Praxis Interactive Test ESOL 5362

I've been skiing like nine years and when I was very young in elementary school, I , um my ... father teached me ....taught me but in junior high school I had a skiing teacher in mountain. So every winter I went the, I went to the mountain and every day very hard practicing and now I have I have a second grade. Lines 2 and 3 contain examples of which of the following? A. Self-correction B. First-language interference C. Code-switching D. Change of register

A. Self-correction Option (A) is correct. Self-correction occurs when a learner makes a mistake, understands that a mistake has been made, and makes necessary adjustments to correct the mistake in real time.

Which of the following theories supports teaching methods that foster learning through apprenticeship and scaffolding? A. Sociocultural theory B.Behaviorist theory C.Cognitive theory D.Information-processing theory

A.Sociocultural theory Option (A) is correct. Sociocultural theory relates to instructional concepts such as scaffolding and apprenticeship, in which a teacher helps structure or arrange a task so that an ELL E L L can work on it successfully. It also involves collaborative learning, suggesting that group members should have different levels of ability so more advanced peers can help less advanced members operate within their zone of proximal development.

Which of the following is the best example of an activity that can also be used as a performance-based assessment in the ESOL classroom? A.Students give an oral presentation using visual prompts. B.Students identify the verb in a series of sentences on a work sheet. C.Students write as the teacher dictates a short passage in English. D.Students watch as the teacher models the writing process.

A.Students give an oral presentation using visual prompts. Option (A) is correct. Performance-based assessments are employed in classroom instruction and everyday tasks. Teachers can use performance-based assessments to assess ELs' E Ls' language proficiency and academic achievement through oral reports, presentations, demonstrations, creative written assignments, and portfolios.

Which activity encourages students to develop strategies for analyzing grammar on their own? A.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? B.Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations: 1. Complain to your best friend about your mathematics grade. 2. Complain to your mathematics teacher about your mathematics grade. C.Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? D.Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions.

A.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? Option (A) is correct. In this activity, the student is asked to study four sentences on the board and then to analyze the different forms of the verb "have" in the sentences. Explicitly asking students to complete such an analysis would encourage them to develop their own strategies for analyzing the grammar independently.

In the last years many things has changed- and they change fast. One thing that has made a big change -especially at work is the computers. With them things goes much faster now than before. The writing sample above shows evidence that the writer has not mastered the use of which of the following? A.Subject-verb agreement B.Expletives C.Comparative adjectives D.Prepositions

A.Subject-verb agreement Option (A) is correct. The student's writing has subject-verb agreement errors. In the excerpt, the subject-verb agreement is correct once ("one thing ... is") and incorrect twice ("many things has changed" and "things goes much faster ...").

In the first half of the twentieth century, many school districts in the United States sought to Americanize ELLsE L Ls' and made no special accommodations for their linguistic and cultural differences. This practice reflects a policy of A.assimilation B.acculturation C.accommodation D.encapsulation

A.assimilation Option (A) is correct. Assimilation reflects the belief that one must give up one's original culture in order to fit into the mainstream culture.

According to the stages of language acquisition, which of the following negations in English would probably be the earliest produced by a nonnative speaker learning the language? A."He not is hungry." B."No he hungry." C."He isn't hungry." D."He don't hungry."

B."No he hungry." Option (B) is correct. According to SLA research, ELLs E L Ls follow a systematic pattern of negation, starting with fronting "no" before an affirmative utterance that is intended to be negated.

Which of the following words contains a consonant digraph? A.Books B.Chin C.Try D.Nerve

B.Chin Option (B) is correct. Consonant digraphs are two letters that come together to make one combined sound or phoneme. In this case, the digraph is in the initial position.

A student who has just arrived from overseas has been placed into an ESL classroom. He seems nervous and extremely shy. Which of the following strategies is most likely to reduce the student's anxiety? A.Asking the student to complete the same challenging assignment as the rest of the class, to show confidence in the student B.Giving the student a nonspeaking role in a cooperative group activity, to encourage participation without putting pressure on the student C.Asking the student to propose a list of topics that he would feel comfortable discussing in class D.Having the other students in the class introduce themselves and ask him questions about his country, to raise consciousness among students

B.Giving the student a nonspeaking role in a cooperative group activity, to encourage participation without putting pressure on the student Option (B) is correct. Creating a pressure-free environment in a small cooperative group activity for a newly arrived ELL E L L provides an opportunity to speak if the student feels comfortable doing so. Giving the student a choice of speaking or not speaking may also help to reduce anxiety.

Mr. August expects his ELLs to be sensitive to and understanding of the beliefs, attitudes, and values of others. He encourages them to keep a journal to reflect on the challenges of adapting to a new culture. Periodically, they share their thoughts and opinions with one another in small groups. What is the main advantage of Mr. August's approach? A.Students can practice using academic language. B.Students have a safe place to express themselves. C.Students will complete their classwork in less time. D.Students will see quick improvements in their grammar.

B.Students have a safe place to express themselves. Option (B) is correct. In the given context, Mr. August's ELLs E L Ls are encouraged to express themselves by voicing their thoughts and opinions in small groups. Creating such an environment in which ELLs E L Ls are comfortable will enhance their language learning experience.

Which activity focuses on life-skills exercises? A.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? B.Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations: 1. Complain to your best friend about your mathematics grade. 2. Complain to your mathematics teacher about your mathematics grade. C.Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? D.Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions.

B.Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations: 1. Complain to your best friend about your mathematics grade. 2. Complain to your mathematics teacher about your mathematics grade. Option (B) is correct. Life-skills exercises essentially are designed to equip ELLs E L Ls with key vocabulary words, phrases, and questions so that they can successfully complete day-to-day tasks. This activity represents a life skill that a typical student might need in an educational setting.

TEFL refers to teaching English to A.native English speakers studying a foreign language B.nonnative speakers of English in a non-English-speaking country C.nonnative speakers of English in an English-speaking country D.native English speakers in a non-English-speaking country

B.nonnative speakers of English in a non-English-speaking country Option (B) is correct. EFL stands for English as a Foreign Language. Teaching EFL (or TEFL) refers to the teaching of English to speakers in a setting where English is not the native language. For example, teaching English to nonnative English speakers in Italy is an example of a TEFL context.

I've been skiing like nine years and when I was very young in elementary school, I , um my ... father teached me ....taught me but in junior high school I had a skiing teacher in mountain. So every winter I went the, I went to the mountain and every day very hard practicing and now I have I have a second grade. In line 6, which verb tense of "practice" should replace "practicing"? A. Past perfect B. Present perfect progressive C. Simple past D. Infinitive

C. Simple past Option (C) is correct. Actions completed in the past require the simple past.

Mr. August's teaching philosophy best reflects which of the following? A.Universal grammar B.Natural order hypothesis C.Cross-cultural awareness D.Positive language transfer

C.Cross-cultural awareness Option (C) is correct. One way to promote a positive learning environment and learner motivation for ELLs is through encouraging the understanding of ELLs' culture and customs. Cultural awareness begins with developing sensitivity and understanding of your students' beliefs, attitudes and values. Mr. August's actions describe an atmosphere where cross-cultural awareness is fostered.

Which activity focuses exclusively on the paralinguistic features of communication? A.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? B.Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations: 1. Complain to your best friend about your mathematics grade. 2. Complain to your mathematics teacher about your mathematics grade. C.Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? D.Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions.

C.Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? Option (C) is correct. This activity removes the verbal message from the videotape by turning off the sound. The paralinguistic elements in speech convey meaning beyond the words and grammar used through gestures and features other than speech.

In the case of Lau v. Nichols (1974), the Supreme Court determined that A.all children living in the United States have the right to a free public education regardless of their own or their parents' immigration status B.schools must revise testing procedures to accurately assess the achievement of students for whom English is a second language C.schools must provide opportunities for English language instruction to students who are not proficient in English D.schools are forbidden to release any information about a student's immigration status to any government agency

C.schools must provide opportunities for English language instruction to students who are not proficient in English Option (C) is correct. In 1974, the Supreme Court determined that schools must provide opportunities for English language instruction to students who are not proficient in English (under Title VIsix of the Civil Rights Act of 1964). The case is widely known as Lau v. Nichols.

