Prep 1: What Is Influenza?

All known living things use _____ as their genetic material.

DNA

Which form of influenza is named to include information about the spikes on its surface? a. A b. B c. C d. D

a. A

Using the WHO naming convention criteria, match each part of this flu virus' name to what that component of the name tell us about a virus named A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2). a. Type of influenza b. Host of origin c. Geographical origin d. Strain number e. Type of spikes

a. A b. Human c. Perth, Australia d. 16 e. Type 2 N spikes Type 3 H spikes

Select all of the explanations of how influenza vaccines are produced. a. A recombinant process that adds H spike protein to a virus that targets insect cells b. Using live rabbits to produce protein products c. Using fertilized chicken eggs d. Using mammalian cell cultures

a. A recombinant process that adds H spike protein to a virus that targets insect cells c. Using fertilized chicken eggs d. Using mammalian cell cultures

The WHO naming conventions for influenza A and influenza B each include a unique characteristic. Influenza A a. Characterized by the types of spikes on its surface b. Includes a lineage destination to help identify the history of the virus

a. Characterized by the types of spikes on its surface

Smallpox, Hepatitis B, and mononucleosis are examples of which type of virus? a. DNA viruses b. RNA viruses

a. DNA viruses

Drag each virus to the type of life cycle it uses. lysogenic cycle a. HIV b. influenza A

a. HIV

Match the flu symptom to its cause. Cytokines produced by the immune system that break down muscle fibers and cause fluid accumulation a. Joint and muscle aches b. Chills c. Sore throat

a. Joint and muscle aches

Select all of the stages of the lysogenic cycle. a. Maturation b. Biosynthesis c. Integration d. Penetration e. Cloning f. Attachment g. Release

a. Maturation b. Biosynthesis c. Integration d. Penetration f. Attachment g. Release

Select all of the stages of the lytic cycle. a. Penetration b. Biosynthesis c. Integration d. Maturation e. Attachment f. Release

a. Penetration b. Biosynthesis d. Maturation e. Attachment f. Release

Viruses can have which of the following forms of genetic material? a. RNA b. ATP c. DNA d. NAD

a. RNA c. DNA

Which of these contains more genes? a. The genome of a living thing b. The genome of a virus

a. The genome of a living thing

Which of these is the most common form of the influenza vaccine? a. The trivalent injectable vaccine b. The nasal spray vaccine c. The quadrivalent injectable vaccine

a. The trivalent injectable vaccine

Which of these is a description of how the flu affects the body systems? a. The virus releases proteins that disrupt respiratory epithelial cells and the immune system releases cytokines in response to the virus that cause multiple symptoms in the respiratory and other body systems. b. The virus indiscriminately attacks the body's cells, usually causing symptoms like headache, fever, and diarrhea. c. The virus does not actually affect the body systems; instead, an immune response to the virus causes all of the symptoms commonly associated with the flu.

a. The virus releases proteins that disrupt respiratory epithelial cells and the immune system releases cytokines in response to the virus that cause multiple symptoms in the respiratory and other body systems.

Which of these best explains how influenza vaccines are produced? a. Viral strains are selected well ahead of flu season based on their threat and our ability to make a vaccine against them. Vaccines are then produced using one of three common methods. This process can take up to six months. b. Any viral strain that has caused a worldwide pandemic is cultured, inactivated, and used to create vaccines in February and September of each year. The process takes about six weeks. c. Viral strains are selected during flu season and new vaccines are produced using the recombinant process so that we can vaccinate against new strains of the flu as they develop. The length of the process varies based on the strain.

a. Viral strains are selected well ahead of flu season based on their threat and our ability to make a vaccine against them. Vaccines are then produced using one of three common methods. This process can take up to six months.

Which is the best general explanation of how viruses reproduce? a. Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves. b. Viruses alternate between haploid and diploid forms, one of which is larger than the other. c. Viruses undergo double fertilization within a host cell.

a. Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves.

A viral genome contains ______ genes than the number found in living organisms. a. a fraction of b. far more

a. a fraction of

The lysogenic cycle is best defined as a. a viral life cycle that includes a period of latency during which the viral DNA is copied along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus. b. a viral life cycle during which a virus immediately begins using the host cell's resources to manufacture new viruses.

a. a viral life cycle that includes a period of latency during which the viral DNA is copied along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus.

A virus can be defined as a. an obligate intracellular parasite. b. the only living thing with RNA as its genetic material. c. a symbiotic living thing. d. a unique form of bacteria.

a. an obligate intracellular parasite.

The influenza virus targets which types of cells in the human body? a. epithelial cells b. red blood cells c. muscle cells d. white blood cells

a. epithelial cells

Match each description to the genome described. The genes of the viral genome a. in some cases, contain the information needed to produce surface glycoproteins. b. contain the instructions needed to produce a protein capsid. c. contain the information needed to produce RNA. d. contain the information needed to produce all of the proteins for cellular metabolism.

a. in some cases, contain the information needed to produce surface glycoproteins. b. contain the instructions needed to produce a protein capsid.

