prevention and care exam 2

When attending to an injured athlete, they will be responsive or unresponsive. if an athlete is unresponsive what should you do?

-Cpr -Defibrilation If an aed is available use it. The aed re starts the heart. Cpr just circulates blood. We need the aed to restart the heart

Regaining balance - functional exercises are key -must be emphasized early in the strength program -most neglected -failure to include may predispose athlete to re-injury

-failure to include may predispose athlete to re-injury

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

-most neglected

Core Stability - functional exercises are key -must be emphasized early in the strength program -most neglected -failure to include may predispose athlete to re-injury

-must be emphasized early in the strength program

When there is an emergency what should you as a coach or trainer asess?

-scene -athlete

Which medical condition i being described? c auses • Epilepsy • Head injuries • Brain infection or tumor • Drug abuse • Respiratory arrest • High fever • Heatstroke • Hypoglycemia • Drug reactions • Medication discontinuation c heck for s igns Minor/ p etit- • Dazed or inattentive manner • Confusion • Loss of coordination • Possibly loss of speech • Repetitive blinking or other small movements • Typically, these seizures are brief, lasting only seconds. However , some people may have many bouts in a day. Major/Grand Mal s eizures ( t ypical s equence) • Eyes are generally open • Body appears stiff or rigid • Muscles contract violently in spasms or convulsions that usually stop in one to two minutes • May temporarily stop breathing or appear to not be breathing, and progress to deep breathing after the seizure • Bluish skin or lips • Unresponsiveness, followed by gradual return to responsiveness • Uncontrolled urination during the seizure • Temporar y confusion after the seizure p laying s tatus • Rest the athlete for the remainder of the day . • If the seizure is caused by an injury or illness, or is a first-time occurrence, the athlete must be examined and released by a physician before returning to activity.

seizures

A friction injury caused by two surfaces rubbing together. Contact between the skin and the ground can cause a shearing injury to the skin (for example, when sliding into a base). Although shearing usually causes skin injuries, it can also affect other tissues, such as cartilage. compression, tension, shearing.

shearing

Which injury is being described: stretching or tearing injuries to ligaments and are classified from minor to serious as Grade I, II, or III (

sprains

Which overdose is being described? F IR st A I d 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. 2. Send for emergency medical assistance if the symptoms don't improve or if the athlete has breathing difficulties. 3. Mo nitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 4. Place an unresponsive athlete in recovery position (if uninjured) or HAINES position (if injured) to allow fluids or vomit to drain from the mouth. 5. Treat for shock if necessar y and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 6. If the athlete recovers quickly , speak to the parents and send the athlete to a physician.

stimulant

Which overdose is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Lack of fatigue • Irritability • Feeling of hyperstimulation • Sense of mental clarity • Restlessness • Anxiety

stimulant

Which overdose is being described? c heck for s igns • Dilated pupils • Increased body temperature • Rapid pulse • Hallucinations • Paranoia (high doses of cocaine) • Cardiac arrest (extreme cases) • Confusion • Mood changes

stimulant

Which overdose is being described? p laying s tatus • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician. p revention • Provide drug abuse education.• Monitor any athletes who exhibit behaviors characteristic of stimulant abuse: hyperactivity or extreme fatigue, mood changes, dramatic changes in performance, and aggressiveness.

stimulant

Which injury is being described: a stretching or tearing injury (figure 3.19); however, occur in muscles and tendons

strains

Acute injuries and illnesses occur:

suddenly

Which chronic injury is being described? endons can also be irritated by repeated overstretching or overuse, especially if they are weak or tight. There are several types of tendon injuries. Although often known simply as tendinitis, these injuries are more accurately classified by different names based on the part of the tendon that is affected. For example, tendinosis is a condition in which microtears occur in the tendon. Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the synovial sheath that surrounds the tendon. Paratendinitis is an inf lammation or thickening of the tendon sheath

t endinosis, t enosyno vitis, and Paratendinitis

An injury that occurs when a tissue is stretched beyond its normal limits. This can occur when landing from a jump, overstriding when running, or landing on an outstretched hand. compression, tension, shearing.

