Praxis Test: Social Studies (5581)

The American Indian Movement's occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973 resulted in which TWO of the following favorable outcomes? A. The establishment of reservations for Native American people across the United States B. The granting of full United States citizenship to Native American people born in the United States C. Stronger solidarity among Native American tribes who recognized the need to advocate for their rights through activism D. Bringing national and international attention to the struggle for Native American rights in the United States E. The establishment of the American Indian Movement as a recognized sovereign nation within the United States

C. & D.

Which TWO of the following were characteristics of the Maya civilization in Mesoamerica? A. A monotheistic belief system B. A predominately hunter-gatherer lifestyle C. A sophisticated writing system D. A practice of astronomical observation E. A focus on maritime exploration

C. & D.

Which of the following accurately describes a way in which the eighteenth-century genre of casta painting, which depicts people belonging to the different ethnic categories used in Spanish colonial society, reflects Enlightenment ideas? A. Casta paintings emphasized the need to limit non-elite people's access to education. B. Casta paintings celebrated specific local circumstances rather than universal trends. C. Casta paintings used religious symbols to represent moral virtue and vice. D. Casta paintings attempted to rationally classify social and natural phenomena.

D.

Which of the following best describes an effect that the plantation aristocracy of the southern colonies had in North America before the American Revolution? A. Indentured servitude became the primary method for acquiring skills in craftwork and business. B. Southern colonies began to transform into urban centers, favoring trade and manufacturing over agricultural production. C. Large plantations were portioned out to sharecroppers to plant and harvest crops as payment to landowners. D. Significant economic, political, and social power authority remained limited to wealthy slave-holding landowners.

D.

Which of the following best explains how the Mexican-American War contributed to growing sectional tensions within the United States? A. The war fueled competition over land for migrating populations. B. The war intensified religious conflicts between Catholic and Protestant populations. C. The war heightened tariff debates between the North and the South. D. The war sparked disputes over slavery in newly acquired territories.

D.

Which of the following best explains the migration pattern of Black Americans between 1900 and 1960, as shown in the map? A. Black Americans sought better job opportunities working on northern farms and in western mining towns. B. Black Americans sought to take advantage of job opportunities in armaments factories during the First World War. C. Black Americans sought better educational opportunities and a lower cost of living in northeastern cities. D. Black Americans sought to escape racial discrimination, segregation, and violence in the Jim Crow South.

D.

Which of the following best illustrates the interaction between humans and nature in shaping a cultural landscape? A. A neighborhood in Rome that is home to buildings considered sacred by Catholics and Protestants B. The remains of a small campfire made by hikers spending the night in a forested part of the wilderness C. Signs in eastern Canada that list road and place names in both English and Innu, the language of Indigenous people in the region D. Tracts of low-lying farmland created over centuries by the use of pumps to drain wetlands in the Netherlands

D.

Which of the following developments most directly led to the United States' involvement in the Korean and Vietnam wars? A. The founding of the House Un-American Activities Committee B. The establishment of a communist government in Cuba C. The drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights D. The pursuit of the policy of containment

D.

Which of the following most accurately describes the role of the Diné (or Navajo) and other Native Americans who served as code talkers during the Second World War? A. They routinely intercepted and deciphered the coded communications of enemy forces, thereby providing strategic advantages. B. They primarily served noncombat roles as cultural advisors to the United States military during negotiations with Pacific Island nations. C. They were primarily responsible for providing United States soldiers with logistical and medical support. D. They used their language to enable secure and effective communication that enemy forces could not decipher.

D.

Which of the following similarities among the listed politicians best describes why the period in which they came to power is called "the pink tide" in South American history? A. They were elected with an unusually high level of support from women and LGBTQ+ voters. B. They gained power through military coups but without significant bloodshed. C. They adopted pronatalist policies meant to encourage families to have more children. D. They were elected on left-leaning programs of economic and social reform.

D.

Which of the following statements best identifies a similarity between the United States involvement in the First World War and Second World War? A. In both wars, the United States entered the conflict after experiencing large-scale military attacks on its territory. B. The entry of the United States into both wars was primarily motivated by a desire to expand its territorial holdings and influence. C. The United States declared war in both conflicts to defend its allies from aggression and maintain global stability. D. In both wars, the United States initially maintained a policy of neutrality before being drawn into conflict due to acts of aggression from belligerent nations.

