Principles of imaging | final
U.S public law requires that generators automatically terminate AEC exposures at ____ mAs above 50 kvp. A. 100 B. 300 C. 600 D. 900
C. 600
A key factor that affects the amount of scatter produced is A. Kilovoltage B. Milliamperage C. Time D. Anode composition
C. Time
The single function of an AEC is to eliminate the need to set A. Kvp B. MA C. Time D. All the above
C. Time
The range of the histogram data set that should be included in the displayed image is determined by the ... A. LUT B. EI C. VOIs D. LCD
C. VOIs
Which of the following is not a numeric value indicating the level of radiation exposure to the digital IR? A. Sensitivity number B. Exposure indicator C. Window level D. Exposure index
C. Window level
Digital images that include all the raw data appear: A. Very bright B. Very dark C. With low contrast D. With high contrast
C. With low contrast
When using a digital imaging system, changing from 8x10 collimation to 14x17 collimation would result in _____ brightness and _____ contrast. A. No change in; no change in B. Decreased; increased C. No change in; decreased D. Decreased; decreased
C. no change in; decreased
Vidicon refers to a type of A. Fiber optics B. CCD C. Television monitor D. Camera tube
D. Camera tube
The most effective type of beam-restricting device is the ____ A. Cone B. Aperture diaphragm C. Cylinder D. Collimator
D. Collimator
Which one of the following increases as collimation increases? A. Patient exposure B. Scatter production C. Fog D. Contrast
D. Contrast
The pixel bit depth determines the images A. Brightness B. Contrast C. Spatial resolution D. Contrast resolution
D. Contrast resolution
A grid absorbs A. Light B. Incident electrons C. Scatter electrons D. Scatter radiation
D. Scatter radiation
Which of the following is the latent image center for radiographic film? A. Phosphor layer B. Polyester base C. Detector element D. Sensitivity speck
D. Sensitivity speck
When using an AEC, the radiographer loses control of A. Distance B. Ma C. Kvp D. MAs (None of these)
Time
In conventional fluoroscopy, the milliamperage range is typically: A. 0.5 to 5 mA B. 20 to 50 mA C.100 to 300 mA D. 400 to 600 mA
A. 0.5 to 5 mA
A film-screen image with a decreased distortion may be due to 1. Decreased patient thickness 2. Increased SID 3 increased focal spot size A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3
A. 1 and 2
Without exposure technique compensations, increasing the film-screen speed would result in the film image displaying.. 1. Increased density 2. Decreased recorded detail 3. Decreased contrast A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
A. 1 and 2 only
In the early days of radiography it was common practice to use a change of 2 kvp for every ___ of tissue A. 1 cm B. 2 cm C. 3 cm D. 4 cm
A. 1 cm
If an excellent knee radiograph is produced using 10 mAs and an 8:1 ratio grid, how much mAs will be needed if no grid is available A. 2.5 mAs B. 4 mAs C. 8 mAs D. 10 mAs
A. 2.5 mas
The initial exposure technique for a good-quality radiograph is 15 mAs at 70 kvp, 40-inch SID, using 8:1 grid ratio. If the grid is removed and the SID reduced to 36 inches, which of the following exposure techniques would best maintain the exposure to the IR? A. 3 mAs at 70 kvp B. 4.6 mAs at 70 kvp C. 7.5 mAs at 80 kvp D. 13.5 mAs at 70 kvp
A. 3 mAs at 70 kvp
If the height of the grid strip is 16 mm, the distance between the strips is 2 mm, and the strip is 0.3mm thick, what is the grid ratio? A. 8:1 B. 10:1 C. 12:1 D. 16:1
A. 8:1
Once phantom images have been produced, they must be shown and evaluated by A. All diagnosing radiologists B. Image quality control radiographers only C. The administrative director of radiology D. Radiology equipment representatives
A. All diagnosing radiologists
Soft copy viewing means that the image is being viewed: A. At a computer B. On a soft piece of film C. In a soft light environment D. None of the above
A. At a computer
What process is employed to maintain consistent digital image brightness for overexposure or underexposure? A. Automatic rescaling B. Histogram C. Exposure indicator D. Lookup tables
A. Automatic rescaling
Which of the following is not a function during post processing of the displayed image? A. Automatic rescaling B. Electronic collimation C. Windowing D. Edge enhancement
A. Automatic rescaling
When more than one ionization chamber is used, the signal is A. Averaged B. Muted C. Multiplied D. All of the above
A. Averaged
When beam-restricting device is used to limit field size, technical factors may need to _____ to compensate for the change in IR exposure. A. Be increased B. Be decreased C. Remain unchanged D. None of the above
A. Be increased
Grid ratio is defined as the ratio of the _____ A. Height of the lead strips to the distance between them B. Width of the lead strips to their height C. Number of lead strips to their width D. Width of the lead strips to the width of the interspace material
A. Height of the lead strips to the distance between them
The formula for brightness gain is : A. Brightness gain = minification gain x flux gain B. Brightness gain = minification gain / flux gain C. Brightness gain = minification gain - flux gain D. None of the above
A. Brightness gain = minification gain x flux gain
A beam restricting device that has 2 or 3 sets of lead shutters is a(n) A. Collimator B. Aperture diaphragm C. Cone D. Cylinder
A. Collimator
Which of the following beam restricting devices is best at limiting U sharpness surrounding the radiographic image? A. Collimator B. Cylinder cone C. Aperture diaphragm D. Focused grid
A. Collimator
Scatter radiation in radiography is produced during A. Compton interaction B. Photoelectric effect interactions C. Coherent or classical interactions D. An annihilation interaction
A. Compton interaction
Digital imaging processing refers to A. Computer manipulations applied to digital images B. Creation of the digital latent image C. Chemical processing of the digital image D. None of the above
A. Computer manipulations applied to digital images
Intensifying screens are used to .. A. Decrease patient exposure B. Increase recorded detail C. Increase film latitude D. Decrease contrast
A. Decrease patient exposure
Decreasing grid ratio (with no change in frequency) results in _____ scatter cleanup and ____ lead content. A. Decreased; decreased B. Decrease; increased C. Increased, decreased D. Increased; increased
A. Decreased; decreased
The DICOM GSDF is used to evaluate the A. Display monitor B. Film processor C. Histogram analysis D. Digital imaging system
A. Display monitor
The collimation assembly of radiographic unit A. Employs an upper and lower set of shutter blades B. Allows the radiographer to adjust the field size in a circular dimension C. Removes the mirror assembly for exposures D. All of the above
A. Employs an upper and lower set of shutter blades
Which of the following is an important condition required for technique charts to be effective? A. Equipment must be calibrated to perform properly B. One technique chart should be used for all radiographic units C. All technologist's should use the same mA setting D. The chart should not be revised once it has been used.
