Praxis 5038:Writing Process
Prewriting
(also called planning or rehearsal): this stage of the writing process involves gathering and selecting ideas. English teachers can help students prewrite in several ways: by creating lists, researching, brainstorming, reading to discover more about the author's style, discussing the topic, collecting memorabilia or clips from other texts, and free-writing
stages of the writing process
Are recursive (the recur and repeat) 1. prewriting 2. drafting 3. revising 4. editing 5. publishing 6. evaluating
argument
CCSS call for an increases attention on teaching argument writing. The parts of an argument include a claim, evidence to support the claim, the warrant that explains how the evidence supports the claim, support for the warrant, and qualifications or counterarguments to refute the competing claims.
APA citations
Salinger, J. D. (1945). (Italics) The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
MLA citations
Salinger, J. D. (Italics) The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown, and Company. 1945. Print.
revising (research writing process)
Same as general writing process. Particular focus on organization of paragraphs and the conciseness of paragraphs
Publishing
This is the "going public" stage. A student can share his or her writing with a larger audience in many ways. Teachers can encourage students to publish their writing in newsletters, online publications, performances, brochures and magazines.
Editing
This stage involves checking for style and convention--spelling, grammar, usage, and mechanisms. At this point in the writing process, the student ensures that errors in conventions will not be intrusive when others read the piece of writing.
Revising
This stage of the writing process involves rewriting, or "re-seeing." At this point, the student looks at the piece again, either alone or with the help of a teacher or a capable peer. The student strives to ensure that the reader is able to understand the piece of writing. In the revision stage, emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece.
portfolio
a portfolio is a compilation of a student writer's work for evaluation. Some portfolios are comprised solely of works self-selected by the student, other contain a combination of self-selected and required work. Portfolios help teacher and the student assess a writer's growth over time
Drafting (research writing process)
begins with the student making an outline of the heading for each of the source cards. Some sources will be used, others may be deleted at this point. The student can change the statement of purpose from the prewriting stage to a draft thesis statement and begin to write the body of the research paper using source cards and notes. Students need to be sure to paraphrase and include an in-text citation or use a direct quote with an in-text citation and they use source material. They should also be sure to write an introduction and conclusion. Research papers also include a title page and works cited or references section, which follows a specific format, typically MLA in a middle/high school English course.
types of writing
choosing the type of writing helps the writer narrow the topic, set purposes for writing, determine the style of writing (formal or informal) and select the tone (argumentative, objective, supportive). Types of writing emphasized in schools today include essays (personal, cause/effect, persuasive), argument, informative, explanatory, research reports, journals, response to text, and poetry.
conventions
conventions include spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and paragraphing.
drafting
in this stage, students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas. Drafts often contain main points, a thesis, relevant support, and evaluation. depending on the purpose for writing and the audience for the piece, there may be a few drafts or many.
Evaluating
in this stage, the student looks back at his or her work and self evaluates. the audience also evaluates the effectiveness of the writing.
Editing (research writing process)
includes and additional focus on ethical citation of sources and accuracy of works cited
Prewriting (Research writing process)
involves identifying a general topic of interest or one that is determined by the test or teacher, listing key words to use in the search for information. and then accessing reputable sources, either online or print. Next, the student creates source cards, note cards with a list of your references. This prewriting process helps the student focus on the topic. the student then writes a statement of purpose, identifies questions, and organizes questions with similar headings, and returns to more sources and makes additional source cards.
evaluating (research writing process)
involves self-assessment and audience feedback on the effectiveness of the writing
writing workshop
mini-lesson, led by the teacher or a capable student, based on individual and group instructional needs status of the class, in which a teacher asks each student to provide a brief update on what he or she will be working on during the workshop time for writing, in which students work alone, with a partner, or with the teacher to advance through the stages of the writing process. the teacher often confers with students during this time. students also might participate in a peer revising or editing conference. sharing, in which the teacher selects one or a few students to share aspects of their writing
publishing (research writing process)
typically involves submitting a research paper to an English or Humanities teacher in hard copy and sometimes using an electronic submission tool such as TurnItIn.com to check for plagiarism.