D.

Which of the following statements correctly represents a historical perspective on the Treaty of Versailles, signed at the conclusion of the First World War? A. French leaders saw the treaty as a failure largely because it did not address the territorial losses they had suffered during the war. B. British officials emphatically supported the treaty, believing that the punitive nature of its terms would restabilize the economies of Germany and Central Europe. C. American leaders fully supported the signing of the treaty and viewed it as a gateway to the United States becoming an influential power in global political affairs. D. Leaders from colonized nations expressed disappointment over the treaty, which largely upheld European colonial claims and did not guarantee colonized nations self-determination.

D.

Which of the following was a major factor in the drafting of the Articles of Confederation? A. Support for universal human rights B. A call for a reliable and enforceable system for taxation C. A rejection of equal state representation in the legislature D. Opposition to a strong national government

D.

Which TWO of the following were significant factors that contributed to the end of apartheid in South Africa? A. A negotiated agreement to split South Africa into multiple independent countries along racial lines B. A negotiated agreement to split South Africa into multiple independent countries along racial lines C. Activism pushing institutions, such as banks and colleges, to stop doing business in South Africa D. Sustained resistance, both nonviolent and violent, by Black South Africans and their allies E. A ground invasion and occupation of South Africa by the Organization of African Unity

& D.

In which TWO of the following areas did formerly enslaved people in the South make lasting gains during the Reconstruction era? A. Electing Black legislators to federal, state, and local office B. Reunifying and winning legal recognition for family bonds C. Gaining ownership of confiscated Confederate leaders' lands D. Being free to change their terms and place of employment at will E. Founding Black churches and educational institutions

& E.

Use the timeline to answer the question that follows. March 7, 1936: German troops occupy the demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany. March 12, 1938: German troops enter Austria and annex that nation to Germany. September 30, 1938: German troops occupy the Sudetenland, a predominantly German-speaking region in Czechoslovakia. March 23, 1939: Germany takes control of Romania's economy. The provided timeline best supports which of the following developments in the 1930s? A. Germany's increasingly aggressive foreign policy B. Germany's emergence as a global superpower C. Germany's push for ethnic unification D. Germany's influence being curtailed by European alliances

A.

Which of the following best describes how cultural diffusion contributes to the transformation of societal practices and perspectives over time? A. It facilitates the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and customs between different cultures, leading to the adoption and adaptation of new practices. B. It primarily reinforces existing cultural practices and perspectives, preserving traditional values and customs. C. It limits cultural diversity by promoting homogeneity and discouraging the exploration of new ideas and perspectives. D. It typically causes radical cultural shifts by introducing novel practices and perspectives that upend established traditions and norms.

A.

Which of the following best describes how the Roosevelt Corollary (1904) modified United States foreign policy in Latin America that had been in place since the Monroe Doctrine? A. It indicated a shift from nonintervention to active intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries. B. It placed a priority on promoting democratic governance in Latin American countries. C. It signaled the near-complete withdrawal of the United States from engagement with Latin American countries. D. It demonstrated a greater willingness to allow European powers to participate in the governance of Latin America.

A.

Which of the following best describes the role of France in the American Revolution? A. The French provided military and financial support to the American colonies, playing a crucial role in the American victory over Britain. B. The French became involved only at the end of the war, helping to negotiate the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Britain. C. The French sided with the British during the war, providing their European neighbor with troops, resources, and logistical support. D. The French provided aid to both sides in the war, hoping to benefit economically as a neutral supplier of goods throughout the conflict.

A.

Which of the following correctly describes a geographic effect on colonial economies in North America? A. Abundant timber and deep harbors in New England supported shipbuilding, fishing, and maritime trade. B. Fast-moving rivers in southern colonies facilitated urban industrial and manufacturing growth. C. Short growing seasons in New England prevented colonists from practicing subsistence agriculture. D. Yearlong warm weather supported a largely agrarian economy in the Middle Colonies.

A.

Which of the following cultural trends in the United States around 1900 C.E. would most likely lead a person to hold anti-imperialist views? A. Concern over increasing the racial and ethnic diversity of the United States B. Pride in the growing industrial might of the United States C. Enthusiasm for spreading American political and religious values D. Anxiety about the effects of the closing of the American western frontier

A.

