband and wife are physically separated and to provide them with separate therapy. B. to have the husband and wife sign a "no-violence contract" and to provide them with separate therapy. C. to have the husband and wife sign a "no-violence contract" and to provide them with conjoint therapy. D. to provide combined individual and group therapy for both the husband and wife.
to ensure that the husband and wife are physically separated and to provide them with separate therapy.
A researcher interested in retention of information in short-term memory shows participants a list of five letters ("C-S-J-Z-M") and asks them to memorize the list. She then instructs the participants to count backwards by 3's from 99. After six seconds, 12 seconds, and 18 seconds, the researcher asks the participants to recall the list. The reason why participants are instructed to count backwards is: Select one: A. to increase the effects of retroactive interference. B. to deter the "trace decay" process. C. to keep them from rehearsing the list of letters. D. to maximize their concentration.
to keep them from rehearsing the list of letters.
Structural family therapy entails three overlapping steps or stages. Which of the following techniques is/are most useful during the first step? Select one: A. reframing and relabeling B. tracking and mimesis C. constructing a family map D. enactment
tracking and mimesis
A child in the preoperational stage of development: Select one: A. carefully follows the rules when playing a game. B. views death as a "bogeyman" that can be outwitted. C. thinks objects "disappear" when they have been hidden from view. D. treats objects as symbols of things (e.g., dolls as babies).
treats objects as symbols of things (e.g., dolls as babies).
If the relationship between level of anxiety (the independent variable) and number of words recalled (the dependent variable) is nonlinear, which of the following would be most useful for statistically evaluating the relationship between the two variables? Select one: A. ANCOVA B. MANOVA C. trend analysis D. factorial analysis
trend analysis
All other things being equal, which of the following types of tests would be expected to have the lowest reliability? Select one: A. 7-response multiple choice B. 3-response multiple choice C. true-false D. free recall
true-false
The diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder requires a minimum duration of symptoms for: Select one: A. one year in adults and eight months in children and adolescents. B. one year in adolescents and adults and six months in children. C. two years in adults and one year in children and adolescents. D. two years in adolescents and adults and one year in children.
two years in adults and one year in children and adolescents.
A pigeon is placed in a cage that has two levers. Lever #1 delivers reinforcement on a VI-30-second schedule, while Lever #2 delivers reinforcement on a VI-60-second schedule. What proportion of the pigeon's pecks will be on Lever #1? Select one: A. one-third B. two-thirds C. one-half D. three-fourths
two-thirds
Dr. Baron's husband owns an advertising agency that caters to small businesses. One of Dr. Baron's clients has just started a new business and tells Dr. Baron that he's in need of someone to handle his advertising. If Dr. Baron recommends her husband, this is: Select one: A. acceptable since her husband's business is unrelated to her work as a therapist. B. acceptable as long as Dr. Baron never discusses the client with her husband. C. acceptable as long as Dr. Baron discusses the possible consequences of the situation with the client. D. unacceptable because of Dr. Baron's therapeutic relationship with the client.
unacceptable because of Dr. Baron's therapeutic relationship with the client.
When using aversion therapy to eliminate a client's shoe fetish, an electric shock or other unpleasant stimulus acts as a(n): Select one: A. negative punishment. B. negative reinforcement. C. conditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus.
Dr. Nillson, a behavioral psychologist, is teaching clinical psychology at a university. She does not use, nor can she tolerate the use of, psychodynamic principles and interventions in psychotherapy. She refuses to teach psychodynamic therapy in her classes and actually makes fun of it in front of her students during informal gatherings. Her behavior is: Select one: A. unethical she has an obligation to provide accurate and objective information about the topic she is teaching. B. ethical she has the freedom of choice to teach whatever she wants in her classes. C. acceptable she would be poorly trained to teach psychodynamics and psychotherapy anyway. D. ethical but she should not be making fun of any psychological practice in front of her students.
unethical she has an obligation to provide accurate and objective information about the topic she is teaching.
A clinical psychologist routinely administers personality tests to her clients to assist in diagnosis. She also uses the test data in her ongoing research project. This is: Select one: A. ethical as long as the identity of the clients is not made available to the research project. B. ethical as long as the research is exempt from an informed consent. C. unethical unless she gets each client's consent to participate in the research study. D. unethical since this represents a multiple relationship.
unethical unless she gets each client's consent to participate in the research study.
Presence of which of the following symptoms would help confirm a DSM diagnosis of Inhalant Intoxication? Select one: A. increased appetite, dry mouth, and tachycardia B. unsteady gait, slurred speech, and tremor C. nausea, vomiting, and muscle aches D. fatigue, vivid and unpleasant dreams, and increased appetite
unsteady gait, slurred speech, and tremor
Which of the following programs best exemplifies a primary prevention program? Select one: A. use of personality tests as screening devices to identify high-risk individuals so those individuals can be provided with appropriate treatment B. use of public education programs to inform the public about the negative effects of alcohol abuse C. training of primary school teachers to recognize early signs of behavior disorders D. use of educational programs to improve community attitudes toward former mental patients
use of public education programs to inform the public about the negative effects of alcohol abuse
According to Sue and Zane (1987), in terms of ensuring good treatment outcomes, the most important factor in culturally sensitive therapy is: Select one: A. demonstrating cultural knowledge. B. using culture-specific techniques. C. using techniques that establish credibility. D. being authentic and empathic.
using techniques that establish credibility.
The symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder are: Select one: A. usually most severe during the early adult years. B. usually most severe during middle age. C. usually most severe during older adulthood. D. stable in terms of severity over the adult years.
usually most severe during the early adult years.
