Praxis 0081 United States History

Natives and Europeans

By 1800, Native population declines by 70 percent. Smallpox, Influenza and measles killed off indians. Economic dependenacy for Natives Caused fighting between native tribes

English Explorers

Cabot-Atlantic Coast of Canada Hudson-Hudson bay, canada, also explored for the Dutch, on that trip he sailed along the Ataltic Coast of Canada and the US as far south as the Chesapeake Bay as well as up the Hudson Ricer in Present-day New York State Raleigh-founded the ill fated Roanoke Colony off the coast of North carolina

Southeast

Broad Atlantic coastal plain widens gradually from Maryland in a southwesternly direction until it meets the gulf coastal plain on the edge of the Gulf of Mexico. Appalachin and blue ridge mountains are the highest evelations in the southeast region Potomac River, James River, Roanoke River, Savannah River, Chattahoochee, Mississippi, and Red Vegetation: Mixed forest between Atlantic coast and appalacian mountains and deciduous forest between the appalacian and missippipi and ohio rivers

The Republicans 1907-1912

President Taft and Vice President Sherman were nominated on a platform of Quiet Confidence, which called for a continuation of the progressive programs pursued by Taft.

Virginia Company-Jamestown

Joint-Stock Company Goal: Make a PROFIT Not much religious motivation, as in Maryland, PA, RI and Massachusetts. Mostly single men The Virginia Company of London in 1607, sent out an expeidition of three ships with 104 men to plant a colony of forty miles up the Ja,es Rive from Chesapeake Bay. First permanent english settlement in North America Problems early on Majority of settlers died of starvation, diseases, and hostile indians Lack of incentive because all members shared the profits whether or not they worked hard Many colonists were gentlement who considered themselves too good to work Many wasted time looking for gold Trouble with powatan

Great Compromise

Played an important role in econciling the often heated debates among delegates and in making various suggestions that evnetually helped the convention arrive at the Great Compromise" proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth. The Great (or Connecticut) Compromise provided for a presidency, a senate with all states represented equally (by two senators each) and a house of reps with representation according to population Sherman and Ellsworth

The interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Popular resentment of railroad abuses such as price-fixing, kickbacks, and discriminatory freight rates created demands for federal regulation of the railway industry. The interstate Commerce Act was passed proving that a commission be established to oversee fair and just railway rates, prohibit rebates, end discrimintory practices, and require annual reports and financial statements.

Wilson Reforms

Progressive agenda Lower tariff reform (Underwood-Simmons Act, 1913) Sixteenth Amendment (Graduated income tax, 1913 Federal Reserve banking sustem Federal trade Commission Clayton Anti-trust Act (improving the old Sherman act and protecting labor unions and farm cooperatives from prosection, 1914) Keating-Own Act-Protected children in the work force Federal Farm Loan Act (1916 New nationalism and New Freedom had merged into one government philosophy of regulation, order and standardixation in the interest of an increasingly diverse nation

Grant Administration

Republicans nominated Grant Grant wanted to give the vote to all blacks 15th Amendments (vote) Idea was unpopular in north 3/4 approval came from both north and south Grant trusted dishonest men Administration was scandulous Economic affairs during grants administration due to war readjustment Question of inflation or deflation

Quartering Act

Required local legislatures to feed and house British troops stationed in their locale. Americans resented not only the added drain on their finances, byt also the idea that a standing army was necessary not only on the frontier, but in colonial cities such as Boston and New York City.

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

Vicksburg and Gettysburg were besieged and ultimately fell to the union. Lincoln's gettysburg address stressed the honor of the dead on both sides and the need to bind up the wounds of a nation. This concilitory attirude, as well as his determiniation to readmit Southern states as quickly as possible, would be reflected in his Ten Percent plan

Twelfth Amendment

adopted and ratified in 1804 Ensuing that a vote between candidates of the same party could not again cause the confusion of the Jefferson burr affair The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, which provided the original procedure by which the Electoral College functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the electors of the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the required number of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.

The following provisions were not in the consitution, as submitted to the states in 1787

two term limit for presidents Universal manhood suffrage Presidential cabniet Direct election of senators Idea of political parties (the framers opposed political partoes. They believed that political parties prmoted selfish interest, caused divisions, and this threanted the existence of republican government) Bill of Rights

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution: Political Institutions

...The British King chose the governors in the royal colonies, while the proprietors of Maryland, delaware, and PA appointed their governors. Each colony had a legislature consisting of two houses, except for PA which had only one house. In the royal colonies, the King appointed the members of the upper house, except n Massachusetts where the Massachusetts general court elected them. THe lower house members were elected by men who owned property. In the New England colonies, these property owning voters also met in town meetings to deicde on local issues. The upper houses in the colonial legislature served as councils that advised the governor, although the councils also had some judicial and legislative powers. The lower houses had legislative powers and controlled the finances in the colony. They imposed taxes and decided on expenditures. There were no taxes imposed directly by the British government until the infamous Stamp Act of 1765.

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution: Religion

13 colonies were religiously diverse no single dominant Protestant denomination By the mid eighteenth century, even New England, which had been so staucnvhly Congregationalist Puritan, saw increading diversity among its Protestant denominations, including Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists. maryland had its Catholics, but was predominantly Protestant. Small communiteis of Jews worshipped in several cities in the colonies, most notably in NYC and Newport, RI. PA and NJ were home to many Quakers.

Columbus and Spanish Exploration

1492 Sent by Spanish Monarches Ferdinand and Isabella Colombus believed that the western ocean was much smaller than most people believed and thus tehroized that a faster route to Asia mght lie to the west rather than the eastern route around African that the Portugeese had pioneered. Both the Spanish and Portugese were interested in finding quicker and cheaper routes to Asia than the centuries old way thought the Mediterranean Sea and the involving travel overland controlled by Muslims and Italians. Therefore, the imeteptus for exploration was twofold: economic and scientific curiosity. Catholics such as colombus and the Spanish Monarchs, also wanted to bring converts to their religion. Ferdinand and Isabella completed their unifcation of spain as a catholic country by defeating muslims in Granada just months before sending Colombus on his first voyage across the Atlantic. Once the Muslims were expelled, Ferdinand and Isabellea orderd Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. Religion thus orived to be both a powerful cause and purpose of Spanish exploration. Fame: final motive. The gold and silver that natives displayed attracted more explorers hoping to find new sources of wealth for the crown as well as themselves. Between the drive to mine gold and siver and the desire convert natives to Catholicism, The Spanish established nymerous permanent settlements and set yp a system of governing based on viceoryalties. The spanish forced Indians to work for them in a system known as enconmienda-which was virtual slavery

John Smith

1608-1609 Smith Kept Jamestown from surviving He who works not, eats not

Deserts

3/4 of the major deserts of North America are contained within a geological eregion called the Basin and Range province, lying between the Rockymountain range to the east and the Sierra Nevada Mountain range to the west The geogrpahical structures of these deserts are similar althoguh the types of plant life found in each makes the region distincy

Location of Main Geographical Features of the North American Continent: Rivers

800 rivers cross the continental states Most are small branches and or tributaries of larger Mississippi: Largest discharge and drainage area, Divides country to one third east, and two thirds west. has the largest average discharge area, it is second to the missouri river in length Third largest: Yukon in Alaska Fourth Largest: Rio Grande River (runs though Coloradi, New Mexico, and Texas)

North America Includes:

A Antigua & Barbuda B Bahamas Barbados Belize C Canada Costa Rica Cuba D Dominica Dominican Republic E El Salvador G Grenada Guatemala H Haiti Honduras J Jamaica M Mexico N Nicaragua P Panama S St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & The Grenadines T Trinidad & Tobago U United States of America Has 9360,000 square iles. and is exceeded is size only by Asia and Africa

Department of Commerce and Labor (1903)

A new cabniet position was created to address the concerns of business and labor. Within the department, the Bureau of Corporations was empowered to investigate and report on the illegal activities of corporations.

George Washington

A virginia man, made his military debut in the French and Indian War. I spite of his losses during the war the VIrginia house of Burgess gave him commendation and the rank of Colonel. Washington wore his military uniform to the Second Continental Congress in Philly in May of 1775 where he was appointed to be commander in chief of the Conitnental Army. He became a prime mover in the steps leading to the consitutional convention at philly in 1787. When the new consitution was ratified, the elecotral college unanimously elected Washington the first President of the US.

The Carolinas and Georgia

ALso proprietary colonies British king gave a group of philantropsts the charter for Gerogia because the government wanted a buffer between the SPanish florida and the English colonists in South Carolina. The Philanthropists wanted to establish a colony for debtors who could be released from English prisons and given a second chance in the colonies.

Constitution and Enlightenment

AS students of the enlightenment political philosophy, the delegates shared a basic belief in the innate selfishness of man, which must somehow be kept from abusing the power of the government. For this purpose, the document that they finally produced contained many checks and balances, designed to precent the government, or any one branch of the government, from gaining too much power.

Consequences of Reconstruction

African-Americans still dependent on white southerners African-Americans were able to marry and divorce Slave codes were nullified Blacks got education Former slaves left white churches Little changed in economic status Government failed to provide former slaves with land or economic opportunities Whites could charge high prices to blacks

Treaty of Ghent

After 3 years of inconclusive war, in 1815, the treaty of Ghent provided for the acceptance of the status quo that had existed at the beginning of hostilities and both sides restored their wartime conquests to the other.

State competitions

After collapse of British authority in 1775, it became necessary to form new state governments. By the end of 1777, ten new state constitutions had been formed. Most state constitutions included bills of rights-lists of things the government would guarantee its citizens.

Gentlemen's agreement with Japan (1907)

After numerous incidents of racial discrimination against Japanese in California. Japan agreed to restrict the emigration of unskilled Japanese workers to the US.

South East Climate

Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, FLorida and the Carolinas has a mild and moise climate. January temps range from 47 (high) 72 as hot humid High temperatures in winter from 47 in OK CIty to 62 in New Orleans

Fugitive slave act

Allowed slaveholders to capture their slaves in free territory.

Platt Amendment

Although Cuba was granted its independence, the Platt Amendment of 1901 guaranteed that it would become a virtual protectorate of the US. Cuba would not: Make a treaty with a foreign state impairing its independence or Contract an excessive public debt. Cuba was required to allow the US to preserve order on the island, and to leave a naval base for 99 years to the US Guantonomo Bay

Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams

Although John Quincy Adams, through the controversial action of the House of Reps, became president in 1824 election, Andrew Jackson instigated a campiagn for the presidency immeditately He won the election 1828. Jackson was popular with the common man. He seemed to be the prototype of the self-made westerner: rough-hewn, violent, vindictive, with few ideas but strong convictions. He ignored his appointed cabniet officers and relied instead on the counsel of his Kitchen Cabinet a group of partisan supporters Jackson expressed the conviction that government operations could be preformed by untrained, common fol, and he threatened to dismiss large numbers of government employees and replace them with his supporters. He exercised his veto power more than any other president before him.