Which of the following developments most directly led to the consolidation of industrial monopolies during the Gilded Age? A. The emergence of new legal institutions such as the limited liability corporation to organize business B. The passage of laws such as the Sherman Antitrust Act to protect economic competition C. The shift from a reliance on enslaved labor to a reliance on sharecropping in Southern agriculture D. The acquisition of fertile and mineral-rich lands at the conclusion of the Mexican-American War

A.

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of cultural assimilation? A. A family moves from Germany to Turkey, gives their children new Turkish names, and adopts Turkish language and holidays as their own. B. An individual moves from Italy to China and modifies some traditional Italian recipes in order to use locally available ingredients. C. A large number of Nigerian immigrants settle in Canada, and Nigerian pop music gains new listeners and radio airtime throughout Canada. D. An Argentinian businesswoman often travels to Jordan for work, so she purchases a few outfits that will allow her to blend in with locals while she is there.

A.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the principle of the rule of law? A. Laws should be applied consistently and enforced without favoritism. B. There should be formal laws to regulate most or all aspects of life. C. Federal law will preempt state law when the two are in conflict. D. Relying on courts to settle international disputes is better than relying on warfare.

A.

Which of the following was a primary motivation for European exploration in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the period 1450 to 1700? A. The desire to seek alternatives to trade networks controlled by competing economic powers B. The impact of environmental pressures that required new land for growing domestic populations C. The ambition to reclaim Christian holy sites in the Near East from Muslim control D. The desire to avoid the effects of the Black Death in Continental Europe

A.

Which of the following was the primary impact of the October Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 on Russia's involvement in the First World War? A. It resulted in an armistice between Russia and the Central Powers. B. It maintained Russian support of the Allied war effort despite internal unrest. C. It caused the Russian Empire to join the Central Powers. D. It led to an immediate increase in Russia's military support on the Western Front.

A.

Which TWO of the following were lasting outcomes of the Mexican Revolution (1910 to 1920) ? A. The creation of a new constitution that provided for land reform and labor rights B. The establishment of the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere C. The loss of a significant amount of Mexican territory to the United States D. The development of a national identity that emphasized Mexico's multicultural heritage E. The formation of Mexico as a newly independent country

A. &

The Mayflower Compact reflected which TWO of the following principles that were later adopted in the Constitution of the United States? A. Religious freedom B. Judicial review C. Rule of law D. Separation of powers E. Equal rights

A. & C.

Which TWO of the following are push factors that significantly contributed to climate migration in the 2010s? A. Drought and crop failure intensifying regional conflicts over limited resources B. Rising temperatures creating more opportunities for subsistence farmers in certain regions C. Debate over climate change policy escalating political polarization D. Increasingly frequent severe weather events making some regions less habitable E. Countries investing more of their budgets into green energy research instead of public health issues

A. & D.

Which TWO of the following factors most significantly influenced the trend of urbanization in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. The mechanization and increased efficiency of agricultural production B. The implementation of imperialist foreign policies aimed at acquiring new territories C. The construction of interstate highways and the increased affordability of automobiles D. The mass migration of people from eastern and southern Europe to the United States E. The passage of education acts that increased federal funding for schools, colleges, and universities

A. & D.

Which TWO of the following were contributing causes to the outbreak of the Texas Revolution in 1835 ? A. Texas slaveholders' fear that Mexico would enforce the abolition of slavery in Texas B. Mexican Catholic missionaries' attempts to convert Protestant settlers in Texas C. The United States' imposition of high tariffs on goods imported from Mexico, including Texas D. A Mexican official's assassination of a key political leader among American settlers in Texas E. The Mexican president's increasing authoritarianism, including his repealing the Mexican constitution

A. & E.

Use the passage, which is taken from an Irish nationalist's speech given in 1909, to answer the question that follows. If the women of Ireland would organize the movement for buying Irish goods more... if they would make it the fashion to dress in Irish clothes, feed on Irish food—in fact, in this as in everything, LIVE REALLY IRISH LIVES, they would be doing something great.... [Don't] rest content with doing this individually, but... go out and speak publicly about it, form leagues, of which "No English Goods" is the war-cry.... [G]o out into the world and get elected onto as many public bodies as possible, and by degrees, through your exertions, [there will be] no public institution, whether hospital, workhouse, or asylum... , and no private house—but will be supporting the industries of your country. The provided speech supports which of the following claims about gender and nationalism in Europe before the First

B.