Ms. Biava, a first-grade teacher, is concerned about one of her ESL students, Eliza. Eliza spoke very little English when she arrived one year ago at the beginning of the school term. Since then she has made very little progress learning English. Ms. Biava is concerned that there may be learning disabilities present. Which of the following would be the best first step for Ms. Biava to take? A.Talking to the child study team about testing the student for learning disabilities B.Interviewing the parents to get their input and opinion about the student's abilities C.Trying academic interventions suggested by the ESL teacher and recording the results D.Waiting another year to observe Eliza's progress when she is in second grade

C.Trying academic interventions suggested by the ESL teacher and recording the results Option (C) is correct. Using the expertise of the ESL teacher to implement specific academic interventions and carefully recording the results will provide the classroom teacher with important information that can be used in future steps.

Test questions involving knowledge of United States holidays, customs, and entertainment can disadvantage test takers who lack sufficient A.access to the Internet B.code-switching capability C.acculturation to United States society D.second language acquisition

C.acculturation to United States society Option (C) is correct. The process of acquiring cultural knowledge, such as holidays, customs, and entertainment, is called acculturation. Assessments that contain references to cultural knowledge can hinder the measurement of a test taker's language knowledge.

James said that we understand the directions for the test. "We understand the directions for the test," James said. Which of the following best states the difference between the first and second sentences above? A.Informal versus formal structure B.Upward versus downward convergence C.Interrogative versus imperative style D.Indirect versus direct discourse

D.Indirect versus direct discourse Option (D) is correct. Direct discourse is usually signaled by the presence of quotation marks in which one reports what someone said in another context. Indirect discourse, on the other hand, refers to when one paraphrases the words of others, stating the words without the need of a direct quotation.

Which activity provides practice in contrasting stress and intonation patterns? A.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? B.Working with a partner, take turns acting out these two situations: 1. Complain to your best friend about your mathematics grade. 2. Complain to your mathematics teacher about your mathematics grade. C.Observe the Americans on the video, with the sound turned off. What do you think their relationship is to each other? What do you think they are talking about? What clues help you guess? D.Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions.

D.Read the following statements aloud. Without changing the order of the words, read the statements again as if they were questions. Option (D) is correct. This activity asks the student to change stress and intonation patterns in spoken speech by converting statements into question form.

Susie and her family moved to the United States five years ago from South Korea. Many of the Korean ELLs E L Ls in her class have kept their original names, but Susie recently decided to change her name and chooses to speak only English during the school day. Susie's parents are happy that she has chosen to adopt American cultural practices but are worried she will lose her Korean identity and language. Based on the description, Susie is most likely experiencing A.positive transfer B.interlanguage C.acculturation D.assimilation

D.assimilation Option (D) is correct. Assimilation is a process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture becomes similar to another culture or language. This term is mostly used with regard to immigrants or minority groups, when the minority culture, or the group that was absorbed into the main culture, loses characteristics of the culture such as language, traditions, and even self-identity. Assimilation can be a quick process or a gradual change. When a person from the minority group is indistinguishable from others, it is called full assimilation.

Mr. Garcia, a high school ESL teacher, designed a test for the purpose of assessing the general English-language proficiency of the ELLs E L Ls in the school. However, some of the ELLs E L Ls have complained that the test contains questions that require the use of math skills to answer correctly. It is therefore possible that Mr. Garcia's test lacks A.reliability B.ratability C.subjectivity D.validity

D.validity Option (D) is correct. Validity is the most important issue in selecting or developing a test. Validity refers to what construct the test measures and how well the test measures that construct. Validity tells you if the construct being measured by a test is related to, in this case, general English proficiency or math-solving abilities.

An intermediate-level ESL class has just finished reading an article online. The teacher assigns an essay in which the students are asked to take a stand on the issue presented in the article and provide data to support their opinion. Which rhetorical mode should students use in their essays? A.Description B.Exposition C.Argumentation D.Narration

C.Argumentation Option (C) is correct. The main purpose of argumentation is to present a reader with a point of view, providing data to support it.

The underlined segment of which of the following words is a morpheme that has the same meaning as the underlined segment of the word "illogical"?illogical with the first two letters I and L underlined A.Preview with the first three letters P R E underlined B.Reflective with the first two letters R E underlined C.Irreverent with the first two letters I R underlined D.Interact

C.Irreverent Option (C) is correct. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language that holds meaning. In "illogical" and "irreverent," the initial morphemes have the same meaning, as in "not logical" and "not reverent."

Our teacher is friendly person. She gives to us good homework. We study slowly but ok. Which of the following formulas best describes the word "friendly"? A. ADJ + ly → ADVAdjective plus l y becomes an adverb B. V + ly → ADVVerb plus l y becomes an adverb C. ADV + ly → ADJAdverb plus l y becomes an adjective D. N + ly → ADJ

D. N + ly → ADJ Option (D) is correct. The base word "friend" is a noun with the suffix "-ly.l y" When combined they form the adjective "friendly."

We have like a custom that you must watch at the guy you are talking, like, to the face and the eyes and that way you can really see and understand what they saying. The student makes at least one error in the use of A. adverbs B. modal verbs C. conjunctions D. prepositions

D. prepositions Option (D) is correct. The speaker makes errors related to prepositions in more than one instance. He said, "...must watch at the guy" and "...to the face."

With whom is the comprehensible input hypothesis associated? A.Chomsky B.Finocchiaro C.Cummins D.Krashen

D.Krashen Option (D) is correct. Stephen Krashen introduced the input hypothesis, which attempts to explain how second language acquisition takes place. For example, if a learner is at a stage i, then acquisition takes place when he or she is exposed to comprehensible input that belongs to level i + 1. That input can be defined as the target language that the learner is not able to produce but can still understand.

Which of the following words ends with a voiceless sound? A.Please B.Badge C.Cab D.Looks

D.Looks Option (D) is correct. "Looks" is the only choice that ends in /s/ forward slash, s, forward slash , making it the only one that ends in a voiceless consonant sound.

A high school ESL teacher prepares a test to help categorize 100 new ELLs E L Ls in different classes according to their performance on the test. Which of the following types of assessments did the teacher create? A.Task-based assessment B.Benchmark assessment C.Achievement test D.Placement test

D.Placement test Option (D) is correct. The purpose of a placement test is to get an indication of the breadth and depth of a learner's knowledge of English for the purpose of placing the learner at the appropriate level.

Thunderstorms are caused when warm, moist air rises into cold air high above the Earth's surface. The moisture in the rising air condenses to form tall clouds. Electrical charges build up within the thundercloud, between the bottom and the top of the cloud. Discharges of electricity between positively and negatively charged portions of the cloud, or between the cloud and the ground, are what we call lightning. The student's difficulty with the underlined words is primarily in the pronunciation of the A. suffixes B. long vowels C. stressed syllables D. stop consonants

A. suffixes Option (A) is correct. The speaker has difficulty with the /iz/forward slash i z forward slash sound (the "-es"e s suffix) in the three underlined words.

Of the following, which do curriculum specialists consider to be the primary advantage of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs? A.Motivation to learn English increases when the language skills to be learned are embedded in content of particular interest to ELLs. E L Ls B.ESP textbooks are more cognitively oriented than other textbooks. C.ESL teachers find it easier to plan ESP lessons than to plan lessons based on other approaches. D.ELLs E L Ls gain personal independence more quickly when there is emphasis on vocational rather than on language skills.

A.Motivation to learn English increases when the language skills to be learned are embedded in content of particular interest to ELLs. Option (A) is correct. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs concentrate more on language in context than on teaching grammar and language structures. Language instruction is integrated into a subject matter area that is important to the learners, which aids in motivating ELLs E L Ls to learn.

Ms. Lee uses a fill-in-the-blank grammar test to assess her ELLs'E L Ls' knowledge of verb tenses. Which of the following terms best describes this type of testing? A.Objective B.Portfolio C.Subjective D.Holistic

A.Objective Option (A) is correct. Since there is only one correct answer, it is an objective test.

In a high school ESL class, a beginning-level ELL E L L relates a personal narrative to the teacher. The teacher writes the student's exact words down, and there is no error correction in this process. Formal correction can be completed at later stages. This method of integrating listening, speaking, reading, and writing is called the A.language experience approach B.functional-notional approach C.audio-lingual method D.direct method

A.language experience approach Option (A) is correct. The language experience approach (LEA) L E A is a literacy development method that has been used for early reading development with ELLs. E L Ls It combines all four language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, which aid in the ELL's E L L 's language development.