A. Equipment must be calibrated to perform properly
Which of the following statements is true A. If the height of the lead strips increased and the space between the grid strips decreased, the grid will be more effective at scatter removal. B. If the height of the lead strip decreases and the space between the grid strips increases, the grid will be more effective at removing scatter radiation. C. A high ratio grid removes little scatter. D. A grid decreases scatter production.
A. If the height the lead strips increases and the space between the grid strips decreased, the grid will be more effective at scatter removal.
The ____ absorbs days and emits light. A. Input phosphor B. Output phosphor C. Photocathode D. Accelerating anode
A. Input phosphor
How would a film radiograph with excessive density be described when viewed on a display monitor? A. Insufficient brightness B. Increased contrast C. Decreased spatial resolution D. Excessive brightness
A. Insufficient brightness
Which of the following is used to extract the latent image from an imaging plate? A. Laser beam B. Photomultiplier tube C. Analog-to-digital converter D. Thin-film transistor
A. Laser beam
With which one of the following grids would a convergent line be formed if imaginary lines from its grid lines were drawn in space above it? A. Linear focused B. Crossed focused C. Linear parallel D. Crossed parallel
A. Linear focused
When collimating down from a 14x17 field size to a 8x10 field size A. MAs must be increased to maintain radiographic image density. B. Kvp must be increased to maintain image quality C. Off-focus radiation production is increased. D. The mAs should be reduce by 50%
A. MAs must be increased to maintain radiographic image density.
When making a significant increase in collimation, _____ A. Mas should be increased B. Kvp should be increased C. MAs should be decreased D. Kvp should be decreased
A. MAs should be increased.
When using a digital imaging system, changing from a 40" SID to 72" SID would result in ______ brightness and _____ contrast. A. No change in; no change in B. Decreased; increased C. No change in; decreased D. Decreased; decreased.
A. No change in; no change in
All of the data from the entire IP (including scatter outside the exposed field) may be included in the histogram analysis if .. A. Only one edge of the collimated field is identified B. only three edges of the collimated field are identified C. All four edges of the collimated field are identified D. All of the above
A. Only one edge of the collimated field is identified
The _____ absorbs electrons and emits light A. Output phosphor B. Accelerating anode C. Input phosphor D. Photocathode
A. Output phosphor
The computer system designed to distribute, store, and display digital images is A. PACS B. HL7 C. DICOM D. RIS
A. PACS
Automatic exposure devices provide a diagnostic quality radiograph when the A. Part is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chamber B. Proper time is set C. Part covers all three ionization chambers D. None of the above
A. Part is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chamber
The greatest source of scatter during a radiograph examination is the A. Patient B. Tube C. IR D. Grid
A. Patient
A potter-Bucky diaphragm must move the grid in a direction that is __ to the direction of the grid lines. A. Perpendicular B. Parallel C. At a 45 degree angle D. At a 37 degree angle
A. Perpendicular
The purpose of anatomic programming is to... A. Present the radiographer with a preselected set of exposure factors B. Override AEC when the radiographer has made a mistake in its use C. Determine which AEC detectors should be used for a particular examination D. Prevent overexposure and underexposure of radiographs, which sometimes happen when AEC is used
A. Present the radiographer with a preselected set of exposure factors.
Fixed kvp systems A. Produce more scatter radiation than other systems B. Shorten exposure latitude C. Increase X-ray tube wear D. All of the above.
A. Produce more scatter radiation than other systems
When establishing a technique chart, the initial step involves A. Producing phantom images B. Performing clinical trials C. Performing clinical fine-tuning D. All of the above
A. Producing phantom images
Which automatic processing system primarily maintains the activity level of the chemistry? A. Replenishment B. Standby control C. Recirculation D. Quality control
A. Replenishment
Which of the following changes in the exposure indicator values does NOT represent a doubling of radiation exposure to the IR. A. S number (Fuji) changing from 200 to 400 B. S number (Fuji) changing from 400 to 200 C. EI (care stream) changing from 1200 to 1500 D. EI (care stream) changing from 1500 to 1800
A. S number changing from 200 to 400
This postprocessing technique reduces the visibility of image noise A. Smoothing B. Contrast enhancement C. Edge enhancement D. Subtraction
A. Smoothing
When using an AEC for an AP hip, which ionization chambers are utilized? A. The center cell B. The left and right out cell C. All three cells D. The left outer cell only
A. The center cell
When using an AEC for an AP lumbar spine, which ionization chambers are utilized? A. The center cell B. The left and right outer cells C. All three cells D. The right outer cell only
A. The center cell
When using an AEC for lateral chest, which ionization chambers are utilized? A. The center cell B. The left and right outer cells C. All three cells D. The left and outer cell only
A. The center cell
A factor that affects the amount of scatter produced is A. The irradiated material B. Milliamperage C. Time D. Anode composition
A. The irradiated material
When using a radiographic grid with CR A. The moire effect is a consideration B. Higher frequency grids are undesirable C. Radiographic grids are unnecessary D. None of the above