tension

Acute Injuries:

• Contusions • Abrasions • Punctures • Cuts—incisions, lacerations, and avulsions • Sprains • Strains • Cartilage tears • Dislocations and subluxations • Bone fractures

What are the three emegency steps

Assess Alert Attend

Which injury is being described: A bursa can become swollen and sore if it suffers from repeated blows or irritation. Bursitis can also be caused by tendons rubbing back and forth across the bursa. Elbow (figure 3.25) and kneecap bursitis are the most common types in sports.

Bursitis

Which injury is being described: Bones that are compressed, twisted, or hit too hard can break or fracture. In recent studies of high school sports injuries (Comstock, Collins, and Yard 2008; Yard and Comstock 2006), fractures were the second-most common type of injury reported, at 9.4 percent. See table 3.3 for a breakdown of fractures by sport. Figure 3.22 shows the two main categories of fractures: closed and open.

Fractures

What acute Illness is being described? F IR st A I d 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. 2. Suggest the athlete avoid solid foods. 3. Encourage the athlete to consume only ice chips until vomiting stops, and then to drink clear fluids. 4. Immediately send the athlete to a physician if any of the following are present: a. Severe abdominal pain, particularly in the right lower abdomen b. Forceful vomiting c. Fever greater than 101 degrees d. Bloody stool or vomit e. Signs and symptoms lasting more than 48 hours f. Signs of dehydration g. Possibility of food poisoning

Gastroenteritis

What acute Illness is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Nausea • Headache • Abdominal pain• Muscle aches • W eakness • Chills c heck for s igns • Diarrhea • Stomach cramps • V omiting • Low-grade fever (99 degrees Fahrenheit) • Dehydration (dry and par ched lips, dry skin, extreme thirst, no urination in six hours

Gastroenteritis

What acute Illness is being described? c ause • Direct contact with bacteria, viruses, and certain parasites or germs that cause gastroenteritis. These can be spread through inhalation, personal contact, contact with contaminated surfaces, consumption of contaminated food or fluids, and handling of contaminated pets or animals.

Gastroenteritis

What acute Illness is being described? p laying s tatus • The athlete cannot return to activity until signs and symptoms have been gone for 48 hours or until examined and released by a physician. p revention • Prevent direct contact of an infected athlete with other athletes. • Prevent indirect contact with an infected athlete via shared water bottles, towels, eating utensils, and so on. • Make sure athletes wash their hands after using the bathroom.

Gastroenteritis

What acute Illness is being described? s udden infection or toxin exposure affecting the stomach and intestines. t his includes conditions commonly referred to as the stomach flu or food poisoning.

Gastroenteritis

When is it okay to move an injured athlete?

If the scene becomes unsafe If you need to move them to perform cpr to save their life In extreme weather

What acute Illness is being described? F IR st A I d 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. . Encourage the athlete to drink liquids.

Influenza

What acute Illness is being described? Infectious viral illness affecting the respiratory system (nose, throat, and lungs). c ause • Respiration of the virus or direct contact with the virus

Influenza

What acute Illness is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Muscle or joint achiness • Headache • Fatigue c heck for s igns • Fever • Dry cough • Nasal congestion • Sore throat • Runny nose • Water y eyes

Influenza

What acute Illness is being described? p laying s tatus • The athlete cannot return to activity until signs and symptoms have been gone for 48 hours or until examined and released by a physician. p revention • Prevent direct contact of an infected athlete with other athletes. • Prevent indirect contact with an infected athlete via shared water bottles, towels, eating utensils, and so on.