Which of these viruses uses the lytic pathway? a. influenza A b. HIV

a. influenza A

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release without integration are the stages of the a. lytic cycle b. lysogenic cycle

a. lytic cycle

All viruses have genetic material and a a. protein capsid b. cell wall c. protective envelope d. plasma membrane

a. protein capsid

Categorize each of the following as a DNA virus or an RNA virus. DNA viruses a. smallpox b. chickenpox c. herpes d. HIV e. influenza

a. smallpox b. chickenpox c. herpes

Select all of the characteristics of a viral envelope. a. surrounds the capsid b. regulates movement of materials in and out of cell c. composed of remnants of host cell plasma membrane d. assists in attachment and entry into host cell

a. surrounds the capsid c. composed of remnants of host cell plasma membrane d. assists in attachment and entry into host cell

Attachment, penetration, integration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release are the stages of which viral life cycle? a. the lysogenic cycle b. the lytic cycle

a. the lysogenic cycle

The trivalent influenza vaccine contains a. three different strains of influenza, which are chosen specifically each year. b. all H1N1 (swine flu) strains. c. weakened viruses but no egg proteins. d. four different strains of influenza, one of which is the B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) virus.

a. three different strains of influenza, which are chosen specifically each year.

An obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate itself using the cellular machinery of a host cell is called a(n) a. virus b. fungus c. bacteria d. prion

a. virus

Match the flu symptom to its cause. Cytokines produced by the immune system that restrict blood vessels in the skin a. Joint and muscle aches b. Chills c. Sore throat

b. Chills

Select all of the following which are characteristics of all viruses. a. Fiber proteins b. Genetic material c. Protein capsid d. An envelope e. Spikes

b. Genetic material c. Protein capsid

The WHO naming conventions for influenza A and influenza B each include a unique characteristic. Influenza B a. Characterized by the types of spikes on its surface b. Includes a lineage destination to help identify the history of the virus

b. Includes a lineage destination to help identify the history of the virus

Influenza, Polio virus, Rabies virus, and Ebola are all examples of ______ viruses. a. DNA b. RNA

b. RNA

Which genetic material contains a five-carbon sugar called ribose and is single-stranded? a. DNA b. RNA

b. RNA

Which characteristic of proteins allows influenza to specifically target its host cells? a. Ability to participate in a reaction without changing b. Specific, complex, three-dimensional shape c. Efficiency of energy storage

b. Specific, complex, three-dimensional shape

During which viral life cycle is viral DNA replicated along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus? a. The lytic cycle b. The lysogenic cycle

b. The lysogenic cycle

During which viral life cycle does viral reproduction begin almost immediately once the virus has entered the host cell? a. The lysogenic cycle b. The lytic cycle

b. The lytic cycle

Which of the following describes how the flu affects the respiratory system? a. The virus invades the epithelial cells of the trachea and lungs, where it remains latent until the immune response begins. b. The virus targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, producing proteins that interfere with their function. c. The virus releases cytokines that produce mucus and result in cough and congestion.

b. The virus targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, producing proteins that interfere with their function.

What role do H spikes play in influenza A infections? a. They break down the mucous material surrounding the host cell. b. They identify a specific glycoprotein embedded in the membrane of a host cell. c. They allow the virus to penetrate the host cell membrane.

b. They identify a specific glycoprotein embedded in the membrane of a host cell.

Select all of the following components of a flu vaccine. a. Human stem cells b. Weakened viruses or inactive viral particles c. Three to four strains of the influenza virus d. Additives, including antibiotics, stabilizers, and remnant egg proteins e. Viruses in active reproduction

b. Weakened viruses or inactive viral particles c. Three to four strains of the influenza virus d. Additives, including antibiotics, stabilizers, and remnant egg proteins

What is epithelium? a. a mixture of epithelial and muscular cells found in the nose and mouth. b. a thin layer of epithelial cells that separate body tissues from the external environment. c. the layer of skin that is closest to the surface.

b. a thin layer of epithelial cells that separate body tissues from the external environment.

The lytic cycle is best defined as a. a viral life cycle that involves integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's DNA followed by a period of latency. b. a viral life cycle during which a virus penetrates a host cell and immediately begins to use the cell's materials and machinery to copy itself.

b. a viral life cycle during which a virus penetrates a host cell and immediately begins to use the cell's materials and machinery to copy itself.

The protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus is called its a. genetic material b. capsid c. glycoprotein d. envelope

b. capsid

Flu symptoms like nausea, fever, and chills are caused by a. the body's inability to eat and properly process nutrients while a person has the flu. b. cytokines released during the body's immune response to the influenza virus. c. proteins that influenza produces that interfere with the normal function of epithelial cells in the respiratory tract.

b. cytokines released during the body's immune response to the influenza virus.