A. The moire effect is a consideration.
Digital imaging systems have a wider dynamic range than film-screen image receptors. A. True B. False
A. True
Maintains a low level of ambient lighting can improve soft copy viewing of digital images. A. True B. False
A. True
Using a Konica digital imaging system, if an images S number is 600 while the optimal range ends at 300, this means that the IR was. ______ and the exposure to the IR needs to be _____ A. Underexposed; double B. Underexposed; halved C. Overexposed; doubled D. Overexposed; halved
A. Underexposed; doubled
Off-focus grid cutoff occurs by using an SID that is not ___ A. Within the focal range of the grid B. Equal to the focal distance of the grid C. At the level of the convergent line of the grid D. At the level of the convergent point of the grid
A. Within the focal range of the grid
The numeric conversion factor value is equal to ____of the brightness gain value. A. 0.001 B. 0.01 C. 0.1 D. 1.0
B. 0.01
The Bucky slot cover must have lead equivalent of .. A. 0.10 mm B. 0.25 mm C. 0.50 mm D. 2.5 mm
B. 0.25 mm
A digital image with decreased spatial resolution may be due to 1. Increased CR angulation 2. Decreased grid ratio 3. Decreased SID A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 3
A film-screen image with lower contrast may be due to 1. Increased patient thickness 2. Increased beam restriction 3. Increased kvp A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 3
Assuming no other changes are made, which of the following would result in increased quantum noise in a digital image? 1. Decreasing mAs 2. Increasing kvp 3. Imaging a thicker part. A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3
B. 1 and 3
Without exposure technique compensation, removing a grid would result in the film image displaying 1. Increased density 2. Decreased recorded detail 3. Decreased contrast A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
B. 1 and 3 only
An optimal AP abdomen radiograph can be produced using 40 mAs, 75 kvp, and a 12:1 ratio grid. How much mAs would be needed if only grid available is a 6:1 ratio grid? A. 20 mAs B. 24 mAs C. 67 mAs D. 80 mas
B. 24 mas
Grid frequencies can range from A. 10 to 30 lines per cm B. 25 to 80 lines per cm C. 60 to 120 lines per cm D. 25 to 80 lines per inch
B. 25 to 80 lines per cm
The SSD should be no less than ______ for a fixed of stationary Fluor unit and no less than ______ for a mobile Fluoro unit. A. 38 inches; 30 inches B. 38 cm; 30 cm C. 30 cm; 38 cm D. 30 inches; 38 inches
B. 38 cm, 30 cm
A brightness gain of 40,000 would have a conversion factor of.. A. 40 B. 400 C. 4000 D. 40,000
B. 400
Grid ratios range from A. 2:1 to 6:1 B. 4:1 to 16:1 C. 10:1 to 24:1 D. 20:1 to 32:1
B. 4:1 to 16:1
A film-screen image produced using 16 mAs at 80 kvp has to be repeated because it is too dark. Which of the following exposure factors would be the best choice to correct the problem? A. 4 mAs at 80 kvp B. 8 mAs at 80 kvp C. 8 mAs at 68 kvp D. 16 mAs at 68 kvp
B. 8 mAs at 80 kvp
Which statement about radiographic grids is incorrect A. Grids may have grid strips running in perpendicular directions B. A grid is a series of lead strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace strips. C. The radiopaque strips are typically made of thin lead. D. The interspace strips are usually made of aluminum