Influenza

Which medical condition is being described? c auses • Low insulin levels may result from stress, certain medications, too much food, or not enough exer cise a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms e arly s tage • Excessive thirst • Dry mouth • Nausea a dvanced s tage • Headaches • Abdominal pain c heck for s igns e arly s tage • Sweet, fruity-smelling breath • Excessive urination a dvanced s tage • Dry , red, and warm skin • Weak, rapid pulse • Heavy breathing • V omiting

Ketoacidosis

Creatine: May result in dehydration Is a substance made from disaccharides Reaction includes: Pale, cool clammy skin Use among high school athletes has been reported to be between 16.7 & 22 %

May result in dehydration

In which injury should you Monitor the athlete until (a) the object is dislodged and the athlete breathes normally, or (b) the airway becomes severely blocked (athlete is unable to cough or speak). If this happens, perform the Heimlich maneuver.

Mild Airway Blockage in a Responsive Athlete

These signs may indicate what injury? Can breathe in and out and can speak Strong coughing or gagging as food/liquid "goes down the wrong pipe" May hear high-pitched squeaking or whistling noise (wheezing) between strong coughs

Mild Airway Blockage in a Responsive Athlete

This is a cause of what injury? Foreign object such as gum or food lodges in the airway

Mild Airway Blockage in a Responsive Athlete

Which injury's playing status is determined by the event that the object dislodges and the athlete's breathing and color in lips, skin, and nail beds return to normal, the athlete can return to activity .

Mild Airway Blockage in a Responsive Athlete

Rotator cuff strain Grade I: Muscle Tightness Immobilize the arm with a sling Muscle spasm Arm weakness

Muscle Tightness

Which of the following is not related to heat stroke: Pale, clammy skin If possible, give the athlete cool water or a sports drink. Possible Unresponsiveness Rectal temperature of over 104 degrees

Pale, clammy skin

Recovery position purpose

Purpose: prevent choking if vomiting, help open airway

Which relates to an AC joint: Shoulder Separation Elbow sprain Elbow dislocation Shoulder Subluxation

Shoulder Separation

Which injury is being described: Sometimes when a joint is hit or twisted, the bones move out of position. In a dislocation, the bones stay out of place until a physician repositions them. If the bones "pop out" of place but immediately "pop" back in, a subluxation has occurred. In sports, dislocations and subluxations occur most frequently to the shoulder (figure 3.21), elbow, finger, and kneecap. Dislocations and subluxations also injure the soft tissues around a joint. For example, ligaments are often sprained during dislocations and subluxations because they are stretched or torn when the bones move out of place. Other times, bones break and cartilage tears during these injuries.

Subluxations/dislocations

Clavicle fracture Caused by repetitive blows to elbow There is an inability to move the arm Symptom is pain when raising the arm Caused by a torsion injury

Symptom is pain when raising the arm

T/F: Seizures can be caused by hypoglycemia

True

How do you work around a face mask of an injured athlete?

Unscrew the masks off

Signs of dehydration include all of the following except: Fatigue Urine that is light yellow in color flushed skin Muscle cramp

Urine that is light yellow in color

How does the Heimlich maneuver work?

Uses compressions to force air out of the lungs to dislodge the blockage.

Which injury is being described: occur when tissue is injured by friction or scraping.

abrasions

*The large intestine:* breaks down food into energy stores bile regulates sugar levers absorbs water

absorbs water

Which type of cut is being described: Complete tissue tears, such as tearing off the end of the ear lobe (figure 3.17). Wearing rings can sometimes cause f inger avulsions if the ring gets caught in something and is forcefully pulled. It's obvious that most of these injuries could be avoided if athletes were forbidden from wearing jewelry.

aculsion

What supplement reaction is being described? c heck for s igns Males • Baldness • Increased breast size • Decreased testicular size Females • Increased facial hair• Deepened voice • Reduced breast size • Menstrual cycle changes Both Genders • Yellowish skin (sign of jaundice) • Swollen feet or ankles (signs of cardiovascular disease) • B ad breath • T rembling • Increased acne

anabolic steroid abuse

What supplement reaction is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Mood swings • Aching joints • Ner vousness

anabolic steroid use

What supplement reaction is being described? F IR st A I d 1. Monitor the athlete for symptoms or signs of more serious illnesses or injuries and refer to a physician if necessary .2. Speak to the athlete and his or her parents about the suspected steroid use. 3. Require the athlete to see a physician.