Manifest destiny

Although the term Manifest destiny was not actually coined until 1844, the belief that the American antion was destine to eventually expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean, and to possibly embrace Canada and Mexico, had been voiced for years by many who believed that American liberty and ideals should be shared with everyone possible, by force if necessary. The rising sense of nationalism which followed the War of 1812 was fed by rapidly expanding population, the reform impulse of 1830's and the desire to acquire new markets and resources for the burgeoning economy of Young America.

Nathaniel Greene

American Commander Nathaniel Greene's brilliant southern strategu led to a crushing vicotry at Cowpen's, south carolina, by troops under Greene's subordinate, General Daniel Morgan of Virginia. It also led to a near victory by Greene's own force at Guilford courthouse, NC

Louisiana Purchase

An American delegation purchased the trans-Mississippi territory from Napoleon for 15 million in April 1803, even though they had no authority to buy more than the city of New Orleans

Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)

An engineer credited as the father of scientific mgmt, introduced modern concepts of industrial engineering, plant manangement, and time and motion studies. This gave rise to a seperate class of managers in industrial manufacturing-efficency experts.

Pueblos

Anasazi abandoned their cliff dwelling and migrated into other farming communities along the rio grande river. These cimmunities called Pueblos by the Spanish, also bukt interconnected apartment like structures, but not in the sides of mountains. The pueblo peoples are matrilneal and have strict communities codes of behavior. The Pueblos are the oldest contuntiusly occupied towns in the US

Three-fifths compromise

Another crisis involved North-South disagreement over the issue of slavery. Here also a compromise was reached. Slavery was neither endorsed nor condemned by the Constitution. Each slave was to count as three-fifths a person for the purposes of aportioning representation and direct taxation on the states. The federal government was prohibited from stopping the importation of slaves prior to 1808.

Mountain Ranges

Appalachian, Cascade, Klamath, Rocky and the Sierra Nevada Mountain ranges are the most common in North America Much of the mountain ranges are in teh western half of the country East coast has the appalachian Midwest has no mountain ranges

The Monroe Doctrine

As Latin American nations began declaring independence, British and AMerican leaders feared that European governments would tyr to restore the former New World colonies to their ernwhile royal owners. In December 1823, President James Monroe uncluded in his annual message to Congress a statement that the people of the American hemisphere were henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European powers. The years following the war of 1812 were years of rapid economic and social development, followed by a severe depression in 1819. But this slump was temporary, and it became obvious that the country was moving rapidly from it agrarian origins toward an industrial, urban future.

The Enlightenment in America

As the 18th century progressed, Americans came to be more or less influenced by European ways of thought, culture, and society. Some AMericans embraced the European intellectual movement known as the Enlightment. They key concept of the enlightenment was rationalism-the belief of human reason was adequet to solve all of mankind's problems and, correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe.

Thomas Paine

Born in England After metting Franklin in England, he immigrated to the American COlonies in October of 1774. Common Sense-1776 Called for independence from Great Britain Opposed monarchy and strongly favoried republican government. Republicanism is the belief that government should be based on the consent of the govern. Painse strong words helped overcomed the loyalty many still felt for the monarchy and the mother country.

Northern Advantages

As the war dragged on, the greater population and material advantages of the North became a significant factor. The blockade and Union victories that game the control of the Mississppi allowed Union forces to divide the South in half and to interrupt its trade and supply lines. The Union had a better Navy and, in addition to blocking Southern ports, also shelled land forts and took part in joint Army and Navy actions. The one battle between the newly constructed Union irconclad, the Monitor, and the Confederate ironclad, the Virginia, demonstrated the superiority of the Union Navy, even though neither side actually won the battle between the two ships.

Pennsylvania

Associated with Quakers Founded by William Penn Liberal colony Representative assembly elected by the landowners PA granted freedom of religion and did not have a state supported church. Other important Quaker beliefs and practices included pacifism, according women a larger role in Church services than other religious sects in the colonies and being among the first to oppose slavery.

Antitrust Policy (1902)

Attorney General PC Knox first brought suit against the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding corporation put together by JP Morgan, and then moved against Rockefeller's standard oil company. By the time he left office in 1909, Roosevelt had indictments against 25 monopolies.

Growing controversy Between proslavery versus no-slavery proponents

Average person did not own slaves in north and south North viewed slavery as a moral issue that south viewed it as a economic issue

The Economy (1877-1882)

Between 1860-1864, The US moved from the fourth-largest manufacturing nation to the world's leader through capital accumulation, natural resources, especially in iron, oil, and coal, an abundance of labor helped by massive immigration, railyway transportation, and communications and major technical innovations such as the development of the modern steel industry and electrical energy. By 1880, northern capital erected the modern textile industry in the New South by bringing factories to the cotton fields.

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest battle of the civil war 31,000 men perished from each side, save the north a bit of confience, but was not enough to make the north confident in its military leadership.

French Explorers

Cartier-Northeastern Canda and the St. Lawrence River as far as Montreal Champlain-St. Lawrence River and teh Great Lakes Marquete and Joilette-The upper mississippi River LaSalle-the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans

Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow

Case rulede that state-mandated segregation was legal as long as there were seperate but equal facilities. In response to this case, Southern state introduced Jim Crow laws designed to segregate white from African-Americans Equality was clearly a failure

Depression of 1893

Causes for the depression were dramatic growth of the federal deficit, withdrawal of British investments from the AMerican market and the outward transfer of gold, and loss of business confidence. Twenty percent of the workforce was eentually unemplyoed. The depression would last four years.

Midwest Climate

Cold and dry in winter and humid in the summer, the most moisture is in the southeastern part. This region includes Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin. Winters in Michian and WI are considerably colders and summers are milder than in KT and Missouri

Spanish Explorers

Columbus-Caribbean De Soto-Southeastern US Ponce de Leon-Florida Cabrilho-California coast Cornado-southwestern US Cabeza de Vaca-Southwestern US Cortes-Mexico

Alluvial Fans

Commin in the Mojave desert and the California portions of the Sonoran desert. These are formed through geologic time where an arroyo or wash drains a mountain, despotiging the detritus in a semicircle and the canyons mouth

Constitution: Presideny

Compromise Strong presidency Control of forign policy and power to veto congress legislation Congress could impeach president Four years Re-electable without limit (originally) Electoral college Second highest total would be vice president If no one gained a majority in the electoral college, the president would be chosen by the House of Reps

Offices Congress Established

Congress established three departments of the executive branch-state, treasury, and war, as well as the office of attorney general and postmaster general

Reconstruction acts

Congress passed Reconstruction acts Gave union general control of military districts in the South and supervision of elections Forced states to ratify the 14th amendment made states changes to their state amendment Congress limited Johnson's power over the armby

Massachusetts and Maine

Conneticut, New Hampshire, and Maine were settled by people from Massachusetts in search of land for te growing population. The Massachuetts Bay colony purchased maine and kept it until shortly begore Maine became a state in 1820, which is why Maine is not counted among the orignial thirteen colonies

1808 Slave law

Constutitonal mandate outlawing importation of slaves

Colombian Exchange: America to Europe

Corn, Tobacco, potatoes,

Trusts

Corporate monoplies (trusts) which controlled whole industried were subject to federal prosecution if they were found to be combinations or conspriatcies in restraint of trade. Although supported by smaller business, labor unions, and farm assocaitations, the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was in time interpreted by the Supreme Court to apply to labor uinions and farmers's cooperatives as much as to large corporate combinations. Monoply was still dominant over Laissez-faire, free-enterprise economics during the 1890s.

The High Plains Climate

Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kanas, have the colest winters and milest summers of any US region. Generally, the climate is dry and very cold in the winter and dry and midly warm in the summer

Immigration decline

Declined by 400,000 during the depression. Settlement houses helped the poor immigrants. Such institutions also lobbied against sweatshop labor conditions, and for band on child labor.

Fourteenth Amendment

Defined citizenship and forbade any states to deny various rights to citizens. Prohibited the paymeny of confederate debts Made former confederate unable to hold office Johnson was against the fourteenth amendment

Thomas Jefferson

Delegate from VA At age 33 was the youngest to attend the Continental Congress Jefferson, while not much of an orator, was an eloquent writer and drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its words a relaity. Jefferson suceeded Ben Franklin as misiter to France in 1785. As a reluctant candidate for president in 1796, he came within three votes of election. Through a flaw in the constitution, he became VP, although he was an opponent of President Adams. In 1800 the defect aused a more serious problem. Republican electors, attempting to name both a president and VP from their own party, cast a tie vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The house of reps settled the tie. Alexander Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jefferson's election.

Watershed

Desert streams and rivers are formed where there are grasslands, semiarid woodlands and forested uplands called watersheds. Like giant geological sponges, the upland watersheds collect and hold water throughout the year, releasing it slowly into the desert below. These desert streams with their riparian woodlands of cottonwoods. However, abuse to the watersheds through overgrazing, timber cutting, mining and other modern activities has dried up many desert rivers. Also, Much of the water table once just below the desrt floor, has been pumped lower and lower, and may now be hundres of feet below the surface

The economy (1887-1892)

Despire a protective tariff policy, the US became increasingly international as it south to export surplus manufactured and agricultural goods. Forign markets were viewed as a safety valve for labor employment problems and agrarian unrest.

John Rolfe and Tobbaco

Discovered superior strain of tobacco, native to west indies, could be grown in VA Jamestown Tobacco became a major cash crop Thus came indentured system The company gave its governers in AMerica dictorial powers Lord De Law Warr, Sir THomas Gates, and Sir Thomas Dale made use of such powers and implemented harsh rule

Displacement of Native Americans from Western Lands (1870-1900)

Dominated by removal, treaties, reservations and war Focused on breaking up reservations by granting land allotments to individual Native Americans. Tried to Americanize Indians Kept Indians poverty stricken

Southwest Climate

Driest climate in the country California coast ges more precipitation than the interior areas and winter snows in the mountains can be quite heavy Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and CALI are the states in this region Winters are generally mild, the warmest in the Arizona and California deserts Summers range from mild in San Fran (71) TO Sizzling in Phoenix (105)

Hawaii

During the war of Spain, the US annexed Hawaii on July 7, 1898. In 1900, the US claimed Wake Island, 2000 miles west of Hawaii.