B. A grid is a series of lead strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace strips.
Decreasing collimation results in A. A smaller field size B. A larger field size C. Decreasing patient dose D. Less scatter production
B. A larger field size
Excessive radiation exposure to the image receptor would result in a digital image displayed with... A. Excessive brightness B. Acceptable brightness C. Insufficient brightness D. Increased quantum noise
B. Acceptable brightness
When a grid is needed but not available, the _____ may be used for certain examinations. A. Tomographic technique B. Air-gap technique C. Seldinger technique D. Reverse collimation technique
B. Air-gap technique
Most AEC consoles permit activation of A. All three cells simultaneously B. All three cells in any combination C. The outer cells when the center cell is inactivated D. The center cell and either outer cell
B. All three cells in any combination
Diagnostic interpretation should be done at a _____ display monitor. A. 1 megapixel B. 2 megapixel C. 5 megapixel D. 15 megapixel
C. 5 megapixel
What happen if AEC is activated for stretcher chest study? A. An inappropriately short exposure occurs B. An inappropriately long exposure occurs C. An appropriate exposure probably occurs D. Underexposure of the radiograph occurs
B. An inappropriately long exposure occurs
The monitor matrix size should be ____ the image matrix size A. Smaller than B. At least as large as C. Five times larger than D. Ten times larger than
B. At least as large as
Based on the histogram analysis, consistent image brightness is accomplished through: A. Adjustment of window width B. Automatic rescaling C. Manipulation of the exposure indicator D. Manipulation of the LUT
B. Automatic rescaling
All of the following are considered beam-restricting devices except A. Aperture diaphragm B. Beam filter C. PBL device D. Collimator
B. Beam filter
The visibility of anatomic structures in a radiographic image is determined by A. Spatial resolution and image contrast B. Brightness/density and image contrast C. Spatial resolution and brightness/density D. All of the above
B. Brightness/density and image contrast
The device used to measure part thickness is called A. Collimator B. Caliper C. Protractor D. Cone
B. Caliper
Of the beam-restricting devices listed in question 3, which two are most similar to one another? A. Cone & aperture diaphragm B. Cone & cylinder C. Aperture diaphragm & cylinder D. Aperture diaphragm & collimator
B. Cone & cylinder
If the primary beam is collimated too much over an activated chamber, the result would be a A. Light radiograph B. Dark radiograph C. Short exposure time D. Decrease in radiographic density
B. Dark radiograph
A purpose of beam-restricting devices is to ______ by changing the size and shape of the primary beam. A. Increase patient dose B. Decrease scatter radiation produced C. Increase exposure to the image receptor D. Decrease image contrast
B. Decrease scatter radiation produced
When using a film-screen imaging system, increasing the CR angle would result in ____ density and _____spatial resolution A. No change in; no change in B. Decreased; decreased C. No change in; decreased D. Decreased; increased
B. Decreased; decreased
A lower signal-to-noise ratio improves the quality of a digital image. A. True B. False
B. False
Film radiographs are best viewed on illuminations having variability of light intensity. A. True B. False
B. False
In digital fluoroscopy , the X-ray beam is operated in a continuous mode similar to conventional fluoroscopy. A. True B. Flase
B. False
When spot filming during conventional fluoroscopic image intensification, the radiation dose to the patient is decreased. A. True B. Flase
B. False
This recording system uses 70 mm or 105 mm film. A. Videotape B. Film cameras for spot filming C. Cassette spot filming D. None of the above
B. Film cameras for spot filming
As a general rule, a radiographic grid is employed A. For procedures below 60 kvp B. For part thickness above 10 cm C. For pediatric studies to improve contrast D. In order to improve positioning latitude
B. For part thickness above 10cm
The height of the lead strips relative to the distance between the lead strips is the measure of A. Contrast improvement B. Grid ratio C. Bucky factor D. Grid selectivity
B. Grid ratio
The communication standard for medical information is A. PACS B. HL7 C. DICOM D. RIS
B. HL7
What reducing agent acts slowly to produce the higher densities on a film radiograph? A. Ammonium thiosulfate B. Hydroquinone C. Phenidone D. Cesium iodide
B. Hydroquinone
The newest fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector A. In addition to the image intensifier B. In place of the image intensifier C. To record the overhead images following fluoroscopy D. To display the spot images during fluoroscopy
B. In place of the image intensifier
The histogram analysis represents the _____ for different exposure levels. A. Intensity of exposure B. Incidence of pixels C. Exposure index D. All of the above
B. Incidence of pixels
The purpose of a grid in radiography is to _____ A. Increase exposure to the IR B. Increase image contrast C. Decrease patient dose D. Increase recorded detail
B. Increase image contrast
When using AEC with digital imaging systems, assuming all other factors are correct, selecting the center chamber on a PA chest image results in ... A. Decreased exposure in the lung area B. Increased exposure in the lung area C. Appropriate exposure in the lung area D. Increased quantum noise in the image
B. Increased exposure in the lung area
A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is... A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Increased patient exposure C. Decreased density D. Decreased contrast
B. Increased patient exposure
What type of monitor passes light though liquid crystals to display the digital image? A. TFT B. LCD C. CRT D. PACS
B. LCD
The smaller the volume of tissue irradiated, the A. Great the amount of scatter produced B. Less the amount of scatter produced C. Great the need to use a grid D. A and C
B. Less the amount of scatter produced
When the lead strips run in a single direction in a grid, the grid pattern is described as A. Criss-cross B. Linear C. Cross-hatched D. Unparallel
B. Linear
LCD stands for: A. Liquid cathode display B. Liquid crystal display C. Logarithmically created digitizations D. Layered components diagram
B. Liquid crystal display
The ______ provides a method of altering the image to change the display of the digital image. A. Histogram B. Lookup table C. Exposure indicator D. Matrix
B. Lookup table
When operating a stationary fluoroscopic unit, the source-to-sin distance (SSD) should not be less than.. A. 25 cm (10 inches) B. 30 cm (12 inches) C. 38 cm (15 inches) D. 45 cm (18 inches)
C. 38 cm (15 inches)
What component of the image intensifier converts the visible light to electrons? A. Output phosphor B. Photocathode C. Input phosphor D. Electrostatic focusing lenses
B. Photocathode
AEC devices work by measuring... A. Radiation leaving the tube B. Radiation that exits the patient C. Radiation that is absorbed by the patient D. Attenuation of primary radiation by the patient
B. Radiation that exits the patient
The type of motion most used for moving grids today is A. Longitudinal B. Reciprocating C. Circular D. Single stroke
B. Reciprocating
Which of the following describes a films sensitivity to X-rays or light? A. Gamma B. Speed C. Contrast D. Latitude
B. Speed
As the lead content of a grid increased A. The contrast improvement factor (k) decreases B. The ability of the grid to remove scatter increases C. The contrast decreases D. Exposure the IR increases
B. The ability of the grid to remove scatter increases
The purpose of automatic collimation is to ensure that ______ A. The quantity of scatter production is minimal B. The field size does not exceed the image receptor size C. Maximal recorded detail and contrast are achieved D. Exposure to the image receptor is maintained.