A middle school science teacher is giving the class directions to set up a laboratory experiment. While giving the directions, the teacher points to each piece of equipment to help the ELLs E L Ls better understand the lesson. As the students begin to set up the experiment, the teacher notices that the ELLs E L Ls seem confused and are not arranging the equipment properly. Which of the following would be most likely to increase the comprehension of the ELLs? A.While giving directions, the teacher will write key terms on the board so that the ELLs see the names of the equipment. B.While giving directions, the teacher will demonstrate physically how to use the equipment so that the ELLs can see and hear what to do. C.The teacher will set up the ELLs' experiments before the class begins. D.The teacher will pair native English speakers with ELLs so that the English speakers can explain how to set up the experiment.

B.While giving directions, the teacher will demonstrate physically how to use the equipment so that the ELLs can see and hear what to do. Option (B) is correct. This question provides a good example of scaffolding. Modeling for students is a sure way to encourage comprehension.

Students in a content-based ESL class are asked to write a persuasive essay. In which of the following stages of the writing process would the use of graphic organizers be most appropriate? A.Writing the draft B.Revising and editing C.Brainstorming and prewriting D.Writing the final draft

C.Brainstorming and prewriting Option (C) is correct. When brainstorming and prewriting in the writing process, it is helpful to use a graphic organizer to organize initial thoughts while composing the beginnings of a persuasive essay.

A student who pronounces the word "sport" as [ɛ sport] open bracket eh sport closed bracket is attempting to simplify a consonant cluster through A.coarticulation B.metathesis C.epenthesis D.deletion

C.epenthesis Option (C) is correct. Epenthesis means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior of a word. A student who pronounces the word "sport" as [ɛ sport] open bracket eh sport closed bracket is adding one sound to the initial syllable of the word.

Studying is important! She has been studying for the test. Will she be studying next week? She could have studied last week. Which two of the sentences contain modal auxiliaries? A.Sentences 1 and 2 B.Sentences 1 and 4 C.Sentences 2 and 4 D.Sentences 3 and 4

D.Sentences 3 and 4 Option (D) is correct. The modal auxiliaries "will" and "could" are used in sentences 3 and 4.

In many countries English is one of the official languages and is used by nonnative speakers on a daily basis for conducting business and as the language of instruction in schools. This type of English is best described as A.jargon B.register C.standard dialects D.nonnative varieties

D.nonnative varieties Option (D) is correct. The English known as nonnative varieties is the English used in places where English is not the official daily language, but rather the language used for communication in business or in schools.

A high school student exited in June from a school's ESL program. Now, in the beginning of the following school year, she has been placed into a mainstream English class. Her teacher wants the ESL teacher's advice on how to help the student read the many challenging novels that the class will be assigned in the coming year. Which of the following would be the best response by the ESL teacher? A.Suggest that the teacher "chunk" each novel into manageable sections that have a logical beginning and ending so that the student can concentrate on one section at a time B.Advise the teacher to consider selecting similar texts of the same genre for the student to read while her classmates read the regularly assigned texts C.Suggest that the teacher find adapted versions of the original novels so that the student will be able to understand the main ideas of the story and participate with her classmates on projects and activities D.Advise the teacher to set time aside before or after school to help the student read through the novel and to check comprehension

A. Suggest that the teacher "chunk" each novel into manageable sections that have a logical beginning and ending so that the student can concentrate on one section at a time Option (A) is correct. Exiting out of an ESL program will require a period of transition for the student. The quantity of the reading load could be mitigated by dividing or "chunking" sections of a novel into manageable parts. Focusing on one section at a time will help the student cope with the breadth of work at hand.

Which activity is characteristic of a Total Physical Response approach to language instruction? A.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix," "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "OK, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. B.An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. C.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in a logical order. D.An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner.

A.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix," "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "OK, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. Option (A) is correct. This activity is characteristic of the TPR approach to language instruction since this approach relies on the teacher giving commands to students in the target language and students responding with whole-body actions. In this activity, the students are asked to follow her step-by-step directions when she tells them to "peel," "cut," "mix," "add," and "pour."

Ms. Peterson, a high school ESL teacher, sent several notes to Clara's home to schedule a parent-teacher conference. Clara later explained that her parents were not comfortable coming in to see the teacher since they do not have much formal education and only speak Spanish. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for Ms. Peterson to take? A.Arranging for an interpreter to join Clara's parents at the conference B.Instructing Clara to interpret for her parents at the parent-teacher conference C.Requesting that a Spanish-speaking guidance counselor make an in-person visit to the home D.Asking the principal to amend the policy for student-teacher conferences

A.Arranging for an interpreter to join Clara's parents at the conference Option (A) is correct. Public schools can arrange for native-speaker interpreters who are comfortable with the vocabulary to interpret educational information to non-English-speaking parents.

An elementary school ESL teacher is working on writing with her first graders. Which of the following should be the focus of the teacher's writing lessons? A.Giving students time to write daily with minimal direct error correction B.Having students write original sentences with their spelling words C.Asking students to write commonly misspelled words multiple times D.Requiring students to revise the spelling of previously written work

A.Giving students time to write daily with minimal direct error correction Option (A) is correct. Focusing on writing fluency with minimal direct error correction would help advance learners' ability to write without much emphasis being placed on precise spelling.

Which of the following activities most effectively uses technology to provide writing practice in English in an intermediate ESL classroom? A.Having students correspond by e-mail with a pen pal whose native language is English B.Having students use a computer to copy English sentences from a textbook C.Having students use a software program that displays direct translations from the ELLs'E L Ls' native language D.Having students write basic directions in English for using a computer program

A.Having students correspond by e-mail with a pen pal whose native language is English Option (A) is correct. Using technology can be a helpful resource for ELLsE L Ls . If the goal of the exercise is to practice writing, the act of writing an e-mail to a native speaker of English would ensure using the skills that were learned in class.

According to Cummins, which of the following would most likely be considered a "context reduced" language task? A.Listening to a biology lecture B.Discussing a project with a classmate C.Using a graphic organizer to classify information D.Reading a textbook that contains illustrations and bolded key vocabulary

A.Listening to a biology lecture Option (A) is correct. Cummins uses cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) to describe the use of language in decontextualized academic situations. In this regard, listening to a biology lecture would be considered a context-reduced learning task.

Which assignment would rely most on the student's recognition of a topic sentence and supporting ideas? A.Rearrange the following sentences to create a logically sequenced composition. B.Write a paragraph in which you explain how to make an omelet. Include the following words: eggs, milk, mix, beat, frying pan, first, then, finally. C.Study this photograph of a sports car. Together with a classmate, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of owning such a car. Then write a list of the points you would include in an advertisement to encourage people to buy the car. D.Combine the following pairs of sentences using "and," "so," or "because."

A.Rearrange the following sentences to create a logically sequenced composition. Option (A) is correct. A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, called a topic sentence. A topic sentence helps to unify the supporting content of the paragraph, which should be logically sequenced.

Which activity provides practice in changing registers? A.Role-play these two scenarios: 1. Talk to a friend about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. 2. Talk to the principal about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. B.Explain how changing the stress in the sentence "What are you doing?" to "What are you doing?" also changes the meaning. C.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? D.Put yourself in a situation where you can observe people from a distance without being noticed; for example, at a shopping mall or grocery store. Write a short description of your experience and guess what the relationship between the people might be. Be sure to include the reasons for your guess.

A.Role-play these two scenarios: 1. Talk to a friend about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. 2. Talk to the principal about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. Option (A) is correct. In the field of sociolinguistics, register refers to specific lexical and grammatical choices that speakers make depending on the situational context, the participants of a conversation, and the function of the language in the discourse. In this activity, talking to a peer versus a school principal requires students to reflect on changing their register to match the context, participants, and function of the language with which they are faced.

Which of the following is a minimal pair? A.Scent . . rent B.Scent . . cent C.Rend . . spent D.Rent . . send

A.Scent . . rent Option (A) is correct. Minimal pairs are words or phrases that differ in one phonological element and have different meanings. In this case, the words "scent" and "rent" differ in their initial phoneme.

When an ELL E L L is brought before the child study team to be tested for learning disabilities, which of the following is correct according to IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) ? A.Schools must provide both English-language support and special education support if the student qualifies. B.Schools must provide English-language support for one year before testing the ELL E L L for learning disabilities. C.Schools may choose to offer the ELL E L L either English-language support or special education support but not both. D.Schools may choose to test an ELL E L L for learning disabilities either in English or the student's native language.

A.Schools must provide both English-language support and special education support if the student qualifies. Option (A) is correct. An ESL teacher should know that under IDEA, schools must provide both ELL E L L support and special education support if the ELL E L L qualifies for both services.