anabolic steroids

What supplement reaction is being described? p laying s tatus • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician. p revention • Provide steroid abuse education to athletes and parents. • Monitor athletes who exhibit symptoms or signs of steroid use.

anabolic steroids

Recovery Position: is for an injured athlete who is breathing athlete's closest arm is positioned above the head is for an injured athlete who is not breathing athlete's closest arm is positioned out at a right angle to the body

athlete's closest arm is positioned out at a right angle to the body

Total airway blockage: can be caused by the tongue falling against the back of the throat the athlete will be able to breathe in and out and can speak coughing and gagging may be sign the athlete will be unconscious

can be caused by the tongue falling against the back of the throat

Compression Injuries: can cause deep tissue bruising often occur when landing on an outstretched hand are considered friction injuries always occur from acute injuries

can cause deep tissue bruising

Which injury is being described: As you'll remember, cartilage covering and between bones reduces shock and friction. If a joint's bones are twisted or compressed, they can bruise, or pinch and tear, the cartilage. This occurs most often in the knee

cartilage tears

An impact injury to a specific body part that causes bleeding, superficial or deep tissue bruising, broken bones , or joint injuries . Colliding with another athlete or with sports equi pment, and falling on a hard surface, are examples of a compression mechanism. compression, tension, shearing.

compression

What are 3 causes of injuries?

compression, tension/stretching, and shearing.

Which injury is being described: or bruises, result from a direct blow. Tissue and capillaries are damaged and lose fluid and blood.

contusions

What term is being described? heat is lost or gained via air (wind) circulating around the body. If the air temperature is warmer than the body, the body will gain heat. If the air temperature is cooler, the body will lose heat.

convection

What supplement reaction is being described? F IR st A I d 1. Rest the athlete from activity until signs and symptoms subside. 2. Monitor the athlete for signs and symptoms of a more serious condition such as an abdominal injury (chapter 9) or heat illness (chapter 11) and provide appropriate first aid as needed.

creatine

What supplement reaction is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Nausea • Stomach discomfort (gas) • Loss of appetite

creatine

What supplement reaction is being described? c heck for s igns • Weight gain (due to water retention in the muscles) • Muscle cramps • Dehydration • Diarrhea

creatine

What supplement reaction is being described? p laying s tatus • If the athlete exhibits signs of dehydration (see chapter 11), do not allow him or her to return to activity until adequately rehydrated. p revention • Provide sport supplement education to athletes and their parents. • Monitor athletes who exhibit signs and symptoms consistent with the side effects of creatine: weight gain, nausea, muscle cramps, dehydration and abdominal discomfort.

creatine

Which injury is being described: Tissue may be cut or torn several ways lasserations incisions avulsions

cut

Which overdose is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Relaxed feeling • Fatigue • Depression (ketamine)

depressant

Which overdose is being described? c heck for s igns • Pale, cold, and clammy skin • Constricted pupils that may not respond to light • Rapid and weak pulse • Possible unresponsiveness • Shallow breathing that may stop • Coma (GHB) • Seizures (GHB) • Anterograde amnesia—decreased ability to remember events experienced while taking the drug (Rohypnol and ketamine) • Hallucinations (ketamine) • Delirium (ketamine) • Impaired motor function (ketamine)

depressant

Which overdose is being described? first aid 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. 2. Send for emergency medical assistance if the athlete exhibits breathing problems or altered responsiveness. 3. Mo nitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 4. Place an unresponsive athlete in recovery position (if uninjured) or HAINES position (ifinjured) to allow fluids or vomit to drain from the mouth. 5. Treat for shock if necessar y and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 6. If the athlete recovers quickly , speak to the parents or guardian, and send the athlete to a physician.