The Middle Colonies: PA, NJ, NY and delaware: New York

Dutch settled NY British Navigation Act of 1660: restricted all transportation of goods to and from the colonies to British ships. The Dutch had a profitable business in marine transportation so the British declaration was provocative. King Charles II granted the area between Connecticut and Maryland to his brother, Duke of York, essentially declaring war against the Dutch. Finally, in 1664, the British captured the Dutch settlement of New Amserdam and changed the name to New York. The Dutch adapted well to British rule and their settlements along the Hudson River continued to prosper as part of the British colony of New York

Panic of 1873

Early in Grant's second term, the country was hit by an economic depression known as the Panic of 1873. Brought on by the over-expesnive tendencies of railroad builders and businessmen during the immediate postwar boom, the Panic was triggered by economic downturns in Europe and more immediately, by the failure of Jay Cooke and Company, a major American financial firm.

Populist Party (1892-1897)

Economic depression during this time, calling for oragnized labor, militant agriculture, and safeguards and a more humane free-enterpreise system which would expand economic opportunities in an equitable manner The most marked development in AMerican politics was the emergence of a viable third-party movement in the form of the essentially agrarian Populist party.

John Adams Administration (1797-1801)

Elected 1796 Federalist candidate Thomas Jefferson was the republican

Madison's Administration (1808-1817)

Election of 1808 Republican Won over Federalist Charlist Pinckney Federalists gained seats in both houses of the congress The native American tribes of the Northwest and MIssissppi Valley were resentful of the government's policy of pressued removal to the west and the British authorities in Canada exploited their discontent by encouraging border raids against the American settlements. At the same time, hte British interfered with American transatlantic shipping, including impressing sailors and capturing ships The Congress in 1811 contained a strong pro-war group called the War Hawks led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhous. They gained control of both houses and began agitating for war with the British. On June 1, 1812, President Madison asked for a declaration of war and Congress complied.

Thirteenth Amendment

Ended slavery Congress passed a civil rights act and extended the authority of the Freedman's Bureau. Johnson vetoed both vetoes but Congress overrode both vetoes.

European Settling

English and French purused a nrothwestern route to Asia in order to compete with the Spanish who had discovered the way around south america and into the pacific ocean. I the end, the Spanish, English, and French contented themselives with the riches they found in their new world. The Spanish exploited Indian labor in the econcminda system which made both the Spanish colinnists as well as the Spanish monarchy very wealthy for a time. The English used joint-stock companies to finance the risks associated with establishing permanent settlemets. The French and Spanish sent fewer settlers than the English to establish colonies. Instead, they attempted to convert Indians both into subjects of their monarchs as well as into Catholics.

Marbury v. Madison

Established the precedent of Judicial Review

Pullman Strike (1894)

Eugene Debbs American Railway Union Struck the Pullman Palace Car Co. in Chicago over wage cuts and job losses. The strikers were all ended by force.

Posse Comitatus Act

Eventually, the North lost interest in continuing its pursuit of enforcing the laws and measures designed to advance civil rights for blacks. Many of the civil rights laws were overturned, and consitions worsened for the blacks in the South. Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibited federal authorities from exercising any power or control over local enforcement agencies, so that the interpreation of laws was left to individual Southern districts. In 1883, a required a rewrite of the Fourteenth Amendment declared that Congress only had the power to outlaw public rather than private discrimination.

Anasazi Native Americas

Far south Cliff Dwellers Settled east of the Grand Canyon in the four corners area where the states of Utah, Colorada, New Mexico and Arizona Meet They dug vast apartment like complexes in the mountain wells Population thrived due to abundance of region drought in the 13th century Hunted animals

Judiciary Act of 1801 and John Marhsall

Federalist Congress passed a new Judiciary Act in 1801 Adams filled the newly created vacancies with party supporters, many of them with last minute commissions. John Marshall was then appointed chief justice of the US supreme court, thus guaranteeing continuation of federalist policies from the bench of the high court.

Differences between Federalists and anti-federalists

Federals: Large farmers, Merchans Artisans Anti-Small farmers, often from rural areas

Growth of the abolitionist movement

Feelings in the North intensifed with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, the Dred Scott Case, the publication of Harriet Beecher's Uncle Tom's Cabin, and John Brown's Raid. Religious and reform groups sprang up that targeted the immorality of slavery, and media campaigns as well as groups dedicated to rescuing slaves sprang up, to the consternation of the South.

Women's right movement 19th century

Focused on social and legal discrimiation, and women like Lucretia Mott and Sojourner Truth (african american) became well known figures on the speakers circuit. Both pro-women, anti-slavery

First Continental Congress and intolerable acts

For Americans, this was a denial of the hopes and expectations of westward expansion for which they had fought the French and Indian War. I addition, New Englanders especially saw it as a threat in their colonies too, Parliament could establish autocratic government and the hated Church of England. Americans lumped the Quebec Act together with the Coercive Acts and referred to them as the intolerable acts. The First continental congress was called and met in Philly in September of 1774. It once again ptetitioned Parliament for relief but also passed in Suffolk Resolves (so called bcause they were first passed in Suffolk County, Massachusetts.) denouncing the Intolerable Acts and calling for strict non-importantation and rigorous preparation of local militia companies in case the British should resort to military forced.

Anti-Saloon League

Formed in 1893 Women were especially concerned about the increase of drunkness during the depression

Virginia Company of Plymouth

Gained charters from James I to North America granted the right to colonize in North America from the Potomac to the northern border of present-day maine. Joint Stock

John Cabot

Giovanni Caboto English sent Cabot in 1496, 1583 and 1585, the english attempted to establish colonies in present day Newfoundland Canada, and on Roanoke Island off the North Carolina Coast. The first permanent English colony was not established until 1607-Jamestown, Virginia. The English King: James I, licesned two-jointstock company to pursue organizing settlements in VA. The Plymouth Company and the London Company were backed by private investors to establish colonies in the land previously claimed for the English crown

French Explortation

Giovanni da Verrazano in 1524 and Jacques Cartier in 1534 to find a nrothwest passage through North America into the Pacific Ocean. No passage was found and troubles at home, primaraily the religious wars stemming from the Protestant Reformation, kept the French preoccupied until the 17th century when exploreres such as Champlain, Marquette, Joliet and LaSalle would claim lands for Frnac frained by the St. Lawrence River in present day Canda and the Mississippi River in what is now the US. THe French did not establish lrage settlements in North AMerica sice their two main interest were the fur trade which allowed them to create luxury clothes for sale in Europe and the conversion of inDians to Catholicism. In general, the French had better relationships with the Indians than did either the Spanish or English.

Results of French and Indian War

Great Britian created two new policies in the wake of winning the French and Indian War: Imposing revenue taxes on AMerican colonists and prohbiting colonists from moving west of the crest of the appalachain mountains ( the procolmation of 1763) From the colonists prospective, the British government was unfairly keeping them from moving onto new lands acquired from the French as a result of the war. The British government's goal was to prevent conflict between the trans-Appalachian Indians and the colonists looking to establish new settlements. Defending the colonists had become a drain on the British territory

Lakes

Great lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior, form a boundary between US and Canada. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and PA and NY all border on at least on of the great lakes. Great salt lake in Utah is the largest lake in the western US

Broad Constitutional Interpretation

Hamilton interpreted the constittion as having vested extensive powers in the federal government. This implied power stance claimed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to it. This is the broad interpretation

The Federalist

Hamilton's supporter Business and financial group support in the Northeast and from the port cities of the south (support)

Half-breeds

Headed by Maine senator James G. Blaine pushed for civil service reform and merit appointments to government posts.

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution: Education

Highest literacy rates were in New England, thanks to Puritan emphasis on an educated ministry and individual reading of the Bible Lowest literacy rates were in the south because the population was so spread out geographically that the cost of building churches, let alone schools, was prohibitive. By the mid-eighteenth centyrt, colonists read newspapers printed in the colonies, or listened to them read aloud in taverns-as well as alamancs, the Bible and captivity narratives; the latter being accounts of colonists captured by Indians Although literacy was higher in the colonies than in many European countries, colonial culture was still primarily an oral culture, with stories and traditions being handed down in the telling

France in the Revolution

Hopeing to weaken Britain, France began making covert shipments of arms to the Americans early in the war. SHipments from France were vital for the AMericans. American vicotry at Saratoga convinced the French to join openly in the war against England. Eventually the Spanish (1779_ and the Dutch (1780) joined as well.

Becoming a Royal Colony

Impressed by the potential profits from tobacco growing, King James I determined to have Virginia for himself. Using the high mortality and the 1622 massacre as a pretext, he revoked the Long Company's charter in 1624 and made Virginia a royal colony. This pattern was followed throughout colonial history; both company colnies and proprietary colonies tended to eventually become royal colonies. Upon taking over Vriginia, James revoked all political rights and the representative assebly-he did not believe in such things-but fifteen years later, his son, Charles I, was forced, by constant pressure from the Virginians and the contuing need to attract more settlers, to restore these rightsS

New Jersey

In 1664, the Duke of York gave New Jersey to two proprietors who attracted many settlers by offering lands on easy terms, freedom of religion, and democratic local government. By 1680, Quakers had purchased New Jersey from the Original proprietors

George Greenville and Navigation Acts

In 1763, the anti American, George Greeville became prime minister and set out to solve some of the empire's more pressing problems. Cheif among these was the large national debt incurred in the recent war in degense of the American frontier, recently the scene of a bloody indian uprising led by an Ottoaw chief named Pontiac. Goaded by French Traders, pontiac had aimed to drive the entire white population into the sea. While failing in that endeavor, he had succeeded in killing a large number of settlers along the frontier. Greenville created a comprehenive program to deal with these problems and moved energetically to put into effect. He sent the royal navy to suppress American smuggling and vigorously enforce the Navigation Acts.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, western farmers refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey which formed the backbone of Hamilton's reveneue program. When a group of PA farmers terrozed the tax collectors, President Washington sent out a federalized militia force of some 15,000 men and the rebellion evaporated, thus strengthening the credibility of the young government

WEB Dubois National Association for the Advancement of Colored people

In 1905, the African-AMerican intellectual militant WEB Dubios founded the Niagara Movement, which called for federal legislation to protect racial equality and for full rights of citizenship. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was organized in 1909.

Social issues in the first wilson Administration

In 1913, Treasury Secretary William G. McADoo and Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson segregated workers in some parts of their departments with no objection from WIlson. Many northern blacks and white protested, espeicially WEB DuBois, who had supported Wilson in 1912. Wilson opposed immigration restrictions and vetoed a literacy test for immigrants in 1915, but in 1917, Congress overrode a similar Veto.

Bleeding Kansas

In Kansas, the violece of the proslavery forces from Missouri named "border ruffians" exacerbated the conflict, and the fighting caused it to be called bleeding Kansas. The Ruckus itself extended to the Senate floor where pro-slavery senator Preston Brooks from South Carolina beat Senator Charles Sumner of the antislavery movement over the head

McKinley Assassination

In Pan America Exposition in Buffalo, NY Sept. 6 19101 by Leon Czlgosz, an anarchist. The President died September 14. Theodore Roosevelt became the nation's 25gh president, and at age 42, it youngest to date

Gibbons v. Ogden

In a case involving competeing steamboat companies, Marshall ruled that commerce included navigation, and that only Congress has the right to regulate commerce among states. Thus, the state-granted monoply was voided.