Studying is important! She has been studying for the test. Will she be studying next week? She could have studied last week. Which sentence contains a gerund? A.Sentence 1 B.Sentence 2 C.Sentence 3 D.Sentence 4

A.Sentence 1 Option (A) is correct. A gerund is a verb ending in -ing i n g that is used as a noun, either as a subject, object, or complement. In this example, "studying" is used as the subject of the sentence.

Which two sentences contain an idiomatic phrase? Will you please put the campfire out now? Will you please put my friend up for the night? Will you please put the package on the table? Will you please put your coat in the closet? A.Sentences 1 and 2 B.Sentences 1 and 4 C.Sentences 2 and 3 D.Sentences 3 and 4

A.Sentences 1 and 2 Option (A) is correct. Idiomatic expressions are a type of informal English and have a meaning different from the meaning of the words in the expression. For example, "Will you please put the campfire out now?" does not mean to put the fire outside or out of the room. Instead, it means to extinguish the fire. "Will you please put my friend up for the night?" does not mean to lift the friend. Instead, it means allow a friend to stay at your home for the night.

Zain is a ninth-grade ELL E L L who just moved to the United States from Pakistan. He had attended an English school for six years in his hometown and was confident in his ability to speak and understand English. Upon enrollment, Zain was given a placement test and was identified as an ELL E L L at an intermediate proficiency level. Even though his conversational English is good, he struggles in his history class. Zain asks his ESL teacher for help. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step for the ESL teacher to take? A.Speaking with the history teacher about how to integrate effective practices into instruction for Zain to meet his needs B.Requesting that the school provide additional help for Zain by hiring a bilingual aide C.Telling Zain to ask his history teacher to assign a peer in the same class who could help him with his work D.Helping Zain with his history assignments during ESL class period

A.Speaking with the history teacher about how to integrate effective practices into instruction for Zain to meet his needs Option (A) is correct. The ESL teacher should have a dialogue with the history teacher about how to integrate effective practices for this ELL E L L into instruction to meet the student's needs according to his language proficiency.

Ms. Arnold's ESOL class contains many ELLs E L Ls who arrived in the United States within the past year. She is currently working with them on the formation and use of the present tense and basic adjectives. To assess the students' progress, Ms. Arnold distributes a picture prompt of a Fourth of July celebration and asks students to write three sentences about it using the present tense and descriptive language. After collecting the assessment, Ms. Arnold notices that many of the ELLs E L Ls were unable to complete it, even though they had successfully participated in lessons leading up to the assessment. Which of the following most likely explains why the ELLs E L Ls were unable to complete the assessment? A.The assessment contains a cultural bias. B.The assessment does not allow the ELLs E L Ls to demonstrate knowledge in the L1. C.The assessment only accommodates a visual learning style. D.The assessment requires the ELLs E L Ls to concentrate on two tasks.

A.The assessment contains a cultural bias. Option (A) is correct. The assessment contains a cultural bias since the Fourth of July is a holiday too unfamiliar to students from other cultures.

Which of the following approaches is based on the assumption that language consists of meaningful chunks that, when combined, produce fluent coherent speech, and that only a minority of spoken sentences are entirely novel creations? A.The lexical approach B.The whole language approach C.The universal grammar approach D.The language experience approach

A.The lexical approach Option (A) is correct. The lexical approach is a teaching method that views the importance of understanding and producing lexical phrases when learning a new language. Learners are taught to perceive grammar patterns and are able to have meaningful words at their disposal after being taught with this method.

Consider the use of verb tense in the following excerpt of oral discourse. So I was walking home. I heard a noise in the woods next to the path. Suddenly, I see this huge deer and lots of little fawns! I get real close, but they notice me. They ran away before I could count them all. In sentences 3-4, the speaker does which of the following? A.Uses the historical present to convey immediacy and urgency. B.Uses the backgrounding present to express general information. C.Changes tense to mark the contrast between the main story and an aside. D.Changes tense to distinguish the narrative story line from reported speech.

A.Uses the historical present to convey immediacy and urgency. Option (A) is correct. The historical present is used to convey immediacy and urgency by marking segments of a narrative that foregrounds events.

An ESOL teacher plans to review students' portfolio assessments during parent-teacher conferences. Which of the following pieces of information would be most useful for the teacher to know when deciding how to present the assessment data to the parents? A.Whether the parents speak English B.Whether the parents have seen a portfolio assessment before C.Whether the parents have lived in the United States for more than one year D.Whether the parents come from an individualist or collectivist culture

A.Whether the parents speak English Option (A) is correct. The most important starting point for an ESOL teacher preparing for a parent-teacher conference would be to see if an interpreter or translated materials are needed to effectively communicate assessment results to parents.

An ESL teacher who is teaching students to understand and use certain rhetorical patterns in their writing is most likely to prepare a writing assignment that asks students to A.compare life in the twenty-first century with life in the nineteenth century B.change the time frame of a written passage from past tense to present tense C.write down all of the free associations that a particular term or concept triggers D.practice skills such as skimming, paraphrasing, and summarizing using familiar reading passages

A.compare life in the twenty-first century with life in the nineteenth century Option (A) is correct. Rhetorical patterns are used in essay writing to organize a body of ideas. In this question, writing an essay to compare life in the twenty-first century with life in the nineteenth century would elicit the use of rhetorical patterns to show contrasting information about differences between the two centuries.

In daily lessons, Ms. Peterson, an ESL teacher, uses vocabulary words and sentence structures that her students have seen before. Additionally, she incorporates words and structures that they have not yet studied. Ms. Peterson is using the concept of A.comprehensible input B.natural order C.positive transfer D.self-monitoring

A.comprehensible input Option (A) is correct. In Krashen's input hypothesis, he introduces the notion of comprehensible input, which allows students to take in information in a low-anxiety environment. According to Krashen, language acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding.

It is beneficial for ESL teachers to include lessons about cultural norms and customs of various countries into an ESOL classroom because A.the relationship between language and culture is deeply rooted B.ELLs E L Ls will have their affective filters lowered C.linguistic proficiency follows cultural proficiency D.ELLs E L Ls will be able to assimilate more easily

A.the relationship between language and culture is deeply rooted Option (A) is correct. The relationship between language and culture is deeply rooted. Language is used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties. Different ideas stem from differing language use within one's culture, and the whole intertwining of these relationships starts at one's birth.

When she first began teaching, Ms. Miller focused on listening and speaking skills with her ELLs. E L Ls However, state‑mandated ESL assessments that evaluate reading and writing as well as listening and speaking have motivated her to place emphasis on all four language skills. This effect of the state-mandated assessments on teaching is called A.washback B.benchmarking C.reliability D.norming

A.washback Option (A) is correct. Washback, a concept prominent in language testing, refers to the extent to which the introduction and use of a test influences language teachers to do things they might not otherwise do that promote or inhibit language learning.

A teacher making testing accommodations for the ELLs in her class must take care that A.directions for every test section are read aloud to the ELLs B.ELLs E L Ls are assessed on the same construct as their non-ELL counterparts C.extra time is provided for ELLs who have been exposed to the L2 for a limited period D.assessments are modified to include an appropriate number of high-frequency words

B. ELLs are assessed on the same construct as their non-ELL counterparts Option (B) is correct. When selecting appropriate accommodations for assessments, it is imperative that the accommodations should not affect the construct being assessed, nor should they differentially benefit those students who are permitted to use the accommodation.

Ms. Chianese is an ESL teacher with a group of highly motivated ELLs at the low‑intermediate level of proficiency. During reading class, her students are so interested in understanding texts and building their vocabulary that they frequently consult bilingual dictionaries to find the meaning of unknown words. Which of the following teaching practices would be the best approach for Ms. Chianese to take to increase the students' reading skills and vocabulary? A.Having students predict what vocabulary words they will encounter in the text B. Providing students with opportunities to use context to determine meanings of unknown words C. Selecting the words students most want to learn and using dictionaries to determine meanings D.Asking students to scan the text for unknown words before reading

B. Providing students with opportunities to use context to determine meanings of unknown words Option (B) is correct. Helping ELLs E L Ls increase their reading skills and vocabulary acquisition is a gradual process. When ELLs E L Ls can fine-tune their self-questioning strategies, they can better identify the different types of context clues in a reading passage. ELLs E L Ls can ask questions that are designed to focus attention on the unknown word and the possible clues to its meaning.

