Praxis Study Guide

timbre

(music) the distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound)

operant behavioral

-connecting behaviors with their consequences -learner chooses a response and it is either reinforced or punished

cueing systems

1. Graphophonic- letters/sounds & visual clues/ What would you expect to see? 2. Semantics- sense, meaning/ Does it make sense? 3. Syntax- structure, grammar/ Can we say it that way?

scope & sequence

A "roadmap" or "blueprint" for teachers that provides an overall picture of an instructional program and includes the range of teaching content and the order or sequence in which it is taught.

bell shaped curve

A graph representing statistical normality, with a large number of scores in the middle, tapering to very few extremely high and low scores

norm referenced test

A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in comparison to others (such as others of the same grade level or age).

criterion-referenced test

A test that describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion. The content of criterion-referenced tests is limited to certain well-defined objectives.

myth

A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.

differentiated instruction

A variety of techniques used to adapt instruction to the individual ability levels and learning styles of each student in the classroom

expanded notation

A way of writing numbers in which the numbers are written to show the place value of each digit (639 = 600 + 30 + 9)

guided discovery

An adaptation of discovery learning in which the teacher provides some direction

whole language

An approach to reading instruction that de-emphasizes letter-sound relationships and emphasizes recognition of words as wholes.

balanced literacy

An approach to reading instruction that strikes a compromise between Phonics approaches and Whole Language approaches—ideally, the most effective strategies are drawn from the two approaches and synthesized together.

haiku

An unrhymed Japanese poem consisting of three lines with five, seven, and five syllables, respectively

performance assessment

Assessment in which students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a nonwritten fashion.

intrinsically motivated

Behavior that is performed for its own sake.

spiral curriculum

Bruner's design for teaching that introduces the fundamental structure of all subjects early in the school years, then revisits the subjects in more and more complex forms over time.

piaget

Cognitive Stages of Intellectual Development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational

inferential understanding

Develop knowledge via the process of interpreting new information in light of past experiences and rethinking past knowledge based on new information. As students develop these reading skills they learn to: Understand intonation of characters and relationships to one another. Provide explanation for ideas that are presented in the text. Offer details and explanation for events. Recognize author's view of world and biases. Offer conclusions from facts present in text. Also with vocab. figuring out antecednet for pronouns. Meaning of unknown words from context clues and grammatical function of unknown words.

think alouds

During shared read aloud, teachers reveal their thinking processes by verbalizing: connections, questions, inferences, and predictions.

needs vs. wants

NEEDS: requirements for survival such as food, clothing, shelter; WANTS: things we would like to have, such as entertainment, vacations, and items that make life comfortable/enjoyable

constructivist theory

Piaget's theoretical perspective that children construct an understanding of their world based on observations of the effects of their behaviors

needs assessment

Process by which an organization's needs are identified in order to help the organization accomplish its objectives; also called needs analysis.

rosenblatt

Reader-response theory: prior knowledge results in reader connection to text in unique ways. Transactional reading - reading involves transaction b/w reader and writer.

marie clay

Reading Recovery; Created Concept about Print Developed Running Records to support Reading Recovery

extrinsically motivated

Seeks rewards outside of the activity itself.

Global scan

Should include 1. a comparative analysis of the economic development in different countries, 2. an assessment of the economic development in different countries, 3. measurement of consumer income in different countries, and 4. recognition of a country's currency exchange rates.

cooperative learning

Small group learning which has these elements; positive interdependence, face-to-face interaction, individual accountability, structured activity, teamwork skills

SQ3r

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

laboratory approach

Take ideas to controlled experiments in the lab. Control as many variables as possible to get to the details.

direct instruction

Teacher-centered instruction which includes lecture, presentation, and recitation.

psycholinguistic

The study of language acquisition and use in relation to the psychological factors controlling its use and recognition

literal understanding

This is the act of taking or perceiving something according to the usual, ordinary or surface meaning.

interdisciplinary instruction

Traditional classrooms divide instruction into catagories (disciplines) such as "reading," "math," and "social studies." Interdisciplinary teaching involves any effort on the part of an instructor to design learning activities with products and activities to relate to more that one discipline.