Which of the following New Deal programs addressed banking reforms? A. National Recovery Administration (1933) B. Glass-Steagall Act (1933) C. Securities and Exchange Commission (1934) D. Social Security Act (1935)

B.

Which of the following best describes a primary responsibility of the House of Representatives? A. Appointing cabinet members B. Creating and passing laws C. Nominating federal judges D. Managing foreign affairs and diplomacy

B.

Which of the following best describes the lifestyles of Native American groups in northeastern North America before European contact? A. The formation of earthen mounds for ceremonial, burial, and residential purposes B. The cultivation of corn, beans, and squash, known as Three Sisters farming C. The construction of extensive canal systems used to irrigate crops in arid conditions D. The construction of multistory adobe pueblos and cliff dwellings

B.

Which of the following best illustrates federalism as a feature of United States government? A. Courts having the power to hear both civil and criminal cases B. Businesses being subject to laws enacted by both Congress and state legislatures C. The Bill of Rights guaranteeing the right to protest a public official's decisions D. The Senate voting to approve cabinet members appointed by the president.

B.

Which of the following criteria is used to establish the boundaries of different regions within the United States? A. Regional boundaries always follow physical or established political boundaries. B. Regional boundaries reflect unique, shared characteristics within each region. C. Regional boundaries are set based on the religion practiced in each area. D. Regional boundaries are established historically and do not change over time.

B.

Which of the following groups most often opposed Progressive Era reforms? A. Communists B. Social Darwinists C. Suffragists D. Union members

B.

Which of the following pieces of legislation was designed to specifically address inequalities between the sexes? A. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 B. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 C. The Affordable Care Act of 2009 D. The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

B.

Which of the following platform issues would have appealed most to a supporter of William Jennings Bryan in the Election of 1896 ? A. Prohibition B. Bimetallism C. Protective tariffs D. American imperialism

B.

Which of the following specifically describes the movement of people, pathogens, plants, beliefs, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began in the late fifteenth century? A. The Atlantic system B. The Columbian Exchange C. The American System D. The triangular trade

B.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the course and outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War (1979 to 1989)? A. The Soviet Union swiftly defeated the mujahideen, marking a major success during the Cold War. B. The Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan after facing a costly and protracted war against the United States-backed mujahideen. C. The United States intervened in the conflict with ground forces, leading to a direct conflict with the Soviet Union. D. The mujahideen successfully repelled a United States invasion and established a communist government supported by the Soviet Union.

B.

Which of the following typically results from industrialization in developed countries? A. Rising fertility rates B. Increased use of fossil fuels C. Decreasing participation of women in paid labor D. Large-scale urban-to-rural migration

B.

Which of the following was a major reason for the establishment of the Georgia colony in 1732? A.Improving cooperation with Native American groups in the Southeast B. Preventing the expansion of Spanish colonial power in the Southeast C. Providing Catholics a haven from religious intolerance and persecution D. Establishing a large plantation system for raw material production

B.

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Indian National Congress's passing of the Quit India Resolution in 1942 ? A. The opening of negotiations for Indian independence between Great Britain and the Indian National Congress B. The outbreak of mass anti-colonial resistance and the imprisonment of many Indian National Congress leaders C. The formation of a road map to begin partitioning India into two independent nations based on religious lines D. The formation of the Muslim League to fight for a separate Muslim state in South Asia

B.

The Arab-Muslim military expansion of the seventh and eighth centuries CE contributed to the formation of a distinctive medieval Islamic civilization in which TWO of the following ways? A. Establishing a policy of forced conversion that created a religiously unified but politically isolated Islamic empire B. Facilitating intercultural exchange among Muslims and non-Muslims over extensive trade networks C. Increasing the ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity of the populations ruled by a caliph D. Cutting off funding for artisans who had been patronized by local elites before the Arab-Muslim conquests E. Discouraging later caliphs from adopting the administrative institutions and techniques of the empires they took over

B. & C.

Which TWO of the following factors contributed to the increase in cotton production in the United States between 1820 and 1850? A. The rising demand for cotton in response to the rapid industrialization of textile production in Southern cities B. The development of new varieties of cotton that were more productive and more resistant to disease C. The flood of cheap, fertile land for sale following the forced removal of Native Americans in the South D. The expansion and intensification of the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans E. The extension of cotton production into the Mid-Atlantic and Upper Midwest regions