The student's explanation of manubrio is an example of A. instrumental motivation B. a communication strategy C. an idiomatic expression D. a dialectal difference

B. a communication strategy Option (B) is correct. ELLsE L Ls use communication strategies to help them in expressing and negotiating meaning. In this question, the learner code-switches in her native language to state the missing term and then proceeds to use communication strategies to describe the word that she does not know in English (handlebars). She is able to get her meaning across through the communication strategy, circumlocution.

Although a student has met the criteria for exiting the ESL program, he prefers to stay in ESL classes because he would be the only student of his ethnic background in the mainstream class, a prospect that he is not comfortable with. How can the ESL teacher best help the student adjust to the situation? A.Insist that the student be immediately placed in the mainstream class, because passing criteria definitely indicate that he is ready to handle the new class. B.Allow the student a transitional time during which both teachers can confer and he can meet the new teacher, visit the class, and receive assignments to prepare him for the work. C.Ignore the ESL exit criteria and let the student remain in the ESL class indefinitely because it is better for the student to remain where he is happy and can excel. D.Refer the student to the school's child study team for evaluation since the student's hesitation may be indicative of emotional problems.

B.Allow the student a transitional time during which both teachers can confer and he can meet the new teacher, visit the class, and receive assignments to prepare him for the work. Option (B) is correct. A period of transition is important for an ELL E L L who has exited out of an ESL program. This period of time will help the ELL E L L acclimate to changes in classes, peers, teachers, and workload.

Which of the following is a clause? A.After several meetings about the situation B.Although she cannot be there on Monday C.In addition to his academic record D.The next speaker on the agenda

B.Although she cannot be there on Monday Option (B) is correct. A clause is a segment of a sentence that consists of a subject and a predicate. This example is a subordinate clause.

Which activity practices aural skills through a cloze activity? A.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix," "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "OK, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. B.An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. C.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in a logical order. D.An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner.

B.An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. Option (B) is correct. In this activity, the teacher helps the students practice their aural skills by providing them with partial lyrics to a popular song. When they listen to the song, they are asked to fill in blank spaces in a cloze task.

Cara arrived in the United States at the age of 15 with no knowledge of English. She only speaks Spanish at home and lives in a predominantly Spanish-speaking community. Today, at 18 years old, Cara still struggles to make progress with her English. Despite spending the past three years in an ESL class in high school, she still makes the same small grammar mistakes, though they do not affect her ability to communicate. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Cara's situation? A.Negative feedback B.Fossilization C.Culture shock D.Instrumental motivation

B.Fossilization Option (B) is correct. Fossilization occurs when there is an inadequate number of learning opportunities for the learner even in instances when the ELL E L L is immersed in an ESL environment and lives in a linguistically insular community.

Agnieszka is a strong reader in Polish, her native language. At school in Poland, her ability to write was well beyond her grade level, but when she arrived in the United States, her writing was error-filled and confusing. Having lived in Poland for two years, the ESL teacher instantly realized that Agnieszka was applying her knowledge of Polish phonology and syntax in her English writing. Which of the following best explains the source of Agnieszka's writing problem? A.Lack of pragmatic competence in L2 B.Interference from L1 C.Limited lexical awareness D.Delayed cultural assimilation

B.Interference from L1 Option (B) is correct. L1 interference occurs when learners directly transfer features from their own language to their L2. Sometimes L2 learners inappropriately generalize their first language's rules of syntax, spelling, phonology, or pragmatics to their second language.

Kenji is a newly arrived ELL E L L in middle school in the United States. Before coming to his new school, Kenji had studied in an English-language school for two years in Japan. During his first week in his new school, he was placed into a beginning-level ESL class. Upon being informed of their son's placement, Kenji's parents contacted the school to question the decision. What would be the most appropriate step for the ESL teacher to take? A.Sending Kenji's parents a copy of the results of the placement test B.Inviting Kenji's parents to school to discuss the benefits of the ESL program C.Asking Kenji if he wants to receive ESL services D.Permitting the counselor or principal to decide whether or not to provide Kenji with ESL services

B.Inviting Kenji's parents to school to discuss the benefits of the ESL program Option (B) is correct. It is the within the rights of ELLs' E L Ls parents to be invited to United States schools to discuss the benefits of the ESL program.

Which of the following sentences is an example of the passive voice? A.Mario needed to pay $25 to enter the contest. B.Mario was given $25 after he won the contest. C.They gave Mario $25 after he won the contest. D.Before Mario entered the contest, he had paid $25.

B.Mario was given $25 after he won the contest. Option (B) is correct. In this question, the passive voice is formed with the auxiliary verb in the simple past (was) and the past participle of the main verb indicating the action (given).

Which of the following is an example of a compound noun? A.Nameless B.Scarecrow C.Impeached D.Phonograph

B.Scarecrow Option (B) is correct. Compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, composed of two or more words. Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by adjectives or other nouns (for example, "scarecrow"). Compound nouns are sometimes one word, like "toothpaste," "haircut," or "bedroom." These are often referred to as closed or solid compound nouns.

A mainstream language-arts teacher asks the ESL teacher for advice about a new student named Sung‑hi. Sung‑hi has excellent spelling and is able to recite many long English poems. She is struggling in areas such as reading comprehension and answering questions in class. Which of the following of the ESL teacher's explanations would be most useful for the language-arts teacher? A.Sung-hi is probably still experiencing culture shock, and the full range of her English language proficiency has yet to be revealed. B.Sung-hi's previous schooling likely focused on rote skills such as memorization. She will need time to develop more complex skills. C.Sung-hi should be encouraged to answer questions in her native language, and someone in the class should be asked to translate for her. D.Sung-hi's culture does not favor academic advancement for girls. She may therefore have low expectations for her own achievement.

B.Sung-hi's previous schooling likely focused on rote skills such as memorization. She will need time to develop more complex skills. Option (B) is correct. In many countries such as South Korea, students are required to memorize answers. Sung-hi will have to be taught explicitly how to use information from what she hears and reads to develop her missing critical-thinking skills.

Our teacher is FRIENDLY person. She gives to us good homework. We study SLOWLY but ok. Which of the following statements is true about the two underlined words in the writing sample? A.They are formed from the same roots. B.They possess derivational suffixes. C.They perform the same syntactic functions. D.They have the same lexical meanings.

B.They possess derivational suffixes. Option (B) is correct. A suffix is a letter or group of letters that come at the end of a word and have meaning. A derivational suffix is a type of suffix that creates a new word derived from the base word. For example, "teach" + "-er"teach plus e r (suffix) becomes "teacher." In this question, both words possess a derivational suffix.

Which of the following is an example of integrative motivation for language learning? A.Trying to earn a sticker for speaking in English in class B.Wanting to make friends with English speakers C.Helping your parents by translating in English D.Wanting to communicate in English to get better grades

B.Wanting to make friends with English speakers Option (B) is correct. Integrative motivation is motivation for the purpose of getting to know the people who speak the language.

Which assignment is an example of process writing? A.Rearrange the following sentences to create a logically sequenced composition. B.Write a paragraph in which you explain how to make an omelet. Include the following words: eggs, milk, mix, beat, frying pan, first, then, finally. C.Study this photograph of a sports car. Together with a classmate, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of owning such a car. Then write a list of the points you would include in an advertisement to encourage people to buy the car. D.Combine the following pairs of sentences using "and," "so," or "because."

B.Write a paragraph in which you explain how to make an omelet. Include the following words: eggs, milk, mix, beat, frying pan, first, then, finally. Option (B) is correct. A process paragraph (or essay) explains how to do something or describes or explains how something is done. The process is often described in a series of steps that follow a logical time order.

Makoto, a high school ELLE L L, was in the school hallway speaking to his peers using an informal register with a good deal of slang. When Ms. Richards, his math teacher, approached him while he was with his friends, Makoto immediately spoke to her in a highly formal register. This is an example of A.back-channeling B.convergence C.self-repair D.feedback

B.convergence Option (B) is correct. Convergence refers to strategies that individuals use to adapt to or accommodate the other's communication styles, for example, their formality of register, to reduce social differences. In this question, the power structure is composed of a teacher-student relationship.

An ELL E L L says, "I goed to school at eight o'clock this morning." The student's use of "goed" is an example of A.negative washback B.overgeneralization C.self-correction D.recasting

B.overgeneralization Option (B) is correct. Overgeneralization is a term that is associated with both L1 and L2 acquisition. It is the process by which a learner applies a morphological/syntactic/phonetic rule to a word that is irregular. In this case, the past tense for "to go" is "went," but the ELL E L L applied the syntactic rule for making a simple present tense word into the simple past tense.