B. The field size does not exceed the IR size.
When using an AEC for a PA chest, which ionization chambers are utilized? A. The center cell B. The left and right outer cells C. All three cells D. The right outer cell only
B. The left and right outer cells
What does the air-gap technique work? A. The scatter photons increase in energy as a result of the distance to the IR. B. The scatter photons are more likely to miss the IR C. Less scatter is produced D. A and C
B. The scatter photons are more likely to miss the IR
When AEC systems are used, the selection of ___ factors is eliminated A. Ma B. Time C. Kvp D. Distance
B. Time
Using Agfa digital imaging system, if an images EI is 2.3 lgM while the optimal range beings at 2.6 lgM, this means the IR was ______ and the exposure to the IR needs to be _____ A. Underexposed; increased by 30% B. Underexposed; increased by a factor of two C. Overexposed; decreased by 30% D. Overexposed; decreased by a factor of two.
B. Underexposed like increased by a factor of two
What type of grid error results in appropriate exposure to the middle of the IR and marked underexposure along the sides of the IR? A. Stationary grid B. Upside-down focused grid C. Lateral decentering D. Off-level
B. Upside-down focused grid
What type of exposure technique system uses fixed mAs regardless of part thickness? A. Fixed kvp B. Variable kvp C. Manual D. AEC
B. Variable kvp
In order to record the dynamic image you will need to use A. Cassette spot filming B. Videotape C. Film cameras for spot filming D. None of the above
B. Videotape
A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image due to the curve of the photocathode is : A. Noise B. Vignetting C. Magnification D. Pincushion appearance
B. Vignetting
Placing a lead blocker adjacent to an obese patients anatomy during a lateral lumbar spine radiograph A. Is unnecessary with today's digital receptors B. Will improve image quality C. Will reduce exposure to the patient D. Wil reduce exposure to the radiographer
B. Will improve image quality
A grid should be used whenever the anatomic part size exceeds A. 3 cm B. 6 cm C. 10 cm D. 12 cm
C. 10 cm
A film-screen image with increased density may be due to 1. Increased OID 2. Decreased SID 3. Increased film screen speed A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3
C. 2 and 3
Which of the following would reduce quantum noise in a digital image? 1. Decreasing mAs 2. Increasing mAs 3. Changing to a lower ratio grid. A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3
C. 2 and 3
A digital image with increased distortion may be due to 1. Decreased OID 2. Increased CR angulation 3. Decreased SID A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3
C. 2 and 3 only
Patient dose increases when 1. Changing from a higher to a lower grid ratio 2. Changing from a lower to a higher grid ratio 3. A grid is used A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 2 and 3 only
The amount of mAs required with a grid divided by the amount of mAs needed without a grid is the calculation that determines the 1. Grid ratio 2. Grid conversation factor 3. Bucky factor A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 2 and 3 only
Without exposure technique compensation, increasing the SID would result in the digital image displaying.. 1. Decreased brightness 2. Increased spatial resolution 3. Decreased distortion A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 2 and 3 only
What is the grid conversation factor for a 12:1 ratio grid? A. 3 x B. 4 x C. 5 x D. 6 x
C. 5 x
If 15 mAs is used to produce a particular level of exposure to the IR without a grid, what mAs would be needed to produce that same level of exposure using a 16:1 grid? A. 45 B. 60 C. 90 D. 105
C. 90
When using an AEC for an AP abdomen, which ionization chambers are utilized? A. The center cell B. The left and right outer cells C. All three cells D. The left outer cell only
C. All three cells
Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the standard system and added: A. Videotape B. A different camera C. An ADC D. None of the above
C. An ADC
Which of the following statements is true? A. A high ratio grid prevents the production of scatter better than low ratio grid. B. A low ratio grid is more effective at removing scatter than a high ratio grid. C. As grid ratio increases, the removal of scatter increases. D. High ratio grids are less effective at removing scatter than low ratio grids.
C. As grid ratio increases, the removal of scatter increases.
The purpose of moving the grid during the radiography exposure is to A. Increase radiographic density B. Remove unwanted contrast C. Blur out radiopaque strips D. Activate the AEC detectors
C. Blur out radiopaque strips
Visibility of the recorded detail refers to what image quality attribute ? A. Distortion B. Spatial resolution C. Brightness D. A and B
C. Brightness
Which of the following require the X-ray beam to be in radiographic mode A. Film cameras for spot filming B. Videotape C. Cassette spot filming D. None of the above
C. Cassette spot filming
The projected shape of the unrestricted primary beam is A. Square B. Rectangular C. Circular D. Elliptical
C. Circular
The type of image receptor that uses a photostimulable phosphor to acquire the latent image is A. An intensifying screen B. A flat panel detector C. Computed radiography D. Radiographic film
C. Computed radiography
Due to increased potential grid cutoff, which would be the most challenging grid to use? A. Focused linear grid B. Parallel linear grid C. Cross-hatched grid D. Reciprocating grid
C. Cross-hatched grid
Decreasing the window level will result in an image with A. Lower contrast B. Higher contrast C. Decreased brightness D. Increased brightness
C. Decreased brightness
Grid cutoff, regardless of the cause, is more recognizable on a film radiograph as reduced ____. A. Contrast B. Recorded detail C. Density D. Positioning
C. Density
The postprocessing technique improves the visibility of small, high contrast structures. A. Smoothing B. Contrast enhancement C. Edge enhancement D. Subtraction
C. Edge enhancement
The numerical value indication the level of radiation exposure to the digital IR is the .. A. VOI B. Histogram C. Exposure indicator D. LUT
C. Exposure indicator
As more photons pass through the irradiated material unaffected, the resulting IR exposure has A. Greater image distortion B. Less image distortion C. Greater radiographic image density D. Less radiographic image density
C. Greater radiographic image density
Angulation across the long axis of a linear grid causes A. Grid shadowing B. Cross-hatched impressions C. Grid cut-off D. Grid convergence
C. Grid cuttoff
The number of lead strips per inch in a grid is a measure of A. Grid selectivity B. Grid ratio C. Grid frequency. D. Contrast improvement number
C. Grid frequency
A disadvantage of using a variable kvp system would be A. More scatter B. A high contrast image C. Higher patient dose D. An image less pleasing to the eye
C. Higher patient dose
Which of the following is defined as a graphic representation of the pixel values? A. Automatic rescaling B. Values of interest C. Histogram D. Exposure indicator
C. Histogram
Which of the following is not a way to reduce the production of scatter radiation? A. Reduce the exposure field size B. Reduce the tissue thickness C. Increase the grid ratio D. Ask patient with a large abdomen to lie prone instead of supine.