limerick

a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme aabba

least restrictive environment

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

genre

a major category or type of literature

legend

a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements

open classroom

a nonbureaucratic approach to education based on democracy, flexibility, and noncompetitiveness

tessellation

a repeating pattern of plane figures that completely cover a plane with no gaps or overlaps

scientific method

a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

fact family

a set of related addition/subtraction or multiplication/division equations that use the same numbers

parable

a short narrative designed to teach a moral lesson

cinquain

a short poem consisting of five, usually unrhymed lines containing, respectively, two, four, six, eight, and two syllables.

Elkonin boxes

a strategy for segmenting sounds in a word that involves drawing a box to represent each sound in a word.

running record

a tool for scoring and analyzing a student's reading ability.

authentic assessment

a type of evaluation that requires a student to perform a task.

alphabetic principal

ability to associate sounds with letters and use these sounds to form words, letters do not make sounds, letters represent sounds.....sound pics(any single letter or group of letter that represent a single sound)code knowledge(understanding sound pic to sound correspondence of written lang) decoding(reading by using sound to sound pic code)

automaticity

ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task

alternative assessment

alternatives to traditional short answer, timed tests (e.g., portfolios, work samples, teacher and peer observations,ratings with justifications, videotaped documentation of performance). Linked with authentic assessment and mutliple measure

holistic appraoch

applying this to life embraces all facets of being. It is an indivisible totality (recognizes person as a whole), and is an interdependent functioning

inquiry learning

approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation and students solve the problem by gathering data and testing their conclusions

language experience approach

approach to writing instruction from personal experience; stories about personal experiences are written by teacher and read together until learner associates written form of word with spoken; can also be a group activity restating stories read by teacher

operant model

behavior is increased or decreased as a function of its consequences -> involves primarily voluntary behavior (classical is involuntary)

persuasive

capable of convincing

expanding horizon approach

children learn about their environments in gradually expanding concentric circles. begins with what children supposedly already know and moves outward.

holistic

concerning the whole rather than the parts

asthetic stance

connecting personal experiences to the lesson or text, and discussing thoughts and feeling about lesson or text. reading for enjoyment

gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

blooms taxonomy

divides leaning objectives into levels according to type and complexity Knowledge- recall of facts and concepts Comprehension- understanding of meaning of concept Application- use of concept Analysis- person can examine or explain concept Synthesis- peron integrates concept with other learning Evaluation- person judges or compares concept

interdisciplinary

drawing from or characterized by participation of two or more fields of study

homogenous groups

group in which members have a great deal of similarity

prephonetic stage

i. Child begins to differentiate writing from drawing. ii. Child's writing shows a lack of understanding of the concept of a word, the alphabetic principle, or conventions of print (spaces b/w words and left to right progression

phoneme

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

informal assessment

occurs in a more casual manner and may include observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, performance and portfolio assessments, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion

concepts of print

print represents spoken language; print is directional from left to right and top to bottom; books are read from front to back; the strings of letters separated by spaces in text are words, and individual letters are different from words; sentences begin with capital letters and end with periods, etc.....

closed question

questions that can usually be answered by one word, such as "yes" or "no;" also called close-ended questions.

efferent stance

reading for information

basal readers

reading textbooks that are leveled according to grade.

expository

serving to expound or set fourth

operant

skinner's term for an actively emitted or voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences

phonetic

sound of speech with a set of symbols representing each sound

formal test

standardized; being in accordance with the usual requirements, customs, etc. Ex.: Formal assessments would be standardized tests, norm referenced tests, and criterion-referenced tests)

invented spelling

students' attempts to spell words that reflect their developing knowledge about the spelling system.

Vygotsky

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

tangrams

suitable for the student who needs the tactile experience with the triangle.

needs assessment

the process of identifying and prioritizing the learning needs of employees

shared reading

the teacher reads a book aloud with a group of children as they follow along in the text, often using a Big Book

choral reading

two or more individuals reading aloud from the same text in unison to enhance oral reading fluency.