depressant

Which overdose is being described? p laying s tatus • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician. p revention • Provide drug abuse education. • Mo nitor athletes who exhibit behaviors characteristic of depressant abuse: lethargy, inattentiveness, mood changes, fatigue, and slowed reactions.

depressant

Which overdose is being described? F IR st A I d 1. Rest the athlete from all activity. 2. Send for emergency medical assistance if the symptoms don't improve or if the athlete has breathing difficulties. 3. Mo nitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 4. Place an unresponsive athlete in recovery position (if uninjured) or HAINES position (if injured) to allow fluids or vomit to drain from the mouth. 5. Treat for shock if necessar y and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 6. If the athlete recovers quickly , speak to the parents and send the athlete to a physician.

ecstasy

Which overdose is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Depression • Anxiety • Nausea • Feeling faint • Blurred vision

ecstasy

Which overdose is being described? c heck for s igns • Muscle tension • Involuntary teeth clenching • Insomnia • Paranoia • Chills • Sweating • Increased heart rate • Confusion

ecstasy

Which overdose is being described? p laying s tatus • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician. p revention • Provide drug abuse education. • Monitor any athletes who exhibit behaviors characteristic of ecstasy abuse: anxiety, confusion, involuntary teeth clenching, and insomnia.

ecstasy

What acute Illness is being described? F IR st A I d If a thlete Is r esponsive 1. Instruct the athlete to either sit (on a chair or bench) with head between knees, as shown in f igure 10.1, or lie down. 2. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs. 3. If the athlete does not recover within a few minutes, send for emergency medical assistance. If a thlete Is u nresponsive 1. Mo nitor breathing and provide CPR if needed. 2. Send for emergency medical assistance if the athlete does not recover within a few minutes. 3. Place athlete in recovery position (if uninjured) or HAINES position (if injured), not on back, to allow fluids to drain from the mouth. 4. Monitor and treat for shock if necessary and send for emergency medical assistance if it occurs

fainting

What acute Illness is being described? a sk if e xperiencing s ymptoms • Nausea • W eakness • Headache• Fatigue • Dizziness

fainting

What acute Illness is being described? c heck for s igns • Pale, cool, clammy skin • Possibly shallow and rapid breathing • Possible loss of responsivenes

fainting

What acute Illness is being described? p laying s tatus • Rest the athlete for the remainder of the day. • Inform the athlete's parents or guardian. • The athlete must be examined and released by a physician if suffering from an illness. p revention • If an athlete feels dizzy, seat the athlete with t he head between the knees, as shown in f igure 10.1.

fainting

What acute Illness is being described? t emporary unresponsiveness not caused by a head injury. c an be classified as a mild form of shock. c ause • Usually brought on by extreme fatigue, dehydration, low blood pressure, or illness

fainting

Re-establishing neuromuscular control - functional exercises are key -must be emphasized early in the strength program -most neglected -failure to include may predispose athlete to re-injury

functional exercises are key

recovery/hanes 1. Kneel beside the athlete. 2. Place the athlete's closest arm above the head and the farthest arm across the chest (figure 4.2 a ). 3. Bend the athlete's nearest leg at the knee. 4. Place your hand under the hollow of the athlete's neck to help stabilize. 5. Roll the athlete toward you so that the head rests on the extended arm. 6. Bend both legs at the knees to stabilize the athlete (figure 4.2 b ).

haines

Which type of cut is being described: Smooth cuts caused by very sharp objects like glass or metal (figure 3.16). These injuries usually bleed heavily and quickly. Most situations where incisions occur can be prevented by simply conducting regular and thorough inspections of facilities and equipment.

incision

In a mild case of this medical reaction, a symptom would be: Hunger

insulin Reaction

These signs would indicate what type of medical reaction? Mild • Irritability • Slight weakness Moderate • Dilated pupils • T rembling • Sweating • Strong, rapid pulse s evere • Confusion • Convulsions • Unresponsiveness

insulin Reaction

This cause describes which medical reaction? c ause • High insulin levels, which may result from medications taken to control blood glucose levels.

