Pre-Assessment: Introduction to Physical and Human Geography D199

Which three things should be provided to displaced persons to help them restore their livelihoods? A. Credit opportunities B. Medical and dental coverage C. Childcare services D. Training and job support E. Home mortgages F. Transitional development assistance

A. Credit opportunities D. Training and job support F. Transitional development assistance

What is a key difference between a nation and a state? A. A nation contains multiple ethnic groups. B. A nation has a strong military. C. A nation is a socio-cultural entity. D. A nation has only one official language.

C. A nation is a socio-cultural entity.

What is a common consequence of a country taking on too much national debt? A. A change in income tax brackets B. The cancellation of interest payments C. An inflated currency D. A decrease in the amount of currency circulated

C. An inflated currency

How did ancient Chinese philosophers, such as Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty, view the ideal relationship between humans and nature? A. As one of human dominance B. As one of geographical determinism C. As one of harmony D. As one of strife marked by natural disasters

C. As one of harmony

Which factor is driving increased emissions? A. Carbon taxes B. Efficiency standards C. Economic development D. Sustainable agriculture

C. Economic development

What is a key characteristic of recent patterns of migration in Tanzania and many other African nations? A. Individuals who migrate tend to move from urban areas to rural areas. B. Individuals who migrate have lower consumption growth than nonmigrants. C. Individuals who migrate move out of poverty at a greater rate than nonmigrants. D. Individuals who migrate typically make international moves rather than intraregional moves.

C. Individuals who migrate move out of poverty at a greater rate than nonmigrants.

Which joint action is an example of successful international environmental coordination? A. United States-China bilateral emissions agreement B. Global effort on climate-warming emissions C. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer D. The Kyoto Protocol for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

C. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer

What is one example of a common cultural push factor in global migration? A. Technology jobs B. Warmer climate C. Political instability D. Legal protections for migrants

C. Political instability

How can the impact of deforestation and its high toll on carbon dioxide levels be reversed? A. Soil content can be improved through efforts to promote intensive agriculture. B. Payment mechanisms can be created to encourage carbon saturation in the soil. C. Strenuous efforts in the reforestation of degraded ecosystems can be invested in. D. The land dedicated to low-impact agriculture, such as fields for grazing, can be increased.

C. Strenuous efforts in the reforestation of degraded ecosystems can be invested in.

What is a common criticism of gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of human development? A. That GDP focuses on end uses B. That GDP overestimates the work done by women C. That GDP overlooks essential activities that do not involve money D. That GDP ignores technological advances

C. That GDP overlooks essential activities that do not involve money

Why is the blanket effect a useful metaphor to explain climate changes on the earth? A. The blanket effect demonstrates how the ozone layer is poor protection. B. The blanket effect shows how general statements about science must be checked. C. The blanket effect reminds people of how heat can be trapped under a barrier. D. The blanket effect allows people to understand that the surface of the earth is at risk.

C. The blanket effect reminds people of how heat can be trapped under a barrier.

Why can the climate crisis be addressed only through global cooperation? A. Each country knows best how to address its own rising sea levels. B. The evolving climate crisis has been caused relatively equally by all nations. C. The climate crisis begins with the atmosphere, which affects all countries. D. All nations will face the challenge of replacing fossil fuels with clean energy.

C. The climate crisis begins with the atmosphere, which affects all countries.

How might changes in the supply of energy, temperature, or light affect an ecosystem? A. The ecosystem's biome might also be harmed. B. The ecosystem's species might suddenly multiply. C. The ecosystem's structure might be significantly altered. D. The ecosystem's resilience might be strengthened.

C. The ecosystem's structure might be significantly altered.

Why do maps sometimes cause problems when borders are disputed? A. They cannot adapt quickly enough to new political realities. B. They are censored for showing borders inaccurately. C. They cannot present the territory as all sides view it. D. They are not objective about where borders lie.

C. They cannot present the territory as all sides view it.

Why is it difficult to prove that climate change has caused human migration? A. Humans migrated to different parts of the world before climate change was a factor. B. Studies have shown that economic hardship is the primary cause of human migration. C. Too many factors contribute to human migration, making single factors hard to identify. D. Some scientists do not believe climate change is real, so they refuse to study related factors.