Enforcement Acts and Anti-Klan Law

In response, to the violence in the South, congress passed the Enforcement Acts and an Anti-Klan Law, making actions against te civil rights of others to be criminal offenses. The laws did not have much impact, however, and Klan violence continued.

Townshend Acts and Boston Massacre

In the ENd, Patriot leaders organized a boycott of British goods which hurt British merchants. Violent attacks on stamp agents also occurred. Under pressure at home as well as in the colonies, Parliament rescinded the Stamp Act. But the next year, 1767, the so called Townshend Acts, import taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea were levied on the colonists. This time, the boycott of British goods cut imports by half. When British troops killed five Bostonians in the so-called Boston Massacre of 1770, another crisis point erupted. Again, the Parliament blinked and rescinded all of the Townshend duties except for the threepenny tax on tea. The boycott of British goods collapsed.

Mound Builders and Mississippian Culture

In the Mississippi River valley, the Mississippian culture arose during the tenth century CE Perhaps the most distincite trait of this culture was the building of enormous mounds as temples, which as earned them the nickname mount builders. three developments facilitated the emergence of the Missippiian culture: bow and arrow created by Plain Indians. Maize grew in this region Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee and geroge. Largest settlement was a city of more than 30,000 at Cahokia near present day st. Louis MIssouri. The mississippian societies were complex hierarchical socieites ruled by political cheifdoms and involved in exstensive trade networks, craft speciailization and highly productive farming

McKinley and William Jennings Bryan

In the election of 1896, the Republicans nominated William McKinley (ohio) president on a platform which promised to maintain the hold standard and protective tariffs. The democatic party repudiated Cleveland's conservative economics and nominated William Jennings Bryan (Nebraska) for president on a platform similar to the Populists. Bryan delivered one of the most famous speeches in AMerican history when he declared that the people "must not be crucified upon a cross of gold" The populist party also nominated Bryan. Having been outmanuvered by the silver Democrats, the POpulist lost the oppurtunity to become a permanent political force. McKinley won a hard-fought election by only about one-half million votes, as Republicans succeeded in creating the fear among business groups and middle-class votes that Bryan represented a revolutionary challenge to the AMerican system. The Republicans retained control over congress, which they had gained in 1894.

Social and cultural developments (1877-1882)

In times, advocates of the social gospel such as Jane Addams and Washington Gladden urged the creation of settlement houses and better health and educated services to accomodate the new immigrants. In 1881, Booker T. Washington became president of Tuskegee Institutie in ALabama, a school devoted to teaching and vocational education for African Americans.

Coercive Acts

Infurriated by the Bostonians willful destruction of British property, the British responded with four acts collectively tilted the Coertsive Acts. First the Boston Port Act: closed the Port of Boston to all trade until local citizens would agree to pay for the lost tea (they would not). Secondly, the Massachusetts Government Act greatly increased the power of Massachusetts royal governor at the expense of the legislature. Thirdly, Administration of ustice Act provided that royal official accused of crimes in Massachusetts could be tried elsewhere, where chances of acquittal might be greater. Massachusetts could be tried elsewhere, where chances of acquittal might be greater. Finally, a strengthened Quartering Act allowed the new governor, General THomas Gage, to quarter his troops anywhere, including unoccupied private homes. A further act of parliament also angered and alarmed Americans. Thus was the Quebec Act, which extended the privince of Quebec to the Ohio River, established Roman Catholoicism as Quebec's official religion, and set up a government, without a representative assembly for Quebebc.

Wade-Davis Bill

Instead, the radicals in Congress drew up the more strigent Wade Davis Bill, which required a majority of individuals who had been alive and resitered to vote in 1860 to swear an iron clad oath stating they were loyal and had never been disloyal. Under these terms, no confederate state could have been readmitted unless African-AMericans were given the right to vote. Until a majority of individuals took the oath, the state could not send reps to Congress. Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto and the radicals were furious. When Lincoln died, radical rejoiced, believing that Andrew Johnson would be less generous to the South, or at least easier to conrol. However, Johnson, although having pledged earlier to be hard with the South changed his mind and embraced Lincoln's ten percent plan to be more lenient with the Southern states. His plan was not toally magnanimous, however.

Homestead Strike (1892)

Iron and steel workers went on strike in PA against the Carnegie Steel Company to protest salary reductions

Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765)

It was the new tax policy, however, that ignited the fires of resentment among AMeircan colonists. The British Parliament decided it was time that the colonists contributed as well. In 1764, the sugar act placed import tariffs on sugar, coffee and wine, among other things. in 1765, the stamp act placed a direct tax on printed matter sold in the colonies. Americans protested that Parliament responded that the colonies' interests were represented by all of the members of Parliament. Americans used to electing representatives to the lowers house of the colonial legislatures, became more steadfast in support of the principle of "no taxation without representation"

Van Buren

Jackson had handpicked his democratic successor, Martin Van Buren of New York. The oppotition Whig Party had emerged from the ruins of the National Republicans and other groups who opposed Jackson's policies. Van Buren inherited all the problems and resentments generated by his mentor. He spent most of his term in office dealing with the financial chaos left by the death of the Second Bank. The best he could do was to eventually persuade congress to establish an independent Treasury to handle government funds. It began functioning in 1840.

Virginia Company of London

James I Gained charters from James I to North America between what are now the Hudson and the Cape Fear Rivers. Based in London Joint stock

The Monroe Presidency (1817-1823)

James Monroe, the last of the Virginian dynasty, had been handpicked by the retiring Madison and he was elected with only one electoral vote opposed-a symbol of national unity.

The Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Japan's easy victory over China signaled Chinese weakness Led to open door policy with China, designed to protect equal opportunity of trade and China's political independence (1899 and 1900)

Strict interpretation and Republications and Jefferson

Jefferson and Madison believed that any action not specifically permitted in the Constitution was thereby prohibited. This is the strict interpretation, and the Republicans opposed the establishment of Hamilton;s natiional bank based on this view of government. The Jeffersonian supprters, primarily under the guidance of James Madison, began to organize political groups in opposition to the federalist program. They called themselves republicans. The strength of the Republicans lay primarily in the rural and frontier areas of the south and west

Jefferson Administration

Jefferson and his Republican followers envisioned a nation of independent farmers living under a central government that excersized a minimum of control and served merely to protect the individual liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. Free from industrial smoke and urban blight of Europe Serve as a beacon of light of enlightenment rationalsim to a world searching for direction. Jefferson presided over a nation that was growing more industrialized and urban, and which seemed to need an ever-stronger president

Pinckney Treaty

John Jay negotiated a treaty with the British that attempted to settle the conflict at sea, as well as to curtial English agitation of their Native American allies on the western border in 1794. In the Pinckney treaty, ratified by sentate in 1796, the Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic and reocgnize the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida.

The Marshall Court

John Marshall delivered the majority opinions in a number of critical decisions in these formative years, all of which served to strengthen the power of the federal government and restrict the powers of state governments.

Tenure of Office Act

Johnson continued to work against Congressional policies so it fought back by passing the tenure of Office Act, which passed over Johnson's veto. Had to issue orders through grant and protected Edwin M. Stanton, last republican member in office Johnson retaliated and fired Stantan Congress tried to impeace Johnson but was one vote shy Johnson became a lame duck

Dawes Act (1887)

Known as the General Allotment Act; The law allowed for the president to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. Thus Native Americans registering with the Bureau of Indian Affairs were granted allotments of reservation land. To each head of family, one quater of a section; to each single person over 18 years of age, one-eight of a section; To each orphan childen under 18, one-eighth of a section; and to each other single person under 18 years now living, or who may be born prior to the date of the order of the President directing an allotment of the lands embraced in any reservation, one sixteenth of a section. Purpose of the Dawes act and acts that extended its initial provision was originally to protect Indian property rights, particularly during the land rushes of 1890's Indians got poor land couldn't afford tools Multiple heirs made allotments too small for farming

Slave Code

Laws governing slavery were peicemeal until 1705 when VA assembled all these kinds of laws into a slave code. As early as 1662 in the Virginia colony, children born to a slave mother were themselves slaves for life. Slave labor in colonial VA spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as Africans displaed white intdentured servants in the tobacco fields. Slavery flourished because the cultivation of tabacoo require inexpensive labor and by the early 1700s, slavery was legally established in all 13 colonies. Natural increase among the slave population provided a continuous source of unpaid labor for tabocco planters in the Chesapeake region, and later for rice and indigo planters in South Carolina. By 1750, aproximately 80 percent of slaves were born in colonies.

Stalwarts

Led by New York Senator Roscoe Conkling favored the old spoils system of political patronage

Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark group left St. Louis in 1804 and returned two years later with a wealth of scientific and antorpological information. At the same time, Zebulon Pike and others had been traversing the middle parts of Louisiana and the mapping of the land.

Cherokee

Like the ANasazi, the Missippian culture reached its Zeneith in teh 13th century and by the time the Europeans arrived, the Missippian culture in the southeast had largely been replaced by less urban cultures, the largest of which were the Cherokee. DUring Andrew Jackson's presidency, the Cherokee were forced to move from their lands in present-day Tennessee to "indian Country" in presen day OK. Their Journey is called the trail of tears

Lincoln v. Radical Republicans

Lincoln=Lienecy Radical Republicans=revenge

Seminoles

Lingquitically and racially diverse people who came to inhabit the Florida Peninsula. The orignial native inhabitants were decimated by disease when the Spanish arrived in Florida. As the European population grew in the present-day states of ALabama, Georgia and South Carolina, a group of Indians from the Creek Confederacy began moviing into unoccupied lands in Florida in the early 1700s. They were joined by other Indian groups as well as by runaway slaves. After the Creek War of 1812-1814, even more Indians immigrated to Seminole territory in Florida.

Edwin Sandys

Made changes to attract more settlers Colonists were promised the same rights they had in England A representitive assembly, the house of Burgesses, was founded in 1619, the first in America. Land became more privatized Despite this, many englishmen stayed away First Africans brought in 1619, they were orignially treated as indentured servants. Indian relations remained difficult. 1622, an Indian Massacre took the lives of 347 settlers. In 1644, the Indians struck again, massacring another 300 settlers. Shortly thereafter, the coastal indians were subuded and no longer presented a serious threat

John Locke and Benjamin Franklin

Major english political philosopher of the enlightenment was John Locke. Writing partially to justify England's 1688 GLorious Revolution, he strove to find in the social and political world the sort of natural laws Newton had recenlty discoverd in the physical realm. He hed that such natural laws included the right of life, liberty and propertyl that to secure these rights people submit to governments; and that governments which abuse these rights may justly be overthrown. His writings were enormously influential in America, though usually indirectly, by way of early 18th century English political philosophers. Americans tended to equate Locke's law of nature with the universal law of God. The most notable Enlightenment man in America was Benjamin Franklin. While Franklin never denied the existence of God, he focused his attention on human reason and what it could accomplish.