B. & C.

Which TWO of the following were factors that contributed to ancient Rome's transition from a republican form of government to an imperial monarchy? A. Germanic settlers and invaders moving into Roman territory B. The growing independence and power of military leaders C. Concentration of land and wealth that led to social instability D. Controversy over whether Christianity should be legalized E. The expense of maintaining public works such as the Colosseum

B. & C.

Which of the following statements accurately describes both push and pull factors contributing to why people migrate? A. People migrate primarily because they are attracted to the scenic beauty and cultural diversity of a new place. B. People migrate mainly to places where their friends or family members are already residing. C. People often migrate to escape adverse conditions like conflict or economic hardship and seek better opportunities and safety. D. Migration mostly happens because people want to experience different weather and climate patterns.

C.

Which of the following was a major factor that contributed to Japan's involvement in the Second World War? A. The military ambitions and charismatic leadership of Emperor Hirohito B. The growing sense of solidarity between the Japanese public and colonized peoples in Asia C. The desire of Japanese leaders to access raw materials that their own territory lacked D. The efforts of Japanese industrialists to promote free trade in the Pacific region

C.

Which of the following was a primary way in which the United States met the agricultural needs of the military and civilian populations during both world wars? A. Distributing Red Cross relief aid B. Issuing Liberty bonds C. Establishing guest worker (or bracero) programs D. Instituting a war labor board

C.

Which of the following was a significant factor that motivated the expansion of social welfare programs in Western countries after the Second World War? A. The desire to prove to colonial subjects that their lives would be better if they did not pursue decolonization B. The waning influence of socialist politicians in many capitalist countries' governments C. The belief that providing a stable standard of living would reduce the appeal of communism and extremist political movements D. The declining ability of business and industrial leaders to provide enough jobs for growing populations

C.

Which of the following was an outcome of the Bretton Woods agreement, which was signed by 44 countries in 1944 ? A. The founding of the United Nations B. The first multilateral nuclear disarmament talks C. The creation of a fixed currency exchange rate system pegged to the United States dollar D. The formation of a military alliance among communist nations in eastern Europe

C.

During the antebellum period, which of the following best explains the correlation between westward expansion and immigration patterns? A. Westward expansion resulted in new economic opportunities that drew immigrant laborers to the United States. B. Westward expansion led to a surge in transatlantic communication technology, which expedited immigration. C. Westward expansion led to calls to Americanize and forcibly assimilate diverse populations to create a homogeneous American identity. D. Westward expansion caused conflict between settlers and Native Americans, leading the government to discourage immigration to Western regions to preserve peace.

A.

In geography, environmental determinists and environmental possibilists primarily disagree over which of the following issues? A. How tightly a group's sociocultural traits are linked to the features of its environment B. How much a population's health depends on social rather than physical environmental factors C. How dangerous it is for a community to try to change its surrounding environment D. How likely it is that a given environment can support a certain number of people

A.

Use the excerpt from a letter sent by the king of the west-central African kingdom of Kongo to the king of Portugal in 1526 to answer the question that follows. "The cause of our troubles is the excessive permissiveness with which your... officials allow the [Portuguese] men who come to this kingdom to establish shops and sell merchandise. These men engage in practices that we strictly forbid, and they scatter throughout our kingdom and dominions in such large numbers that many of our vassals... have now renounced their obedience because they have a greater abundance of goods available to them than we do.... [E]ach day... these traders carry away... the children of our nobles and vassals as well as relatives of ours... because unscrupulous men, driven by their greed for goods from your kingdom, snatch them and sell them to these traders." The excerpt most clearly documents which of the following ways in which the Atl

A.

Use the excerpt from a statement by a California legislator issued in 1911 to answer the question that follows. "Woman suffrage has been proven a failure in states that have tried it. It is wrong. California should profit by the mistake of other states. Not one reform has equal suffrage effected. On the contrary, statistics go to show that in most equal suffrage states... divorces have greatly increased since the adoption of the equal suffrage amendment, showing that it has been a home destroyer. Crime has also increased due to a lack of mothers in the home." Which of the following best describes the most critical point of view about the woman suffrage movement expressed in the excerpt? A. It would disrupt traditional family life. B. It would make little difference in politics. C. It would overextend the scope of government. D. It would prevent progress toward other domestic reforms.