C. Too many factors contribute to human migration, making single factors hard to identify.

What does the failure of policy frameworks teach about how to combat climate change? A. Efforts cannot be based on the same for-profit principles that caused climate change. B. Choices must be made between green projects and the protection of indigenous people. C. Business models should adapt to allow both a profit margin and the repair of the environment. D. Market-based solutions are feasible only if marginalized people are included in policy decisions.

A. Efforts cannot be based on the same for-profit principles that caused climate change.

Why is cross-border migration less likely to occur from fully developed countries than from developing countries? A. Governments in developed countries have the resources to care for affected citizens. B. Citizens in developed countries are less likely to want to move to other countries. C. Governments in developed countries discourage expatriation from those nations. D. Citizens in developed countries believe that conditions in the country will improve.

A. Governments in developed countries have the resources to care for affected citizens.Most people do not have the economic resources to move out of the country.

Which concept forms the basis of sustainable development? A. Humans have the ability to harmonize population, society, and the environment. B. Human societies should discourage the growth of economies. C. Geographic ecosystems are inevitably harmed by human societies. D. The third stage of the human and physical geography relationship will soon transition to a fourth stage.

A. Humans have the ability to harmonize population, society, and the environment.

Which statement describes the pull factor of amenity migration? A. Increased recreational accessibility B. New job opportunities C. Decreased cost of living D. Enhanced voting bloc

A. Increased recreational accessibility

Which two statements are true regarding black carbon? Choose 2 answers. A. It can cause premature deaths from lung cancer and heart disease. B. It is primarily caused by residential and commercial combustion. C. It is primarily caused by individuals who drive compressed natural gas vehicles. D. It is mostly found in developed countries with advanced economies.

A. It can cause premature deaths from lung cancer and heart disease. B. It is primarily caused by residential and commercial combustion.

How does the heavy atmospheric blanket contribute to climate change? A. It traps carbon dioxide and other pollutants. B. It allows too many gases to escape the earth. C. It captures elements that should reflect energy. D. It radiates essential heat outward into space.

A. It traps carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

Which factor does Weber believe determines where a business is located? A. Labor costs B. Raw materials C. Energy costs D. Transportation

A. Labor costs

Which three statements describe conditions faced by citizens of less developed countries experiencing climate change issues? Choose 2 answers. A. Most people do not have the economic resources to move out of the country. B. Local governments cannot offer enough assistance to provide for all families. C. The nation's leaders do not have the political power to improve conditions. D. People view displacement from homelands as a personal failure. Individuals are unable to overcome the loss of basic rights and freedoms. E. Individuals are unable to overcome the loss of basic rights and freedoms.

A. Most people do not have the economic resources to move out of the country. B. Local governments cannot offer enough assistance to provide for all families. D. People view displacement from homelands as a personal failure. Individuals are unable to overcome the loss of basic rights and freedoms.

Which group of migrants have been affected by the war in Syria? A. Palestinian migrants B. Lebanese migrants C. Turkish migrants D. Iraqi migrants

A. Palestinian migrants

What is required to slow the climate crisis, in addition to lowering carbon emissions? A. Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere B. Establishment of carbon sinks in polar regions of the ocean C. Removal of carbon dioxide from grasslands and forests D. Establishment of agricultural techniques to increase carbon loss

A. Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which factor will most likely occur by the 2040s, according to projections? A. The Arctic will be ice free during the summer. B. Most of Portugal and Spain will become deserts. C. Severe drought will affect most of North America. D. Coastlines will largely change, and Florida will all but disappear.

A. The Arctic will be ice free during the summer.

What is the main difference between a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade solution? A. The carbon tax is predictable, while cap-and-trade depends on market conditions. B. The carbon tax fluctuates based on the market, while cap-and-trade is a fixed cost. C. The carbon tax can be changed by corporations, while cap-and-trade is set by government regulation. D. The carbon tax is seen as ineffective in practice, while cap-and-trade has had mixed results.

