Prevention of athletic injuries-Exam 2

Whenever there is a life threatening injury what should happen?

-911 should be called

what should happen if an athlete is unconscious?

-911 should be called, even if it is not life threatening

primary survey

-Refers to the assessment of potentially life-threatening problems including airway, breathing, circulation, severe bleeding, or shock

Jaw pads

-also essential to keep the helmet from rocking laterally

contact lenses

-become part of the eye and move with it -corneal, hard lenses, scleral lenses

curved last

-built with a larger curve on the medial side of the shoe and has a wider outside portion of the shoe to provide more forefoot stability -abnormally high arch or for runners on the outside of their foot (supinators)

Polycarbonate eye shields

-can be attached to football face masks, hockey helmets, and baseball/softball helmets

CAB

-circulation, airway, breathing

the majority of dental traumas can be prevented if the athlete wears what?

-customized intraoral mouth guard

face protection

-devices that provide face protection fall into four categories: full face guards, mouth guards, ear guards, and eye protection devices

when is protection is particularly important in what sports?

-direct contact and collusion sports such as football, hockey, and lacrosse, but it can also be important in indirect contact sports such as basketball and soccer

off the shelf

-equipment is premade and packaged by the manufacturer and when taken out of the package may be used immediately without modifications

trunk and thorax protection

-essential in many contact and collision sports -sports such as football, ice hockey, baseball, and lacrosse use extensive body protection -areas that are most exposed to impact forces must be properly covered with some material that offers protection against soft tissue compressin.

eye glasses guards

-essential that athletes take special precautions to protect their eyes, especially in sports that use fast-moving projectiles and implements

in sports, the face may be protected by:

-face guards -mouth guard -ear guards -eye protection devices

straight last

-filled in on the inside/medial side of the shoe to increase stability for people with a flat arch or run on the inside of their foot (pronators)

what are the two types of football shoulder pads:

-flat -cantilevered

glasses

-for athletes who must wear corrective lenses, glasses can be both a blessing and nuisance -athletes should wear polycarbonate lenses, which are virtually unbreakable -photochromic lenses can also offer possible sport advantage-color tinted when exposed to UV rays

orthotic

-for correcting biomechanical problems that exist in the foot that can potentially cause an injury -plastic, thermoplastic, rubber, sorbothane or leather support that is placed in the shoe as a replacement for the existing insole

eye protective gear

-glasses -contact lenses -eye and glasses guards

Anyone providing First Aid or CPR should be aware of what law?

-good Samaritan law -enacted to give legal protection to individuals who voluntarily provide emergency care to an injured victim.

What has NOCSAE establish?

-has established voluntary test standards that have been developed to reduce head injuries by identifying minimum safety requirements for football helmets/face masks, baseball/softball batting helmets, baseball and softball, and lacrosse helmets/face masks

What are lacrosse helmets made of?

-helmets are made of a hard plastic with wire mesh cage, or face mask, to protect the front of the face

Customized equipment

-is constructed according to the individual characteristics of the athlete

Semicurved last

-is designed for the average or normal foot -small curve on the medial side of the foot to fit a normal arch

when are longer cleats used?

-muddy or soft fields -more traction but more likely for lower extremity injury

what unconscious athletes needed to be treated like?

-must always be considered to have a life threatening injury which requires immediate primary survey

hip and buttocks protection

-needed by athletes in collision and high velocity sports such as hockey and football -girdle and belt types

why are standards needed?

-needed for protective equipment maintenance, both to keep it in good repair and to determine when to throw it away

Elbow, Wrist, and Hand Protection

-off shelf neoprene sleeves -protective gloves are important in preventing injuries in lacrosse and hockey

Rib protection

-off the shelf pads for rib protection -many of the rib belts can be modified, replacing stock pads with customized thermomoldable plastic protection devices

costum-made equipment

-piece of equipment can be specifically sized and made to fit protective and support needs of the individual

ear guards

-primarily used in boxing and wrestling otherwise irritation or deformation

what are the principles of on the field injury assessment:

-primary survey -secondary survey

a properly fitted mouth guard...

-protects the teeth, absorbs blows to the chin, and minimizes fractures to the lower jaw

sole

-shock absorption and durable -three layers: the thick spongy layer, midsole, and hard rubber layer

types of lasts:

-straight, semi-curved, curved

when are shorter cleats used?

-synthetic or dry services

last

-the form on which the shoe is built

If an athletic trainer or physician is not present who should be called?

-the rescue squad should be called to handle an emergency situation

toe box

-there should be plenty of room for the toes in the fitness shoe -1/2 to 3/4 inch

laryngotracheal (throat) injury

-though relatively uncommon, can be fatal

What is the primary concern of emergency aid?