Ms. Pamina is an ESL teacher at an elementary school. She is demonstrating the social interactionist perspective when she A.models techniques such as think-alouds and encourages students to analyze their cognitive processes in problem solving B.provides opportunities for students to negotiate meaning through active communication C.creates activities that require students to respond using physical reactions and body language to communicate D.implements computer programs for students to engage in grammar and reading comprehension activities

B.provides opportunities for students to negotiate meaning through active communication Option (B) is correct. The social interactionist perspective of SLA S L A views social interaction as playing a critical role in the learning process. Learners are provided opportunities to construct new language through socially mediated interactions in the classroom.

Mr. Johnson is an ESL middle school teacher who views language as a complex collection of grammatical rules that are to be learned in a set order. For example, in his beginner ESL class, he asks the students to practice and use "to be" in the present tense before introducing the present continuous tense of "to be" with the auxiliary verb. Mr. Johnson is most likely following the A.functional-notional syllabus B.structural approach C.direct method D.natural approach

B.structural approach Option (B) is correct. This method sees language as a complex of grammatical rules which are to be learned one at a time in a pre-determined order. So for example the verb "to be" is introduced and practiced before the present continuous tense which uses "to be" as an auxiliary.

ESL pullout programs are most often found in school districts where A.there are equal numbers of ELL E L L and native English speakers, and multiple ESL teachers are placed in a single school B.there are small numbers of ELLs E L Ls in each school, and ESL teachers frequently travel from school to school C.ESL teachers are bilingual, and the language of instruction for beginning students is the students' native language D.ELLs E L Ls follow the regular curriculum, and the language level of instruction is adapted to the proficiency level of the students

B.there are small numbers of ELLs E L Ls in each school, and ESL teachers frequently travel from school to school Option (B) is correct. A pullout model of instruction is the most cost-efficient model for ELL E L L instruction when there are few identified ELLs E L Ls in each school to warrant a full-time ESOL teacher.

No, it's like flour and meats vegetables, it's like the same thing Mongolia. Which of the following consonant sounds does the speaker substitute for the [v]open bracket v closed bracket sound in the underlined word? A. [b]open bracket b closed bracket B. [f]open bracket f closed bracket C. [w]open bracket w closed bracket D. [p]open bracket p closed bracket

C. [w]open bracket w closed bracket Option (C) is correct. The speaker pronounces "vegetables" with /w/forward slash w forward slash in the initial position.

Usually in Mexico the people used to think that, you know, the schools, like you saw in the movies, so I come here and I'm like, OK, it's a little different. In this speech sample, the speaker switches between the A. past perfect and present perfect tenses B. present continuous and simple present tenses C. simple past and simple present tenses D. present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses

C. simple past and simple present tenses Option (C) is correct. The speaker switches between the simple past tense ("you saw in the movies") to the simple present tense ("so I come here and I'm like, OK, it's a little different").

Which activity provides practice sequencing information? A.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix," "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "OK, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. B.An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. C.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in a logical order. D.An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner.

C.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in a logical order. Option (C) is correct. This activity allows students to practice sequencing information. The teacher takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. Then the students are required to sequence the sentences in a logical order.

Students in a high school are preparing to take a state-mandated assessment. The ESOL teacher knows that many of the ELLs' E L Ls' parents are new to the country and are not familiar with the assessment. Which of the following is the most appropriate first step for the teacher to take to best communicate with the parents? A.Having ELLs E L Ls complete a series of practice questions that they can take home to show their parents B.Asking school staff to make personal phone calls to an assigned list of parents to explain what the assessment is and how it will be scored C.Arranging an informational session about the assessment that parents can attend and ensuring that interpreters are present D.Sending a copy of a sample score report home to parents and letting them know that they can e-mail the teacher with any questions

C.Arranging an informational session about the assessment that parents can attend and ensuring that interpreters are present Option (C) is correct. Hosting an informational session before the students take the assessment will help newcomer parents understand what the assessment is and why their children are taking it. Ensuring that interpreters are present for the parents exercises their right to knowledge of their children's education.

From whose theory did the concept of cognitive academic language proficiency develop? A.Chomsky B.Finocchiaro C.Cummins D.Krashen

C.Cummins Option (C) is correct. James Cummins came up with two differing kinds of language proficiency: BICS (basic interpersonal communication skills) and CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency). CALP is the basis for ELLs' E L Ls' ability to cope with the academic demands placed on them in the various subjects.

After a silent period of about three months, a beginning second-grade ESL student is starting to use his language skills to communicate in English. The student stutters, and although the teacher is able to understand him, his classmates have difficulty understanding him. However, at recess, he seems to play and talk easily with his friends in his L1. Which of the following would be the best action for the teacher to take? A.Refer the student to a speech therapist at the school and suggest speech lessons in English B.Avoid calling on the student in class so that he will not be embarrassed by his stuttering, to allow him more time to become comfortable with speaking English C.Find out from the student's parents whether the student stutters in his native language, so that the speech therapist can help him if so D.Call on the student more so that he will have more opportunities to overcome his stuttering and become more comfortable speaking in front of others

C.Find out from the student's parents whether the student stutters in his native language, so that the speech therapist can help him if so Option (C) is correct. Talking to the parents of the ELL E L L about speech patterns in their native language is the first step. Determining any type of need for therapeutic intervention will come after discussions with the ELL's E L L's parents.

A middle school beginning ESL classroom is receiving a number of ELLsE L Ls , some of whom have interrupted formal education in their L1. Which of the following would be MOST useful to the students in their first lessons? A.Asking students to read aloud B.Assigning additional homework C.Introducing commonly used vocabulary D.Focusing on English grammar rules

C.Introducing commonly used vocabulary Option (C) is correct. Supporting ELLsE L Ls with interrupted formal education (SIFEsSIFE's) in a middle school requires special care. Since many SIFEsSIFE's may have minor to severe literacy and academic gaps in their background, introducing commonly used, high-frequency vocabulary would be useful for SIFE students in their first lessons.

Which of the following statements best reflects the sociocultural perspective on language acquisition? A.Language learners acquire the target language more quickly through a large amount of exposure. B.Language learners acquire linguistic features in a predictable and systematized sequence. C.Language learning takes place when learners interact with more knowledgeable people within their zone of proximal development. D.Language learning is more successful if a teacher chooses inductive, rather than deductive, methods of instruction.

C.Language learning takes place when learners interact with more knowledgeable people within their zone of proximal development. Option (C) is correct. Vygotsky proposed that learning takes place when an individual interacts with an interlocutor who is a more knowledgeable peer or teacher within his or her zone of proximal development.

According to the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA), which of the following is an example of a cognitive learning strategy? A.Group work B.Error correction C.Making inferences D.Scaffolding

C.Making inferences Option (C) is correct. In CALLA, developing critical-thinking skills, such as making inferences, is considered to be an important cognitive learning strategy.

Which of the following is the most important reason that a teacher should consider addressing different learning styles during instruction? A.It provides variety in classroom activities. B.It makes it easier to make up lesson plans. C.Not all students learn in the same way. D.Not all students are interested in the same things.

C.Not all students learn in the same way. Option (C) is correct. Across different educational domains, including language learning, students have individual learning styles. Researchers have identified several such styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic/tactile), and accommodating as many styles as possible in each learning environment is beneficial to both teachers and students.

Students in an ESL class must each make a presentation to the class on a topic they have researched. The teacher assesses these presentations using a rubric that includes both content and language. This is an example of which type of assessment? A.Technology based B.Strategy based C.Performance based D.Fact based

C.Performance based Option (C) is correct. A performance-based assessment measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of an ELL's E L L's interlanguage? A.Student 1 : (Student points to a pencil). Student 2: "Do you want a pencil?" B.Student : "It's hot. Open the ventana." Teacher: "OK. I'll open the window." C.Student : "I bathroom go?" Teacher: "Yes, you may go to the bathroom." D.Student 1 : "You wanna come to my house after school?" Student 2: "No, I can't."

C.Student : "I bathroom go?" Teacher: "Yes, you may go to the bathroom." Option (C) is correct. In this scenario, the ELL E L L is employing the subject-object-verb (SOV) construction that is typical of his or her L1. This L1 interference is typical of ELLs' E L Ls' interlanguage when they are in the process of learning a languageay go to the bathroom."