Within the body, a thin layer of epithelial tissue, which may be as little as one cell layer thick, is called a. epidermis b. epithelium c. endodermis d. endothelium

b. epithelium

Drag each virus to the type of life cycle it uses. lytic cycle a. HIV b. influenza A

b. influenza A

The viral life cycle during which a virus integrates into the host cell genome and delays its own reproduction is called the ______ cycle. a. lytic b. lysogenic

b. lysogenic

The viral life cycle during which a virus immediately begins using a host cell's resources to manufacture new viruses is called the ______ cycle. a. lysogenic b. lytic

b. lytic

Select all of the characteristics of influenza viruses. a. DNA b. spikes c. envelope d. protein fibers e. RNA f. capsid

b. spikes c. envelope e. RNA f. capsid

Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral envelope? a. regulates movement of materials in and out of the virus b. surrounds the viral capsid c. encloses viral genetic material d. processes materials and energy

b. surrounds the viral capsid

The genes of a living thing contain a. specific markers that tell the body the cells belong to it. b. the information needed to produce proteins and RNA. c. the instructions needed to replicate DNA.

b. the information needed to produce proteins and RNA.

The target cells of influenza virus, which are epithelial cells in the respiratory system, are identified by the virus because a. the host cell sends out chemical signals that bind to the virus. b. viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane. c. specific enzymes in the viral envelope break down only the membranes of epithelial cells.

b. viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane.

One human virus that uses the lysogenic cycle is _____. a. influenza B b. influenza A c. HIV

c. HIV

Influenza is a(n) ______ virus surrounded by ______. a. RNA; a capsid b. DNA; a capsid c. RNA; a capsid and an envelope d. DNA; an envelope with spikes

c. RNA; a capsid and an envelope

What is the primary function of epithelial cells? a. Transport; they move waste and nutrients throughout the body b. Absorption; they line the small intestine where they soak up nutrients c. Regulation; they separate the body's tissues from the external environment

c. Regulation; they separate the body's tissues from the external environment

Match the flu symptom to its cause. Inflammation in the epithelial tissues caused by the proteins release by the flu, which interfere with epithelial cell function a. Joint and muscle aches b. Chills c. Sore throat

c. Sore throat

Which characteristic of proteins allows influenza to specifically target its host cells? a. Efficiency of energy storage b. Ability to participate in a reaction without changing c. Specific, complex, three-dimensional shape

c. Specific, complex, three-dimensional shape

How does the influenza A virus target a host cell? a. The viral envelope recognizes the host cell because it is made of the same material as the host cell plasma membrane. b. An H spike on the influenza virus matches up with an N spike on the host cell. c. The virus has H spikes that are specific to receptors on the surface of the host cell.

c. The virus has H spikes that are specific to receptors on the surface of the host cell.

Which of these explains the general process of how viruses reproduce? a. Viruses enter a host cell and then alternate between haploid and diploid forms that take up host cell organelles and copy the virus. b. A virus injects its genetic material into the host cell nucleus, where it replaces the host cell genetic material, usually killing the host cell in the process. c. Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves.

c. Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves.

The viral structure known as the capsid is a. a protein with a sugar molecule attached. b. the remnants of the host cell plasma membrane. c. a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of the virus. d. the genetic material of the virus.

c. a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of the virus.

Match each description to the genome described. The genes of a living thing a. in some cases, contain the information needed to produce surface glycoproteins. b. contain the instructions needed to produce a protein capsid. c. contain the information needed to produce RNA. d. contain the information needed to produce all of the proteins for cellular metabolism.

c. contain the information needed to produce RNA. d. contain the information needed to produce all of the proteins for cellular metabolism.

What is the primary target of the influenza virus? a. skin cells b. connective tissue c. epithelial cells d. nerve cells

c. epithelial cells

The nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and small intestine are a. studded with ribosomes b. primarily comprised of nerve cells c. lined with epithelial cells

c. lined with epithelial cells

The ______ flu vaccine can cause some flu-like symptoms. a. trivalent injectable b. quadrivalent injectable c. nasal spray

c. nasal spray

Which of the following flu viruses has an human host of origin? a. A/duck/California/04/2009(H1N1) b. B/swine/Colorado/06/2017 (Victoria lineage) c. A/Black-headedGull/Sweden/2/99(H16N3) d. A/Fujan/411/2002 (H3N2)

d. A/Fujan/411/2002 (H3N2)

An influenza A virus is able to identify a host cell because of its a. N spikes b. capsid c. viral envelope d. H spikes

d. H spikes

Categorize each of the following as a DNA virus or an RNA virus. RNA viruses a. smallpox b. chickenpox c. herpes d. HIV e. influenza

d. HIV e. influenza

The genetic material of all living things is DNA, as far as we know. Viruses, however, may also use ______ as their genetic material. a. ATP b. bacteria c. proteins d. RNA

d. RNA

Because of their complex three-dimensional shapes, the _____ attached to the capsid of a virus are specific in the molecules they identify on the surface of a host cell (such as specific glycoproteins, in the case of influenza A).

protein