Bull Run

Manassas Junction, Virginia Union army under General Scott met a confederate force under Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston. In the first battle of Bull Run (called Manassas in the South), the Union army was forced to retreat in confusion back to Washington, alarming Union picnickers who had come to watch what they had thought would be an entertaining rout. The reaction among the Union officials was to embark on a series of command changes throughout 1861-1862, hoping to turn back the Southern troops.

Lincoln-Roosevelt (1858-1919)

Mark the boundaires of half a century of relatively weak executive leadership and legislative dominance by Congress and the Republican Party

Maryland

Maryland, unlike VA and the New England colonies was founded not by a corporation, but by an individual proprietor, King CHarles I gave lord Baltimore, the land now known as Maryland. Lord Baltimore fully intended to profit from his land grant but he also wanted to provide a haven for his fellow Roman Catholics. Maryland was a reliougsly tolerant colony from the beginning since the majority of immigrants were protestants.

Spanish-American War

McKinley On March 27, McKinley asked Spain to call an armistice, accept AMerican mediation to end the war, and end the use of concentration camps in Cuba. Spain refused to comply On April 21, Congress declared war on Spain with objective of establish Cuban Independence (Teller Amendment). The first US forces landed in Cuba on June 22, 1898, and bu July 17 had defeated the Spanish forces.

Hepburn Act 1906

Membership of the Interstate commerce Commission was increased from five to seven. The ICC could set its own fair freight rates, had its regulatory power extended over pipelines, bridges, and express companies, and was empowered to require a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.

Wilson's basic Premise

Moral foriegn policy denounced imperailism Denounced dollar diplomacy Advancement of democratic capitalist governments throughout the world Wilson signaled his repudiation of Taft's dollar diplomacy by withdrawing American INvolvement from the six-power loan Consortium of China in 1912, American marines had landed in Nicaragua had to maintain order and American financial expoert had taken control of the customs station. The Wilson administration kept the marines in Micaragua and negotatioed the Bryan-Chamborro Treaty of 1914, which gave the US an option to build a canal through the country. Claiming that political anarchy existed in Haiti, Wilson sent marines in 1915 and imposed a treaty making the country a protecroeate, with American control of its finances and constabulary. The marines remained until 1934. In 1916, Wilson sent marines to the Dominican Republic to stop a civil war and established a military government under an American naval commander. Wilson feared in 1915 that Germany might annex Denmakr and its Caribbean posession, the Dannish West Indies or VIrgin Islands. Afer extended negotiations, the US purchased the islands from Denmark by treaty on August 4, 1916, for 25 million and took possession of them on March 31, 1917.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Most important accomplishment of the government under the articles of confederation. Provided for the orderly creation of territorial government and new states (Ohio was the first state admitted to the Union from the Northwest territory) Excluded slavery north of the Ohio River Supported Public education

Emancipation

Nevertheless, after claiming the Battle of ANtietam a victory, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on New Year's Day 1863, freeing all of the slaves in the areas of rebellion.

Northeast Climate

New England and Mid-Atlantic States 15 degrees colder in main than VA in the winter and about 10 degress warmer in VA than maine in the summer SUmmer in the southern part of the region are often humid wiht thunderstorms, while winters get colder and snowier the farther north one is

Grover Cleveland

New York Regained the White House by defeating Republican president Benjamin Harrison (Indiana). Cleveland's conservative economic stand in favor of the Gold Standard brough him the support of various business interests. The democrats won control of both houses of Congress.

George Washington Inauguration

New York City, the temporary seat of the government April 30, 1789

Federalists and anti-federalists and Ratification

New constitution would take into effect when nine states, through special state conventions, had ratified it. As the struggle over ratification got under way, those favoring the Constitution astutely named themselves Federalists and labeled their opponents Anti-Federalists. By June, 21 1788, the required nine states had ratified, but the crucial states of New York and Virginia still held out. Ultimately, the promise of the addition of a bill of rights helped win the final states. March 1789, George washington was inaugurated as the nation;s first president on APril 20, 1789 in New York City

Treaty of Paris of 1783

News of the debacle at Yorktown brought the collapse of Lord North's ministry, and the new cabniet opened peace negotiations. The final agreement became known as the treaty of Paris of 1783. 1. The US was recognized as an independent nation by the major European powers, including Britain. 2. Its western boundary was set at the Mississippi River. 3. Its southern boundary was set at 31 degree noth latitude (to the northern boundary of Florida). Britain retained Canada, but had to surrender Florida to Spain. 4. Private British creditors would be free to collect any debts owed by US citizens; and congress was to recommend that the states restore confiscated loyalist party.

The Plain Indians

Nomadic Hunters and gatheres who lived in small communities When the Ice Age ended, large mammals like the wooly mammoth died off. plains indians began to hunt bison instead The herds of bison numbered in the millions before the Europeans arrived. plains indians developed sophisticated techniquies for killing their prey, including deadly spear points and stampeding hundreds of bison over cliffs

Comparative Advantages of the Confederacy and the Union

North over South: 1. Wealth 2. Industry 3. 3 to 1 manpower 4. Immediate grants during the war 5. US Navy 6. Railroads South over North 1. Larger in size. 2. Troops fighting on own ground Defending homes and families Advantage on fighting on the defensive

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution: Society

Northern Merchants and southern planters amassed great wealth and held public offices and high social status. Nonetheless, colonial society did not have a hereditary aristocracy. White men who achived economic succcess despite humble beginnings were welcomed into the social hierarchy. The major industry in colonial North AMerica was agriculture; however, as towns and cities arose, artisans became integral to the urban economy and social hierarchy. The most fortunate artisans were master craftsmen who owned their shops and employed journeymen and apprentices. Prooperty-owning craftsmen and independent farmers made up the large middle class of the colonies Property-less men held the lowest social status among white male colonists. The number of non-English settlers continued to increase. For example, Scotch-Irish and german immigrants moved into Appalachia as the Native AMericans were defeated. During the colonial period, a woman usually lost control of her property when she married and she had no separate legal identity apart from her husband. Single women and widows had the right to own property.

Carpet Baggers

Northerners who ran reconstruction stuff. Moved to south and stuff, trying to take advantage of the north The influx of these norther caprtbaggers to the south resulted in the republican party gaining power in the south and passing some civil rights laws like ones that legalized marriage and that allowed black students to attend schools. In many of the state legislatures, blacks gained positions of power.

Kwakiutl Indians

Northwest Indians Salmon Fishers Lived in permanent villages stretching from northern California to Southern Alaska

Johnson and Reconstruction

Now president, Johnson's plans for reconstruction waffled a bit. First he stated that certain southerners, like officers, officials, and members of the planter class whose property was worth more than 20,000 dollars would not be allowed to take the oath of loyalty, and would have to apply personally to the president for a pardon. But this policu lacked teeth, as Johnson proceeded to grant thousands of Pardons, which then alloed the previous social and governmental power brokers in the south to remain in place. After only eight months, Johnson declared that Reconstruction was over and former confederates could return to congress in December 1865. Congress, on the other hand, was agitated by Johnson's overtures to the South and decided to refuse to admit ex-confederates to its ranks. Congress justified its position by arguing that the Consttition gave it, not the president, the power to admit new states. Congress contiued with reconstruction plans

Hostilities Begin

On Dec. 20 1860, South Carolina passed a secession ordinance and shortly thereagter, Missippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined it. By Feb 1861, the Confederate States of America, a government formed by 11 southern states, had been formed in Alabama. In his inaugural address, Lincoln urged southerners to reconsider their actions, but warned that the Uinion was perpetural, that state could not seceded and that he would therefore hold the federal forts and installtions in the south.

Treaty of Paris (1900) and the Philippines

On May 1, 1898, the Spanish fleet in the Philippines was destroyed, and Manila surrendered on August 13, Spain agreed to a peace conference to be held in Paris in Octover 1898, where it ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US, in return for a payment of 20$ million to Spain for Philippines. The treaty of Paris was ratified by the Senate on Feb. 6 1900. Filipino nationalists under Emilio Aguinaodl rebelled against the US when they learned the Philippines would not be given independence. The US used 70,000 men to suppress the revolutionaries by June 1902. A special US commission recommended eventural self-government for the Philippines.

The War of 1812

One of the forgotten war of the US lasted for over 2 years Started and ended in a stalemate Confirmed American Independence Offensive actions of US failed in every attempt to capture Canada. British army was successfully stopped when it attempted to capture Baltimore and New Orleans. Number of American naval victories (proving excellent naval) These victories after victories in Quasi War launed American naval traditions

Iroquois

One of the largest culture living in the northeast, speicifically in present-day upstate NY and Ontario, Canda. They were farmers who lived in matrlineal extended families. Success in cultivation led to population grown and eventually, five iroquois nations inhabitated upstate new york. Historians believe that the Iroquois confeeracy unted these five nations beginningin the 15th century. The Iroquois Confederacy was the most important and powerful native American political alliance. It successully ended generations of tribal warfare

Fort Sumter

Only two remained in federal hands: fort Pickens, off Pensacola, Florida, and Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln soon received word from Major Robert Anderon, commander of the small Garrison at Fort Sumter, that supplies were running low. Desiring to send in the needed supplies, Lincoln informed the governor of South Carolina of his intention, but promised that no attempt would be made to send arms, ammunition, or reinforcements unless southerners initiated hostilities. Confederate General PGT Bearegard, acting on orders from Confederate President Jefferson David, demanded Anderson's surrender. Anderson said he would surrender if he were not resupplied. Supplies were on the way, confederates opened fire on April 12, 1861. The next day, the Fort surrenedered. Lincoln declared insurrection and called for the states to provide 75,000 volunteers to put it down. In response to this, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Arkansas declared their secession. The remaining slave states stayed with the union: Delaware, KY, Maryland, and Missouri

The Massachusetts Bay Company

Organized by Puritans who wanted to escape political repression, religious restrictions, and an economic recession. In 1630, they establish settlements in Boston and a few other towns. Puritans came to New England in family groups, which helped to stabilize the colony and to increase the population more quickly than was the case in southern colonies.

The Whigs

Promoted government participation in commercial and industrial development, the encouragement of banking and corporations, and a cautious approach to westward expansion. Their support came largely from northern business and manufacturing interests and large southern planters. Calhoun, Clay and Webster dominated the Whig party during the early decades of the nineteenth century.