A.

Use the information from the OECD Economic Outlook (2007) to answer the question that follows. The trends documented in the graph most directly contributed to which of the following global developments in the second half of the twentieth century? A. The growth in the number of multinational corporations B. The reduction in tariffs and other protectionist policies C. The decline in average mortality and fertility rates D. The privatization of state-run utilities and other public services

A.

Use the information in the provided scenario to answer the question that follows. A small fertile plain exists within a large mountain range. The plain is surrounded by steep, rocky slopes. It contains a large lake and some footpaths, but no rivers or roadways. A community of subsistence farmers has lived in the area for many generations. Its population is stable and dense enough to support a small school and a house of worship. Which of the following rural settlement patterns best characterizes the community in the plain? A. Compact B. Linear C. Scattered D. Isolated

A.

Use the passage, which is part of a speech delivered to the English Parliament in 1610 C.E., to answer the question that follows. "God has power to create or destroy, make or unmake at his pleasure, to give life or send death, to judge all, and to be [neither] judged nor accountable to none; to raise low things, and to make high things low at his pleasure, and to God are both soul and body due. And the like power have kings: they make and unmake their subjects; they have the power of raising and casting down, of life and of death; judges over all their subjects and in all cases, and yet accountable to none but God only.... And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects. . . ." The speech is best understood as an argument in favor of which of the following forms of government? A. Autocracy B. Oligarchy C. Anarchy D. Republic

A.

Use the quotation from the United States Constitution to answer the question that follows. "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." The quotation best reflects which of the following principles of United States government? A. Popular sovereignty B. Checks and balances C. Separation of powers D. Representative democracy

A.

Which of the following most contributed to violent conflicts between the Powhatan people and the colonists of Jamestown, Virginia? A. Colonists restricted Powhatan people from accessing major sources of drinking water. B. Colonists inadvertently spread diseases such as smallpox and measles to the Powhatan people. C. Colonists began to cultivate tobacco on land occupied by the Powhatan people. D. Colonists attempted to enslave Powhatan people for agricultural labor.

C.

Use the list to answer the question that follows. Ballot initiative Town meeting Recall election Popular plebiscite The political processes listed are best described as examples of which of the following? A. Representative democracy B. Direct democracy C. Democratic centralism D. Democratic socialism

B.

A map that accurately represents the shape and angle of Earth's landmasses but distorts the relative size of those different landmasses is best categorized as which of the following? A. A compromise map B. A conformal map C. An equidistant map D. choropleth map

B.

Alexander Hamilton's proposal for the creation of a national bank required which one of the following? A. A charter from the state of New York B. A broad interpretation of the Constitution C. The relocation of the nation's capital to the South D. Congressional passage of a protective tariff

B.

Early human settlements and civilizations most often shared which of the following geographic characteristics? A. They were primarily located at the highest possible elevation to limit the possibility of enemy attack. B. They were usually located near sources of water to support agriculture and trade. C. They were generally located at high latitudes to take advantage of long summer daylight hours. D. They were typically situated within forests for access to wood for building and fuel.

B.

In the landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public spaces was constitutional based on which of the following justifications? A. African American political leaders endorsed segregationist policies. B. The Fourteenth Amendment was not violated if public spaces were separate, but equal. C. The federal government had no authority to override state laws. D. African Americans descended from slaves were not considered citizens.

B.

In which of the following ways did political machines primarily operate in cities like New York City during the late nineteenth century? A. Political machines served the wealthy elite by facilitating the expansion of industrial enterprises. B. Political machines sought and retained power by providing services and jobs in exchange for votes. C. Political machines advocated for the rights of women by providing education and essential services to the community. D. Political machines strictly enforced federal child labor laws and workplace safety regulations.

B.

Overuse of fertilizers in agriculture is most likely to cause which of the following environmental changes? A. Pollinator insects that have contact with fertilized plants may decline in population. B. Runoff water from fertilized fields may cause algal blooms in downstream waterways. C. Plants raised in fertilized soil may remove less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. D. Feed crops grown with fertilizers may cause reductions in farm animal growth.

B.