C. Increase grid ratio
Using a film-screen system and AEC, a chest in the lateral position is imaged with 70 kvp instead of the typical 120 kvp. Compared with an optimal lateral chest image, this image would have.. A. Increased density B. Decreased density C. Increased contrast D. Decreased contrast
C. Increased contrast
What component of the image intensifier converts the exit or remnant radiation into visible light? A. Output phosphor B. Photocathode C. Input phosphor D. Electrostatic focusing lenses
C. Input phosphor
Current automatic exposure controls utilize A. Capacitors B. Photo cells C. Ionization chambers D. Photo chambers
C. Ionization chambers
The man known as the father of radiographic technology in the US is A. Roentgen B. Fuchs C. Jerman D. Grashey
C. Jerman
The input phosphor is ______ than the output phosphor A. The same size as B. Smaller C. Larger D. Brighter
C. Larger
Which of the following is not accomplished through histogram analysis? A. Compensation for image underexposure B. Identification of the edges of the image C. Manipulation of the image contrast D. Compensation for image overexposure
C. Manipulation of image contrast
Brightness gain is a product of... A. Minification gain and automatic brightness control B. Flux gain and automatic brightness control C. Minification gain and flux gain D. Automatic brightness control and milliamperage
C. Minification gain and flux gain
When using film-screen imaging system, changing from small to large focal spot size would result in ____density and ____ spatial resolution A. No change in; no change in B. Decreased; increased C. No change in; decreased D. Decreased; decreased
C. No change in; decreased
Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has A. Pincushion appearance B. Vignetting C. Noise D. Magnification
C. Noise
Also called lateral decentering, the _____ grid error results when the central ray is not aligned to the middle of a focused grid. A. Off-level B. Off-focus C. Off-center D. Upside-down focused
C. Off-center
All of the following are true of PBL except A. PBL automatically collimated the beam B. PBL senses the size and orientation of the receptor C. PBL is possible with portable radiography D. PBL may be overridden by the radiographer in select instances.
C. PBL is possible with portable radiography
Photo absorption within the body occurs as the result of A. Compton interactions B. Characteristic interactions C. Photoelectric interactions D. Bremsstrahlung interactions
C. Photoelectric interactions
A primary goal of an exposure technique chart is to... A. Extend the life of the X-ray tube B. Improve the radiographers accuracy C. Produce quality images consistently D. Increase the patient work flow
C. Produce quality images consistently
A purpose of the mirror inside the Collimator is to A. Allow the patient to see the radiographer B. Allowed the radiographer to see the patient C. Project a light field onto the patient D. None of the above
C. Project a light field onto the patient
What is the process of assigning a numeric value to represent a brightness value? A. Dynamic range B. Signal-to-noise ratio C. Quantization D. Spectral sensitivity
C. Quantization
Density fluctuations on a radiographic image could be a result of... A. Artifacts B. Distortion C. Quantum noise D. Excessive exposure
C. Quantum noise
A grid is used to improve A. Subject density B. IR exposure C. Radiographic contrast D. Distortion
C. Radiographic contrast
Which of the following exposure indicators has an inverse relationship with exposure to the IP? A. EI (care stream) B. IgM (Agfa) C. S number (Fuji) D. All have inverse relationship
C. S number (Fuji)
Which statement concerning both AEC and APR is true? A. The skilled use of both requires less knowledge of exposure factors on the part of the radiographer B. The use of both requires the radiographer to be less responsible for accurate centering of the anatomic part C. The individual judgment and discretion of the radiographer is still necessary when using these systems D. The tasks involved with practicing radiography generally are made more difficult with these systems.
C. The individual judgment and discretion of the radiographer is still necessary when using these systems.
A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is A. The image has less resolution B. The image brightness is inconsistent C. The patient receives additional dose D. None of the above
C. The patient receives additional dose
When using a digital flat-panel detector A. The X-ray beam will automatically collimated to the appropriate size for the part B. The entire detector should be exposure C. The radiographer must adjust the Collimator the area of interest D. A and C