Post-War developments

Protective Tariff's (1816): The first protective tariff in the nation's history was passed in 1816 to slow the flood of cheap British manufacutres into the country Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): An Agreement was reached in 1817 between Britain and the US to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes. The first disarmament agreement is still in effect. The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): Spain had decided to sell the remainder of the Florida territory to the Americans before they took it anyway. Under this agreement, the Spanish surrendered all their claims to Florida. The US agreed to assume 5 million dollars in debts owed to American merchants.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Provided supreme court with 6 justices, and invested it with the power to rule on the constitutional validity of state laws. It was to be the interpreter of the supreme law of the land. A system of district courts was set up to serve as courts of original jurisdictions, and three courts of appeal were established

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical Republicnas, such as Thaddeus Stevens of PA believed that Lincoln's plan did not adequately punish the South, restructure Southern Society, or boost the Political prospects of the Republican Party.

Joint Stock Company

Raised money by selling shares of stock. Companies of this sort had already been ysed to finance and carry on English trade with Russia, Africa and the Middle East. The Plymouth cmpany, in 1607, attempted to plant a colony in Maine, byt after one winter, the colonists became discouragde and returned to Britain, thereafter, the Plymouth company folded The English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard can be divided into three regions: Plantation or southern, New England and Middle

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Raised new hurdles in the path of immigrants trying to obtain citizenship, and the Sedition Act widened the powers of the Adams administration to muzzle its newspaper critics Republican Leaders were convinced that the ALien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, but the process of deciing on the consitutionality of federal laws was undefined. Jefferson and Madison decided that state legislatures should have that power, and they drew up a series of resolutions which were presented to the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures. They proposed that state bodies could nullify federal laws within those states. These resolutions were adopted only in these two states, and so the issue died, but the principle of states rights would have great force in later years.

Northerners concerns with Reconstruction

Reconstruction began well before the Civil War came to an end Northerners had 4 basic concerns: 1. Who would rule the local south and what would be their role 2. Whether governmental control of the South be in the hands of the President or congress 3. Issues with the freedom of former slaves and 4. Whether they should reestablish the old system that had been in place, or building something anew so that these problems would not happen again.

Scalawags

Reconstruction divided southern society Southerners who cooperated with reconstruction or who joined the Republican Party Scalawargs

Western Region

Rises out of great plains, into the rocky mountains and then proceeds to the pacific ocean at a generally much higher altitude than in the rest of the US. A large part of the Southwest is Desert The Sonoran and Painted Deserts are in Arizone the Mojave desert is in Cali Colorado Plateue: Surrounded by Rockymountains and the Great basis Colombia Plateue lies between the rocky mountains and the cascade range in the states of orgenon and washington Rivers: Pecos, Rio Grande, Colorado, Gila, Snake, Colombia, Sacremento and San Joaquin Vegetation: Evergreen forests and shrub in the mountain ranges, desert in most of Arizone, southeastern cali, Nevada and Utah Some valleys Continental Divide: Runs through the rocky mountains Rivers to the west drain in the pacific, in the east: Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic

The North East

Rivers, lakes, Valleys, Platues and mountains Bordered by Atlantic ocean on the east and ohio river and by Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on the east. Southern border is the boundary between PA and Maryland. Delaware, Hudson and Connecticut Rivers. Vegetation: mixed and deciduous forests.

The economy (1882-1887)

Rockefeller in oil JP Morgan in Banking Carnegie in Steel Harriman in railroads Major industrial empires Concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a relatively small number of giant firms led to a monopoly of capitalism that minimized competition. This led to a demand by smaller businessmen, farmers, and laborers for government regulation of the economy in order to promote competetion

Panama Canal

Roosevelt Seperate Panama from Colombia Recognized Panama as independent country Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 granted the US control of the canazl sone for 10 million and an annual fee of 250,000, beginning nine years after ratification of the treaty by both parties Construction began in 1904 Completed in 1914

William Taft

Roosevelt did not run for reelection Republican Ohio Continuation of anti-trust Evironmental conservatism Democrats elected Bryan Taft won Republicans retained both houses of congress For the first time, the American Federation of Labor entered national politic officially with an endorsement of Bryan Anti-trust policy: In pursuing anti-monopoly, law enforcement, taft chose as his attorney general Wickersham, who brought 44 indictments in antitrust suits. Taft couldn't bring harmony between conservative and progressive republicans

Coal Strike 1902

Roosevelt interceded with government mediation to bring about negotiations between the United Mine workers union and the anthratic mine owners after a bitter strike over wages, safety conditions, and union recognition. This was the first time that the government intervened in a labor dispute without automatically siding with management. A brief economic recession and panic occured in 1907 as a result, in part, of questionable bank speculations, a lack of flexible monetary and credit policies, and a conservative gold standard. This event called attention to the need for banking reform which would lead to the establishment of the Federal Reserve system in 1913.

1912 Election (Bull moose party)

Roosevelt ran again Dramatic election When the Republicans didn't nominate roosevelt, he formed his own (bull moose) party. On the platform of New Nationalism. It called for stricter regulation of large corporations, creation of a tariff commission, women's suffrage, minimum wages, and benefits, direct election of senators, initiative referendum and recall, presidential primaries, and prohibition of child labor. Roosevelt also called for a federal trade Commission to regulate the economy, a stronger exectuive, and more government planning. Roosevelt did not see bug business as evil, but as a permanent development that was necessary in a modern economy.

Roosevelt's reforms

Roosevelt's did much to create a bipartisan coalition of liberal reformers whose objective was to restrain corporate monopoly and prmote economic competetion at home and abroad. The president pledged strict enforcement of the Sherman Anti-trust act, which was designed to break up illegal monoplies and regulate large coprorations for the public good.

American Federation of Labor (1886)

Samuel Gompers and Adolph Strasser put together combination of national craft unions to represent labor's concerns with wages, hours, and safety conditions. Although militant in its use of the strike and in its demand for collective bargaining in labor contracts with large corporations, it did not promote violence or radicalism.

Thomas Jefferson (SOS)

Secretary of State Objected to the funding proposal because they believed it would enrich a small elite group at the expense of more worthy common citizen

Foreign Relations (1887-1892)

Secretary of State, James G. Blaine was concerned with international trade, political stability, and execsssive militarism in Latin America. His international Bureua of American Republics was designed to promote a Pan-American customs union and peaceful conflict resolution. To achieve his aims, Blaine opposed US military intervention in the Hemisphere.

The following provisions were in the Constitution as submitted to the states in 1787

Seperation of powers AUthority of congress to declare war A guarantee of the legality of slavery The creation of an elecotral college to avoid popular election Provision for impeacement of president Provision for the state of the union address Provision for ratifying the constitution Federalism Bicameral legislature, as created by great compromise Enumeration of the powers of congress 3/5 congress

The Great Basin Region

Series of many basins, interrupted with moitain ranges produced by titled and uplifted strata. The great basin deser, the largest in the US, covers and arid expande of about 190,000 sq miles and bored by the sierra nevada range on the west and the rocky moitinas on the east, the colombia platue, to the north and the Mojave and Sonoran deserts to the south. Undrained basisns are also chareceteritic of the Mojave (bordering arizone and californai) and chichiahian deserts.

Northerners Advantage 2

Several key confederate officers, such as Stonewall Jackson and Johnston were injured or killed. The replacement of the North's largely in effective Mclellan only made an impact when he was permanently removed from the command of the Army in favor of Ulysses S. Grant. After 1863, the Union was able to go on the offensive and invade the South.

Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution: Economics

Slavery was generally accepted as a labor system. The instutution was legally established in all colonies Colonial cities functioned primarily as mercantile centers for collecting argricultural goods and distributing imported manufactured goods. Most colonial cities were ports that maintained close economic and cultural ties with England. Mercantilsm was England's dominant economic philososphy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. THe goal of mercantilism was for England to have a favorable balance of trade. To achieve this goal, the colonies were expected to export raw materials and import finished goods. Mercantilism was designde to protext English industry and promote England's prosperitiy. The navigation Acts were part of the British policy of Mercantilism. They listed colonial products that could be shhipped only to England. The mercantilist system led to the subordination of the colonial economy to that of the mother country. Despite the Navigation Acts, howver, the North AMerican colonies were able to profit from Great Britains policy of salutary neglct, which means that until the Eng of the French and Indian War in 1763, the British government was preoccupied with European affairs and looked the other way when the colonies worked out trade agreements so they could acquire needed products from other countries.

Unfair Taxation

South preferred to trade with England rather than the North. It would send its cotton to English mills and would buy European goods in return. This irritated Northerners, so northern politicians sought to destroy the south through abolition movements and also taxes Put heavy taxes on English goods to force southerners to buy from the north The south perceived this as an attack at them

Results of reconstruction

Southern state constitutions were more democratic. Initially both blacks and Republicans were elected to serve in the new governments. Reconstruction encouraged investment and industrialization. Also increased corruption Government industrialization plans geared toward helping the South industrialize did not work well. High tax rates turned public opinion against reconstructionists who governments had to raise taxes substantially to pay for the Civil War damage.

State versus Federal Rights

Southern states believed that they should have the right to decide it they should accept certain federal laws pertaining to slavery, import tax that they felt would hurt their well-being. They also believed they had the right to nullify Federal government refused to allow nullification Northerners argued that nullification was a dangerous precedent that would just make the country weaker and more open to take-over or dissolution

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish Monarchy Discovered the southern route to the pacific ocean and onward to India in 1519.

Alluvium

The areas between the dest ranges have been fulled with water-washed alluvium. This alluvium, or fine soil, produces the extensive flat spaces onusually associates with deserts. The water table may be high on the flatlands, and the drainiage is often slow. Poorly drained patches and largers playas become alkaline though accumulution of soluble chemicals

King George III

Succeeded his grandfather as king of Great Britain in 1760. Determined to have more control of the government than George II had, George III appointed ministers who were not the ablest. George III could be stubborn and he refused to listen to the American Colonists complaints. This was unfortunate because many colonists believed that their king was getting bad advice, not that he personally agreed with taxing Americans and punishing them when they did not comply. By 1776, the colonists had turned against King George III as can be seen in the list of Greivences in the Declaration of Independence.

Colombian Exchange: Europe to America

Sugar, Rice and Cofee Horses, pigs and cows Interrupted established agricultural communities, and native Americans began to abandon responsibilities to provide food in pursuit of European goods they could exchange for fur hides

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

Supplemented and interpreted Sherman antitrust act of 1890. Stock ownershup by a corporation in a competeting copritation was prohbited Price discrimiation and exclusive contracts which reduced competetion were prohibited

Roosevelt Corollary

THe US reserved the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations to keep European powers from using military force to collec debts in the Western hemisphere. The US by 1905, had intervened in the affairs of Venezuela, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Cuba.

Social and Cultural Developments (1902-1907)

THere was not one unifed progressive movement, but a series of reform causes designed to address specific social, economic, and political problems. Progressive reforms might best be described as evolutionary change from above rather than revolutionary upheaval from below. Muckrackers (a term coined by Roosevelt) were investigative journalists and authors who were often the champions of reform.