The civil rights movement led by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta most directly emerged in response to which of the following? A. The anti-Hispanic violence of the Zoot Suit Riots during the Second World War B. The low pay and poor working conditions of migrant and agricultural workers C. The mass deportations of migrant workers during the 1930s D. The exclusion of many Hispanic American families from newly developing suburbs

B.

The collapse of the Soviet Union had which of the following impacts on the international alliance system? A. The weakening of NATO and decreased military cooperation among former member states due to the absence of a common adversary B. The expansion of the European Union (EU) to include former Eastern Bloc countries, fostering economic and political integration in Europe C. The strengthening of the Warsaw Pact, with former Soviet states seeking to maintain a collective defense mechanism against potential threats D. The isolation of former Soviet satellite states, resulting in limited diplomatic relations and increased regional conflicts

B.

Use the list of characteristics to answer the question that follows. Originated with the arrival of Indo-Aryan peoples from the northwest Developed a view of society as divided into four varnas Introduced the use of Sanskrit language to record religious rituals and beliefs The characteristics listed are associated with which of the following eras of ancient South Asian history A. The Indus Valley (or Harappan) Civilization (2800 B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E.) B. The Vedic Age (1700 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E.) C. The Mauryan Empire (321 B.C.E. to 184 B.C.E.) D. The Indo-Greek (or Yavanas) Kingdoms (190 B.C.E. to 10 C.E.)

B.

Which of the following best summarizes the events that caused the Ming dynasty to replace the Yuan dynasty in China in 1368 C.E.? A. Long-standing tensions among Confucians, Daoists, and Buddhists erupted in a religious civil war. B. Anger over Western encroachment motivated anti-imperialist activists to overthrow the sitting emperor. C. Government mismanagement of economic crises and natural disasters led to uprisings among dissatisfied rebels. D. Invasion by the Mongol army forced the Chinese emperor to adopt a Mongol prince as his heir.

C.

Which of the following is a correct example of the system of checks and balances within the United States government? A. The Supreme Court drafts a new law for consideration. B. The president confirms a new Supreme Court justice. C. The president vetoes a bill passed by Congress. D. Congress appoints the Secretary of State.

C.

Which of the following is most likely to increase as a long-term outcome of irrigating farmland? A. Soil acidity B. Soil aeration C. Soil salinity D. Soil temperature

C.

European imperialism in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had which of the following consequences? A. The promotion of African self-governance and the preservation of indigenous cultures by European colonial powers B. The industrialization of African societies as a result of European investment and technology transfer C. The imposition of artificial borders and divisions that disregarded existing tribal and ethnic boundaries D. The mass migration of Africans from colonized to noncolonized regions

C.

How did most Patriot women in 1765 participate in protests against the Stamp Act? A. They tarred and feathered tax collectors at public rallies. B. They organized rally marches to help recruit Sons of Liberty members. C. They led boycotts of English goods in marketplaces across the colonies. D. They wrote essays against taxation that were published in colonial papers.

C.

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the Human Development Index (HDI) to address which of the following criticisms of previous ways that a country's development was measured? A. The measurements required an amount of data that was burdensome for developing countries to collect. B. The measurements could not be used to rank countries in terms of their development level. C. The measurements were based on an overly simplistic understanding of development. D. The measurements did not provide guidance on what policies could promote a country's development.

C.

In which of the following ways would a supranational organization attempt to avoid internal conflicts? A. By requiring member states to adopt a shared cultural identity B. By prohibiting member states from trading with nonmember states C. By requiring member states to cede some authority and sovereignty to the organization D. By prohibiting citizens of member states from forming alliances with nonmember states

C.

Investigations of public figures led by United States Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s had which of the following effects? A. The passage of legislation to limit immigration from Eastern Europe B. Widespread protests against United States involvement in the Korean War C. The infringement of individual free speech rights over suspicions with little to no credible evidence D. A rise in labor union membership and effectiveness in passing workplace safety legislation

C.

The Federalists and Anti-Federalists most differed on their views concerning what issue? A. The extension of slavery to the territories B. The process for admitting new states C. The ratification of the Constitution D. The policy for reconstructing the Union

C.

The Second Great Awakening generated which of the following changes in North America? A. The establishment of the first higher education institutions in North America B. The reduction of the role of women in religion and society C. The rise of abolitionism as a moral opposition to slavery D. The end of the temperance movement

C.

