principles of anatomy and physiology

Tissue Level

Cells combine to form tissue. Tissues are groups of cells with the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

The anatomical term that refers to the hip is

Coxal

four types of tissue

Epithelial Connective muscular nervous

Physiology

How the body works

Cellular Level

Molecules combine to form cells. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, etc.

homeostasis

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

Organ Level

Tissues combine to form organs. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different tissue types and have a specific function and usually a recognizable shape.

Radionuclide scanning

a radionuclide (radioactive substance) is introduced intravenously into the body and carried by the blood to the tissue to be imaged. Gamma rays emitted by the radionuclide are detected by a gamma camera outside the subject and these images are fed into a computer.

The anatomical term that refers to the forearm is

antebrachial

The anatomical term that refers to a region nearer the front of the body

anterior

The anatomical term that refers to the armpit is

axilla

The anatomical term that refers to the wrist is

carpal

Tissues

cells combine to form tissues

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan)

computer assisted radiography in which an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body, producing a transverse section of the body. (Ex. uses: builds 3-D image of body structures beneficial in screening for lung cancer, coronary artery disease and kidney cancers)

The anatomical term that refers to a region on the opposite side of the body as another structure

contralateral

The anatomical term that refers to a region farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk is

distal

Diagnosis

distinguishing one disorder or disease from another or determining the nature of a disease from signs and symptoms by inspection, palpation, laboratory tests, and other means.

Auscultation

examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs.

Percussion

examiner taps on the body with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo. Used to reveal presence of fluid in the lungs or air in the intestines.

The anatomical term that refers to the thigh is

femoral

The anatomical term that refers to the buttock is

gluteal

The anatomical term that refers to the big toe is

hallux

The anatomical term that refers to a region away from the head or the lower part of an object is

inferior

The anatomical term that refers to a region between two structures of the body is

intermediate

The anatomical term that refers to a region farther from the midline of the body is

lateral

The anatomical term that refers to a region closer to the midline

medial

Non-Invasive

not penetrating the body, as you would by incision or injection.

Inspection

observe the body for any changes from normal

The anatomical term that refers to the anterior surface of the knee is

patellar

The anatomical term that refers to the foot is

pedal

The anatomical term that refers to the fingers and toes is

phalanges

The anatomical term for the thumb is

pollex

The anatomical term that refers to a region nearer to or at the back of the body

posterior

The anatomical term that refers to a region nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

proximal

The anatomical term that refers to a region toward the head or the upper part of an object is

superior

Disection

the cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

Chemical Level

the most basic level. Includes atoms, the smallest units to participate in chemical reactions

Radiograhy

the use of X-rays to produce an image of interior structures on x-ray sensitive film

 laparoscopy

to examine abdominal organs

colonoscopy

to examine colon

The anatomical term that refers to the upper arm is

brachial

The anatomical term that refers to a region on the same side of the body as another

Ipsilateral

The anatomical term that refers to the lower leg

crural

Palpation

examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

Endoscopy:

examining the inside of the body by introducing a lighted instrument with lenses through which images can be seen through an eyepiece or monitor.

The anatomical term that refers to the ankle

tarsal

Cells

the basic structural and functional units of any organism

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

the use of a high-energy magnetic field to cause ions in body fluids to arrange themselves in specific ways so that a pulse of radio waves can read these ion patterns. Produces a blueprint of cellular chemistry. (Ex. uses: to detect tumors, artery-clogging plaques, brain abnormalities)

Ultrasound scanning

the use of high frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand and to reflect off body tissues, to be received back by the wand and to produce an image on a video monitor. This image may be still or moving. Ex. uses: baby development in the womb; size, location, and action of organs)

 anthroscopy

to examine the interior of a joint like the knee

molecules

two or more atoms joined together