Foreign Relations (1907-1915)

Taft sought to avoid military intervention, esp. in Latin America, by replacing the big stike policies with dollar diplamacy in the expectation that America financial investments would encourage economic, social, and oplitical stability. This idea proved an illusion. Wilson urged Mexican President Huerta to hold democratic elections and adopt a constitutional government. Huerta refused, and Wilson invaded Mexico with troops at Veracruz in 1914. A second US invasion came in Northern Mexico in 1916. The US kept a military presence in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, intervened militarily in Nicaragua (1911) to quiet fears of revolution and help manage foreign financial problems.

Ku Klux Klan

Targeted all of those who supported reconstruction, black and white. Klnasmen often attacked and murdered scalawags and leaders of all races, community activists, and teachers.

Bill of Rights

Ten amendments were ratified by the states by the end of 1791 and became the bill of rights FIrst nine spelled out specific guarntees of personal freedoms, and the Tenth Amendment reserved to the states all those powers were not speicifically withheld or granted to the federal government

The War on the Bank of the United States

The Bank of the US had operated under the direcion of Nocholas Biddle since 1823. He was a cautious man, and his conservative economic policy enforced conservatism among the state and private banks-which many bankers resented. In 1832 Jackson vetoed the Bank's renewal, and it ceased being a federal instutition in 1836.

Lexington and Concord

The British government paid little attention to the First Contientnal Congress, having decided to teach the Americans a military lesson. More troops were sent to Massachusetts, which was oficially decalred to be in a state of rebellion. Orders were sent to General Gage to arrest the leaders of resistenance, or failing that, to provoke any sort of confrontation that would allow him to turn British military might loose on the Americans. Gage decided on a reconnaissance-in-force to find any destory a reported stockpile of colonial arms and ammunition at Concord. Seven hundred British troops set out on this mission on the night of April 18, 1775m which resulted in skirmished with the colonists at Lexington and Concord. Open warfare had begun, and the myth of British invincibility was destroyed. Militia came in large numbers from all the New Elngalnd colonies to Join the forces besieging Gage and his army in Boston. The folowwing month the Americans tighented the noose around Boston by fortifying Breed's Hill (a spur of bunker hill) The British determined to remove them by a frontal attack. Twice the British were thrown back, but they finally succedded when the Americans ran out of ammunition. Over a thousand British soldiers were kille or wounded in what turned out to be the bloodiest battle of the war (June 17, 1775). Yet the British had gained very little and remained bottled up in Boston. Meanwhile, in May 1775, American forces Under Ethan Allex (1738-1789_ and Benedict Arnold (1741-1801) took fort Ticondergo on Lake Champlain. While these events were taking place in New England and Canada, and the Second Continental Congress met in Philly in May 1775. Congress was divided into two main factions. One was composed mostly of New Englanders and leaned toward declaring independence. The other drew its strength from the Middle Colonies and was not yet ready to go that far.

General Lord Cornwallis

The British landed that summer in NYC, where they hoped to find many loyalists. Washington narrowly avoided being tapped their (escaped partially due to general howe's slowness) Defeated again at the battle of washington heights (august 1776) in Manhattan, Washington was forced to retreat across New Jersey with the agressive British Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) in pursuit.

Second Continental Congress

The Congress narrowly rejected a plan, submitted by Joseph Galloway of PA< calling for a union of colonies within the empire and rearrangement of relations with Parliament. most of the delegates felt matters had already gone too far for such a mild measure. Finally, before adjournment, it was agreed that there should be a Second Continental Congress to meet in May of the following year if the colonies grievances had not been righted by then.

Cuban Revolt

The Cuban Revolt against Spain in 1895 threatened American business interests in Cuba. Sensational yellow journalism, and nationalistc statements from officials such as Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, encouraged popular support for direct American military intervention on behalf of Cuban indepdence. President McKinley, however, proceeded cautiously through 1897.

End of Federalist Party (during Jefferson) Hartford Convention

The Federalists had increasingly become a minority party. They vehemently opposed the war, and Daniel Wesbter and other New England congressment consistenly blocked the Adminstration's efforts to prosecute the war effort. On Dec. 15 1814, delegates from the New Elgnad states met in Hartford Connecticut, and drafted a set of resolutions suggesting nullification-and even-secession-if their interests were not protected against the rowing influence of the South and West Soon after the convention adjourned, the news of Andrew Jackson's victory over the British on Jan. 8, 1815 at New Orleans was announced and their actions were discredited. The federalist Party ceased to be a political force from this point on.

Finally, Americans had coalesced around certain beliefs:

The colonists believed that King George III was a tyrant They believed that Parliament wanted to control the internal affairs of the colonies withuot the consent of the colonists They wanted greater political participation in policies affecting the colonies. They resented the quartering of British troops in Colonial homes. They wanted to preserve their local autonomy and way of life from British interferences.

End of the War

The Final Union Campaign consisted of a series of coordinated offensives in the South. Sherman's March to the Sea created a path of destruction and aroused bitter feeling in the South that would not end with the war. The Final confederate collapse was only a matter of time. Grant cut off all supplies to Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia, which had withdrawn to the area around Richmond, and on APril 9, 1865, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse. Other Confederate armies still holding out in various parts of the South surrendered over the next few weeks. Lincoln did not live to receive news of the final surrenders. Only April 14, 1865, he was shot in the back of the head while watching a play in Ford's theater in Washington.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

The Missouri Territory, the first to be organized from the Louisiana Purchase, applied for statehood in 1819. Since the Senate Membership was evenly divided between slaveholding and free states at that time, the admission of a new state would give the voting advantage either to the North or to the South. As the debate dragged on, the northern territory of Massachusetts applied for admission as the state of Maine. The two admission bills were combined, with Maine coming in free and Missouri coming in as a slave state. To make the package palatable for the House, a provision was added that prohibited slavery in the reaminder of Louisiana Territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. (latitude 36 30)

March of the Unemployed (1894)

The Populist Businessman Jacob Coxey led a march of hundreds of unemployed workers on Washington asking for a government work-relief program.

Bajadas

The Sonoran desert, the linear ranges, usually formed by volvanic uplift are often surrounded by a skirt of detritus-boulders, rocks, gravel, sand, soil, that has eroded from the moutain over time. Much of this has been washed down during torrential summer downpours. In the southwest, the detritus skilrs, or pediments are frequently called bajads. The subtrate is coarser, with larger rocks on the upper bajadad and finer at the lower evelation

Taft-Katsura Memo (1905)

The US and Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China. Japan recognized American control over the Philippines, and the US granted a Japanese protectorate over Korea.

Foreign and Frontier Affairs

The US proclaimed neutrality when France went to war with much of Europe, including England in 1792, and American merchants traded with both sides. In retaliation, the British began to seize American merchant ships and force their crews into service with the British navy.

William Henry Harrison

The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison "Old Tippecano" a western fighter against the Native Americans. Their choice for VP was John Tyler a former democrat from Virginia. The Democrats put up Van Buren again. Harrison won but died only a month after the inauguration, having served the shortest term in presidential history.

Election of 1916

The democrats, the minority party nationally in terms of voter registration, nomiated Wilson and adopted his platform calling for contibued progressive reforms and neutrality in the European War. The Republican convention bypassed Thedore Roosevelt and chose Charles Evan Hughes, an associate justice of the Supreme Court and formerly a progressive Republican governor of New York. Wilson won the election.

Growth of sectionalism

The differences between the Southern plantation cotton economy and the Northern industrial economy resulted in not only differences in income levels but also differences in economic attitudes that manifested themselves in considerations of race. South: Agrarian North: Factories North was more self-sufficent than the south

More Spanish Exploration

The earliest Spanish exploration and settlements were primarlity in central and south Americam the first permanent settlement of Europeans in the present day US was not established until 1565 when teh SPanish founded St. Augustine in FLorida. It would be almost andother 35 years before the SPanish establied their fist permanent settlement in the west in New Mexico in 1598. WHen Pueblo Indians revolvted in 1690, and pushed the Spanish out of New Mexico temporarily, the first Spanish settlement in Texas was established. The Spanish had explored the Coast of California since the mid-1500s, but the first permanent settlement was not estanlished until 1769 in San Diego.

Liberia

The early anti-slavery movement advocated freed the colonization of slaves in Liberia, Africa. The AMerican Colonization Society was oranized in 1817, and established the colony of Liberia in 1830, but by that time the movement had reached a dead end.

Repression and protest

The elections in 1798 increased the Federalists majorities in both houses of Congress and they used their mandate to enact legislation to stifle foreign influences.

Yorktown and surrender

The frustrated and impetuous Cornwallis now abandoned the southern strategy and moved north into Virginia, taking a defensive posititon at Yorktown. With the aid of a French fleet which took control of Chesapeake Bay and a French army which joined him in sealing off the land approaches to Yorktown, Washington succeeded in trapping Cornwallis. After 3 weeks of siege, Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 17 1781

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913

The law divided the nation into 12 regions, with a federal Reserve bank in each region. Federal Reserve banks loaned money to member banks at interest less than the public paid to the member banks, and the notes of indebtedness of busniess and farmers to the member banks were held as collateral. This allowed the Federal Reserve to control interest rates by raising or lowering the discount rate. The money loaned to the member abnks was in the form of new currenc, Federal Reserve notes, which was backed 60 percent by commercial paper and 40 percent by fold. This currency was designed to expand and contract with the volume of business activity and borrowing. The federal reserve system serviced the financial needs of the federal government. The system was supervised and policy was set by a national Federal reserve Board composed of the secretary of the terasury, the comptroller of the currency, and five other members appointed by the President of the US.

Constitution George Washington

The men who met in Philly in 1787 were remarkably able, highly education and exceptionally accomplished. For the most part, they were lawyers, merchants and planters. THough representing indivudual states most thought in terms of national unity. George Washington was unanimously elected to preside, and the enormous respect that he commanded helped hold the convention together through difficult times

Inuit Indians

The northernmost Native American Culture that survives today is the Inuit. These people are maritime hunters, concentrating on seal and walrus. They live in the Artic Regions of North America

End of Reconstruction

The panic led to clamor for the prining of more greenbacks. In 1874, Congress authorized a small new issue of greenbacks, but it was vetoed by Grant. Pro-inflation forces were further enraged when Congress demonetized silver in 1873, going to a straight gold standard. Silver was becoming more plentful due to Western mining and was seen by some as potential source of inflation. Pro-inflation forces referred to the demonetization of sliver as the Crime of 73. In the election of 1876, the Democrtas caompaigned against corruption and nominated New York GOvernor Samuel Tilden who had broken the tween political machine of NYC. The Repubicans passed over Grant and turned to governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio. Like Tilden, Hayes was decent, honest, in faovir of hard money and civil service reform, and opposed to government regulation of the economy. Tilden won the popular vote and led in the electoral vote 184 to 165. However, 185 electoral votes were needed for election, and 20 votes, from the three Southern states still occupied by federal troops and run by Republican governments, were disputed. A deal was made wheereby those 20 votes went to Hayes in retyrn for removal of federal troops from the South. Reconstruction was over.