The confrontations of the 1850s known as Bleeding Kansas were an outgrowth of which of the following developments? A. Nativism B. Removal of Native Americans C. Sectionalism D. Industrial expansion

C.

Use the excerpt from English philosopher John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government (1690) to answer the question that follows. "If man in the state of nature be so free... equal to the greatest, and subject to nobody, why will he part with his freedom, this empire, and subject himself to the dominion and control of any other power? ... The enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure. This makes him willing to quit this condition which, however free, is full of fears and continual dangers; and it is not without reason, that he seeks out, and is willing to join in society with others who are already united, or have a mind to unite for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and estates, which I call by the general name—property." Which of the following is a lasting consequence of the argument that Locke raises in the excerpt? A. The establishment of egalitarian societi

C.

Which of the following best describes how the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763) led to the American Revolution? A. The war led the British to pass harsher laws, such as the Intolerable Acts, on colonists as punishment for the war. B. The war led the British and French to cease fighting over North America, leaving the colonists without any protection from European armies. C. The cost of the war and the continuing need to maintain an army in North America led Parliament to raise taxes on the American colonies. D. The war led to the British army occupying all of the larger cities, such as Boston, New York, Williamsburg, and Charleston.

C.

Which of the following best describes the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall for the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe? A. It was the first indication of the public's questioning of communist rule. B. It exposed the financial vulnerability of many communist countries. C. It revealed and symbolized communist governments' loss of control over their populations. D. It allowed for the efficient military invasion of communist countries by NATO forces.

C.

South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff Act of 1828 reflected which of the following social issues in the antebellum South? A. The South was predominantly agricultural and had little need for imported manufactured goods. B. Most southerners did not mind buying manufactured goods in an American market protected by tariffs. C. Many southerners were becoming resentful of the small percentage of wealthy landowners who controlled vast tracks of land. D. There was growing anxiety in the South that federal interference would override states' rights.

D.

The emergence of the first city-states in Mesopotamia was most directly dependent on the development of which of the following technologies? A. Sexagesimal (or base 60) mathematical notation B. Horse-drawn wheeled carts C. Cuneiform writing and cylinder seals D. Artificial irrigation systems

D.

What was a primary factor that led to the outbreak of the Vietnam War? A. The secession of South Vietnam from North Vietnam, resulting in two separate states B. The invasion of Vietnam by China during the Second World War C. The launch of a coup by French colonists to establish a democratic government in Vietnam D. The desire of Ho Chi Minh to unite the country under a communist government

D.

A team of ecologists is studying the migration patterns of a certain bird species across a large region. They want to analyze the relationship between the bird's migratory behavior and specific environmental factors, such as temperature, vegetation cover, and elevation. Which of the following geographic tools would be most useful for integrating and analyzing these data sources? A. Satellite imagery B. Topographic maps C. Global Positioning System (GPS) D. Geographic Information System (GIS)

D.

During the 1930s, the Nye Committee hearings publicized the extensive profits that arms manufacturers made during the First World War. The hearings stemmed from which of the following widely held opinions among Americans at the time? A. The government should take control of industry to ensure that people could find work. B. The government should not pursue an aggressive foreign policy in order to improve the United States economy. C. The government should cooperate with other countries to prevent the growth of militarism in Europe. D. The government should not become involved in overseas conflicts or international politics.

D.

How did New Deal legislation affect the power of the United States federal government? A. t greatly limited the authority of the federal government and ushered in an era of devolution. B. It essentially had no effect on the authorities and powers of the federal government. C. It temporarily allowed states to direct the federal government on key initiatives. D. It significantly expanded the size and power of the federal government.

D.

In which of the following ways can the federal legislative branch exercise some control over the Supreme Court of the United States? A. Approving the outcomes of recent cases B. Selecting the cases that the court will hear C. Nominating justices to fill new vacancies D. Confirming the appointment of new justices

D.

In which of the following ways did Islamic civilization most directly influence the development of European culture during the Middle Ages? A. Europeans widely adopted and circulated paper currency from Islamic traders. B. European architects closely mimicked design principles and elements from Islamic religious buildings. C. European scholars adopted the Islamic invention of the moveable-type printing press. D. European civilizations gained access to ancient Greek and Roman texts translated by Islamic scholars.

D.