-to maintain cardiovascular function, and indirectly central nervous system function

face guards

-to protect the face from carried or flying object during collision with another player

Two basic types of chin straps:

-two-snap -four snap strap

The person making the emergency phone call must be provide the following:

-type of emergency situation -type of suspected injury -present condition of athletes -current assistance being given -location of telephone being used -exact location of emergency and how to enter facility

flat non-cantilevered pads

-used by the quarterback and wide receiver

how many times does an average persons foot strike the ground each mile

1,500-1,700 times

The EAP must be addressed in an EAP:

1. develop separate emergency action plans for each sports field, court, or gym (determine who will be on the field during practice, and what emergency equipment should be available) 2. establish specific procedures and policies regarding the removal of protective equipment, particularly the shoulder pads and helmet. 3. make sure phones are available 4. all the staff should be familiar with the community based emergency health care delivery plan 5. keys are easily accessable 6. have meeting with all staff before the season starts 7. assign someone to go to the hospital with the athlete if needed 8. carry contact info for all athletes. 9. may be called upon to help refs, or people in the stands

three types of mouth guards:

1. ready made stock variety 2. a commercial mouth guard formed after submersion in boiling water 3. costum-fabricated type

two measurements must be considered when fitting shoes:

1. the distance from the heel to the bend in the foot 2. the distance from the heel to the end of the longest toe

since the adoption of face guards and mouth guards for use in football, mouth injuries have been reduced more than ______ percent

50

Everyone involved should know the location of the nearest ______ for each venue

AED

EAP

Emergency Action Plan

What does NOCSAE stand for?

National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment

thigh and upper leg protection

Necessary in collision sports Pads slip into ready made uniform pockets Customized pads may need to be held in place with tape and/or wraps Neoprene sleeves can also be used for support of injuries

shank

Part of sole between heel and metatarsal heads

secondary survey

a head-to-toe physical assessment; an additional assessment of a patient to determine the existence of any injuries other than those found in the primary survey

an emergency is defined as...

an unforeseen combination of circumstances and the resulting state that calls for immediate action

what type of day should you fit a shoe?

at the end of the day

neoprene braces with medial/ lateral supports:

athletes who have injured collateral ligaments and want support

braces vs taping

braces dont loosen up like taping

cantilevered pads

bulkier and used by those engaged in blocking and tackling

What are some concerns about the protective sports equipment particularly material disability?

concerns that include who should set these standards, mass production of equipment, equipment testing methods, and requirements for wearing protective equipment

before providing any first aid what is needed?

consent

All sports programs must have a prearranged ____________ ___________ __________ developed in conjunction with emergency medical services (EMS) that can be implemented immediately when needed.

emergency action plan

T/F a proper fitting shoe will not bend how the foot bends

false, it will bend

Direct collision sports such as football and hockey require special protective equipment, especially for the _______

head

An ice hockey helmet must withstand both ____________ impacts and the high mass-low velocity forces produced by running into the boards or falling on the ice

high velocity

sports bras

i. Minimize excessive vert and horizontal movement. ii. Keep compression and lightweight

If the piece of protective equipment us modified in any way either by the athlete or by any other individual, the _____________who modified the equipment becomes liable

individual

The key to emergency aid in sports setting is the ________evaluation of the athlete

initial

As with other aspects of sports participation, there is increasing ___________ related to the use of protection equipment

litigation

The selection, fitting, and _______________ of the protective equipment are critical in injury prevention

maintenance

baseball catchers, lacrosse goalies, and ice hockey goalies are ________ at risk

most

The NOCSAE helmet standard is ______ a warranty

not -statement that a particular helmet model met the requirements of performing tests when it was manufactured or reconditioned

heel counters

prevents foot from rolling side-to-side at heel strike A firm but well fitted heel counter may prevent ankle sprains and painful blisters

off-the-shelf items may cause problems with what...

problems with sizing and exact fit

Neoprene sleeves

provide some support for patellofemoral conditions

NOCSAE does recommend that the consumer adhere to a program of periodically having helmets _____________ and ______________

reconditioned and recertified

Ice hockey face masks have been shown to _________ the incidence of facial injuries

reduce

arch support

should be made of some durable yet soft supportive material and should smoothly join with insole

rehabilitative braces

those that allow protected motion of an injured joint that has been treated operatively -angle can be changed over time

What is the critical factor of an emergency?

time

shoe uppers

top of shoe made with combination of materials, designed for appropriate ventilation, drying and support

T/F Helmets that regularly reconditioned and recertified can meet standard performance requirements for many seasons

true

T/F Old, worn out, ill-fitting equipment should never be passed down to younger, less experienced players; it compounds their risk of injury

true

T/F actual consent should be obtained in writing from the parent or guardian prior to the beginning of the season

true

T/F all athletic socks should be clean and dry and without holes. Socks of the wrong size can irrirate the skin.

true

T/F all fitness professionals, coaches, and others in areas related to exercise and sports science should be trained in CPR, AED and First Aid

true

T/F baseball/softball helmets also have to withstand high velocity impacts

true

T/F cycling helmets are designed to protect the head during one single impact

true

T/F life threatening injuries take precedence over all other injuries

true

T/F several studies show an increase in MCL injuries while wearing these braces

true

T/F usually good shoes are more expensive

true

protective knee brace

used to prevent injuries to MCL in contact sports

Both manufactures and those who purchase sports equipment must foresee all possible ______ and _______ of the equipment and must warn the user of any potential risks inherent is using or misusing that equipment

uses and misuses

protective equipment can also be used as a ___________

weapon

Functional Knee Braces

worn during and following rehab period to provide support during functional activities

heel cups

• May be used for plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, Achilles tendonitis, and heel bursitis; hard plastic or spongy rubber • Help to compress fat pad under heel, providing more heel cushioning during weight-bearing activities