Which of the following intermittent schedules of reinforcement produces the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction? Select one: A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio
variable ratio
As described by Bandura (1968), inhibition and disinhibition are two of the possible effects of: Select one: A. vicarious learning. B. instrumental learning. C. insight learning. D. overlearning.
vicarious learning.
African-American adolescents who exhibit a "blended bicultural" behavioral pattern: Select one: A. are situated midway between ethnic and American culture and consider themselves part of neither. B. acknowledge their American heritage but are more strongly influenced by their ethnic background. C. do not distinguish between ethnic and American cultures. D. view themselves as having integrated American and ethnic identities.
view themselves as having integrated American and ethnic identities.
In Aaron Beck's cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpretations and assumptions underlying a client's problems are: Select one: A. jointly explored for their origins by the therapist and client during the initial stages of therapy. B. identified and actively challenged or refuted by the therapist. C. viewed as "testable hypotheses." D. viewed as "incongruent with reality."
viewed as "testable hypotheses."
Treisman and Gelade's (1980) feature integration theory would be of most interest to a psychologist conducting research on: Select one: A. the impact of arousal on performance. B. the difference between echoic and iconic memory. C. visual attention. D. forgetting.
visual attention.
Following a stroke, a 71-year-old woman exhibits loss of vision in her right visual field. Most likely, this impairment is the result of damage to the: Select one: A. visual cortex in her left hemisphere. B. visual cortex in her right hemisphere. C. left posterior temporal lobe. D. right posterior temporal lobe.
visual cortex in her left hemisphere.
For Salvador Minuchin, "psychosomatic families" (e.g., those in which asthma, diabetes, or anorexia threaten the life of one child) are most likely to be characterized by which of the following? Select one: A. frequent intense open conflicts between family members B. weak boundaries between family members and limited opportunities for individual autonomy C. family roles that are inflexible and stereotyped D. marked emotional distance between the husband and wife who are both emotionally immature
weak boundaries between family members and limited opportunities for individual autonomy
The "sleeper effect" (Hovland & Weiss, 1952) is useful for understanding: Select one: A. why people might reject a persuasive message immediately after it is delivered by a low credible communicator but accept the message six weeks later. B. why people are more likely to accept a persuasive message that they accidentally overheard than a message that was intentionally delivered to them. C. why a decision-maker chooses the first solution that meets minimum criteria of acceptability rather than obtaining the information needed to choose the optimal solution. D. why group decisions are often more extreme (riskier or more conservative) than the decision each group member would make alone.
why people might reject a persuasive message immediately after it is delivered by a low credible communicator but accept the message six weeks later.
According to Erikson, successful resolution of the final stage of psychosocial development involves which of the following? Select one: A. identity B. intimacy C. wisdom D. hope
wisdom
Studies looking at the impact of gender on reactions to crowding have found that: Select one: A. women cope with crowding better than men do in both laboratory and residential settings. B. men cope with crowding better than women do in both laboratory and residential settings. C. women cope with crowding better than men do in laboratory settings but men cope with crowding better in residential settings. D. men cope with crowding better than women do in laboratory settings but women cope with crowding better in residential settings
women cope with crowding better than men do in laboratory settings but men cope with crowding better in residential settings.
A researcher investigating implicit memory will most likely use which of the following tasks? Select one: A. free recall B. paired-associate C. word-stem completion D. verbal recognition
word-stem completion
For an extended family systems (Bowenian) therapist, when a family exhibits a high degree of fusion but one member is more differentiated than the others, the likely approach would be to: Select one: A. work with the least differentiated family members. B. work with the most differentiated family member. C. work with all members of the extended family as a group. D. work with all family members in individual therapy until they reach a similar level of differentiation.
work with the most differentiated family member.
During her first therapy session, a client tells you that she wants to pay for her sessions in cash and that she doesn't want you to keep a record of her sessions or payments. If you agree to this arrangement: Select one: A. you are acting ethically as long as you ascertain that her reason for making this request is valid. B. you are acting ethically since it is up to you to decide what to include in a client's records. C. you are acting ethically and legally as long as you report her payments as income on your income tax forms. D. you are acting unethically and possibly illegally.
you are acting unethically and possibly illegally.
Research on the attitudes of heterosexuals toward gays and lesbians has found that all of the following are predictive of higher levels of sexual prejudice except: Select one: A. high levels of authoritarianism. B. male (versus female) gender. C. fundamentalist religious views. D. younger (versus older) age.
younger (versus older) age.
Research investigating the effects of living with a stepparent on a child's adjustment suggests that _________ age at the time of the remarriage and ______ gender are associated with fewer problems adjusting to a stepparent. Select one: A. younger; female B. younger; male C. older; female D. older; male
younger; male
A friend asks you how you liked the concert you went to last Saturday night. As you try to recall the concert, you realize that your memory is being affected by other concerts you have attended in the past. In other words, your memory of last Saturday's concert is being affected by: Select one: A. your implicit memory of concerts. B. a lack of encoding specificity. C. positive memory transfer. D. your schema for concerts.
your schema for concerts.
Assuming that the following scores are all from the same normal distribution of scores, which of the following lists the scores in order from lowest to highest? Select one: A. z-score of +1.0, percentile rank of 70, T-score of 80 B. z-score of +.75, percentile rank of 84, T-score of 65 C. z-score of +1.25, percentile rank of 95, T-score of 55 D. z-score of +.50, percentile rank of 98, T-score of 60
z-score of +.75, percentile rank of 84, T-score of 65