C. The radiographer must adjust the Collimator to the area of interest.
How many detectors are typically found in an AEC system? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
C. Three
Ionization chamber AECs are usually used in a ____ chamber configuration. A. One- B. Two- C. Three- D. Four-
C. Three
A digital image with higher contrast may be due to 1. Decreased kvp 2. Increased grid ratio 3. Decreased part thickness A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D 1, 2, 3
D. 1, 2, 3
A film-screen image with increased recorded detail may be due to 1. Increased SID 2. Decreased focal spot size 3. Decreased film-screen speed A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3,
D. 1, 2, 3
Changing from an 8:1 grid to a 12:1 grid, along with making the appropriate adjustments, will result in 1. Increased patient dose 2. An image with increased contrast 3. Using more mAs A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
For fluoroscopic units with automatic brightness control (ABC), the X-ray exposure at the tabletop should not exceed.. A. 0.01 R/minute B. 0.1 R/minute C. 1.0 R/minute D. 10 R/minute
D. 10 R/minute
The back-up time of most AECs is set at __ of the anticipated manual exposure time. A. 10% B. 50% C. 100% D. 150%
D. 150%
Which grid would most effectively reduce scatter? A. 6:1 B. 8:1 C. 12:1 D. 15:1
D. 15:1
Which of the following pixel bit depths would display a greater range of shades of gray to represent the anatomic tissues? A. 8-bit B. 10-bit C. 14-bit D. 16-bit
D. 16-bit
Significant collimation requires an increase of _____ of the mAs A. 0% B. 1 to 5% C. 10 to 20% D. 30 to 50%
D. 30 to 50%
Given an adequate exposure indicator value, a digital image of the hip is displayed with increased fog after the use of 20 mAs at 80 kvp without a grid. Which of the following exposure techniques would best improve the quality of the digital image? A. 40 mAs at 80 kvp, without a grid B. 10 mAs at 68 kvp, without a grid C. 20 mAs at 80 kvp and add a 12:1 ratio grid D. 50 mAs at 92 kvp and add a 12:1 ratio grid
D. 50 mAs at 90 kvp and add a 12:1 ratio grid
Which grid would have the greatest distance between lead strips? A. 15:1 B. 12:1 C. 8:1 D. 6:1
D. 6:1
Accuracy of the structural lines refers to what image quality attribute ? A. Distortion B. Spatial resolution C. Brightness D. A and B
D. A and B
How is the archival quality of radiographic film maintained? A. Remove most of the fixing agent from the film B. Retain at least 10% of moisture in the film C. Store film in an area of high humidity D. A and B
D. A and B
When using AEC with digital imaging systems, assuming all other factors are correct, selecting the minus 2 density on a PA chest image results in.... A. Increased quantum noise B. Increased brightness in the lung area C. Appropriate brightness in the lung area D. A and C
D. A and C
Which of the following would improve the quality of the digital image for a given field of view (FOV)? A. A fixed matrix size and a larger imaging plate B. A decreased sampling frequency and larger imaging plate C. A small matrix size and larger pixel size D. A fixed matrix size and a small imaging plate
D. A fixed matrix size and a small imaging plate.
In conventional fluoroscopy, in order to view the images on a television monitor, the light intensities are converted by a .. A. Camera tube B. Electrostatic lens C. Charge-coupled device D. A or C
D. A or C
In reference to image intensification, the function that adjusts and maintains the overall image brightness and contrast during the fluoroscopic procedure is : A. DQE B. AEC C. APR D. ABC
D. ABC
Which is the following statements about using AEC during digital imaging is true? A. Adjusting the mA value affects image brightness B. Adjusting the kvp value affects image brightness C. Adjusting the backup time affects image brightness D. Adjusting the density controls affects the exposure to IR
D. Adjusting the density controls affects the exposure to IR
A CRT type monitor: A. Has a fluorescent screen B. Uses an electron gun C. Scans in lines D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Fixed kvp systems A. Increase the consistency of image density B. Increase the consistency of image contrast C. Lengthen the perception of resolution D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Technique systems function best when a A. Large number of variables can be held constant B. Single factor is permitted to vary C. Method of consistency is used to produce a quality image D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The distraction area of increased brightness surrounding a collimated image can be removed from the displayed digital image by A. Masking B. Shuttering C. Electronic collimation D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The use of radiographic grid requires A. Attention to central Ray angulation B. An awareness of the SID C. An increase in exposure factors D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Why is silver recovery necessary during film processing? A. It is a natural resource B. It is toxic to the environment C. It has monetary value D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following standard safety practices is NOT used to reduce radiation exposure to the operator during fluoroscopy ? A. Distance B. Time C. Shielding D. All of the above are used
D. All of the above are used.
Scatter photons will A. Impair image quality B. Add density to image receptor exposure C. Not be considered part of the useful beam D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Variable kvp systems A. Produce higher contrast images than other systems do D. Enhance the visibility of detail C. Increase perception of resolution D. All of the above