A. The carbon tax is predictable, while cap-and-trade depends on market conditions.

Which factor can make maritime boundaries difficult to determine? A. The distances from two countries that determine maritime boundaries may overlap. B. Maritime boundaries are harder to identify during storms and rough weather. C. The United Nations' recognition of maritime borders is sometimes disputed. D. Maritime resources within these boundaries may be depleted over time.

A. The distances from two countries that determine maritime boundaries may overlap.

Which statement is true regarding market-based solutions? A. They allow consumers and businesses to better understand their own carbon footprints. B. They force consumers to pay specific taxes based on the size of their perceived footprints. C. They allow businesses to pass any tax costs to the consumer within their pricing. D. They force voters to decide regulations that should be used to lower their carbon footprints.

A. They allow consumers and businesses to better understand their own carbon footprints.

What is the key principle regarding energy losses within the cycle of the ecosystem? A. They are an inevitable part of the process. B. The harm the health of the system. C. The lead to depleted biotic communities. D. The lead to rich abiotic communities.

A. They are an inevitable part of the process.

Which factor led to a massive increase in American automobile usage? A. Industrialization of the American economy B. Construction of the Interstate Highway System C. Creation of the assembly line process by Henry Ford D. Discovery of large deposits of oil in the United States

B. Construction of the Interstate Highway System

Why do some countries, such as Italy, encourage immigration into the country? A. They are experiencing limited climate change issues and have an aging population. B. They are experiencing limited climate change issues and have a developing economy. C. They are experiencing increased climate change issues and have growing cities. D. They are experiencing increased climate change issues and have political stability.

A. They are experiencing limited climate change issues and have an aging population.

How can fuel cells mitigate global climate change? A. They can generate energy consistently and cleanly. B. They can store energy as a main function. C. They can provide supplemental power to the current grid. D. They can help to expand the exploration of natural resources.

A. They can generate energy consistently and cleanly.

Which factor contributed to population displacement in Colombia? A. Weakened political institutions B. Increased trade with neighboring countries C. International sanctions and interventions D. Tightened control by the central government

A. Weakened political institutions

Which situation is a strong example of an advantageous relative location? A. A city improves its irrigation system. B. A city improves its river trade. C. A city promotes solar energy. D. A city promotes rooftop gardens.

B. A city improves its river trade

Which statement is true regarding the environmental risk of rising sea levels to both Bangladesh and the Netherlands? A. Bangladesh and the Netherlands have the same degree of environmental risk because they both have extensive low-elevation coastal zones. B. Bangladesh has a greater environmental risk than the Netherlands because Bangladesh has less economic support. C. The Netherlands has a greater environmental risk than Bangladesh because the coast of the Netherlands is closer to melting Arctic ice sheets. D. The Netherlands has a greater environmental risk than Bangladesh because a larger portion of its population resides near the coast.

B. Bangladesh has a greater environmental risk than the Netherlands because Bangladesh has less economic support.

Why does China argue against global climate action? A. China is posturing for more geopolitical control. B. China needs mass industrial production to continue development. C. China has had a recent change of political control in their country. D. China lacks a connection to global economic consequences.

B. China needs mass industrial production to continue development.

Which advantage do second-generation immigrants have over first-generation family members? A. Increased opportunities to attend higher-quality educational institutions B. Increased opportunities through language and resources to form transnational social ties C. Increased opportunities to become economically and socially independent D. Increased opportunities to gain higher social standing in their new and former communities

B. Increased opportunities through language and resources to form transnational social ties

Which type of migration was the trafficking of slaves from Africa? A. Voluntary B. Involuntary C. Intraregional D. Interregional

B. Involuntary

What is a key factor that makes India the greatest exporter of migrants to the Gulf States, the United States, and the United Kingdom? A. A deterioration of India's higher education standards B. Social crises such as India's attack on minorities C. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) D. A lack of universal prekindergarten schooling for children

B. Social crises such as India's attack on minorities

Which scenario is an example of secondary migration? A. Syrian migrants fleeing from Aleppo to the Turkish border B. Syrian migrants moving to Sweden from Turkey C. Colombian migrants fleeing to other regions in Colombia D. American families moving to the Sunbelt for a lower cost of living

B. Syrian migrants moving to Sweden from Turkey

Which factor led to the United States seeking alternative sources of energy? A. A need to power development B. The degradation of urban air quality C. The ineffectiveness of fossil fuels D. An increase in consumer demand

B. The degradation of urban air quality

Why have extreme natural boundaries often determined the borders of modern nations? A. They never change, so they are reliable markers of territory. B. They tend to create neighboring lands with different cultures. C. They are easy to determine and draw on a map. D. They can easily be included in international treaties.