Which activity requires students to identify metalinguistic differences? A.Role-play these two scenarios: 1. Talk to a friend about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. 2. Talk to the principal about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. B.Explain how changing the stress in the sentence "What are you doing?" to "What are you doing?" also changes the meaning. C.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? D.Put yourself in a situation where you can observe people from a distance without being noticed; for example, at a shopping mall or grocery store. Write a short description of your experience and guess what the relationship between the people might be. Be sure to include the reasons for your guess.

C.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? Option (C) is correct. When students show metalinguistic awareness in their language learning, they are able to objectify language as composed of rules and processes. Having to produce rules, for example, to explain the different forms of a verb would require students to identify differences of the verb on a metalinguistic level.

Which assignment integrates at least three of the following: reading, writing, listening, and speaking? A.Rearrange the following sentences to create a logically sequenced composition. B.Write a paragraph in which you explain how to make an omelet. Include the following words: eggs, milk, mix, beat, frying pan, first, then, finally. C.Study this photograph of a sports car. Together with a classmate, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of owning such a car. Then write a list of the points you would include in an advertisement to encourage people to buy the car. D.Combine the following pairs of sentences using "and," "so," or "because."

C.Study this photograph of a sports car. Together with a classmate, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of owning such a car. Then write a list of the points you would include in an advertisement to encourage people to buy the car. Option (C) is correct. The writing assignment task asks the listeners to look at a topic (reading), discuss it with classmates (speaking and listening), and then write a list of points about the topic (writing).

Ms. Solonick is a third-grade teacher with a small group of intermediate-proficiency level ELLs in her class. It is now the middle of the year, and Ms. Solonick is concerned that during classroom discussions the ELLs rarely participate. When she asks questions in class, the ELLs rarely respond, even when she is sure that they know the answer. What is the most likely reason for the ELLs' unwillingness to participate or respond to Ms. Solonick's questions? A.The ELLs are undergoing a period of acculturation. B.The ELLs are experiencing an extended silent period. C.The ELLs come from a teacher-centered school system. D.The ELLs are not interested in the topic of instruction.

C.The ELLs E L Ls come from a teacher-centered school system. Option (C) is correct. In teacher-centered schools, the teacher leads the class while students exclusively listen. During classroom activities, students work independently and collaboration is discouraged.

An ESL teacher asks students to form small groups and talk about their home languages and cultures. The teacher is actively involved, moving from group to group to listen to the students. This activity will most likely result in which of the following? A.The students will achieve a better understanding of the L2 culture. B.The students will experience cultural assimilation. C.The students will gain a sense of cultural pride and self-esteem. D.The students will overcome their feelings of shyness.

C.The students will gain a sense of cultural pride and self-esteem. Option (C) is correct. A student whose teacher is actively involved in discussions or activities of the language and culture of the learner is provided a supportive environment in which the learner can feel cultural pride and self-esteem.

Although it is true that students have individual differences, generalizations can still be made about the influence of cultural background on students' learning styles. Which of the following characteristics is most likely associated with a student's being from a culture that is considered individualistic? A.Preferring cooperative tasks in the classroom B.Focusing on making friends C.Valuing personal achievement D.Demonstrating passive behavior in class

C.Valuing personal achievement Option (C) is correct. Valuing personal achievement over group achievement is a characteristic of a person who grew up in an individualistic culture.

A psycholinguistic approach to language acquisition would suggest that the rate of acquisition depends largely on A.the learner's social distance from the target language group B.the number of contact hours the learner spends engaged in formal language learning C.the extent and quality of linguistic input during the critical period D.the degree of structural similarity between the learner's L1 and the target language

C.the extent and quality of linguistic input during the critical period Option (C) is correct. In second language acquisition (SLA)S L A research, psycholinguists have looked at the critical period as the ideal time period to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment. After the critical period, it is thought that SLAS L A becomes more difficult and requires a greater amount of effort.

"Do you know the geographic location of the North and South Poles?" Which of the following best represents the primary stress pattern a native speaker of standard American English would use in pronouncing the word "geographic"? A.A series of 4 dots. The first dot is large and the following 3 dots are small. B.A series of 4 dots. The first dot is small, the second dot is large, and the following 2 dots are small. C.A series of 4 dots. The first 3 dots are small and the last dot is large. D.A series of 4 dots. The first 2 dots are small, the third dot is large, and the last dot is small.

D.A series of 4 dots. The first 2 dots are small, the third dot is large, and the last dot is small. Option (D) is correct. In standard American English, "geographic" is pronounced with the primary stress on the penultimate syllable.

Which activity incorporates all four aspects of listening, speaking, reading, and writing? A.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to make applesauce. She first teaches basic cooking vocabulary and techniques by saying the words "peel," "cut," "mix," "add," and "pour" as she demonstrates the actions. She then says, "OK, peel the apples," and students follow her step-by-step directions. B.An ESL teacher is helping her students practice listening skills. She gives students the partial lyrics to popular songs, to which the students must listen and then fill in the blank spaces in the lyrics. C.An ESL teacher is teaching her students how to write paragraphs. She takes a basic paragraph and cuts the sentences into strips. She asks the students to arrange the sentences in a logical order. D.An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner.

D.An ESL teacher is teaching her students classroom vocabulary. She makes a work sheet with pictures of important objects that students will encounter in her class. She has students make flash cards with the name of each object and then practice saying and spelling the words with a partner. Option (D) is correct. In this activity, the students have to write out the flash cards, read them to each other, listen to each other read, and say (or speak) the words aloud to a partner. The activity comprises all four aspects of listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

Which assignment presents discrete practice in forming compound and complex sentences? A.Rearrange the following sentences to create a logically sequenced composition. B.Write a paragraph in which you explain how to make an omelet. Include the following words: eggs, milk, mix, beat, frying pan, first, then, finally. C.Study this photograph of a sports car. Together with a classmate, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of owning such a car. Then write a list of the points you would include in an advertisement to encourage people to buy the car. D.Combine the following pairs of sentences using "and," "so," or "because."

D.Combine the following pairs of sentences using "and," "so," or "because." Option (D) is correct. A compound sentence has two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, which are often combined using "and," "so," or "because."

In a student-centered class, which of the following activities would best motivate second-grade ESL students and help them engage in learning English? A.Having the students list learning objectives that will help them become more proficient in English B.Telling the students the ways in which knowing English is helpful for their future C.Talking to students about why people immigrate to other countries D.Having the students talk about their families in English using puppets

D.Having the students talk about their families in English using puppets Option (D) is correct. Student-centered classes have students directly involved and personally invested in their own learning. Students are empowered to use prior knowledge to construct new learning. Through the use of puppets, having young students talk about their families would foster a student-centered environment.

Which of the following best describes a two-way bilingual education program? A.Language-minority students study English independently from language-majority students. B.English is used as the medium of instruction throughout the day. C.The target language is used as the medium of instruction for half the language-minority students, while the other half studies content area subjects in their home languages. D.Language-minority and language-majority students are integrated in a class in which they receive instruction in both languages.

D.Language-minority and language-majority students are integrated in a class in which they receive instruction in both languages. Option (D) is correct. A two-way bilingual education program encourages students to develop dual-language proficiency by receiving instruction in English and another language in a classroom. In an ESL context, language-majority students (native speakers of English) and language-minority students (native speakers of a different language) are integrated in a class where both languages are used.

A sixth-grade science teacher is planning on assessing students' knowledge of a topic that they have studied for two weeks. The goal of the assessment is to evaluate how well the students can identify the parts of a flower. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the teacher to adapt the assessment for the beginning-level ELLs E L Ls in the class? A.Showing the ELLs E L Ls a short film about the parts of a flower and asking them to summarize what they remember from the film B.Having the ELLs E L Ls use a word wall to write a description of each flower part in their own words C.Asking the ELLs E L Ls to draw a diagram of the flower and use the Internet to search for the flower parts so that they can label them D.Providing the ELLs E L Ls with an image of a flower and having them point to specific flower parts that the teacher says aloud with the assistance of a word bank

D.Providing the ELLs E L Ls with an image of a flower and having them point to specific flower parts that the teacher says aloud with the assistance of a word bank Option (D) is correct. ELLs E L Ls at the beginning level can comfortably point to an image of a flower and point to the specific flower parts that the teacher says out loud to them. It helps for them to have the assistance of a word bank.