D. All of the above.
Fixed kvp systems A. Decrease patient dose B. Reduce X-ray tube wear C. Decrease time settings D. All the above
D. All the above
The most common configuration includes A. Three chambers B. A center chamber at the center of the IR C. The left and right chambers slightly higher and lateral D. All the above
D. All the above
Compared with the parallel grids, focused grids _____ A. Have greater grid frequency and lead content B. Can be used with either side facing the tube C. Have a wider range of grid ratios and frequencies D. Allow more transmitted photons to reach the IR
D. Allow more transmitted photons to reach the IR
During fluoroscopy, releasing the pressure applied to the pedal or switch terminates the radiation exposure and is known as the .. A. Fluoroscopic timer B. Intensification switch C. Activation switch D. Deadman switch
D. Deadman switch
A wider window width.... A. Increases brightness B. Decreased brightness C. Increases contrast D. Decreased contrast
D. Decreased contrast
____ imaging is accompanied with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography . A. Still B. Colorized C. Static D. Dynamic
D. Dynamic
In CR imaging, the _____ of the imaging plate is scanned A. Exposed portion B. Top half C. Bottom half D. Entire area
D. Entire area
The ability to emit light only when stimulated by X-rays is known as... A. Phosphorescence B. Sensitometry C. Conversion efficiency D. Fluorescence
D. Fluorescence
The fixed kvp system was developed by A. Bucky B. Jerman C. Potter D. Fuchs
D. Fuchs
Display monitors used for soft copy viewing of digital images should have.... A. Increased ambient lighting B. Decreased matrix size C. Low spatial resolution D. High luminance
D. High luminance
The X-ray beam used with a digital fluoroscopic unit uses ____ mA and a _____ beam . A. Low; pulsed B. Low; constant C. High; constant D. High; pulsed
D. High; pulsed
Which of the following will improve the quality of the digital image A. Decreased sampling frequency and increased sampling pitch B. Decreased sampling frequency and decreased sampling pitch C. Increased sampling frequency and increased sampling pitch D. Increased sampling frequency and decreased sampling pitch
D. Increased sampling frequency and decreased sampling pitch
When using film-screen imaging system, changing from a 200 to a 400 speed system would result in ____ density and ____ spatial resolution A. No change in; no change in B. Decreased; increased C. No change in; decreased D. Increased; decreased
D. Increased; decreased
The purpose of the backup time is to .. A. Ensure a diagnostic exposure each time AEC is used B. Produce consistent levels of exposure on all radiographs C. Determine the exposure time that is used D. Limit unnecessary X-ray exposure
D. Limit unnecessary X-ray exposure
What digital process alters image brightness and grayscale to improve the visibility of automatic structures? A. Automatic rescaling B. Histogram analysis C. Exposure indicator D. Lookup tables
D. Lookup tables
The gain related to the decrease in size from the input to the output phosphor is the A. Flux B. Conversion factor C. Brightness gain D. Minification gain
D. Minification gain
When using a digital imaging system , changing from no grid to an 8:1 ratio grid would result in _____ brightness and ____ spatial resolution. A. Increased; no change in B. Decreased; increased C. No change in; decreased D. No change in; no change in
D. No change in; no change in
When using a digital imaging system, changing from 70 to 85 kvp would result in _____ brightness and _____ spatial resolution. A. Increased; no change in B. Decreased; increased C. No change in; decreased D. No change in; no change it
D. No change in; no change in
Which of the following changes would produce a digital image with decreased brightness? A. Increased mAs B. Decreased kvp C. Increased patient thickness D. None of the above
D. None of the above
The air gap technique uses an increased _____ instead of a grid. A. Kvp B. MAs C. SID D. OID
D. OID
The most common cause of grid cutoff is due to A. Using a focused grid upside down B. Off-center misalignment C. Off-focus misalignment D. Off-level misalignment
D. Off-level misalignment
The only type of grid cutoff that occurs with both confused and parallel grids is du to A. Using a focused grid upside down B. Off-center misalignment C. Off-focus misalignment D. Off-level misalignment
D. Off-level misalignment
Using a carestream digital imaging systems if an images EI number s 1800 while the optimal range ends at 1200, this means that the IR was _____ and the exposure to the IR needs to be ____ A. Underexposed; doubled B. Underexposed; increased by the factor of four C. Overexposed; halved D. Overexposed; reduced by a factor of four
D. Overexposed; reduce by a factor of four.
This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and produces electrons A. Input phosphor B. Output phosphor C. Electrostatic focusing lenses D. Photocathode.
D. Photocathode.
Which one of the following statements comparing ionization chamber AEC systems with photo timers is true? A. Ionization chamber systems are accurately called phototimers B. Ionization chamber systems measure radiation before it interacts with the IR C. Phototimers are more modern D. Phototimers measure radiation before it interacts with the IR
D. Phototimers measure radiation before it interacts with the IR
What is found between the lead strips on a grid A. Lead B. Tungsten C. Radiopaque material D. Radiolucent material
D. Radiolucent material
Which grid design is manufactured to match the divergence of the X-ray beam ? A. The parallel grid B. The crossed grid C. The reciprocating grid D. The focused grid.
D. The focused grid
Minimum response time refers to ... A. The proper exposure time needed for an optimal exposure when an AEC device is used. B. Exposure time minus the amount of time the AEC detectors are measuring radiation C. The difference in exposure times between AEC systems and electronic timers D. The shortest exposure time possible when an AEC device is used.
D. The shortest exposure time possible when an AEC device is used
Which of the following statements is true of positive beam-limiting devices? A. They are required on all radiographic installations B. They are required on all new radiographic installations C. They have never been required on radiographic installations D. They were once required on new radiographic installations
D. They were once required on new radiographic installations
What purpose does positive beam limitation serve? A. To prevent the tech from placing an image receptor in the Bucky tray that is too large for the study performed B. To allow the tech to use an exposure field larger than the image receptor size C. To prevent first-year students from having to repeat studies by not aligning the Bucky tray with the IR D. To reduce patient exposure by limiting the exposure field to the same size as the IR in the Bucky tray.
D. To reduce patient exposure by limiting the exposure field to the same size as the IR in the Bucky tray.
In general , when should a grid be used. A. When part thickness exceeds 4cm B. When kV exceeds 40 kvp C. When kV exceeds 1.02 MeV D. When part thickness exceeds 10 cm
D. When part thickness exceeds 10 cm .
Which of the following most accurately shows the energy sequence during image-intensified fluoroscopy? A. Electrons to light to electrons B. Light to X-ray to electrons to light C. X-rays to electrons to light D. X-rays to light to electrons to light
D. X-rays to light to electrons to light