James Weaver

The people's Party (populist party) nominated James Weaver (Iowa) for president in 1892. The party platform called for the enactment of a program espoused by agrarians, but also for a coalition with urban workers and the middle class. Specific goals were the coinage of silver to gold at a ratio of 16:1; federal loans to farmers a graduated income tax; postal savings banks; public ownership of railroads and telephone and telegraph systems; prohibition of alien land ownership; immigration restriction; a ban on private armies used by corporations to break up strikes; an 8 hour work day; a single six year terms of president and direct election of senators; the right of initiative and referendum and the use of the secret ballot.

1860 election of Abraham Lincoln

The run-up to the election caused political rifts within the Whig party, which resulted in its dissolution and souterh members joining the Democratic Party and the Northerners joining the Republic Party. In the Razor-thin 1860 Presidentil Election. Abrham Linolcn defetated Douglas, Brekinridge and John Bell Before Lincoln was sworn in, South Carolina seceded from the Union and six other states joined it.

Puritans

The typical Puritan community was charecterized by a close relationship between church and state. Under the leadership of governor John Winthrop, the Puritans created a model Christian society with a strict code of moral conduct. For example, Puritans banned the theater. The Puritans powerful sense of mission, to build an ideal Christian society is captured in this quote from winthrops famous sermon as the Puritans crossed the Atlanitc Ocean in 1630-"City on the Hill" The puritans believed in the necessity for a trained and educated ministry. They founded Harvard college and Yale College to ensure an adequate supply of ministers. Boys, but not girls, were formally educated to prepare them for harvard and yale. As a result, male literacy was nearly universal by 1750 in New England and despite their lack of formal training, increasing numbers of women were literate as well. Although the Puritans immigrated to America for religious freedom, they did not tolerate dissent or diviersity. Borth Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were expelled for challenging the Puritan authority. Williams believed he advanced the cause of religious toleration and freedom of thought. Williams believed that the state was an improper and ineffectual agency in matters of the spirit. Massachusetts bay officials banished Anne Hutchinson to Rhode Island after she challenged clerical authority and claimed to have had revelations from GOd. Hutchinson is best know for her struggle with Massachusetts Bay authorities over religious doctrine and gender roles.

Native American Peoples

They came to the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska. Sometime between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago, people began migrating from Asia to North AMerica across a land-bridge that formed as water receded. Several waves of migration occurred with the final one bringing the Inuit to the North America in boats since the ice age had ended and the seas had risen to cover the land-bridge.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

This prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or fraudulently labeled foods and drugs in accordance with consumer demands.

Meat inspection Act (1906)

This provided for federal and sanitary regulations and inspections in meat packing facilities. Wartime scandals in 1898 involving spoiled canned meats were a powerful force for reform.

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson Natural rights philosophy, derived from Locke 1776

The Revolution of 1800

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran on the Republican ticket against John Adams and Charles Pinckney for the Federalists. The Republican Candidates won handily; but both received the same number of electoral votes, thus throwing the selection of the president into the house of reps. After a lengthy deadlock, Hamilton threw his support to Jefferson and Burr had to accept the Vice-Presidency, the result obviously intended by the electorate. Jefferson appointed James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin to the treasury.

Boston Tea Party

Three years later, however, the British government, in an effort to help the nearly bankrupt British East India Company, allowed the company to sell tea directly to the colonists at a conserably reduced price. The threepenny tea tax remained in place, however. Tempted by the inexpesnive tea, coinsits nevertheless organized against allowing the ships to dock and unload when they realized that if Britain was sucessful with establishing a tea monopoly, they might attempt to monopolize other aspects of colonial trade. In boston, the colonial resistance turned into the famous Boston Tea Party.

Ten percent plans

To restore legal governments in the seceded states, Lincoln developed a policy called the Ten percent Plan that made it relatively east for southern states to enter the collateral process. Lincoln's plan stipulated that Southerners, except for high ranking rebel officials, could take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and acknowledge the end of slavery. When the number of people who had taken this oath within anyone state reached 10 % of the number who had been registered to vote in 1860, a loyal state government could be formed. Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana formed loyal governments under Lincoln's plan but were refused recognition by a Congress dominated by Radical Republicans.

The First Great Awakening

Took the form of a wave of religious revivals that began in New England in 1730's. THe wave soon swept across all the colonies during the 1740s. In the southern colonies, many slaves were converted to Christianity Itinerant ministers advocated an emotional approach to religious practice, finding the established churhces too rational in their practices. These New Light ministers promoted the growth of New Light instututions of higher learning, such as princeton. The dicisions between the Old Light and Nww Light practices affected both the Presbyterian and Congreaitonal churches, resulting in growing religious diversity within the colonies. The most significant effect of the First Great AWakening is that it was the first national event that affected all of the colonies.

Alexander Hamilton

Treasury Secretary Report on the Public Credit proposed the funding on the national debt at face value, federal assumption of state debts, and the establishment of the national bank. Report of Manufacturers Proposed on extensive program for federal stimulation of industrial development through subsidies and tax incentives. The money needed to fund these programs would come from an excise tax on distillers and from tariffs on imports.

Plains

Triangular area convering 1.4 million square miles that extends for about 2400 miles from alberta Saskatchewan and Manitoba southwar through texas into Mexico from the rockymountains eastward to Indiana. Rainfall increases from west to east Praireis Western rangeland The wheat beltm abd the corn/soybean area

Politics of the Period (1900-1902)

Unexpected death of VP Garett Hobart led the republican to choose the war hero and reform governor of NY, thedore roosevelt, as President William McKinley's running mate. Republicans (Mckinley) had successes like Cuba and Panama, and Gold standard Democrats once again nominated Bryan on a platform condemning imperialism and the gold standard McKinley easily won and the Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress.

Articles of confederation

Unicameral congress Each state would have one vote, as had been the case in the Continental congress Executive authority would be vested in a committee of 13, with one member from each state. Unanimous consent needed to amend the aritcles. Government was empowered to make war, make treaties, determine the amount of troops and money each state should contribute to the war effort, settle disputres between states, admit new states to the union and borrow money. Not empowered to levy taxes, raise troops or regulate commerce. Ratification of the Articles of Confed was delayed by disagreements over the future status of the lands that lay to the west of the orignial 13 states. Maryland, which had no such claim, withheld ratification until 1781 when VA agreed to surrender its western claims to the new national government.

Age of Jackson

Was the beginning of the modern two-party system. Popular politics, based on emotional appeal, became the accepted style. The practice of meeting in mass conventions to nominate national candidates for office was established during these years.

The Northwest Climate

Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. Differences between the coast and interior climates in this region Winters along the pacific coast are cool and wet, wheras away from the coast winters are colder and drier, except for snow, which can e quite heavey in the high evelations. Summers in this region are generally dry and mild along the coast and warmer bu still dry in the interior.

John Adams

Well-known harvard-educated lawyer from Massachusetts defended the British soldiers (red coats) accused of the Boston Massacre. Adams was a delegate to the first and second continental congress and led in the movement for independence. During the Revolutionary War, her served in France and Holland in diplomatic roles and helped negotiate the treary of peace. From 1785 to 1788 he was minister to the Court of St. James's returning to be elected Vice President under George Washington. Adams served as the second President of the US.

Slavery

When the price of tobacco fell sharply in the late 1600s, the supply of English indentured servants declined. Small farmers, many of whom had immigrated as indetured serants were hardpressed to compete with large landowners when the profit margin for tobacco shrank. The English Royal Africa Company began importing slaves directly to North America; although slaves were expensive, the could be worked harder than indetured servants since they were not under a contract

Settling North-America

While both ANgland and France sent explorers across the Atlantic, religious and political issues in Europe as well as their goal of finding a northern route to Asia, kept them from establishing permanent settlements in North America for almost a centyrt after the Spanish had conquered much of central and south America.

Headright system

Who ever paid the passage of a laborer, recieved the right to acquire 50 acres of land. Masters thus enjoyed thebenefits of this system. In Virginia and Maryland. and had indentured servants

Sixteenth Amendment

Wilson Graduated Income Tax

The Road to war In Europe WWI

Wilson orginially called Neutrality Sinking of Lustiana (British) lost 1198 lives, including 128 Americans Brought Strong protests from Wilson

The Early Years of the Wilson Administration

Wilson was only the second Democrat (Cleveland was the first) elected president since the Civil War. Key appointments to the cabinet were William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State and William Gibbs McADoo as Secretary of the treasury.

Trenton

With his victory almost complete, General Howe decided to wait until spring to finish annihilating Washington's army. Scattering his troops in small detachments so as to hold all of NJ, he went into winter quarters. Washington, with his small army melting away as demoralized soldiers deserted, decided on a bold stroke. On Christmas night 1776, his army crossed the Delaware River and struck the Hessians and Trenton. The Hessians, still groggy from theur hard-drinking Christmas party, were easily defeated. A few days later, Washington defeated a British force a Princeton (Jan. 3 1777). Much of New Jersey was regained, and Washington;s army was saved from disintegration.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Wobblies 1905-1924 Violence and revolution Strikes in textile industry in 1912 After the red scare, the government shut down the IWW

The Democrats (1907-1912) Wilson

Woodrow Wilson Wilson was president of Princeton and governor of New Jersey His Campaign was New Freedom Wilson wanted to break up large corporations Wanted independence for Philippines lower Tariffs Graduated income tax Banking reforms Direct election of senators Split in Republican Party allowed for Wilson to gain presidency (1913-1921)

The Mid-West

borderd by 4 great lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie Eastern Border is the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the the western border is the rocky mountains Interior plains and great plains Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi, Platte and Arkansas Rivers deciduous forest in center, and mixed and ever green forests in the extreme northern parts (Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) On the western side of the region, the vegetation changes to tall grass prarie and then short grass prarie closer to the rocky mountains

Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854

created two new territories that allowed popular sovereignty to determine whether or not it would be a free state or a slave state.

William Lloyd Garrison

in 1831, William Lloyn Gattison started his paper, The Liberator, and began to advocate total and immediate emancipation. He founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832 and the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1822. Theodore Weld pursued the same goals, but advocated more gradual means. The movement split into two wings: Garrison's radical followers, and the moderates who favored moral suasion and petitions to congress. In 1840, the Liberty party, the first national anti-slavery party, fielded a presidential candidate on the platform of free soil (non-expansion of slavery into the new western territories) West became more associated with the north btw

The democrats

opposed big government and the requirements of modernization: urbanization and industrialization. Their support came from working classes, small merchants, and small farmers.