B. They tend to create neighboring lands with different cultures.

How can humans positively alter local ecosystems? A. Through population growth B. Through resource recovery C. By using quick-release fertilizer applications D. By producing more methane gas

B. Through resource recovery

What is the goal of global governance? A. To create a single world government B. To facilitate cooperation and alleviate collective action problems. C. To reduce trade among noncooperating nations D. To mitigate worldwide climate change

B. To facilitate cooperation and alleviate collective action problems.

How do human geographers define people who have been forced from their homes because of their religion, race, nationality, or political opinion? A. As non-visa emigrants B. As H-2B emigrants C. As foreign nationals D. As refugees

D. As refugees

What is a benefit of lowering the amount of short-lived climate pollutants? A. Industrial development would increase. B. Urban development would be limited. C. Global food production would rise. D. Health of the global population would improve.

D. Health of the global population would improve.

Why is the service economy so important to low-income countries? A. It produces the food and basic goods of the nation. B. It encourages young people to pursue education. C. It promotes strong competition with wealthier countries. D. It employs more than half of the population.

D. It employs more than half of the population.

Which statement is true regarding the social cost of carbon? A. It is an estimate of the damage done by one ton of carbon for each individual in a country. B. It is an estimate of the total amount of carbon emissions by each country in the world. C. It is an estimate of global damage caused by two additional tons of carbon at a given point in time. D. It is the total value of global damage caused by one additional ton of carbon at a given point in time.

D. It is the total value of global damage caused by one additional ton of carbon at a given point in time.

What is the benefit of carbon sequestration? A. It allows carbon to gather in the oceans and raise acidity levels. B. It prevents microorganisms from breaking down carbon in the soil. C. It allows the carbon buildup in soil to exceed the rate of carbon loss. D. It prevents additional carbon from accumulating in the atmosphere.

D. It prevents additional carbon from accumulating in the atmosphere.

The flow of immigrants to the United States from Central America's Dry Corridor has increased since 2010. Many of these people were forcibly sent back due to U.S. immigration policies. Why would someone from a different area of the world view this as persecution? A. International guidelines recommend admitting immigrants from nations in distress. B. Some countries have open immigration policies for migrations due to climate change. C. Most people do not understand the nuances of the laws in other countries. D. Similar acts of attempted immigration may not be against the law in other countries.

D. Similar acts of attempted immigration may not be against the law in other countries.

Why has China's carbon footprint grown so immensely over the past two decades? A. The Chinese have focused on fossil fuel extraction to export to developing countries. B. The Chinese have decentralized their environmental decision processes. C. The Chinese have begun to compete against Japanese industrial productivity. D. The Chinese have burned more fossil fuels to power their growing industry.

D. The Chinese have burned more fossil fuels to power their growing industry.

Why is it problematic to use climate change as a basis for refugee status? A. Some scientists do not believe climate change has affected humans. B. International protections are not in place as foundational proof for a case. C. Most countries have strict regulations about who can cross the border legally. D. The primary causes of transboundary migration must be technically proven.

D. The primary causes of transboundary migration must be technically proven.

Why are the effects of climate change viewed differently by some populations in different countries? A. Court rulings do not support environmental refugees within the same country. B. Different groups of people in the same region are affected differently. C. Governments provide assistance to residents based on a variety of factors. D. Individuals view related challenges differently, depending on adaptability levels.

Different groups of people in the same region are affected differently.

Which statement describes the current global approach to climate change? A. Reducing further impact on humans B. Addressing devastated populations C. Challenging unsupported scientific evidence D. Refocusing funding and efforts

Reducing further impact on humans