Which activity focuses on proxemic features of communication? A.Role-play these two scenarios: 1. Talk to a friend about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. 2. Talk to the principal about the unfairness of your school's new dress code. B.Explain how changing the stress in the sentence "What are you doing?" to "What are you doing?" also changes the meaning. C.Study the four sentences on the board. What rule can you give to explain the different forms of the verb "have" in these sentences? D.Put yourself in a situation where you can observe people from a distance without being noticed; for example, at a shopping mall or grocery store. Write a short description of your experience and guess what the relationship between the people might be. Be sure to include the reasons for your guess.

D.Put yourself in a situation where you can observe people from a distance without being noticed; for example, at a shopping mall or grocery store. Write a short description of your experience and guess what the relationship between the people might be. Be sure to include the reasons for your guess. Option (D) is correct. Proxemics is the study of how humans use space when we're communicating. This activity requires students to observe others from a distance without being noticed. Students were also asked to make judgments of the possible relationships among the people they observed.

Now if I'm want a learn I must work but is very hard because I end work in 6 o'clock and school started at 7 P.M.p m I have only 1 hauer to my. My highest problem is speach. I have problem with this, but evry me friend's told my "It this only time, and you learn." I hope so. In future I want end college in United States, and I hope so I find good job. Lesson in ESL give my very much. Which of the following stands out as a systematic error that the teacher should address in this piece of writing? A.The confusion between prepositions of time and place B.The confusion between first and third person subject pronouns C.The confusion between plural and possessive suffixes D.The confusion between possessive and object forms of personal pronouns

D.The confusion between possessive and object forms of personal pronouns Option (D) is correct. Possessive pronouns show ownership. They can be used alone (mine, yours, his, hers, etc.) or they can be used to modify nouns (my notebook, his car, etc.). The objective personal pronouns are personal pronouns in the objective case, rather than in the subjective case. They (subject) saw them (object).

An ESL proficiency test is intended by definition primarily to provide A.a summary of learning after a specified unit of instruction B.information about ELLs' E L L 's ability to correct their own mistakes C.evidence of performance on classroom tasks D.a measure of a learner's overall ability in English

D.a measure of a learner's overall ability in English Option (D) is correct. The purpose of a proficiency test in an ESL class is to get a snapshot of learners' overall ability in English.

A teacher seeking to design activities to help develop students' intrinsic motivation should be most concerned with whether the A.students receive some sort of positive reinforcement, such as a reward or token, for completing the activities B.instructions for the activities are given in the students' native language C.activities establish a solid foundation for more complex lessons on the topic D.activities encourage the students to discover for themselves certain principles or rules

D.activities encourage the students to discover for themselves certain principles or rules Option (D) is correct. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to do something because it is personally rewarding. For example, you might play an instrument because you enjoy it, or you might play chess because you find the challenge interesting. ESL teachers who want to develop their students' intrinsic motivation should concern themselves with the level of interest the students have in discovering and learning for themselves.

Claudia and Sumi are ELLs E L Ls in the same school. Sumi wants to talk to Claudia and beckons her over by moving her fingers with the palm facing down. Claudia thinks Sumi is waving good-bye. Claudia waves back and walks away. This situation illustrates that A.nonverbal behavior is the first stage of language learning B.assimilation is dependent on nonverbal communication C.speech is required for effective communication D.gestures can have different meanings in different cultures

D.gestures can have different meanings in different cultures Option (D) is correct. Nonverbal communication, such as waving hello or good-bye, is an important part of how people communicate. This type of communication varies from culture to culture.

A sociolinguist would be most interested in studying A.the formal rules of language that characterize syntax and grammar B.the cognitive processes that a speaker performs during communication C.language changes and the relation of languages to each other in a historical context D.pragmatic rules for languages, including norms for register and nonverbal communication

D.pragmatic rules for languages, including norms for register and nonverbal communication Option (D) is correct. A sociolinguist studies the social and cultural factors that influence linguistic communication, including the pragmatic rules for languages.

We have like a custom that you must watch at the guy you are talking, like, to the face and the eyes and that way you can really see and understand what they saying. The student is inconsistent in his use of A. indefinite articles B. plurals C. auxiliary verbs D. tense

auxiliary verbs Option (C) is correct. In the spoken excerpt, the student is inconsistent in his use of auxiliary verbs since he used an auxiliary verb correctly when he said, "...you are talking" but then omitted the auxiliary verb at the end of the excerpt when he said, "...what they saying.

To whom is the concept of transformational grammar credited? A.Chomsky B.Finocchiaro C.Cummins D.Krashen

A.Chomsky Option (A) is correct. Noam Chomsky originated the notion of transformational grammar, which involves the use of defined operations called transformations to produce new sentences from existing ones.

Which of the following words contains a digraph? A.Cushion B.Hardly C.Taxi D.Represent

A.Cushion Option (A) is correct. A digraph is one sound represented by two letters. In this question, the digraph "sh" the s h sound is located in the middle of the word.

The passage contains an example of which of the following language features? A. Code-switching B. Hypercorrection C. Language loss D. Extralinguistic context

A. Code-switching Option (A) is correct. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages. In this context, the speaker used manubrio in the speaker's native language while speaking in English for the rest of the exchange.

Banana plants look like trees because they are so tall, but they aren't trees because they don't have woody trunks or branches. The speech sample demonstrates the student's difficulty with A. consonant clusters B. front vowels C. nasal consonants D. voiced stops

A. consonant clusters Option (A) is correct. A consonant cluster in a word is a group of consonants with no vowels between them. In the excerpt, the speaker is having trouble pronouncing the initial sounds of "plants," "trunks," and "branches."

Ms. Chianese is an ESL teacher with a group of highly motivated ELLs E L Ls at the low‑intermediate level of proficiency. During reading class, her students are so interested in understanding texts and building their vocabulary that they frequently consult bilingual dictionaries to find the meaning of unknown words. Since Ms. Chianese's students are motivated to read, in subsequent lessons she should A.concentrate on activities that increase reading fluency B.focus on word lists of high-frequency vocabulary words C.focus on grammatical structures embedded in the test D.shift her lessons to concentrate on writing

A.concentrate on activities that increase reading fluency Option (A) is correct. With intrinsically motivated readers, focusing on reading fluency is the appropriate step to take, since fluent readers do not have to slow down in order to concentrate on decoding the individual words in a text. Instead, they can focus their attention on meaning and on gaining deeper comprehension of the text

A science class of seventh- and eighth-grade ELLs E L Ls at the intermediate level of proficiency is about to begin a four‑week study of Earth formations that incorporates a listening activity. After the teacher states the purpose of the listening activity, the first step the teacher should take to develop the students' aural comprehension is to A.introduce special terminology in a class discussion B.provide students with written versions of the material on Earth formations C.provide students with the material in their home languages for them to study individually D.require students to take notes in English as they listen

A.introduce special terminology in a class discussion Option (A) is correct. When a new topic is introduced in an intermediate ESL class in middle school, participating in a class discussion on the domain-specific terminology will help build students' aural comprehension related to the new topic.

The study of how language relates to the habits, customs, and needs of a community is called A.semantics B.sociolinguistics C.psycholinguistics D.phonology

B.sociolinguistics Option (B) is correct. Sociolinguistics is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with different social identities (e.g. for example gender, age, race, ethnicity, class) speak and how their speech changes in different situations. In other words, sociolinguistics is defined by how language relates to the habits, customs, and needs of a community.

One feature of a two-way immersion program is that it promotes A.subtractive bilingualism B.sheltered content instruction C.additive bilingualism D.immersion in English

C.additive bilingualism Option (C) is correct. Additive bilingualism occurs when an ELL E L L suffers no loss of the primary language and the associated culture. Two-way immersion programs are designed to integrate native-speaking English speakers and ELLs E L Ls in the same classroom with the goal of academic excellence and bilingual proficiency for both groups. Therefore, one feature of a two-way immersion program is to promote additive bilingualism.

An ESL student who learns best through experiments and manipulatives is most likely a(n) A.visual/spatial learner B.verbal/linguistic learner C.bodily/kinesthetic learner D.interpersonal/social learner

C.bodily/kinesthetic learner Option (C) is correct. Harold Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences states that hands-on doing describes a bodily kinesthetic learner.

I am go to the sleeping. I am go to the reading. I am go to the shopping. I am go to the walking. I am go to the park. It go a happy days. Which of the following stands out as a significant grammatical weakness in the ELL's E L L's writing sample? A.Use of pronouns B.Use of prepositions C.Verb agreement D.Verb tense

D.Verb tense Option (D) is correct. In this question, the ELL E L L consistently misuses verb tense, which impedes the reader's understanding of the text.