insulin Reaction

This medical reactio would call for this to happen in regards to return to play: Mild to Moderate • Rest the athlete from all activity for the remainder of the day . • The athlete cannot return to activity until insulin level is stabilized. s evere • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

insulin Reaction

This c ondition caused by a severe or prolonged insulin deficiency that can result in a high blood glucose (sugar) level (hyperglycemia). t he body tries to compensate by eliminating excess sugar through urine. t his causes increased urination and therefore dehydration and electrolyte (chemical) imbalance. p laying s tatus e arly s tage • Rest the athlete from all activity for the remainder of the day . • The athlete cannot return to activity until insulin and blood sugar levels are stabilized. a dvanced s tage • The athlete cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

ketoacidosis

Which type of cut is being described: Jagged, soft-tissue cuts (figure 3.15) caused by a blow from a blunt object. They are deeper than abrasions and cause steady bleeding. For example, a basketball player can suffer a laceration above the eye after catching an elbow to the face.

laceration

What term is being described? As the body's cells work and use energy (metabolism), heat is produced. So, when athletes are active, their body temperatures rise due to an increase in metabolic rate.

metabolism

What are some chronic bone injuries?

osteoarthritis stress fractures

Chronic injuries and illnesses develop:

over a period of several weeks and are typically caused by repeated injury.

Grade II sprain: portions of the muscle or tendon fibers are torn athlete will unable to move the joint can cause serious instability of the joint portions of the ligament fibers are torn

portions of the ligament fibers are torn

Which injury is being described: narrow stab wounds to the skin and internal organs.

punctures

Recovery or hanes: 1. Kneel beside the athlete; make sure both legs are straight. 2. Place the arm nearest to you out at a right angle to the body, elbow bent palm up. 3. Bring the far arm across the chest; hold the back of the hand against the athlete's cheek nearest you (figure 4.1 a ). 4. With your other hand, grasp the far leg just above the knee and pull it up (figure 4.1 b ). 5. Keeping the athlete's hand pressed against the cheek, pull on the far leg to roll the athlete toward you. 6. Adjust the upper leg so both the hip and the knee are bent at right angles (figure 4.1 c ).

recovery

Which injury is being described: cause • Foreign object such as gum lodges in the air way c hecks for s igns • Athlete grasping throat (universal choking sign) • Cannot cough or make any sound • Blue lips, nails, skin First Aid 1. Ask, "Are you choking?" 2. If the athlete shakes head "yes" or gives the universal choking signal, then ask, "Can I help?" If the athlete nods "yes" or is unable to speak, cough, or cry, immediately begin the Heimlich maneuver. 3. If the athlete shakes the head "no" to "Are you choking?" send for emergency medical assistance and check for other causes of the breathing difficulties. These are discussed in chapter 7. Playing status • After undergoing the Heimlich maneuver, even if the object dislodges and the athlete's breathing returns to normal, the athlete cannot return to play until he has been evaluated by EMS and checked by a physician. Internal injuries can result from abdominal thrusts, even when they are performed correctly

s evere Airway Blockage in a Responsive Athlete

Which injury is being described? c auses • Foreign object such as gum lodges in the air way • Back of tongue obstructs the airway c heck for s igns • Unresponsive • Not breathing Playing status: • Cannot return to activity until examined and released by a physician.

s evere Airway Blockage in an Unresponsive Athlete

T/F: Diabetes and Ketoacidosis are treated the same?

False

True/False: AED stands for Automatic External defibrillator

False

Golfer's Elbow: Can be caused by incorrect stroke technique Will have point tenderness over the outside of the elbow Can be caused by throwing sidearm Pain or inability to lift objects when the palm is facing down

Can be caused by throwing sidearm

A moist hot pack would be an example of: Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation

Conduction